Cornell Report-Socio-Economic Senarios of Biochar Systems For
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS OF LOW HANGING FRUITS FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE -SMART BIOCHAR SYSTEM S IN ETHIOPIA P o t e n t i a l A n a l y s i s o f B i o c h a r - S y s t e m s f o r I m p r o v e d S o i l a n d N u t r i e n t M a n a g e m e n t i n E t h i o p i a n A g r i c u l t u r e Socio-economic scenarios of low hanging fruits for developing climate-smart biochar systems in Ethiopi a Biomass resource availability to sustainably improve soil fertility, agricultural productivity and food and nutrition security 0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS OF LOW HANGING FRUITS FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE -SMART BIOCHAR SYSTEM S IN ETHIOPIA P o t e n t i a l A n a l y s i s o f B i o c h a r - S y s t e m s f o rI m p r o v e d S o i l a n d N u t r i e n t M a n a g e m e n t i n E t h i o p i a n A g r i c u l t u r e Socio-economic scenarios of low hanging fruits for developing climate- smart biochar systems in Ethiopia: Biomass resource availability to sustainably improve soil fertility, agricultural productivity and food and nutrition security October, 2017 Authors: Dawit Solomon, Cornell University, USA and CGIAR‘s Program for Climate Chamge Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), East Africa Johannes Lehmann Cornell University, USA Berhanu Belay, Geberemedihin Ambaw, Kefelegn Getahun, Milkiyas Ahmed Jimma University, Ethiopia Hailu Araya Participatory Ecological Land Use Management (PELUM), Ethiopia Project Steering Committee: Andreas Möller and Anja Volk - BGR Tefera Solomon and Kassaye Tilahun - MOANR - BMZ-No.: 2015.3503.8; BGR-No.: 05-2387-05 This project was funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) 1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS OF LOW HANGING FRUITS FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE -SMART BIOCHAR SYSTEM S IN ETHIOPIA Table of Contents Important acronyms and abbreviations ......................................................................................... 4 List of tables .................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 9 Executive summary ....................................................................................................................... 10 1 Ethiopia - background and statement of the problem ......................................................... 17 Spatial and topographical context ................................................................................. 17 Climate context .............................................................................................................. 17 Soil and agroecological context ..................................................................................... 17 Population context ......................................................................................................... 18 Sectoral (agriculture) context ........................................................................................ 18 Energy, health and gender context ................................................................................ 18 Land degradation and loss of productive ecosystem context ....................................... 21 Climate variability and change context .......................................................................... 23 Significance of climate-smart biochar systems in Ethiopia ............................................ 25 Biochar production technology and biochar properties ............................................ 26 Integration of biochar into sustainable soil fertility management practices ......... 30 Objectives of the current report ............................................................................. 31 2 Sourcing non-competitive biomass residue for biochar in Ethiopia .................................... 32 Brief overview of potential biomass residue sources .................................................... 32 Ethiopia’s agricultural crop subsector .................................................................... 35 Ethiopia’s livestock subsector ................................................................................. 37 Low-hanging biomass residue streams for climate-smart biochar systems .................. 40 Private-public sector partnership development potential from animal bone waste stream in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................. 40 Private-public sector partnership development potential using coffee waste stream in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................. 51 Private-public sector partnership development potential using sugarcane bagasse waste stream in Ethiopia ...................................................................................................... 60 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS OF LOW HANGING FRUITS FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE -SMART BIOCHAR SYSTEM S IN ETHIOPIA Private-public sector partnership development potential using flower industry waste stream in Ethiopia ...................................................................................................... 63 Private-public sector partnership development potential using rice and sesame crop waste streams in Ethiopia ............................................................................................. 68 Private-public sector partnership development potential using invasive weeds (Prosopis species) in Ethiopia ............................................................................................... 75 3 References ............................................................................................................................ 82 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS OF LOW HANGING FRUITS FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE -SMART BIOCHAR SYSTEM S IN ETHIOPIA Important acronyms and abbreviations AFOLU Agriculture, forestry and other land Use AGP Agricultural Growth Program ATA Agricultural Transformation Agency’s BGR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources) BMZ Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development) BPA Best Practice Association BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy CEC Cation exchange capacity CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPWD Community-based participatory watershed development CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy EFPA Ethiopian Flower Producer Association EIAR Ethiopia’s Institute of Agricultural Research EPA Environmental Protection Authority ESC Ethiopian Sugar Corporation FAO Food and agriculture organization of the UN GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas GOE Government of Ethiopia GTP Growth and Transformation Plan Ha Hectare INDC Intended nationally determined contribution IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change ISD Institute of Sustainable Development ISFM Integrated soil fertility management ISWC Integrated soil and water conservation MDGs Millennium Development Goals MOANR Ethiopian ministry of agriculture and Natural resource NRRDSE National Rice Research and Development Strategy of Ethiopia PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty PELUM Participatory Ecological Land Use Management SLM Sustainable land management SNNPRS Southern nations and nationalities regional state SSA Sub-Saharan Africa UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations framework convention on climate change 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS OF LOW HANGING FRUITS FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE -SMART BIOCHAR SYSTEM S IN ETHIOPIA List of tables Table 1. Total area, production and yield of crops from Ethiopia’s smallholder agriculture for the 2014/15 season (CSA, 2015). Table 2. Breakdown of the second socioeconomic survey participants in Ethiopia’s for ecozones. Table 3. The main source of economic activities in four Ethiopian ecozones. Table 4. Potential total raw animal bones that could be available from slaughtered animals in Ethiopia Table 5. Socio-economic scenario of bone waste stream for a private-public partnership bone biochar-based indigenous fertilizer production in Ethiopia Table 6. Results of an independent fertilizing and soil conditioning potential test result of bone biochar produced as part of Cornell’s and Jimma University’s pilot project in Ethiopia. Table 7. Selected physical and chemical properties, major taxonomy group, 15N and 13C natural abundance and total carbon contents of soil profile samples collected from Jimma ecozone in Ethiopia. Table 8. Regional distribution of coffee residues for the year 2001 in Ethiopia (Kebede, 2001). Table 9. Survey result from three dry coffee processing plants in Jimma Zone showing the processing capacity for sun dried coffee at different coffee production seasons, as well as the potential amounts of coffee husk and coffee biochar capacity. Table 10. Socio-economic scenario of flower cut solid waste stream for a private-public partnership bone biochar-based soil conditioner production in Ethiopia. Soil and More receives cut flower waste from the farms identified in this table on regular bases. Table 10. Projected rice crop area and production in Ethiopia by region and rice ecology from 2009-2019 (MOA, 2010) Table 11. Sesame seed production in