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1 Anthropological Perspectives on Sport and Culture: Against Bromber, Birgit Krawietz, and Joseph Maguire First published 2013 by Routledge Contents 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 1001 7 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013 Tay lor & Francis The right of Katrin Bromber, Birgit Krawietz, and Joseph Maguire tobe identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors fo r their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ' All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or List of Figures ! X uti li sed in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in List ofTab/es X l any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing Acknowledgments X lll from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or lntroduction: From Asian Sports to Sport in Asia 1 registered trademarks, and are used only for identificati on and explanation without intent to infringe. KATRI N BROMBER, BIRGIT KRAWIETZ, AND JOSEPH MAGUIRE Library ojCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sport across Asia: politics, cultures, and identities I edited by Katri n 1 Anthropological Perspectives on Sport and Culture: Against Bromber, Bi rgit Krawietz, and Joseph Maguire. p. cm.- (Routl edge research in sp011, culture and society; v. 21) Sports as the Essence of Western Modernity 11 Includes bibliographical references and index. INGRID KU MMELS I. Sports- Asia-Sociological aspects. 2. Sports- Asia- Political aspects. 3. Sports- Asia- Psychological aspects. I. Bromber, Katrin. II. Krawietz, Birgit. lll. Maguire, Joseph. GV649.S66 2012 2 Civilizing Bodies: Somatic Engineering in China 32 306.4'83095- dc23 DENISE GIMPEL 2012027586 ISBN13: 978-0-415-88438-9 (hbk) ISBN I3: 978-0-203-07462-6 (ebk) 3 Sport in Japan in the Early 21st Century: An Interpretation 59 LEE THOMPSON Typeset in Sabon by !BT Global. 4 The Memory of Colonialism and Imagined Unification: Two Distinctive Natures of South Korean Sporting Nationalism in the 21st Century 77 JUNG WOO LEE AND JOSEPH MAGUIRE 5 Representing True Laos in Post-Colonial Southeast Asia: Regional Dynamics in the Globalization of Sport 95 SIMONCREAK 6 The Debate on 'Revival' and the Physical Culture M ovement in Western India (1900-1950) 121 NAMR ATA R . C:ANNF.Rl 10 Katrin Bromber, Birgit Krawietz, and ]oseph Maguire 9. Fora discussion of Johann Hunzinga's theoretical approach see Allan Gutt­ mann, Sports: The First Five Millenia (Amherst: University of Massachusetts 1 Anthropological Perspectives on Press, 2005). 10. For the colonial context in Sri Lanka, Singapore, and Malaya see Sport Sport and Culture in Asian Society, ed. Mangan and Hong; for India, see Pramod K. Nayar "Sports and the 'Character Training' of the 'Jellyfish'," in Colonial Voices: Against Sports as the Essence of Th e Discours e of Em pire (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell , 2012), 83 - 97. 11. Ralph C. Willox and Dav id L. Andrews, " Sport in the City: Cultural, Eco­ Western Modernity nomic, and Political Portraits," in Sp orting Dystopias: Th e Making and Meaning of Urban Sp ort Cultures, ed . Ralph C. Wi ll ox et al. (New York: SUNY Press, 2003), 2. Ingrid Kummeis 12. James A. Mangan, "Change not Continuity-Imperia l Sport as Stylized Epitome of a Moral Order and the Methaphoric Essence of a Cultured Civi ­ lization," in Sp ortsand So cial Change, ed. Jürgen Buschm<fnn and Gertrud Pfister (Sankt Augustin: Academia Verl ag, 2001), 54 . INTRODUCTION 13 . James A. M angan, "Prologue: Britain's Chief Spiritual Export: Imperial Sport as M oral Metaphor, Political Symbol and Cultural Bond," in Th e Cul­ Following a confidential meeting in Zürich on December 2, 2010, the tura l Bond: Sport, Empire, Society, ed. James A. M angan (London: Frank executive committee of the international football association FIFA m ade Cass, 199 2), 1. 14 . Steven A. Riess, City Games (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), a sensational announcement to the sports world: the tiny desert sta te of 254. Qatar in the Arabian Gulf was to host the FIFA World Cup in 2022, 15. Tobias Werron, "Der Welt sport und sein Publikum," Zeitschrift für Soziolo- having prevailed aga irrst Australia, Japan, Korea, and the USA. The fir st gie, special iss ue "Weltgesell sc haft " (2005}: 260-89. reaction of Al Sharq A l-Awsat, Doha's daily newspaper, was to comment 16. Ruud Stokvis, "The International and National Expansion of Sports," in Sp or t in Asia and Afr ica: A Compara tive Han dbook, ed. Eric A. Wagner that Qatar and its 1.5 million inhabitants had emerged "from the struggle 1 (New York et al.: Gree nwood Press, 1989) , 13 . between continents and cultures" with fl ying colours. Immediately after 17. Werron, "Weltsport und sein Publikum," 264. the triumphant news, Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad Al Thani, chair­ 18. Fan Hong, "The Significance of the Cultural Revolution for the Evolutio n of man of the bid committee, thanked FIFA pres ident Joseph Blatter, who Sport in Modern China," in Sportsand Social Change, ed. Jürge n Bu schmann declared: "Our thanks to the FIFA executive committee for the oppor­ and Gertrud Pfi ster (Sa nkt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2001), 33 - 35. 