DOCSLIB.ORG

To All of Those Who Have Died, and to All of Those Who Have Suffered for the Cause of Freedom and Justice, in Cuba, My Native Homeland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
To All of Those Who Have Died, and to All of Those Who Have Suffered for the Cause of Freedom and Justice, in Cuba, My Native Homeland To all of those who have died, and to all of those who have suffered for the cause of freedom and justice, in Cuba, my native homeland. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation represents the accumulation of several years of research effort involving the help of many persons from its conception to its completion. I would like to acknowledge first of all my most sincere appre­ ciation for the chairperson of my supervisory committee, Dr. Ruth E. Albrecht. Her unending patience and guidance made possible the conclu­ sion of this work, which constituted a unique and fruitful learning experience. To Daniel E. Alleger, Associate Professor Emeritus, is extended my deepest appreciation for his guidance and help throughout my academic work at this university. His assistance was invaluable in the completion of this dissertation. Thanks are also due to Dr. T. Lynn Smith for his initial guidance in my doctoral work until his retirement. I also wish to thank Dr. Gerald R. Leslie, Chairman, Sociology Depart­ ment, for serving as a committee member and for providing financial support through part of my doctoral program. To Dr. William E. Carter, Director, The Center for Latin American Studies, I offer my sincere appreciation for the support he helped provide in the form of an NDFL Title VI Fellowship which was highly instrumental in the completion of my graduate work. Dr. Joseph S. Vandiver and Dr. E. Wilbur Bock, who served on my supervisory committee, deserve my sincere thanks for their cooperation. Many others were extremely helpful in the course of this research effort. The following deserve special mention. To Dr. Carmelo Mesa-Lago iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of the University of Pittsburgh, I extend my appreciation for his encour­ agement to work on this subject and for his valuable suggestions. The same is true for Dr. Luis V. Manrara, Dr. Jose I. Lasaga, and Mr. Paul Bethel. Without the assistance of the Cuban Refugee Program this effort would have been incomplete. To its late director, Howard T. Palmatier, as well as to the former Refugee Center director, Errol T. Ballanfonte, my thanks for their cooperation. The collaboration always received from Manuel Rodriguez Fleitas was not only crucial, but highly effective. Considerable help was also rendered by Clifford H. Harpe, Mariano Valle­ jo, Jean Castle, Josefina Norona and Amalia Ramos of that program. The assistance in interviewing by Carlos de Varona, Frank Diaz Pou, Jose Font and Angel Alvarez will always be appreciated. Roberto Fabricfo and Luis Bueno from The Miami Herald were very cooperative in facilitating my research in the newspaper library, making possible a better perspective on the escapees. Humberto Cruz from The Miami News, and Tomas Regalado and Esteban Lamela of Channel 23, were also helpful sharing data with this researcher. Jean Holzer, Dr. Donald Myers and Dr. Richard L. Sheaffer rendered invaluable assistance in computer programming and statistical analysis. Considerable bibliographical help was given by Dr. Rosa Mesa at this campus, and by Dr. Rosa Abella and Dr. Archie L. McNeal at the University of Miami, which allowed the use of its library, and by Regina Suarez. My appreciation to colleagues and friends Himilce Esteve de Campos, Juan Figueras, Joan Colebrook, Alejandro Portes, Manuel Carvajal, Roberto Hernandez, Maria G. Herrera, Greg Grigoruk, Rafael and Rosita Villaverde, George Welsch, Manuel Mendoza, Eve Sherouse, Manuel Fernandez, Maria Cornelia, Antonio Jorge, Jose Heredia, Fermin Perez, Danilo Mesa, Ofelia v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sanchez and Jorge Sosa for their criticism on portions of this manuscript and/or helping in various ways. Special recognition is due to Dr. Alejandro Portes for his permission to use data from the project under his direction, Assimilation of Latin American Minorities in the United States. Dozens of Cuban exiles of all walks of life gave this researcher their minutes or hours that were also crucial in this effort. It is impossible to name them all, but the assistance rendered by Dr. Rene F. Huerta, Dr. Alberto Gonzalez, Rolando Perez Cerezal, Bruno Danenberg, Hector Caraballo, William Prado, Luis Zuniga and Rodolfo Camps has to be acknowledged. The two latter are prisoners in Cuba as a result of returning to rescue their families. To U.S. Coast Guard officials George Johnson, John Zeigler and Cdr. Duanne P. Gatto, as well as to Immigration and Naturalization Service Deputy Commissioner James F. Greene and Ray Brooks, I give my recognition for their cooperation with data pertaining to the escapees and the exiles. Miami Dade Community College, South Campus, was also highly instru­ mental in the completion of this work through the granting of a study leave. Thanks are also due to Celia Bugallo, Sue Hopkin, Vivian Figueras, Maria C. Pando and Sylvia Whitman for their typing work, and especially to Elizabeth Harvey who struggled effectively with the final version. Bob Knabb and George Gonzalez, and Nilo Couret from this campus, rendered assistance with the graphs. Last, but not least, my family was always helpful and encouraging through these years. To my mother and father, who also assisted in many ways, my deepest appreciation, as well as to my in-laws. And, to my vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. wife, Clara, my deepest appreciative recognition, who besides helping as interviewer, codifier and "research assistant" was also encouraging, under­ standing and patient throughout my years in school, and throughout this writing. Without her support, this dissertation would not have been possible. I hope finally that my sons Johnny and Jose will understand that the time withdrawn from them due to this work was for a worthwhile cause, for which they may feel proud in the future. