III. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization1

A. ORIGIN

The standing Conference of Allied Ministers of held iri London from November 1 to 16, 1945. Education, which first met in London in 1942, was It was attended by representatives of 44 govern- mainly concerned with plans for educational re- ments and by observers from a number of inter- construction after the war. In April 1944, however, national organizations. After considering a draft the Conference, which was joined by an American constitution prepared by the Allied Ministers of educational delegation, drew up plans for an edu- Education, a draft submitted by the French Gov- cational organization. These plans, after being ernment and other proposals, the Conference drew sent to governments for comment, and subsequently up the Constitution of UNESCO.2 It also estab- revised, were published on August 1, 1945, as a lished a Preparatory Educational, Scientific and Cul- basis for discussion at an international conference tural Commission to function until UNESCO came which the Conference of Allied Ministers requested into being. The Conference decided that the seat the British Government to call. of UNESCO should be in . In the meantime, , which had been the The Preparatory Commission, during its one host country to the League of Nations Institute of year of existence, made arrangements for the first Intellectual Co-operation, inaugurated in January session of the General Conference of UNESCO. 1926, and which had been closely interested in the It prepared the provisional agenda of the Con- work of the Institute, recommended at the San ference and made recommendations concerning the Francisco Conference that the United Nations Organization's program and budget. It also took should call a conference to draw up a statute of an steps to meet some of the most urgent needs of international organization on cultural co-operation. educational, scientific and cultural reconstruction The Conference for the Establishment of an Edu- in devastated areas. cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization of UNESCO came into being on November 4, 1946, the United Nations was convened by the Govern- when the instruments of acceptance of twenty ment of the in association with signatories of its Constitution had been deposited the Government of France. The Conference was with the Government of the United Kingdom.

B. PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS

The preamble to the UNESCO Constitution guage or religion, by the Charter of the United recognizes that "since wars begin in the minds of Nations". men, it is in the minds of men that the defences 1 For further details concerning the origin and early of peace must be constructed". activities of UNESCO, see Yearbook of the United Na- tions, 1946-47, pp. 703-12. For further information The purpose of UNESCO, as stated in Article concerning later activities, see reports of UNESCO to the 1 of the Constitution, "is to contribute to peace and United Nations (E/461 and Add.1, E/804 and Add.1 and Add.1/Rev.1), annual reports of the Director-Gen- security by promoting collaboration among the eral on the activities of UNESCO during 1947 and 1948, nations through education, science and culture in and UNESCO: 1948 Programme, setting forth the reso- lutions of the second session of the UNESCO General order to further universal respect for justice, for Conference. See also Bibliography of this Yearbook, the rule of law and for the human rights and funda- Appendix III. 2 The text of the Constitution of UNESCO is repro- mental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples duced in the Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, of the world, without distinction of race, sex, lan- pp. 712-17. 844 Yearbook of the United Nations

To achieve its purpose UNESCO is to accom- prepare the children of the world for the responsibili- plish the following: ties of freedom; "(c) maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge; "(a) collaborate in the work of advancing the mutual by assuring the conservation and protection of the knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all world's inheritance of books, works of art and monu- means of mass communication and to that end recom- ments of history and science, and recommending to mend such international agreements as may be necessary the nations concerned the necessary international con- to promote the free flow of ideas by word and image; ventions; "(b) give fresh impulse to popular education and to by encouraging cooperation among the nations in the spread of culture; all branches of intellectual activity, including the in- ternational exchange of persons active in the fields of by collaborating with Members, at their request, in education, science and culture and the exchange of the development of educational activities; publications, objects of artistic and scientific interest by instituting collaboration among the nations to and other materials of information; advance the ideal of equality of educational opportunity by initiating methods of international cooperation without regard to race, sex or any distinctions, eco- calculated to give the people of all countries access to nomic or social; the printed and published materials produced by any by suggesting educational methods best suited to of them."

