Appendix C Cultural Resource Constraint Analysis

Home , La Jolla, New River Station, Southern Emigrant Trail

•

Appendix C Cultural Resource • Constraint Analysis

• •

CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINT ANALYSIS FOR THE WETLANDS AND SEDIMENTATION BASIN SITES NEW AND ALAMO RIVERS IMPERIAL COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

•

Report Prepared for: Helix EnvilJ(mmental Planning, Inc.

Decembet.l2001

• Kyle Consulting •

CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINT ANALYSIS FOR THE WETLANDS AND SEDIMENTATION BASIN SITES NEW AND ALAMO RIVERS IMPERIAL COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Prepared for: Prepared by: Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Kyle Consulting 8100 La Mesa Boulevard, Suite 150 2495 Bartel Place La Mesa, California 91941-6476 San Diego, California 92123 (619) 462-1515 (8.58) 569-0534

National Archaeolo~cal Data Base Infoonation: • Type of Study: literature review, record search, and windshield check Area Covered: The New and Alamo River alignments between the Salton Sea and the U.S.lMexico International Border Sites Previously Recorded Within Study Area: New River: CA-IMP-889, CA-IMP-890, CA-IMP-1692, CA-IMP-1693, CA-IMP-3333-H, CA-IMP-3334-H, CA-IrvtP-3679, CA-[MP-7644, CA-IrvtP-7645 Alamo River: CA-IMP-3288-H Isolates Previously Recorded Within Study Area: Sites Newly Recorded: None 7.5' USGS Quadrangles: Alamo River: Niland, Westmoreland East Weist Alamorio, Holtville West, Holtville East, and Bonds Comer, California New River: Westmoreland West, Westmoreland East, BraWley. Seeley, Mount Signal, and Heber, California Key Words: Prehistoric trails, historic trails, historic stageline, historic resources. recommendations include field surveys for selected sites, testing, research

G,n~Ci?- Project Archaeologist • December 200 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS • SECTION NAME fA!lE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 111

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Location 1-1 1.2 Project Description 1-1 1.3 New River 1-3 1.4 Alamo River 1-19

2 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC BACKGROUND 2.1 Background 2-1 2.1.1 Prehistory 2-1 2.1.2 History 2-2

3 LITERATURE REVIEW AND RECORD SEARCH RESULTS FOR THE PROPOSED NEW RIVER SITES • 3.1 Record Search Results for the New River 3-1 4 LITERATURE REVIEW AND RECORD SEARCH RESULTS FOR THE ALAMO RIVER SITES 4.1 Record Search Results for the Alamo River 4-1

5 DEfERMINATION OF SITE SIGNIFICANCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Determining Site Significance 5-1 5.1.1 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) 5-1 5.1.2 Federal Procedures and Policies 5-1 5.2 Discussion and Recommendations 5-2

6 REFERENCES CITED 6-1 • TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED LIST OF FIGURES • FIGURE NAME bill;

1-1 Regional Location of Study Area 1-2 1-2 Location of Site NR 2 1-4 1-3 Location of Sites NR 8 and NR 9 1-6 1-4 Location of Sites NR 12, NR 13, NR 14, and NR 15 1-7 1-5 Location of site NR 16 1-9 1-6 Location of Site NR 17 1-11 1-7 Location of Site NR 18 1-12 1-8 Location of Site NR 20 1-13 1-9 Location of Site NR 21 1-14 1-10 Location of Site NR 22 1-15 1-11 Location of Sites NR 26, NR 28, and NR 29 1-17 1-12 Location of Sites NR 30, NR 31, and NR 32 1-18 1-13 Location of Sites NR 33 and NR 34 1-20 1-14 Location of Sites NR 40 and NR 41 1-21 1-15 Location of Sites AR 13 and AR 14 1-23 • 1-16 Location of Sites AR 16, AR 17, AR 18, and AR 19 1-24 1-17 Location of Sites AR 20 and AR 21 1-26 1-18 Location of Site AR 22 1-27 1-19 Location of Site AR 23 1-28 1-20 Location of Site AR 24 1-29 1-21 Location of Sites AR 27 and AR 28 1-31 1-22 Location of Site AR 29 1-32 1-23 Location of Site AR 30 1-33 1-24 Location of Site AR 37 1-34 3-1* NR 16 showing Sites CA-IMP-1692, CA-IMP-1693, 3-3 CA-IMP-3333H, and CA-IMP-3334H 3-2* NR 18 showing Location of CA-IMP-889 and CA-IMP-890 3-5 3-3* NR 20 Showing Location of CA-IMP-7644 and CA-IMP-7645 3-6 3-4* NR 33 Showing Location of CA-IMP-3679 3-9 4-1* AR 14 Showing Location of CA-IMP-3288H 4-2 • ji EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TITLE: Cultural Resource Constraint Analysis for the • Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Sites New and Alamo Rivers Imperial County, California

AUTHORS: Carolyn E. Kyle Kyle Consulting 2495 Bartel Place San Diego, California 92123

DATE: December 200 1

SOURCE OF COPIES: Southeast Information Center Office of Historic Preservation Imperial Valley College Desert Museum Ocotillo, California 92259 ABSTRACT:

This study included a literature review, record search, and windshield survey of the New River and the Alamo River between the Salton Sea and the U.S./Mexico International Border in Imperial County, California. The windshield survey was completed on November 12 and 13, 2001 by Carolyn Kyle and Robert Kyle. The study was conducted in compliance with state (CEQA) guidelines. The proposed project is to construct wetland and sedimentation basin sites along the New and Alamo rivers that will help to remove agricultural, sewage, and industrial wastes from the river water before it flows into the Salton • Sea. A previous study by Nolte Associates, Inc. (2001) identified and categorized proposed sites for feasibility. This study is a constraint level analysis of those areas identified as Category 1 and 2 sites. The final development sites will be selected based on the results of constraint studies. The literature review and record search identified few previous studies or recorded cultural resources within the proposed site areas. Historic research has identified use of the New River basin as an Indian Trail that was later used as the Southern Immigrant Trail used by the forty-niners, military teams, and Anglos moving to California. In 1858 the route between the USlMexico International Border became part of the Butterfield Overland Mail route between San Antonio and San Diego. The County of Imperial General Plan has identified the Alamo and New rivers as areas with the potential for significant cultural resources. Recommendations include an intensive survey of all selected areas that have not been surveyed within the last five years. Cultural resources identified during field surveys will need to be tested to determine significance/importance. Cultural resources identified as significant will need to be protected by avoidance or a data recovery program designed to mitigate construction impacts will be necessary.

• iii TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED LIST OF APPENDICES • LETTER NAME

A* Record Search Results A-I

*Bound Separately in Confidential Appendix

•

• iii SECTION 1 • INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT LOCATION

The current study for the New and Alamo River project includes a literature review, record search, and windshield survey of the New River and the Alamo River between the Salton Sea and the US.lMexico International Border (Figure 1-1). The New and Alamo rivers are "international rivers" with headwaters in Meixco, entering the United States in Imperial County. The rivers travel through the City of Mexicali across the International Border and into the Imperial Valley at Calexico, California, meandering through agricultural fields and the cities of El Centro, Brawley, Seeley, and Calipatria until the rivers empty into the Salton Sea ..