19. David E. Jones, "Introduction: Towards a Definition of Martial Arts," in tunity to go to new countries. Eastern Europe and the Middle East are Combat, Ritual, and Performance: Anthropology of the Martial Arts, ed. · waiting". 2 Media representatives fr om countries that had up until then Dav id E. Jones (London et al.: Praeger, 2002), xii. seen themselves as the hub of the football world, on the other hand, were quick to comment in more disparaging terms. The Norwegian D agbladet pronounced Qatar "the biggest footba ll joke of all time".3 The paper may have alluded to corruption scandals in the run-up to the WM award, but es sentially seems to have based its judgement on hegemoni c and rarely questioned cultura l inscriptions of fo otball. According to the latter, foot­ ball should refl ect the needs of the players and spectators in 'traditional' fo otball countries . This saw the introduction of stip ul ations such as that international competitions be carried out at 'moderate' altitude, i. e., in Stadiums not more than 2,750 m above sea Ievel, and the World Cup tournament held in the Northern hemisphere in summerat the end of the 'regular' season. All of this, hitherto taken for granted, was suddenly in the balance with the election of Qatar to host the World Cup-a country from a world region with summer temperatures of up to fift y degrees Celsius. FIFA Presid ent Joseph Bl atter subsequently made unprecedented concessions: the World Cup championship would be transferred to the winter months and the global fo otball calendar radicall y altered for at least two seasons.4 Anthropological Perspectives on Sport and Culture 13 12 Ingrid Kummeis of athletic feats. The achievement/non-achievement code is a second prin­ This recent case from the global world of sport gives an insight into the ciple that generates benchmarking through permanent competition, which cultural codifications on which universally popular games like footbaU are is basically witnessed and evaluated by the spectatorship. As a result, the based with regard to their standardization, e.g., in terms of venues and "public communication of physical ability is the (principle) function of schedules. In many instances these conventions have culminated in Euro­ (modern) sport".10 centric organizational structures of global dimensions. The case of Qatar Current studies on the history of sport focus notably on a small number winning the World Cup bid furthermore exemplifies how behind appar­ of proliferating 'western' sports, primarily football, cricket, and baseball. ently given spatial and temporal standards, a broad speerrum of actors are They highl ight fac tors that promote their dominance and global expan­ involved in negotiating the cultural meaning of a particular sport. These sion, e.g., certain patterns of supra-national governance, the export and include athletes, trainers, and supporters, as well as politicians, sport offi­ import structures of talented players, medi a structures and capital flows, cials, and media experts. Under global conditions, they contest existing and media coverage.11 This bias is also refl ected in the subject matter of the social identities and gender roles, as weil as ethnic, national, and geopoliti­ leading academic sport magazines: modern forms of sport with a global cal ascriptions. The majority of these global players still football spread and a privileged position in the global market, such as football and as~oc i a t e with 'the' West, describing it as a typical 'modern' sport that spread from cricket, are the most common topics addressedP Although several stud­ the West to the 'Rest'. 5 ies have recently covered sport fl ows in the reverse direction, e.g., Asian The academic teachings of the sociology, anthropology, and history of martial arts to the West, the dynamics of their global diffusion are fre­ sport and the associated research have also participated in hegemonic con­ quently described as essentially 'di fferent', as merely a reaction to the West, structs of this kind. They still tend to highlight the unilinear dynamics of a "reverse diffusion" by which "a minority or dominared culture spread(s) sport, according to which modern sports were generared in England and the a sport or physical activity to the dominaring or dominant culture"Y United Stares, these countries being allegedly the starring point for its dif­ A growing nurober of academic scientists, on the other hand, have fusion world-wide.
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