C. ORGANIZATION

UNESCO consists of a General Conference, an by Member States. Each year the General Con- Executive Board and a Secretariat. ference elects six members of the Board, endeavor- The General Conference, which meets at least ing to select persons competent in the arts, humani- once each year, is composed of representatives of ties, sciences and education. The Board, which the States Members of UNESCO. It determines the meets at least twice each year, is responsible for policies and the main lines of work of the Organ- the execution of the program adopted by the Con- ization, and it may summon international confer- ference and exercises any powers delegated to it ences on education, the sciences and humanities by the Conference. and the dissemination of knowledge. The Secretariat consists of the Director-General Each Member is entitled to one vote in the Con- and the staff. The Director-General, appointed by ference. Decisions of the Conference are made the General Conference on the nomination of the by a majority of the Members present and voting, Executive Board, is the chief administrative officer except in cases in which the Constitution requires of UNESCO. a two-thirds majority. The adoption by the Con- Four Field Science Co-operation Offices have ference of international conventions, or of amend- been set up: in Cairo, for the Middle East; in Rio ments to the Constitution, for example, requires a de Janeiro, for Latin America;3 in Nanking, for the two-thirds majority vote. Far East; and in New Delhi, for South East Asia. New Members may be admitted into UNESCO, As of September 21, 1948, National Commis- if they are Members of the United Nations, by sions or co-operating bodies had been set up in 28 signing the Constitution and depositing an instru- Member States and plans were well advanced for ment of acceptance. Other states, to become Mem- their establishment in six other states. National bers, require in addition a favorable recommenda- Commissions, composed chiefly of representatives tion of the Executive Board and a two-thirds of non-governmental organizations interested in majority vote of the General Conference, and their educational, scientific and cultural matters, advise applications are subject to the approval of the their respective delegations to the UNESCO Gen- United Nations. eral Conference and serve as liaison groups between The Executive Board consists of eighteen mem- UNESCO and their local communities. bers elected for three-year terms by the General The Latin American office was transferred to Monte- Conference from among the delegates appointed video3 in November 1948. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 845 D. ACTIVITIES PRIOR TO JULY 1, 1947

The first session of the General Conference of reconstruction and rehabilitation of their educa- UNESCO was held in Paris from November 19 tional, cultural and scientific life. It was instru- to December 10, 1946. Among the first decisions mental in establishing the Temporary International of the Conference was the approval of the agree- Council for Educational Reconstruction (TICER) 4 ment establishing the relationship between the to co-ordinate the work of non-governmental or- United Nations and UNESCO; this agreement ganizations active in the field of educational recon- came into force on December 14, 1946, with its struction. It began the publication of a Reconstruc- approval by the General Assembly of the United tion Newsletter to assist in the campaign and Nations. published a pamphlet, The Teacher and the Post- In addition to appointing the first Director-Gen- War Child. The specialized activities of the Organ- eral, electing the Executive Board and adopting the ization in the fields of education, natural sciences, various administrative and financial regulations of libraries and museums and mass communications UNESCO, the General Conference approved a were mainly directed during this period toward comprehensive program of work for the Organ- furthering the reconstruction program. ization during 1947. The final plan of action to be In April 1947, UNESCO sent a team of scientists undertaken during the year, together with budget allocations, was determined in April 1947 by the to Latin America to make preliminary investiga- Executive Board after reviewing in detail the de- tions prior to a meeting to consider the establish- cisions of the General Conference. The revised ment of a research institute in the area of the program involved several large-scale projects—such Amazon basin. as reconstruction, fundamental education, education The Organization also commenced the planning for international understanding and the establish- of its future activities in connection with its large- ment of a world centre of scientific liaison—and scale programs for stimulating fundamental educa- specialized activities within the fields of education, tion and promoting education for international science and culture. understanding, and with its programs in the special- UNESCO began a survey of the needs of coun- ized fields of social science, philosophy and human- tries devastated by the war in order to help in the ities, and arts and letters.