The study area for the New River is shown on the Westmoreland West, Westmoreland East, Brawley, Seeley, Mount Signal, and Heber, California USGS Quadrangle maps (Figure 1- 2). The study area for the Alamo River is shown on the Nilan, Westmoreland East, Weist, Alamorio, Holtville West, Holtville East, and Bonds comer, California (Figure 1-3). The study was conducted in compliance with state (CEQA) guidelines. Literature infonnation • and site records on previously identified cultural resources were obtained from the Southeast Infonnation Center at the Imperial Valley College Desert Museum (Appendix A). The resume of Ms. Kyle is included as Appendix B.

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The New and Alamo rivers acquire pollutants from both American and Mexican sources as the rivers flow from their headwaters to the Salton Sea. Pollutants in Mexicali come from sewage and industrial activities. Pollutants in Imperial County are mostly derived from agricultural wastes. These pollutants are causing an impact on the Salton Sea.

Prior to the current study a reconnaissance inventory completed by Nolte Associates, Inc. (2001) for the County of Imperial on behalf of the Citizens Congressional Task Force on the New River. The study examined potential wetland and sedimentation basin sites for the New and Alamo rivers using existing survey information, topographic maps, aerial • photographs, and site visits. The purpose of the wetland and sedimentation

1-1 Kvle Consulting Wetland and Sedimentation Basin Project •

SAU!!H SEA l'ES1l8ASE • . ' S!TON SEA . TIOHAL ~II,.· IFE REF~GE l.

13 I

~\ 14 "y IS' • 15

'6 Yuha.

Desert

Scale: No Scale

Source: United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey: t State of California, South Half NORTH

Figure 1-1 Regional Location of Study Area

1-2 • ------

basin sites will be to help remove the contamination of the Salton Sea and to control sediment flow into the sea which is an important wildlife refuge. Water treatment with the • use of wetlands will help create wildlife habitats and increase the biodiversity and recreational potential of both rivers.

Selection criteria for feasible wetland andlor sedimentation basin construction sites included presence of drop structures, water discharges from agricultural drains andlor municipal discharges, bank heights, surrounding land use, accessibility, existing vegetation, topographic properties, and site location. Based on this review potential sites were broadly classified as:

• Category 1 sites are those that are feasible because of gravity flow characteristics. These sites are preferred due to their lower operating costs because gravity flow sites will not require electricity to power pumps. This type of site will be used as both wetlands and sedimentation basins.

• Category 2 sites are those that require construction of a check structure within the river or lID drain to facilitate gravity flow operations. These sites are being considered for both wetlands and sedimentation basins. • Category 3 sites are those that would require some type of pump • system to overcome elevation differences at the site. These sites will be used only if there are not enough Category 1 and 2 sites necessary to treat the water in the rivers.

• Sites Not Feasible contain undesirable geographical, topographic and hydraulic properties that include limited inflow, narrow channel or riparian corridor, or high and steep channel banks.

The current study is a constraint level analysis of the Category 1 and 2 sites identified by Nolte Associates, Inc. (2001). These sites are discussed below by river. Site descriptions are taken from the Nolte Associates, Inc. (2001) study.

1.3 New River

• NR2

NR 2 is a Category 1 site that is shown on the Westmoreland West, California USGS

• . 1-3 Kyle Consultipg Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Prolect • Ii: ~\

•

-; .. 1 -r,c- .- ,------'1- ': ----- __ ' ;~II- I i I I .1

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Westmoreland West, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1-2 Location of Site NR 2 • 1-3 quadrangle (Figure 1-2). The approximately 20-acre site is located at a crossing with Lack Road about 2.1 miles southeast of the Salton Sea shoreline. Thompson Drain ties into the • New River's left bank at NR 2. Agricultural fields surround the area. • NR8

NR 8 is a Category 2 site located approximately four miles north of the City of Brawley. The site, which is shown on the Westmoreland East, California USGS quadrangle, is approximately 200 acres in size (Figure 1-3). NR 8 is located on both overbanks of the New River at Drop 2 of the New River. Cole Road divides NR 8 and Best Drain, which runs parallel to Cole Road, discharges into the New River on its west bank. Cliffs on the west side of the river limit the overbank area available for wetlands, although some space is available where farmland exists on the east side of the river. The area between the river and the railroad (l,OOO-feet upstream) can be used for wetland construction.

• NR9

NR 9 is a Category 2 site that extends south from the southern edge of NR 8. This site is shown on the Westmoreland East, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-3). The • approximately 75-acre site is located on the east over bank of the New River, extending from the northern boundary of the Brawley wastewater treatment plant approximately 0.6 miles to the north. Spruce Drain discharges into the river in the northern section of NR 9. An agricultural field is located adjacent to the proposed area on the northeast side, and a weir structure is located upstream by the golf course. The Southern Pacific Railroad runs along the right side of the river. NR 9 consists of two separate natural terrace areas located on the east side of the New River.

• NR 12

NR 12 is a Category 2 site that is located approximately one-half mile north of the City of Brawley at Fredricks Road. The height of the riverbanks on all sides is six feet. Wetlands basins could be constructed along three of the surrounding overbanks. The city dump is located on the downstream right overbank, precluding wetlands construction in this area. The 33-acre site is shown on the Brawley, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-4).

• 1-5 Kyle Consulting - Wetlands IUd Sedimentation Basin Prolect

\-15" ~ i I • -iRockwood

\ .,

Hamari.

•

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Westmoreland East, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1-3 Location of Sites NR 8 and NR 9 • • NR 13 • This Category 2 SO-acre site is located west of Brawley, between sites NR 12 and NR 14. The height of the banks is 3 to 6 feet above the river's flow line; no drains flow into this section of the river. The left overbank can be used as wetlands. The site is shown on the Brawley, California USGS quadrangle (see Figure 1-4).

• NR 14

NR 14 is a Category 2 site that is located between Driftwood and B Streets in the City of Brawley. The overbanks in this area are three to four feet above the river. All of the 4S-acre site has the potential for wetlands construction. The site is shown on the Brawley, California USGS quadrangle (see Figure 1-4).

• NR 15

NR 15 is a Category 2 site that is located at Main Street in the outskirts of Brawley, California. The left overbank of NR 15 is suitable for wetland construction. An animal clinic and a horse coral are located on the right upstream side. Development of these areas • would require purchase of these properties. The IS-acre site is shown on the Brawley, California USGS quadrangle (see Figure 1-4).

• NR 16

NR 16 is a Category 2 site that is approximately 8.8 miles in length. The approximately 520 acre site is located south of the City of Brawley on both sides of the New River adjacent to the existing Brawley wetlands. The site is shown on the Brawley, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-5).

• NR 17

NR 17 is a Category 1 site that extends south from the southern boundary of NR 16. This 320-acre site is located at Keystone Road adjacent to the existing Brawley wetlands on the east side of the New River. The Keystone Road Bridge is located near this site. Next to the

• 1·8 Kyle Consultjng Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project

.1291 ',' i I j --..,1 It '.,,'II~' I ! , I . " I , • 1-- -'--- I

. , ' . : '", ",i lu ! !~ , I~ ~; U) ~! O! .. •

Scale: 1:24,000 Source: USGS 7.5' Brawley and Wesunoreland East, California Quadrnngle NORTH Figure 1·4 Location of Sites NR 12, NR 13, NR 14, and NR 15 • Kyle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project ___-...J-.J1~--_· _--_---J:::.!lI3:~;::--::::;;;;;;;-:= r-42 tfJ :i ,,,' ;1 • i~ ~! -9'5

~--;-.;::!' • : -' - Trailer ::> Park ';~:;'. 07 --./ ,. '1. ;"' i~ \' -as· - _t__ -.. _ . J.,.