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................... xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................ xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1 II. METHODOLOGY .............................................. 3 Objectives ............................................ 3 Research Questions and Hypotheses .................... 4 Research Design ........................................ 5 Survey of the Literature ........................ 6 Analytical procedures ........................... 7 Surveys of Individuals ............................. 8 Basic demographic survey ...................... 9 Survey of Cuban social conditions ............. 12 Survey on arrivals from Spa i n .................. 14 Other surveys ................................... 14 III. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............. ......... 16 Background of the E x o d u s ............................. 16 Characteristics of the E x o d u s ........................ 30 NOTES ..................................................... 41 IV. SOCIO-HISTORIC BACKGROUND OF THE EXODUS ................ 46 From Discovery to Independence ...................... 46 Castro's Road to P o w e r ............................... 52 From Humanism to Totalitarianism .................... 54 Cuban Opposition and American Intervention ......... 56 Socio-Political Patterns in Revolutionary Cuba . 59 Political Structure ............................... 60 Economic Conditions ............................... 61 The Educational System ............................. 63 Change in the Social Class Structure ............. 64 NOTES ..................................................... 68 viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER Page V. THE EXODUS IN P R O C E S S ......................................... 72 The Number of Exiles ...................................... 72 Stages of the Exodus ...................................... 75 The First Seven Years .................................. 76 The Early Departures ............................... 77 Departure m e a n s ............................. 79 Departure restrictions ........................... 79 The Post Missile Crisis L u l l ......................... 82 The Family Reunion Period ............................. 85 The Camarioca Exodus ............................... 86 The Varadero-Miami A i r l i f t ........................... 89 Restriction to leave during the airlift .... 92 The Wane of the Exodus .................................... 96 NOTES .......................................................... 99 VI. RECEPTION AND RESETTLEMENT OF THE CUBAN E X I L E S .......... 106 Precedents of Help to Other Refugees ................... 106 United States as the Main Area of Reception and Resettlement ........................................ 108 Assistance from the Private A g e n c i e s ............... 109 Governmental Role with the Refugees ................. Ill The reception process ........................... Ill Organization of the federal Cuban Refugee P r o g r a m ..........................................114 Welfare assistance ..........................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Copyright by Médar De La Cruz Serrata 2009
    Copyright by Médar de la Cruz Serrata 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Médar de la Cruz Serrata Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Epic and Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic: The Struggles of Trujillo’s Intellectuals Committee: César A. Salgado, Co-Supervisor Jossianna Arroyo, Co-Supervisor Naomi Lindstrom James Nicolopulos Vance Holloway Adam Z. Newton Epic and Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic: The Struggles of Trujillo’s Intellectuals by Médar de la Cruz Serrata, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May, 2009 Dedication I want to dedicate this dissertation to the loving memory of my mother, Tomasina Serrata (Doña Grey), and to my father, Medardo de la Cruz. To my children, Paloma and Médar Issam, a constant source of joy and inspiration. To Rebeca, who took my hand, brought me back to school and has been by my side at every step of the way: por la alegría compartida . Acknowledgements I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisors, César A. Salgado and Jossianna Arroyo, for their constant guidance and encouragement. I am also indebted to James Nicolopulous, who introduced me to the world of epic poetry, and to Naomi Lindstrom, Lily Litvak, Enrique Fierro and Vance Holloway, for their suggestions and their generosity. Many thanks to my friends and colleagues from the Department of Spanish and Portuguese for their support, and to those in the Dominican Republic who gave access to their libraries and offered me advice—especially to Alejandro Paulino, Odalís Pérez, and Plinio Chahín.