E. ACTIVITIES FROM JULY 1, 1947, TO SEPTEMBER 21, 1948

During this period UNESCO held one regular paragraph 10, of the UNESCO Constitution.5 and one special session of its General Conference. The Executive Board decided to recommend to Membership in the Organization increased from the third regular General Conference the extension 31 to 43 states as of September 21. of UNESCO's activities to and , in order to reorient the people of these countries The second annual session of the General Con- towards democracy and against all forms of aggres- ference of UNESCO met in City from sive nationalism and isolationism.6 November 6 to December 3, 1947. As a result of Due to the disturbed situation in the Middle experience gained by the Organization since the East, an extraordinary session of the General Con- 1946 session, the Conference revised the program ference met in Paris on September 15, 1948, to of work of UNESCO, combining the projected decide whether the third regular session of the activities of the Organization under six main Conference should be held in Beirut, , as groups. UNESCO accordingly has been concen- originally planned by the Mexico City Conference trating its efforts and resources during 1948 in 4 The text of the Agreement between UNESCO and the carrying out programs of reconstruction, communi- United Nations is reproduced in the Yearbook of the cation, education, cultural interchange, human and United Nations, 1946-47, pp. 717-21. 5 For text of amendment, see Annex II, p. 854. social relations and natural sciences. The Con- 6 The General Conference in December 1948 approved ference also adopted an amendment to Article IV, this recommendation. 846 Yearbook of the United Nations and voted that the session should convene as sched- The Organization has provided suggestions and uled on November 17.7 advice to teachers, librarians, museum profession- The activities undertaken by the Organization als, sponsors of youth camps and others on ways of since June 1947 are summarized below. solving educational problems arising from the war. A pamphlet for teachers, entitled Improvisations in the Teaching of Science, was prepared and dis- 1. Reconstruction tributed in July 1948. Information is being col- lected on the educational problems of war-handi- After June 1947, UNESCO continued its efforts capped children and on successful attempts to solve of encouraging and assisting in the restoration of these problems. A Conference of Directors of educational, scientific and cultural life in countries Children's Villages, sponsored by UNESCO, met devastated by the war. It was first necessary to at the Pestalozzi Village in Trogen, , in determine the needs of these countries, and during July 1948, to discuss methods of education in 1947 and 1948 UNESCO made surveys, mainly in children's villages. The Conference resulted in the the field of their educational, scientific and cultural establishment of an International Federation of needs. The results of surveys in the following war- Children's Communities, headed by a Committee of devastated countries were published in November Directors to co-ordinate educational programs and 1947 as The Book of Needs: , , consider administrative problems. Burma, , Czechoslovakia, , France, International voluntary work camps, with par- , , , , , Phil- ticipants from different countries, assist in rebuild- ippines, and Yugoslavia. A second volume, ing schools and other reconstruction projects in prepared during 1948, for publication early in war-devastated countries. UNESCO publicized this 1949, contains the results of field surveys in Burma, movement and assembled 27 libraries, which it China, , Malaya, Sarawak, North Borneo, the distributed in July 1948 to voluntary work camps and , as well as new data con- in eleven countries. Each library consists of 250 cerning the needs of the countries included in to 300 books and pamphlets on international Book I. In addition, data on war-damaged schools, subjects. colleges, universities, museums, laboratories, libra- UNESCO also acts as a clearing house for pub- ries and other cultural institutions were compiled lications. It distributed information on needs and and distributed to interested Member States and sources of supply of publications through the voluntary organizations. Mainly in response to monthly UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries, sent UNESCO's campaign efforts, contributions of regularly to about 6,500 institutions (as of Septem- money, supplies and services, valued at approxi- ber 1948). In addition, as of the same date, 1,876 mately $50,000,000, were collected and distributed lists of publications offered or wanted for free dis- during 1948, through the Temporary International tribution or exchange were circulated to interested Council for Educational Reconstruction (TICER), libraries. By the middle of July 1948, UNESCO National Commissions and voluntary organizations. had allocated to war-devastated libraries a total of UNESCO has prepared and distributed material 545 sets of scientific periodicals (comprising about for use in national campaigns to raise funds and 4,466 volumes) and 20,644 volumes of miscel- materials. This includes a monthly Reconstruction laneous publications. UNESCO also was instru- Newsletter, providing a regular exchange of in- mental in the establishment of several national formation on reconstruction