Scale: 1:24,000 Source: USGS 7.5' Brawley, California Quadrangle NORTH • Figure 1-5 Location of Site NR 16 bridge is Sumac Drain, a concrete pIpe drain that discharges into the New River. Eucalyptus Canal runs parallel to the New River approximately one-half mile to the east • from its nearest point. The site is shown on the Brawley USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-6).

• NR 18

NR 18 is a Category 2 site is located west of North Central Drain. Edgar and Harris roads reach this section of the New River. NR 18 is also located adjacent to the existing Brawley wetlands. The 160-acre site is shown on the Brawley USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-7).

• NR20

NR 20 is an approximately 8O-acre Category 1 site that is located on both sides of the New River. Forrester Road crosses the river at NR 20. Larson Road, which runs east/west, is located on the right overbank of the river, approximately 200 feet away. The existing Imperial Wetlands are located immediately upstream with Thompson's Crossing located immediately downstream. The site is shown on the Brawley and Brawley NW, California USGS quadrangles (Figure 1-8). • • NR 21

NR 21 is a Category 2 site that is located upstream from the existing Imperial Wetlands near Forrester and Larson roads. The right downstream bank, with 15-foot high banks, is not suitable for wetland construction. However, the left downstream and right upstream overbanks could be used. The site is shown on the Brawley NW and Seeley, California USGS quadrangles (Figure 1-9).

• NR 22

NR 22 is a Category 1 site that is located upstream from the existing Imperial Wetlands. Waste discharges into the river's left overbank in this area. The approximately 210-acre site is shown on the Brawley NW and Seeley, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-10). • 1-10 Kyle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proled •

, ('- .-~-=.-:--:":,,,,~:' i

•

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Brawley. California Quadrangle NORTH

Figure 1-6 Location of Site NR 17 • Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentatjon Basin Prolect

'-r~ \\ \ • \ \ 7'6 I:: I~, \, Ii i \' ~- -f;~ \\ ;' \, 1: \. ! i. '\l\r\\ \,1 \ II ;: 'I \\ \ !! NEWS/OE__ JL. __.!, :~=",,"7'::-.=;'::;

: h

''';,:; '. ': 1 '. ~.:.'-

"•... : " • .,1. ; II , I·

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Brawley, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1-7 Location of Site NR 18 • Kyle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proiect

I..£V££

• 308

•

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Braw)eyNW. California Quadrangle NORTH

Figure 1-8 Location of Site NR 20 • Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Protect •

•

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Brawley NW and Seeley, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1-9 Location of Site NR 21 • Kvle Consultjng Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Brawley NW and Seeley, California Quadrangles NORTH

Figure 1-10 Location of Site NR 22 • • NR26 • NR 26 is a Category 1 site that is located off Drew Road where Sunbeam Drain discharges into the New River. Sunbeam Lake is located 112 mile east of the site and Interstate 8 lies 3/4 miles to the south. The 4O-acre site is shown on the Seeley, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-11).

• NR 28

This 50-acre site is located between NR 26 and NR 29. The site is intersected by Interstate 8. The site is shown on the Seeley USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-11).

• NR 29 This site is located south of NR 28, approximately 0.4 miles south of Interstate 8 where Fig Drain flows into the river's left overbank. This approximately 160-acre site is shown on the Seeley USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-11).

• NR30 • NR 30 is a Category 1 site that is located on Drew Road, 0.8 miles south of Interstate 8. Wonnwood Drain flows into the left bank of this section of the New River. The approximately 70-acre site is shown on the Seeley and Mount Signal, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-12).

• NR 31

NR 31 is a Category 2 site that extends along both overbanks of the New River. The 230- acre site is shown on the Seeley and Mt. Signal, California USGS quadrangle maps (Figure 1-12).

• NR 32

NR 32 is a Category 1 site that is located off McCabe Road, 200 feet upstream from Elder Lateral 5. The proposed wetlands would extend along the left side of the New River, • 1-16 ~le CRJlsuiting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proiect

..-. .-..~~~~ \ I I • 2881

B-L------F.-'i-----"""'~, \ \ "" ,\ r \, " \\ 1 ", \\'.190 i \ \ \\ I ,.\ ,\ , 6i " "', " ~ .<:~\: ~~

I ~II ~ 60 ~I 191 Q: j , "'Io ;' • ...II ' loA !l:::::::::f:¥!.!f:~::~::~::~:

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7,5' Seeley, California Quadrangle NORTH

Figure 1·11 Location of Sites NR 26, NR 28, and NR 29 • Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proled •

.' 17R 18 r -28 [ ~ i.. I~ I 1, I .' 47 ~ !,

..,.< L. , 41 I

41 41 40

i ..

25 ! ! I ! ,J ! ~r~Itr:-:·: ' • •w --- - .. ---- .. ------1, • -32 ,~---. ·• ·.~. .~ \ ~:!.~!2~e._ .. ~LA.!. .! .. ;: \. I -"-"- -27 -30' WISTARIA

Scale: 1:24,000 Source: USGS 7.5' Seeley and Mount Signal, California Quadrangles NORTH Figure 1-12 Location of Sites NR30, NR 31, and NR 32 • encompassing 115 acres that include the outlet of Greeson Drain to the New River. The site is shown on the Seeley and Mount Signal, California USGS quadrangle maps (see Figure • 1-12).

• NR33

Site NR 33 is a Category 2 site that is located between sites NR 32 and NR 34 on the right overbank of the New River. The approximately 8O-acre site is shown on the Mount Signal, California USGS quadrangle map (Figure 1-13).

• NR 34

NR 34 is a Category 2 site that is located at the Brockman Road crossing of the New River approximately 112 mile southwest of Elder Canal. Wulfs Crossing is located in NR 34. An existing pond lies along the left bank. of the river downstream from the crossing and a small creek is located next to the left bank upstream from the crossing. The site is shown on the Mt. Signal, California USGS quadrangle map (Figure 1-13). • • NR40 NR 42 is located west the City of Calexico and approximately one mile north of the U.S.lMexico International Border where Highway 98 crosses the New River. The 58-acre site is show on the Heber, California USGS quadrangle map (Figure 1-14).

• NR 41

NR 44 is located east of Calexico, approximately 112 mile north of the U.S./Mexico International Border and 0.2 miles east of the All American Canal. The 45-acre site is show on the Heber, California USGS quadrangle map (Figure 1-14).

1.4 ALAMO RIVER

• AR 13

• AR 13 is a Category 2 site that is located at a crossing with Brandt Road and C Drain,

1-19 Kyle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proiect

1i-2 I: •

, '~'.

ii_ '11 " •

iffi======-4.====~~======~L-- 22 ~AJA~--- CALIFORNIA Border Patrol Observation Tower

Scale: 1:24,000

Source: USGS 7.5' Heber, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1·14 Location of Sites NR 40 and NR 41 • Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project

• ~

NR40 II

•

Observation Tower Sta

Scale: 1:24,000 + Source: USGS 7.5' Heber, California Quadrangle NORTH • Figure 1·14 Location of Sites NR 40 and NR 41 which discharges into the river's north bank. The town of Calipatria is located two miles east of AR 13. The approximately 35-acre site is shown on the Westmoreland East, • California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-15).

• AR 14

AR 14 is a Category 1 site that is located at the Ruegger Road river crossing. The Imperial State Wildlife Area is located 112 mile to the southeast and the Russell Reservoir (North End Dam) is situated on the left overbank. The approximately 230 acre site is shown on the Westmoreland East, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-15).