    [Show full text]
  • Millville, NJ
    WfJ/iIlE/iS ".(;(/'11' 2se No. 500 ~X-523 20 April 1990 Wall Street Shudders After Tokyo Stock Market Crash Japan is supposed to be the ultimate, super-successful capitalist country. But in March and early April the Tokyo stock exchange experienced a meltdown wip­ ing out almost 30 percent of the market value of Japan, Inc. "There is a total loss of confidence, period," exclaimed one se­ curities dealer. "It's an ugly situation," echoed another. "There are no buyers at all. None." Nippon Telegraph and Tele-' phone-the largest corporation in the world-had its stock fall from a peak of $21,000 per share a few years ago to less than $8,000. The Tokyo crash reverberated in finan­ cial capitals from Wall Street to Frank­ furt. The fear is that the Japanese will pull back and sell off their .assets to cover their losses at home. For most of the last decade, Japanese money has propped up the debt-ridden and decaying U.S. economy. Tokyo banks and securi­ ties outfits regularly purchase 30 to 40 percent of new U.S. Treasury bonds. Shigeo Kogure Without this Japanese money, T-bills World's biggest stock market loses almost 30 percent of value in a few months. would be selling at the same interest rates as junk bonds. But now the great Thus at the very moment that the Economic conflicts between American that smoothly as the economic "shock "leveraged buyout" of East Europe, chan­ rulers of world imperialism are proclaim­ and Japanese capitalism continue to treatment" designed for Poland meets neled through the banking houses of ing "the death of Communism" as "the escalate toward full-scale trade war.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Citizens Killed Or Disappeared by Cuba's
    U.S. CITIZENS KILLED OR DISAPPEARED Francis Brown, age 68. Assassinated BY CUBA’S COMMUNIST REGIME extrajudicially April 27, 1978, Guantánamo hospital. Former World War II veteran who, when 48 documented cases 1959 to date the Castro regime rose to power, worked as a diver at the U.S. Guantanamo Naval Base and had a Update of September 2018 Cuban wife and daughter. A co-worker alerted him that the Cuban regime had ordered him killed to Work in progress blame the U.S. government and provoke a See case details at database.CubaArchive.org confrontation. He resigned from his job at the base to avoid being used as pawn, but remained in Cuba trying to get his family out. Falsely accused of kidnapping his own daughter and imprisoned after his release, he was under constant surveillance and control of the secret police. On the eve of a visit I. 22 U.S. citizens executed, by a friendly U.S. African-American delegation, he developed high blood assassinated, or disappeared pressure and went to the hospital emergency room. Under control of State Executions by firing squad: 8 Security agents, he was given an injection that almost immediately caused Extrajudicial Assassinations: 11 him to foam at the mouth and die. His daughter believes he was killed to Forced Disappearance: 1 avoid a public relations’ problem. Politically induced suicide: 2 In alphabetical order Frederic Richard Carter. Assassinated extrajudicially August 11, 1982, State Security headquarters in Havana. Resident of Armando Alejandre Jr., age 45. Assassinated Havana, Cuba, reportedly killed under arrest. extrajudicially February 24, 1996, inter- national airspace over the Straits of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban American Experience in South Florida Esperanza B
    Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists Volume 17 | Number 1 Article 6 January 1999 Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban American Experience in South Florida Esperanza B. de Varona University of Miami Diana Gonzalez Kirby University of Miami Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/provenance Part of the Archival Science Commons Recommended Citation de Varona, Esperanza B. and Kirby, Diana Gonzalez, "Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban American Experience in South Florida," Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists 17 no. 1 (1999) . Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/provenance/vol17/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Provenance, Journal of the Society of Georgia Archivists by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 85 Documenting Cuban Exiles and the Cuban Ameri­ can Experience in South Florida Esperanza B. de Varona and Diana Gonzalez Kirby When Fidel Castro rose to power on 1January1959, Cu­ bans left their Caribbean island in a mass exodus with hopes of returning in the near future. Miami, Florida's geographic loca­ tion made it the logical point of entry into the United States. Today, forty-two years after the triumph of the Cuban revolution, Miami-Dade County contains the largest concentration of Cu­ bans living in exile, approximately seven hundred thousand. With Hispanics comprising 49 percent of Miami-Dade County's popu­ lation, Cubans by far outnumber all other Hispanics and are a majority across more than half the county's residential areas.' Along with demographic growth and occupational mobility, many members of the Cuban American community made the Hispanic presence evident in local politics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuban Exodus: Growing Complexity & Diversity
    The Cuban Exodus: Growing Complexity & Diversity Jorge Duany Cuban Research Institute Florida International University Main Objectives Trace historical development of Cuban exodus Describe socioeconomic profile of each migrant stage Examine similarities & differences among “vintages” Analyze diverse views about U.S. policy toward Cuba Cuban Migration to the U.S., by Decade (Thousands) 400 300 200 100 0 Five Main Migrant Waves Post- Balsero Soviet Crisis Exodus Mariel (1995– ) Exodus (1994) Freedom • 549,013 Flights (1980) • 30,879 Golden persons persons Exiles (1965–73) • 124,779 persons (1959–62) • 260,561 • 248,070 persons persons The “Golden Exiles,” 1959–1962 Occupation of Cuban Refugees, 1959–62, & Cuban Population, 1953 (%) Professional, technical, & managerial Clerical & sales Skilled, semi-skilled, & unskilled Service Farm 0 15 30 45 Cuban refugees Cuban population Transforming Miami Operation Pedro Pan, 1960–62 The “Freedom Flights,” 1965–1973 Comparing the First & Second Waves of Cuban Refugees 1959–62 1965–73 Median age at arrival 40.4 40.2 (years) Female (%) 53.9 57.6 White (%) 98 96.9 Born in Havana (%) 62 63.2 High school graduates (%) 36 22 Professional & managerial 37 21 (%) “El Refugio,” 1967 Resettled Cuban Refugees, 1961–72 Elsewhere Pennsylvania Connecticut New York Texas Massachusett s Louisiana New Jersey Florida Illinois California The Mariel Exodus, 1980 A Marielito in a Refugee Camp Comparing 1980 & 1973 Cuban Refugees 1980 1973 Median age at arrival (years) 34 40.3 Single (%) 42.6 17.1 Black or mulatto (%) 12.6 3.1 Born in Havana (%) 48.4 41.1 Mean number of relatives at arrival 3.1 10.2 Average years of education in Cuba 9.1 8.6 No knowledge of English (%) 57.4 44.8 Professional & managerial in Cuba (%) 14 10 Current median earnings per month ($) 523 765 Cuban Migration to the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Castro's Cuba a Budding Narcostate?
    Vol. 20, No. 4 April 2012 In the News Despite fall in U.S. food exports to Cuba, Advertising everywhere shipments of beans edge up every year Competition heats up in Cuba’s rapidly BY VITO ECHEVARRÍA It was also the same year Pat Wallesen visited decentralizing economy ................Page 3 he Cubans haven’t bought a single grain Cuba for the first time. Wallesen is managing of American rice for years. But when it partner of WestStar Food Co. in Corpus Christi, Tcomes to U.S. beans, state purchasing a major U.S. exporter of dry beans. SEC pressures Telefónica agency Alimport can’t seem to get enough. “The Cubans are opportunistic buyers,” said Spanish telecom giant is hounded over its According to USDA figures, dry bean exports Wallesen, telling CubaNews that global commo- business interests in Cuba ............Page 4 to Cuba reached $7.7 million last year, up from dity prices have fluctuated not only for beans lately, but other crops as well. He put total annu- $5.6 million in 2010 and $4.3 million in 2009. al dry bean purchases at 45,000 metric tons. Political briefs That’s still a lot less than the record $10.9 mil- “They buy when the time is right. They buy lion worth of beans sold in 2006, though dra- from the U.S. between November and Febru- Rubio lifts hold on Jacobson nomination; matically more than in 2007 and 2008, when U.S. Miami-Dade proposal under fire ...Page 5 ary,” he said. WestStar Foods sometimes sup- farmers exported only $73,000 and $68,000 plies the Cubans with its own inventory of worth of beans to Cuba (see chart, page 3).