requirements and as- book exchange and distribution centres, which sistance being furnished to war-devastated coun- select books and periodicals for exchange through tries; and illustrated pamphlets, such as Universities the UNESCO clearing bouse. in Need, prepared for publication in November 1948. During the period under review, UNESCO it- 2. Communications self allocated approximately $400,000 for the pur- chase of reconstruction materials, including film To achieve its long-term goal of increasing in- projectors, radio receivers, microfilm projectors and ternational understanding across national frontiers, strips, educational books, music supplies, artists' UNESCO stimulated and co-ordinated efforts to materials and chemical restoratives for museum improve communications between peoples through objects. These materials were sent to China, Poland, the exchange of persons, through radio, films and Greece, Czechoslovakia, Philippines, Italy, Hun- 7 The third regular session was accordingly held in gary and Austria. Beirut; it lasted until December 11, 1948. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 847 the press, and through libraries, books and publi- produce mass communication and other techni- cations. cal and scientific equipment needed by the soft- currency countries.8 a. EXCHANGE OF PERSONS During 1948, the survey of technical needs was extended to cover Austria, and Italy in The Organization collected data on international Europe; , the , , fellowship opportunities with a view to becoming , , Mexico, , and Vene- the international centre of information in this field. zuela in Central and South America; and Burma, On the basis of the information collected, UNESCO India, , Malaya and in the Far advised governments, National Commissions, vol- East. UNESCO prepared a report, for publication untary agencies and the United Nations on the before the end of 1948, containing the results of administration and planning of exchange of per- these surveys as well as related recommendations sons programs and encouraged the development made by a commission of experts meeting in of such programs. During 1948, UNESCO was August. requested to administer 125 fellowships; 68 of these had been awarded by September. In addition, UNESCO itself provided the funds for 60 fellow- c. LIBRARIES ships for which candidates were selected during UNESCO organized, in conjunction with the 1948, mainly from war-devastated countries. Government of the United Kingdom, a summer UNESCO fellowships and travel grants are awarded school for public librarians, held in Manchester to research workers, professors, officials, teachers, and London during September 1948, with the ob- artists, writers, or experts in radio, films and the ject of increasing their awareness of education and press. Study Abroad, a handbook of international international understanding. study opportunities, was published late in 1948. A meeting of archivists in June 1948 unani- mously approved the establishment of a Provisional b. TECHNICAL NEEDS International Council on Archives. UNESCO made a five-month survey, completed in August 1947, of the technical needs in press, d. PUBLICATIONS film and radio of Belgium, China, Czechoslovakia, During the year, UNESCO developed a book , France, Greece, Luxembourg, Nether- coupon scheme designed to overcome foreign ex- lands, , Philippines, Poland and Yugoslavia. change difficulties in buying and selling books and The report of the survey, together with recom- other publications. Under this scheme, UNESCO mendations for meeting the needs in these coun- sells book coupons to countries in exchange for tries, was made available to the United Nations their national currencies. Booksellers accepting Conference on Freedom of Information, held in these book coupons for payment will be repaid March and April 1948. The Conference recom- by UNESCO in their respective national currencies. mended the reduction of taxes on radio receiving By September 1948, China, Czechoslovakia, France, sets and parts as an aid to the free flow of informa- India and the United Kingdom had agreed to par- tion. It recommended that the Economic and Social ticipate in the scheme as purchasers of coupons and Council and specialized agencies assist UNESCO vendors of books; and booksellers in the United in its task of reducing the inequalities in infor- States, as vendors of books.9 mation facilities disclosed by the survey, and of extending aid to countries suffering from an acute e. COPYRIGHT shortage of newsprint. The Conference also en- dorsed, as conducive to the improvement of the UNESCO has also undertaken a comparative quality of information, a UNESCO proposal to and critical study of copyright problems and the establish under UNESCO auspices an International methods adopted in various countries for solving Institute of Press and Information. them, and has participated in a number of confer- A meeting of experts in international financial 8 This scheme was approved in December 1948 by the exchange, cultural relations and international travel, General Conference. 9 held at UNESCO House, Paris, in June 1948, sug- In December 1948, UNESCO launched the book coupon scheme on an experimental basis with the sale of gested methods for operating a compensation $100,000 worth of coupons to six countries and the dona- scheme between soft-currency countries able to tion of $50,000 worth of coupons to ten countries. The countries involved other than those listed above were: offer special cultural facilities to students, teachers Austria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, , Iran, Philip- and technicians, and hard-currency countries which pines and Poland. 