• AR 16

AR 18 is a Category 2 site that is located approximately a quarter of a mile southeast of Wiest Lake. Munyon Drain empties into the Alamo River at the north end of NR 18. The approximately 14 acre site is located on the east side of the river and is shown on the Wiest. California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-16). • AR 17 • This 6O-acre Category 1 site is located a quarter mile upstream from the Imperial State Wildlife Area (Finney-Ramer Unit). Myrtle Drain flows into the river's right overbank. The site is shown on the Wiest, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-16).

• AR 18

AR 18 is a Category 1 site that is located approximately 400 years from Gieselmann Lake. Maple Drain empties into the river just upstream from this point. The approximately 20- acree site is shown on the Wiest, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-16).

• AR 19

AR 19 is a Category 1 site that is located between the Maple and Mesquite drains. The approximately 45-acre site is shown on the Wiest California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1- 16). • 1-22 Kvle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project

I .,I

I I I d : I DRAiN :1 'I . I -. i I I !o= I:; i II--=C-;'- --- -1 I .~ iI i ; i . j •

:, ,... ;'1 I Landing .': : Strip :: 1 1 .:," '

'\:~\ I :; ..: ~_I -1112 ROCKWOOD "i .i \ : 1

Scale: 1:24,(XX) t Source: USGS 7.5' Westmoreland East, California Quadrangle NORTH • Figure 1·15 Location of Sites AR 13 and AR 14 Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project

------r .~.~. ---f--

I i 1 ·1I ._·.L _~ ___ '-~_ ... _ ... • 8M ·136 I i I I

•

• .: 8M -133

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Wiest, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1-16 Location of Sites AR 16, AR 17, AR 18, and AR 19 • • • AR20 AR 20 is a Category 1 site that is located between the Moss and Oak drains on the east bank of the river. The approximately 6O-acre site is shown on the Weist and Alamorio, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-17).

• AR 21

AR 21 is a Category 1 site that is located between Moss and Oak drains which discharge through the right bank of the Alamo River. This 85-acre site is shown on the Alamorio, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-17).

• AR 22

AR 22 is a Category 1 site that is located on the west side of the Alamo River, extending from just south of the Orange Drain downstream to the Bryant Drain outlet. The ISO-acre site is shown on the Alamorio, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-18).

• • AR23

AR 23 is a Category 1 site that lies between the Holtville Main Drain and Oxalis Drain. Redwood Canal runs along the left side and the Olive Drain discharges into the river within AR 23. The 12O-acre site is shown on the Alamorio, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-19).

• AR24

AR 24 is a Category 1 site that extends from the south end of AR 23. Water sources for this section of the Alamo River are from the Township, Oasis, Orient, and Occident drains. This approximately 180-acre site is shown on the Namorio, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-20).

• 1-25 Kyle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project • 18

'"0 I t- , ___ 11" •• _. __ "

.. ~-'- I •

'I " 'I

6;I :::1 it ~ '-,! ! i l ~ Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Weist and Alamorio, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1-17 Location of Sites AR 20 and AR 21 • Kyle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proleet •

DRAIN

I /

!I n !I •

11 !: ~Il!i r--- ;1 I . I !'

----:=:..~.-- t ~l

Scale: 1:24,000 + Source: USGS 7.5' Alamorio, California Quadrangle NORTH • Figure 1-18 Location of Site AR 22 Kyle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proiect

------.. ------+-~~~-~="!i"IF=-~. -~·--'I---;;;-rj------I ._--::;:----_._- - __ .1 --.. _. ___ i== •

•

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Alamorio, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1·19 Location of Site AR 23 • Kyle Consultjng Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Proiect y Ii / • I / !

---CRAIN A---,l

•

--"C1::,----;:'::-¥------.------~------

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Alamorio, California Quadrangle NORTH • Figure 1-20 Location of Site AR 24 • AR 27 • AR 27 is a Category 1 site that is located adjacent to the west overbank of the Alamo River, extending approximately 0.2 miles south of the Central Drain outlet and 0.2 mils north of the Central Drain oulet. The 30-acre site is shown on the Holtville West, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-21).

• AR 28

AR 28 is a Category 1 site is an area that surrounds the Rositas Dam. The approximately 6O-acre site is shown on the Holtville West, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-21).

• AR 29

AR 29 is located southwest of AR 18 and east of AR 30. Ninth Street is located just north of the site. Worth Drain bounds the west side of AR 29. The site is shown on the Holtville West, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-22).

• ARlO •

AR 30 is a Category 2 site that is located approximately 114 mile west of the City of Holtville. Ninth Street forms the northern boundary of AR 33 and the Terrace Park Cemetery is located just south of the site. The approximately 63-acre site is shown on the Holtville West, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-23).

• AR 37

AR 37 is a Category 1 site that is located 114 mile south of Interstate 8 at the Hunt Road crossing of the river. The Verde Drain discharges through the right bank of the river within this site. The approximately 65-acre site is shown on the Holtville East, California USGS quadrangle (Figure 1-24). • 1·30 Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project

• :-:., 1

. f;,3 .....•-63,. __ -!-

• 81 (

Scale: 1:24,000 Source: USGS 7.5' Holtville West, California Quadrangle NORTH • Figure 1-21 Location of Sites AR 27 and AR 28 Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Prolect

',----

1 • 11 11-

r - CL

21 RC

o -==~~======,==,==,=~~~ ASH LATERAL 30 --=o~._.-v

:::Q ,_.~..J BM • ;:.?---;~ .: , - ='/=

. __ ,- 4.6--';~",--s.;" \:.Res

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Holtville West, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1·22 Location of Site AR 29 • Kvle Consulting - Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project • Rese,tvoir 25

•

Scale: 1:24,000 t Source: USGS 7.5' Holtville West, California Quadrangle NORTH

Figure 1·23 Location of Site AR 30 • Kyle Consulting Wetlands and Sedimentation Basin Project --r-- ," •

,,' "'.' I"

, , , •

~I ' ... , ~, '\oj I~ , ... '

"'LAMO '1·;"'::'- ::=~::;;=;;:::';=-='::':::=~;~~.I~l ~ , .il~ 'I LJ.

Scale: 1:24,000 Source: USGS 7.5' Holtville East, California Quadrangle NORTH Figure 1·24 Location of Site AR 37 • SECTION 2 • PRElllSTORIC AND IllSTORIC BACKGROUND 2.1 BACKGROUND

2.1.1 Prehistory

Early Period archaeological sites located in the Imperial County desert regions generally range from approximately 10,000 years ago to European contact. These sites include habitation sites, inland hunting and milling camps, fish camps, lithic quarries, flaking stations, trails, pot drops, and pictograph and petroglyph locations. Material cultural assemblages during this long span of time are remarkably similar in many respects, and the archaeological deposits may well represent a process of relative economic stability and presumably slow cultural change. This is despite the appearance, elaboration, and/or disappearance of various culture traits throughout this time span.

By approximately 2,000 years ago, Yuman-speaking people had occupied the Gila/Colorado River drainage (Moriarty 1969). Based on evidence from the Spindrift site in La Jolla, Moriarty (1965, 1966) suggests that a preceramic Yuman culture was established along the • San Diego coastline a short time later. Possibly by about 1,200 years BP, and certainly by 800 years ago, the technology of ceramic manufacture had been introduced from the eastern deserts and become an established part of the Late Period artifact assemblage.