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuban Military and Transition Dynamics
    THE CUBAN MILITARY AND TRANSITION DYNAMICS By Brian Latell INSTITUTE FOR CUBAN AND CUBAN-AMERICAN STUDIES U NIVERSITY OF M IAMI ISBN: 0-9704916-9-7. Published in 2003. THE CUBAN MILITARY AND TRANSITION DYNAMICS Cuba Transition Project – CTP The Cuba Transition Project, at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS), University of Miami, is an important and timely project to study and make recommendations for the reconstruction of Cuba once the post-Castro transition begins in earnest. The transitions in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain are being analyzed and lessons drawn for the future of Cuba. The project began in January 2002 and is funded by a grant from the U.S. Agency for International Development. Programs and Activities • The CTP is publishing original research, with practical alternative recommendations on various specific aspects of the transition process, commissioned and written for the CTP by ICCAS Staff and U.S. and foreign scholars with expertise on Cuba. • The CTP is developing four key databases: 1. A full-text database of published and unpublished articles written on topics of transition in Cuba, as well as articles on transition in Central and Eastern Europe, Nicaragua, and Spain. It also includes an extensive bibliography of published and unpublished books, theses, and dissertations on the topic. 2. A full-text database of Cuba’s principal laws, in Spanish, its legal system, including the current Cuban Constitution (in English and Spanish), and other legislation relating to the structure of the existing government. Also included are the full-text of law review articles on a variety of topics 3.
    [Show full text]
  • I. 22 U.S. Citizens Executed, Assassinated, Or Disappeared Francis Brown, Age 68
    elementary standards of justice practiced by the civilized nations of the world.” Anderson’s family sued the Cuban government for damages in U.S federal court and in 2003 obtained an award of $67 million. Louis Berlanti and son, Fred Berlanti. Assassinated extrajudicially August 16, 1963, over Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Louis was a contractor and real U.S. CITIZENS KILLED OR DISAPPEARED estate developer from Harrison, New York, who had BY CUBA’S COMMUNIST REGIME suffered sizable real estate losses from property confiscations by the Castro government and had pledged 48 documented cases 1959 to date half a million dollars to unseat it. He and his son Fred, a resident of St. Petersburg Beach, Florida, were members Update of July 2020 of the "United Organizations for the Liberation of Cuba." Work- in-progress They were flying in a private airplane reportedly sabotaged by Cuban intelligence. I. 22 U.S. citizens executed, assassinated, or disappeared Francis Brown, age 68. Executions by firing squad: 8 Assassinated extrajudicially April Extrajudicial Assassinations: 11 27, 1978, Guantánamo hospital. Forced Disappearance: 1 Former World War II veteran who, Politically induced suicide: 2 when the Castro regime rose to power, worked as a diver at the U.S. In alphabetical order Guantanamo Naval Base and had a Cuban wife and daughter. A co- worker alerted him that the Cuban regime had ordered Armando Alejandre Jr., age 45. him killed to blame the U.S. government and provoke a Assassinated extrajudicially on confrontation. He resigned from his job at the base to February 24, 1996, inter-national avoid being used as pawn, but remained in Cuba trying to airspace over the Straits of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweig, Julia. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground
    ACHSC / 32 / Romero Sweig, Julia. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press, 2002. 254 páginas. Susana Romero Sánchez Estudiante, Maestría en Historia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Inside the Cuban Revolution es uno de los últimos trabajos sobre la revolución cubana, incluso se ha dicho que es el definitivo, escrito por la investigadora en relaciones internacionales con América Latina y Cuba, Julia Sweig, del Consejo para las Relaciones Internacionales de Estados Unidos y de la Universidad John Hopkins. El libro trata a la revolución cubana desde dentro (como su título lo insinúa), es decir, narra la historia del Movimiento 26 de julio (M267) –sus conflictos y sus disputas internas; mientras, paralelamente, explica cómo ese movimiento logró liderar la oposición a Fulgencio Batista y cómo se produjo el proceso revolucionario, en un período que comprende desde los primeros meses de 1957 hasta la formación del primer gabinete del gobierno revolucionario, durante los primeros días de enero de 1959. En lo que respecta a la historia del 26 de julio, la autora se preocupa principalmente de la relación entre las fuerzas del llano y de la sierra, y sobre el proceso revolucionario, el libro profundiza en cómo el M267 se convirtió en la fuerza más popular de la oposición y en su relación con las demás organizaciones. Uno de los grandes aportes de Sweig es que logra poner en evidencia fuentes documentales cubanas, a las cuales ningún investigador había podido tener acceso con anterioridad. Esas nuevas fuentes consisten en el fondo documental Celia Sánchez, de la Oficina de Asuntos Históricos de La Habana, el cual contiene correspondencia entre los dirigentes –civiles y militares–1 del Movimiento 26 de julio, informes y planes operacionales durante la “lucha contra la tiranía”, es decir, desde que Fulgencio Batista dio el golpe de estado a Carlos Prío Socarrás, el 10 de marzo de 1952, hasta el triunfo de la revolución cubana, en enero de 1959.