During the Late Period, a new culture pattern becomes apparent in the archaeological record. The economic trajectory appears to be one of more intensive and efficient exploitation of local resources. The prosperity of these highly refined economic patterns is evidenced by the numerous Yuman-speaking KumeyaaylDiegueno and Shoshonean-speaking Luisefio habitation sites scattered over San Diego County. This same level of overall prosperity is reflected by the sites of various, mostly Yuman-speaking peoples, such as the Yuma along the Lower Colorado River and the Desert Kumeyaay (Kamia) in the adjacent deserts.

An apparent increase in Late Period site density may reflect both better preservation of the more recent archaeological record and a gradual population increase in the region, particularly within the Peninsular Range and westward. Artifacts and cultural patterns • reflecting the Late Period pattern include small projectile points, ceramics, permanent or semi-permanent seasonal village sites, a proliferation of acorn milling sites within the 2 ·1 uplands, use of obsidian from Obsidian Butte at the Salton Sea, and cremation of the dead rather than burial. •

A key parameter of environmental change appears closely linked to cultural development within the region. Large portions of the Salton Trough within central Imperial and southeastern Riverside Counties, which is today largely occupied by the irrigated Imperial Valley and Coachella Valley farmlands, were intermittently occupied by at least four stands of the freshwater Lake Cahuilla over the past 2,000 years (Waters 1983). Lake stands attracted human populations, while the loss of lacustrine resources precipitated population movement to more environmentally stable neighboring areas, such as the Lower Colorado River and western San Diego County. The most recent lake stand has been dated by radiocarbon analysis of freshwater shell (Anodonta sp.) to A.D. 1430-1580 ± 100 (Waters 1982).

Many Late Period prehistoric culture patterns in southern California were shared with neighboring groups in the Mohave Desert of California, the Great Basin in Nevada and northwestern Arizona, the Colorado and Sonora Deserts of southern Arizona and Sonora, as \yell as Baja California's peninsular mountains, Pacific littoral strip, and Sea of Cortez coast. Even in the most recent periods, Native Americans of southern California • incorporated many elements of their neighbors into their own. This transference and melding of cultural traits between neighboring groups complicates the positive association of archaeological deposits with particular ethnographically known cultures. Archaeologists must rely heavily on ethnographic accounts of group boundaries as recorded during the historic period, although it is not known how long these boundaries had been in place or how validly these boundaries were represented by the ethnographic information.

2.1.2 History

Direct historic influences on native populations within Imperial County during this same initial era, were restricted to the brief passage of explorers and settler parties bound for California. Indirect influences upon the native occupants stemmed from the distantly adjacent colonies of California, Arizona, and New Mexico, as well as from native peoples of the greater Lower Colorado River Basin.

Major changes in economy, population, and land use stemmed from a large-scale influx of Americans during the Mexican War of 1846-48, and especially after its conclusion in the • 2·2 1849 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which much of northern Mexico (including the study area) passed to the United States. Within the foothill-valley and littoral zones of San • Diego County, a continuation of cattle grazing was gradually replaced by substantial new developments in the cultivation of citrus, olive, other fruit, and to a lesser extent grain and other vegetable crops.

Imperial County took a different course. The post-Mexican War period began with the founding in 1849 of Fort Yuma, Arizona Territory, on the Colorado River. The federal Yuma Territorial Prison, founded slightly later and located near Fort Yuma, became a fitting adjunct to what was essentially a military frontier presence. These two facilities, together with the small town of Yuma, Arizona, comprised the primary Eure-American feature of the region throughout the latter half of the century. Yuma became a steamboat port, linking the desert interior with the Sea of Cortez, but lands to the west remained little more than a dangerous area to be crossed on the difficult way to or from California.

Irrigation agriculture within Imperial Valley was made possible by the construction, beginning in 1900, of complex canal systems to import Colorado River water. Since water first reached the valley in 1901, the irrigation system has been so fully elaborated as to make Imperial Valley one of the nation's premier agricultural areas. Throughout the early 1900s, • land speCUlators platted the primary towns and farmlands that were purchased by land hungry settlers, recapitulating much of San Diego County's earlier nineteenth century history.

Imperial County history is in large measure a story not only of water, but also of overland transportation. Between a point approximately one mile north of present day Interstate 8 and the Mexican border the course of the New River is part of the route of the Southern Emigrant Trail and the Transcontinental San Antonio - San Diego and Butterfield Overland Mail roads. This historic route entered California after crossing the Colorado River at present-day Yuma Arizona. In order to avoid the Sand Dunes west of Yuma the trail then turned south into Mexico. The trail crossed back into California near the vicinity of modern Mexicali, Mexico where it met the channel of the New River, a usually dry streambed which occasionally ran with seasonal overflows from the Colorado River.

The southern Emigrant Trail is one of the least recognized of the many overland trails used by pioneers to cross the continental United States in the 19th century. The trail was used by Spanish and Mexican explorers, fur trappers and horse traders prior to 1846. During the • 2·3 Mexican War of 1846 to 1848 the route was followed by General Stephen Watts Kearney, and established as a Wagon Road by Colonel Philip St. George Cooke's Mormon • Battalion. During the Gold Rush of 1849 to 1851 and estimated 9,000 American emigrants used the southern trail to reach California in addition to a similar number of prospectors from Mexico. From 1857 to 1861 the route was used by the San Diego and San Antonio and Butterfield Overland Mail companies. Stage stations along the New River at this time included Monument, Indian Wells, and New River Station. With the outbreak of the Civil War mail service ceased along the route. However the trail continued to be used by overland travelers and local stage lines until completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad in the 1870s (Pourade 1966; Conkling and Conkling 1947)

Railroads played an early part in this regard (Henderson 1968). The area's first reliable access to national markets was provided in 1903, with the opening of a branch line to Imperial from the Southern Pacific (SP) Railroad main line between Yuma and Los Angeles. This valley branch was completed to Calexico in 1904, and subsequently connected to Holtville by W. F. Holt's construction of the Inter-Urban Railroad line about three miles south of Imperial. This latter connection led to the establishment of El Centro in 1905. In 1909, the SP extended its line through Mexico to Yuma, as the Inter-California Railroad while the Inter-Urban Railroad was extended westward to Seeley in 1911 and in • 1919 became part of the San Diego & Arizona Eastern (SD&AE) Railway. Holt also planned to build a better line running north from Holtville and west to Calipatria, then through to Westmoreland and south to Seeley. This line was eventually built by the SP, although without the Seeley line. In 1919, John D. Spreckels of San Diego completed the SD&AE from the coast, down Carrizo Gorge, and across the valley to EI Centro. From El Centro to Yuma, the SD&AE uses both the SP and the Inter-California tracks. The opening of the SD&AE made possible the development of American Gypsum Company's works at Plaster City.

Highway development is another theme in the historical development of both San Diego County and Imperial County, which until recent times was a part of San Diego County (Tolle et a1. 1951; Henderson 1968; County of San Diego Department of Public Works Road Records; San Diego County Highway Commission Records). In 1857-58, the County of San Diego Board of Supervisors commissioned a road survey to connect the City of San Diego with Yuma, Arizona. The initial 39-mile, unpaved, wagon road segment from the ocean to Mountain Springs was completed shortly after the Civil War and declared • 2·4 a public highway in 1872. Known as The Boulevard, this road was by 1880 extended through Mountain Springs Canyon and down Mountain Springs Grade to the desert floor, • from which point a poorly marked dirt track rambled eastward to the shallow ford at Ywna

An eastern highway connection gained major importance in 1900, when the onset of canal construction within Imperial Valley ignited agricultural development there. The Mountain Springs Grade toll road was replaced that year by a new private road built along the creek bed of nearby Devil' s Canyon. Although designed to accommodate automobiles, this road proved inadequate for truck traffic. The passage of enabling State legislation in 1906 and the issuance of San Diego's first road bond in 1909 resulted in the formation of San Diego's first County Highway Commission, which by 1911 had completed a partially paved highway for automobiles and trucks along The Boulevard route from San Diego to Mountain Springs Grade. In 1912, a public SUbscription effort raised sufficient funds to build a new, "fully modern" road down Mountain Springs Grade and another six miles eastward across the desert by 1913. The balance of the money from that effort was provided to Imperial County to build the historic Plank Road across the Imperial/Algodones Sand Dunes between B Centro and Ywna. A follow-on subscription raised sufficient funds to complete the Plank Road, and link it westward to the new Boulevard roadway. Private SUbscriptions, federal, and State funds were then used to build the first bridge across the • Colorado River near Yuma. The opening of this bridge in 1915 meant that the San Diego Imperial area was for the first time fully interconnected with markets of the nation and the world by road, rail, and sea.

The passage of California's first state highway improvement bond in 1910 led to the establishment in 1911 of the first California Highway Commission, which issued bonds in 1919 to finance roughly 68 miles of 14-foot-wide concrete highway construction, including previously unpaved sections of The Boulevard. These funds were quickly found to be inadequate for maintenance and operation, as was true throughout the state, but additional monies were obtained from California's gas tax, first imposed in 1923. The Boulevard was then completed to become U.S. Highway 80, in association with which the Plank Road ceased operation in 1926. The highway was subsequently reconstructed, to plans dated October 26, 1931. as a new 36-foot wide, asphalt-paved roadway supplanting the older concrete road. Another historic east-west route, the Mount Signal Road across southern Imperial County, was built in 1926 with money subscribed by local farmers.

• 2·5 In 1967, U.S. Highway 80 was bypassed by nearby Interstate 8. The western portion was relinquished to the County of San Diego and fonnally renamed "Old Highway 80" in • 1973. Much of the portion within Imperial County became Evan Hewes Highway, which generally parallels the SD&AE tracks.

•

• 2·6 SECTION 3

LITERATURE REVIEW AND RECORD SEARCH RESULTS • FOR THE PROPOSED NEW RIVER SITES

3.1 RECORD SEARCH RESULTS FOR THE NEW RIVER

The literature review and record search was completed at the Southeast Infonnation Center at the Imperial Valley College Desert Museum (Appendix A). For this constraint study, the literature review and record search included the proposed Category 1 and 2 sites and adjacent areas to determine whether the sites had been surveyed and if any cultural resources have been recorded at these location. Record search results for the New River proposed Category 1 and 2 site locations are discussed below.

• Site NR 2

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site NR 2. • • NR8 No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site NR 8.

• NR9

One linear study completed by Cal trans (Crafts 1999) for the proposed State Route 78/ 111 Brawley Bypass project crosses the center of the northern portion of NR 9. No cultural resources were identified by this study. The majority of NR 9 has not been surveyed.

• NR 12

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site NR 12.

• 3·1 • NR 13 • One study has been completed outside the southeastern boundary of site NR 13. This study was completed by Caltrans (Rosen 200 1) for a proposed bicycle facility. No cultural resources were recorded during the Rosen (2001) study. No surveys have been completed within NR 13.

• NR 14

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within site NR 14. One study has been completed outside of NR 14 on the east side of the New River opposite the northern end of the site. This study was a survey by von Werlhof and von Werlhof (1977) for a proposed neighborhood park for the City of Brawley. No cultural resources were identified by this study.

• NR 15 No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within • or adjacent to site NR 15.

• NR 16

One cultural resource study (Ferris 1998) has been completed in the north eastern portion of NR 16. No cultural resources were identified by this study. Four cultural resources; CA-IMP-1692; CA-IMP-1693, CA-IMP-3333-H, CA-IMP-3334-H; have been recorded within NR 16 (Figure 3-1). Sites CA-IMP-1692 and CA-IMP-1693 are Indian Trail that cross NR 16 on an east/west alignment (CA-IMP-1692) and on a north/south alignment (CA-IMP-1693). Site CA-IMP-3333-H is a wagon trail used by early settlers to Imperial County that may have followed the Indian Trail. The site form for CA-IMP-3334-H was not available at the information center. The majority of NR 16 has not been surveyed for cultural resources. • 3-2 •

Figure 3-1 • Bound Separatdy in Confidential Appendix

• 3-3 • NR 17 • One cultural resource study has been conducted within NR 17. This study was an inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels that was completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983). No cultural resources were identified by this study. The majority of NR 17 has not been surveyed for cultural resources.

• NR 18

The inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels that was completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983) included NR 18 as well as NR 17. No cultural resources were identified by this study. Two cultural resources have been identified in NR 18. These sites, CA-IMP-889 and CA-IMP-890, are both Indian trails (Figure 3-2). The majority of NR 18 has not been surveyed for cultural resources.

• NR 20

One study has been completed within NR 20. This study, which included the majority of the proposed site, was a survey for the Brawley Research Wetlands Project (Ferris 1998). • No cultural resources were identified by Ferris (1998). Two cultural resources, CA-IMP- 7644 and CA-IMP-7645, have been identified adjacent to the eastern boundary of NR 20 (Figure 3-3). Site CA-IMP-7644 was recorded by Collins in 1996 who described the site as a Y uman III scatter of metate fragments, cores and core fragments, .1 mano, a hammerstone, and Colorado Buff ceramic sherds. Site, CA-IMP-7645, also recorded by Collins in 1996, was described as a habitation or campsite with Colorado Buff ceramic fragments, sandstone metate fragments, 1 white quartz pebble chopper, 1 wooden small flat rectangular stick with rounded shoulders, and 1 small sandstone point sharpener.

• NR 21

The inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983) included a portion in the southern area of NR 21. No cultural resources were identified within NR 21 by this study. The majority of NR 21 has not been surveyed for cultural resources. • 3·4 •

Figure 3-2 • Bound Separately in Confidential Appendix

• 3·5 •

Figure 3-3 Bound Separately in Confidential Appendix •

• 3-6 • • NR 22 The inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983) included two areas of NR 22. No cultural resources were identified within NR 22 by this study. The majority of NR 22 has not been surveyed for cultural resources.

• NR 26

The inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983) included the majority of NR 26. No cultural resources were identified by this study which included most of NR 26.

• NR28

No cultural resource studies have been completed within or adjacent to NR 28 and no cultural resources have been identified. Several studies have been completed adjacent to the southeastern boundary of NR 28 for the Rio Bend project (Graves Engineering 1982, Brian • F. Mooney Associates 1992, REH Consultants 1992). No cultural resources were recorded by these studies.

• NR29

The inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983) included the majority of NR 29. No cultural resources were identified by this study which included most of NR 29.

• NR30

No cultural resource studies have been completed and no sites have been recorded within or adjacent to NR 30 and no cultural resources have been identified . • 3-7 • NR31

No cultural resource studies have been completed within or adjacent to NR 31 and no sites have been recorded.

• NR 32

No cultural resource studies have been completed within NR 32 and no sites have been recorded.