    [Show full text]
  • Ever Faithful
    Ever Faithful Ever Faithful Race, Loyalty, and the Ends of Empire in Spanish Cuba David Sartorius Duke University Press • Durham and London • 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Tyeset in Minion Pro by Westchester Publishing Services. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sartorius, David A. Ever faithful : race, loyalty, and the ends of empire in Spanish Cuba / David Sartorius. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5579- 3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5593- 9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Blacks— Race identity— Cuba—History—19th century. 2. Cuba— Race relations— History—19th century. 3. Spain— Colonies—America— Administration—History—19th century. I. Title. F1789.N3S27 2013 305.80097291—dc23 2013025534 contents Preface • vii A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s • xv Introduction A Faithful Account of Colonial Racial Politics • 1 one Belonging to an Empire • 21 Race and Rights two Suspicious Affi nities • 52 Loyal Subjectivity and the Paternalist Public three Th e Will to Freedom • 94 Spanish Allegiances in the Ten Years’ War four Publicizing Loyalty • 128 Race and the Post- Zanjón Public Sphere five “Long Live Spain! Death to Autonomy!” • 158 Liberalism and Slave Emancipation six Th e Price of Integrity • 187 Limited Loyalties in Revolution Conclusion Subject Citizens and the Tragedy of Loyalty • 217 Notes • 227 Bibliography • 271 Index • 305 preface To visit the Palace of the Captain General on Havana’s Plaza de Armas today is to witness the most prominent stone- and mortar monument to the endur- ing history of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • Ags Cover-R1
    TASK FORCE REPORT U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 21st Century U.S.-CUBAN RELATIONS IN THE 21 A FOLLOW-ON CHAIRMAN’S REPORT OF AN INDEPENDENT TASK FORCE SPONSORED BY THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS U.S.-CUBAN In a significant departure from legislation passed by Congress and signed into law by the president in October 2000, a high-level Task Force of conservatives and lib- erals recommends the United States move quickly to clear away the policy under- ST brush and prepare for the next stage in U.S.-Cuban relations. This report, a follow- CENTURY up to the 1999 report also sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, sets forth a number of useful steps—short of lifting general economic sanctions and establish- ing diplomatic relations—that it says can and should be taken to prepare for the tran- RELATIONS IN THE sition in bilateral relations and on the island. Headed by former Assistant Secretaries of State for Inter-American Affairs Bernard W. Aronson and William D. Rogers, this report calls for new initiatives beyond recent congressional action. For example: it urges the sale of agricultural and ST medical products with commercial U.S. financing and allowing travel to Cuba by all Americans. The report also recommends: 21 CENTURY: • limited American investment to support the Cuban private sector and increased American travel to Cuba; • resolving expropriation claims by licensing American claimants to negotiate set- tlements directly with Cuba, including equity participation; A FOLLOW-ON • actively promoting international labor standards in Cuba; • supporting Cuban observer status in the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and Inter-American Development Bank; • direct commercial flights and ferry services; REPORT • increasing counternarcotics cooperation; • developing exchanges between the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Pedro Pan: 50 Years Later Rita M
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons Works of the FIU Libraries FIU Libraries 7-2012 Operation Pedro Pan: 50 Years Later Rita M. Cauce Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/glworks Part of the Cultural History Commons, International Relations Commons, Latin American History Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, Latina/o Studies Commons, Other Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons, and the Social Welfare Commons Recommended Citation Cauce, Rita M., "Operation Pedro Pan: 50 Years Later" (2012). Works of the FIU Libraries. 38. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/glworks/38 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the FIU Libraries at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Works of the FIU Libraries by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. P a g e | 1 Operation Pedro Pan: 50 Years Later Rita M. Cauce To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Operation Pedro Pan, the Green Library at Florida International University (FIU) hosted an exhibition in early Fall 2011 (Exhibition of Material from the Collections of Operation Pedro Pan Group, Inc. and Barry University Archives and Special Collections). Operation Pedro Pan was the name given to the airlift of over 14,000 children to the United States from Castro’s Cuba between December 1960 and October 1962. FIU was one of many institutions, including the Smithsonian Institute’s National Museum of American History, University of Miami, Barry University, Miami Dade College, and Pedro Pan groups nationwide, highlighting this momentous anniversary.
    [Show full text]