• NR33

No cultural resource studies have been completed within NR 33, however, the record search identified one cultural resource site, CA-IMP-3679, located at the eastern end of NR 33 on the northwest side of the New River (Figure 3-4). • NR34 • The inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983) included a portion of the eastern end of NR 34. No cultural resources were identified within NR 34 by this study.

• NR 40

Three cultural resource studies (Hupp 1999, Haney 1999, Schaefer 1999) for the Pavement Rehabilitation and Shoulder, Bridge, Culvert Widening project have been completed within NR 40. These studies are a linear east/west alignment that crossed the central portion of NR 40. No cultural resources were identified within NR 40 by these studies. A survey for a proposed County Waste Disposal site south and adjacent to NR 40 was completed in 1976 by von Werlhof and von Werlhof. No cultural resources were identified during this study. • 3-8 •

Figure 3-4 • Bound Separately in Confidential Appendix

• 3·9 • NR41 • One cultural resource study (von Welhof 1999) includes a small area of the eastern portion of NR 41. No cultural resources were identified by this study.

•

• 3-10 SECTION 4

LITERATURE REVIEW AND RECORD SEARCH RESULTS • FOR THE ALAMO RIVER SITES

4.1 RECORD SEARCH RESULTS FOR THE ALAMO RIVER

The literature review and record search was completed at the Southeast Information Center at the Imperial Valley College Desert Museum (Appendix A). For this constraint study, the literature review and record search included the proposed Category 1 and 2 sites and adjacent areas to determine whether the sites had been surveyed and if any cultural resources have been recorded at these location. Record search results for the Alamo River proposed Category 1 and 2 site locations are discussed below.

• AR 13

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to AR 13 . • • AR 14 No previous work has been completed within or adjacent to site AR 14. One cultural resource has been recorded in the southern portion of AR 14 near the North End Dam (Figure 4-1). This site, CA-IMP-3288-H, was described by H. S. Washburn in the 1856 USGLO survey notes as "a pond of good water 20 feet wide and two feet deep. "

• AR 16

One linear cultural resource study has been completed that extended along the north and western boundaries of AR 16. This study was completed for the M Transmission Line Pole Replacement Project for the Imperial Irrigation District (Dolan 1998). No cultural resources were identified by this study in the vicinity of AR 16. The remaining area of AR 16 has not been surveyed .

• 4-1 •

Figure 4-1 Bound Separately in Confidential Appendix •

• 4·2 • AR 17 • No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 17.

• AR 18

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 18.

• AR 19

One study has been completed in the southern portion of AR 19. This study was an archaeological examination for the Val Air Properties completed by von Werlhof and von Werlhof in 1975. No cultural resources were identified by this study. The northern portion of AR 19 has not been surveyed.

• AR 20

• No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 20.

• AR21

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 21.

• AR 22

One cultural resource study has been conducted in the southern portion of AR 22. This study was an inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels that was completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983). No cultural resources were identified by this study. The majority of AR 22 has not been surveyed .

• 4·3 • AR23 • One cultural resource study has been conducted in the northern portion of AR 23. This study was an inventory for 30 proposed Asset Management parcels that was completed by the Bureau of Land Management (Welch 1983). No cultural resources were identified by this study. The majority of AR 23 has not been surveyed.

• AR24

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 24.

• AR 27

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 27. • AR28 • No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 28.

• AR29

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 29.

• ARlO

No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 30. • 4-4 • • AR 37 No previous work has been completed and no cultural resources have been recorded within or adjacent to site AR 37.

•

• 4-5 SECTION 5 • DETERMINATION OF SITE SIGNFICANCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 DETERMINING SITE SIGNIFICANCE

This section provides discussions of state and federal guidelines for detennining site significance, potential impacts, and recommendations for additional work and for the treatment of identified cultural resources.

5.1.1 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)

The importance of an archaeological resource must be demonstrated. Section 15064.5 of CEQA (amended January 1999) states that:

Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be "historically significant" if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (Pub. Res. code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852) including the following:

(A) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to • the broad patterns of California's history and cultural heritage: (B) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; (C) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. (4) The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code), or identified in an historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code) does not preclude a lead agency from detennining that the resource may be an historical resource as defined in Public Resources Code sections 5020.1(j) or 5024.1.

5.1.2 Federal Procedures and Policies

Prehistoric and historic resources that are located on Federal lands or are part of a project funded with Federal monies are assessed in compliance with Title 36 CFR. Federal laws, procedures, and policies which affect cultural resources include the Antiquities Act of 1906 (Public Law 59-209), Public Law 96-95, Executive Order 11593, Archaeological Resources Protection Act, National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665, as

• 5·1 amended) Public Law 93-291, the National Envirorunental Policy Act of 1969 (Public Law 91-190), and the Federal Land Policy Management Act (Public Law 94-579). • 5.2 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The New River and the Alamo River were extensively utilized by the Kamia as late as the mid-l800s. The portion of the New River between the U.S.lMexico International Border and Interstate 8 was the location of the Southern Immigrant Trail that was originally an Indian Trail, later used by military teams, Forty-niners, and Anglos moving to California. Mail service established in 1858 between San Antonio, Texas and San Diego, California the Butterfield Overland Mail, followed the Southern Emigrant Trail. The route was heavily used with approximately 50,000 travelers used the route between 1858 and 1865 when the Smith-Groom County Road, over Mountain Springs and through Jacumba, was opened.

This constraint level study has identified recorded cultural resources and studies that have been conducted within or adjacent to the proposed devel0pment sites (Tables 5-1 and 5-2). Significant impacts to prehistoric and historic cultural resources would be expected to occur along the New and Alamo rivers. These areas, as specified in the County of Imperial General Plan and required by CEQA and Federal Section 106, would require cultural • resource studies to be conducted by a qualified archaeologist. Recommended studies would include an intensive survey of all areas proposed for use by the current study that have not been surveyed or if previous surveys were completed more than five years ago. Sites identified during field surveys will need to be tested to determine significance/importance. For prehistoric sites, this may include excavation of shovel test pits and Ix! m units and completion of a report of finding. For historic sites, historic research and excavation to determine the presence or absence of subsurface deposits will be necessary. Either avoidance or completion of a data recovery program designed to mitigate development impacts will be necessary for cultural identified as significantiimportant. The data recovery should be designed to answer significant research questions and will include excavation of Ix I m units, analysis of recovered material, and completion of a report of finding. • 5-2 • • • Table 5-1 Status and Recommondalious for Future Work for Ihe New River

Proposed Record... Sit.. Site Record... Date Developmeat No. CA-IMP- Deocriptioo by Record... Pre.ious Studies Recomme.dotioll8 for Ph... I Wort

NR2 None None Swvey

NR8 None None Sw-oey

NR9 None State Route 781111 Brawley Bypass (Craft. 1999) Survey of remaining pol1ion of NR 9

NR 12 None None Survey

NR 13 None Caltnn proposed bicyle facility (RoBOn 2001) Suncy of remainin, portion of NR 13

NRI4 None Niahborbood Park for the City of Brawley (von Werthof and von Weribof 1977) Resuney of s\lneyed area and survey of remaininC area

NRIS None None Sw-oey

NRI6 CA-IMP-1692 Judi •• Trail Derby 18S4 USGLO Sw-oey Suncy CA-IMP-1693 Indian Trail Derby 18S4 USGLO SWVey CA-IMP-3333H Waaotl Trail Derby 18S4 USGLO Sw-oey MisainS site fonn

NR 17 None 30 Asset Manoaemon. Parcel' (Welch 1910) Resurvey of slU'l'eyetJ area and 8un'cy of remaininlareil

NR 18 CA-IMP-889 Indian Trail Manbewson/Walsh 18S6J1983 lJSGLO SWVey130 Asoo. Manea_men' ""reel, (Welch 1910) Resurvey of survey~d area and survey of RmaininC area CA-IMP-890 Indian Tmil Manhewann/Walsh 185611910 USOLO S"",eyl30 Asse. ~1Jma&emen' I'Ioreel. (Welch 1910) RcsI1Il'cy of sUf\'cyed area and survey of remainioe area

NR20 CA-IMP-764-l Camp Site Colli". 1996 Brawley ...... reh Wetlands Projeci (roem. 1998) Survey of unsun'cyed areas CA-IMP-7t.tS CIU11P Site Cullins 1996

NR21 None 30 Assel ~agemenl p.,cel. (Welch 1911.1) Re8wvey of surveyed area and sUJ'Tey of remaining .rn

NR 22 None 30 Asset Managemenl PIIIrcels (Welch 1983) RcsUfl'ey of surveyed area and survey oC remaining areB

NR 26 None 30 Asse. Managemenl Po,cels(Welch 1983) Resurvey uf 8Un'eyed area and survey 0( remainina area

NR28 None SlIn'ey

NR29 None 30 Asse. Managemenl ""rcols(Welch 1910) Resunoey of Illn'eyed area and lurvey of remainiua area

NR30 None Sw-oey

NR31 None Survey

NR32 None S"",ey

NR33 CA-IMP-3679 Ponery Scanor Gonzales 1980 Survey

NR :l4 None 30 Asse. Manss_menl Parcel. (Welch 1910) Resuney of surveyed area and survey of remaioing area

NR40 None "",ement Rebabilitatlon and Shoulder, Bridge. Cllivert WideniDg Projecl (Hupp 1999) Survey of ",maining .ile ano. ""vemenl Rehabililation and Shoulder. Bridge. Culvert Widening Projecl (Haney 1999) ""vemenl Rehabili.ation and Shoulder, Bridge. Culvert Wide niDI Project (Schaefor 1999)

NR41 None Propoood Rumir., RV Park in Cal ..ico. CA (.on WerlOOf 19<)9) Survey of remaining site area Tahle5-2 Status and RecommendatIOns for Future Work for the Alamo River

Proposed Recorded Sites Site Recorded Date Development No. CA-IMP- Description by Recorded Previous Studies Recommendations for Phase I Work

AR \3 None None Survey

AR14 CA-IMP-3288-H Pond of good water Washburn 1856 None Survey

AR16 None M Transmission Line Pole Replacement Project (Dolan 1998) Survey of remaining portion of NR 16

AR17 None None Survey

AR18 None None Survey

AR19 None Val Air Properties (von Werlhof and von Werlhof 1975) Resurvey of surveyed area and survey of remaining area

AR 20 None None Survey

AR21 None None Survey

AR 22 None 30 Asset Management Parcels (Welch 19&.1) Resurvey of surveyed area and survey of remaining area

AR 2] None 30 Asset Management Parcels (Welch 1983) Resurvey of surveyed area and survey of remaining area

AR24 None None Survey

AR27 None None Survey

AR28 None None Survey

AR29 None None Survey

AR30 None None Survey

AR37 None Survey

• • • ------~~~~-~~~~~~~~~-

SECTION 6 • REFERENCES CITED Brian F. Mooney Associates

1992 Final Environmental Impact Report for the Rio Bend Specific Plan, Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Conkling, Roscoe P. and Margaret B. Conkling

1947 The Butterfield Overland Mail 1857-1869. Arthur H. Clark Company, Glendale, California.

Crafts, Karen C.

1999 Historic Property Survey Report for the Proposed State Route 781111 Brawley Bypass Project. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Dolan, Christy C. V.

1998 A Cultural Resources Inventory of the M Transmission Line Pole Replacement Project. Imperial Irrigation District. Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum. • Ferris, Dawna E. 1998 Cultural Resources Inventory, Identification, and Evaluation: Brawley Research Wetlands Project. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Graves Engineering

1984 Environmental Impact Report for the Rio Bend RV Resort Ranch, Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Haney, Jeff

1999 First Addendum Archaeological Survey Report for a Proposed Pavement Rehabilitation and ShoulderlBridge Widening Project Along State Route 98 in Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Henderson, Tracey

1968 Imperial Valley. Neyenesch Printers, Inc. San Diego, California .

• 6·1 Hupp, Jill • 1999 Historical Architectural Survey Report, Pavement Rehabilitation and Shoulder, Bridge, Culvert Widening Project, Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Moriarty, James R. III

1983 Cosmogeny, Rituals and Medical Practices Among the Diegueno Indians of Southern California. Anthropological Journal of Canada 3(3):216.

1984 Cultural Phase Divisions Suggested by Typological Change, Coordinated with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Dating at San Diego. Anthropological Journal of Canada 7(3):1-18.

1967 Transitional Pre-Desert Phase in San Diego County. Science 155(3762):553- 555.

1969 The San Dieguito Complex: Suggested Environmental and Cultural Relationships. Anthropological Journal of Canada 7(3):2-18.

Nolte Associates, Inc.

2001 Task 1 Draft Report. Wetland and Sedimentation Basin Sites, New and Alamo Rivers. Unpublished report on file at Nolte Associates, Inc., San Diego, California. • Pourade, Richard

1966 The Silver Dons. Union Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego.

REH Consultants

1992 Rio Bend Specific Plan. Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on fIle at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Rosen, Martin

2001 Historic Property Survey Report for a Class I Bicycle Facility, City of Brawley, Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

1985 Report of Archaeological Test at Five Sites Located Along Highway 86 in Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

1993 Fifth Addendum Archaeological Survey Report for Units 4 and 5 of the Proposed State Route 86 Expressway. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum. • 6·2 • Schaefer, Jerry 1999 Extended Phase I Study of Eight Archaeological Sites (CA-IMP-1427, -3969, - 6914, -6915, -6916, -6918, -6920, and -6923) on State Route 98, Imperial County, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Tolle, Norman W., Don Dreise, and Betty Jane Smith

1951 Footpaths to Freeways, the Dramatic Development of San Diego City and County Roads. Union Title-Trust Topics. 5(3):2-12. Union Title Insurance and Trust Company. San Diego, California.

Von Werlhof, Jay

1999 Archaeological Examinations of the Proposed Ramirez RV Park in Calexico, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Von Werlhof, Jay and Sherilee Von Werlhof

1975 Archaeological Examinations of Val Air Properties, North Brawley. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

1976 Archaeological Examinations of a Proposed County Waste Disposal Site Near Calexico, California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information • Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum. 1977 Archaeological Examinations of a Proposed Neighborhood Park in the City of BraWley. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

Waters, Michael

1970 Late Holocene Lacustrine Chronology and Archaeology of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, California. Ms. on file, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona. Tucson, Arizona.

1985 Late Holocene Lacustrine Chronology and Archaeology of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, California. Quaternary Research 19:373-387.

Welch, Patrick

1983 Cultural Resource Inventory for Thirty Proposed Asset Management Parcels in Imperial County. California. Unpublished report on file at the Southeast Information Center at Imperial Valley College Desert Museum.

• 6-3 ~~------•

APPENDIX A

• RECORD SEARCH RESULTS

(Bound Separately in Confidential Appendix)

•