848 Yearbook of the United Nations ences on the subject. The first two issues of a consultants and, when required, through special Copyright Bulletin had been prepared, for publica- surveys made by experts for the Clearing House. tion by UNESCO in November and December UNESCO classified and analyzed the informa- 1948. tion gathered by all these means, and the Clearing House makes it available in the form of publica- f. OTHER ACTIVITIES tions and technical advice. The publications in- clude periodicals, such as the Quarterly Bulletin of Among its many other activities in the field of Fundamental Education, or reports arising from communications, UNESCO prepared in accordance surveys made by experts. Documentation and mate- with recommendations of the second General Con- rials are provided for international conferences ference: a survey of the production of cheap books, and seminars, or for national bodies which are including information on trends and problems re- playing an important part in fundamental edu- garding low-price book publishing; analyses and cation. studies on obstacles to the free flow of educational, Partly as a corollary to these activities, UNESCO scientific and cultural material and on methods by maintains a number of field consultants in funda- which these might be overcome; a draft convention mental education, notably in China, East Africa to facilitate the international circulation of visual and Latin America. In their travels, these officials and auditory materials, which was sent to Members fulfil a twofold function. They provide on the for comments;10 a volume of essays on the philo- spot consultation and advice, and they send back sophical principles of human rights; and a biblio- to UNESCO a considerable amount of information graphy of creative writing under Axis occupation. on methods and materials used in fundamental It also concluded a number of agreements with education, at the same time defining the principal several international non-governmental organiza- needs of their regions. tions for the preparation by these organizations of In advocating that the problems of fundamental bibliographies, abstracts and surveys in the fields education should be approached in a systematic of science, philosophy, history and linguistics. and scientific way, UNESCO attaches importance to national pilot projects, which serve as centres 3. Education of experimentation and focal points from which fundamental education can expand to the surround- UNESCO's functions in the field of education ing areas. are to determine the most significant contributions One such pilot project was developed by the that each country or region can make to educational Government of Haiti in the Marbial Valley. The practice; to find out the most pressing needs of its original planning for this project was done joint- Member States; and to devise methods of bringing ly by UNESCO and the Haitian Government, and persons, ideas and materials from the educationally UNESCO participated actively in the work by en- advanced areas in any field to areas asking for assist- listing outside financial support and by providing ance. UNESCO considers that its main task in this some funds and the full-time services of a field field is to become an educational "exchange and consultant. During 1948 a basic socio-economic mart". survey of the valley was completed. A wide range of fundamental education activities was begun, all a. FUNDAMENTAL EDUCATION directed towards the improvement of living condi- tions. Methods developed by UNESCO to encourage In China a similar scheme for the development and help Member States to establish a minimum of a national pilot project was hampered by local fundamental education for all their people include difficulties. In its place UNESCO initiated an ex- the establishment of a "clearing house", the pro- periment in the preparation of audio-visual teach- vision of field consultants and the initiation of ing materials in co-operation with the Chinese experimental "pilot projects". Mass Education Movement. To fill the pressing need of Member States for In other areas UNESCO field consultants have interchange of technical information in funda- advised governments and local authorities on the mental education, UNESCO set up a Clearing possibilities of starting pilot projects. House during 1948. Data were gathered from a The results of experiments of this kind also pro- number of significant projects and experiments, 10 The convention was approved by the third session of partly by the use of published sources or corre- the General Conference in Beirut and will come into spondence, partly through the visits of UNESCO force when it has been signed by ten states. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 849 vide the UNESCO Clearing House with informa- Preparatory Conference of Representatives of Uni- tion and materials, which can then be made avail- versities, which met at the University of Utrecht. able to all Member States. It was attended by 118 participants and observers from 44 countries. b. EDUCATIONAL MISSIONS The Conference discussed from many different viewpoints the problems facing universities in all UNESCO's educational missions are designed parts of the world. The success of the discussions as one means of assisting Member States which encouraged the Conference to elect an Interim wish to improve their educational systems. At the Committee of ten members to be responsible for request of the Government of the Philippines, planning the next Universities' Conference, to be UNESCO assigned a consultative mission to make held in 1950 or later, and for drafting a constitu- a survey, beginning in February 1949, of adult and tion for an international association of universities. elementary education in that country. The Committee will also direct the work of an asked UNESCO to send a mission in the spring of International Universities' Bureau, which the Con- 1949 to advise it on technical education and liter- ference decided "should be established immediate- acy campaigns. ly to act as a clearing house for information about the universities of the world". c. ADULT EDUCATION UNESCO collects and disseminates information f. EDUCATIONAL SEMINARS on new techniques and methods in adult educa- After July 1947, UNESCO experimented with a tion. In June 1949, it is to convene an Internation- special type of international conference, in the form al Conference on Adult Education which will be of a seminar. At these seminars, specialists select- held in Denmark. A pamphlet entitled UNESCO ed by Member States were brought together to and Adult Education, outlining UNESCO's pro- make an intensive study of specific educational gram in this field, was published in 1948, and an problems; to use the study group method on an International Directory on Adult Education was international level; to prepare materials for nation- being prepared with the assistance of UNESCO's al and international use; to draw up plans for action National Commissions. in the home countries of the participants; and to experience living in an international community. d. CO-OPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL The first of these seminars was held at Sevres, BUREAU OF EDUCATION near Paris, in July and August 1947. It was con- As a result of an agreement with UNESCO, the cerned with how best to help young people to International Bureau of Education is making in- take a world view rather than a nationalistic one. vestigations, at the request of UNESCO, into edu- The three seminars held in July and August cational practices in a number of countries. For 1948 dealt with more restricted subjects: one, example, in 1948 UNESCO and the Bureau pub- meeting at Ashridge College, Hertfordshire, Eng- lished jointly two reports, one on the Teaching of land, was concerned with "The Education and Handwriting and the other on School Psychologists. Training of Teachers"; another, at Podebrady, These were considered at the Eleventh Internation- Czechoslovakia, concentrated on "Childhood Edu- al Conference on Public Education, convened by cation from 3-13 Years of Age"; and the third, UNESCO and the Bureau in the summer of 1948. on "Teaching About the United Nations and Its Two other inquiries, one on the introduction to Specialized Agencies", held at Adelphi College, natural science in the primary school and the other Garden City, Long Island, New York, was organ- on the teaching of reading, were being made and ized in co-operation with the United Nations. All reports were to be published during 1949. At the re- Member States of UNESCO were invited to send quest of UNESCO, the Bureau in bringing up to representatives to these seminars; Members of the date an inquiry made before the war on the pro- United Nations which were not Members of fessional training of primary school teachers. UNESCO were also invited to the seminar on "Teaching About the United Nations and Its Spe- e. UNIVERSITIES cialized Agencies". As a result of these seminars the preparation of a number of pamphlets was In August 1948, UNESCO convened, in col- undertaken for use in schools in different parts of laboration with the Netherlands Government, a the world. 850 Yearbook of the United Nations g. EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIONAL flow of published and unpublished material be- UNDERSTANDING tween journals and reviews in different parts of the All UNESCO's work is designed to contribute world. In response to communications proposing directly or indirectly to international understand- participation in the Pool which were sent to 332 ing. UNESCO is particularly concerned that school important literary reviews in Member States, 151 education should help pupils to become conscious replies had been received by September 1948, 136 of the ties which unite the peoples of the world of them favorable. and be ready to accept the obligations which an To encourage reproductions of works of art, interdependent world imposes. UNESCO is preparing catalogues to inform insti- UNESCO has encouraged teaching about the tutions and interested individuals throughout the United Nations and its specialized agencies since, world where fine color reproductions of particular together, these form the greatest contemporary phases and periods of art can be obtained and to effort, on an international, governmental scale, to encourage the publication of additional works to move towards a world society. A booklet includ- illustrate these periods and phases. As of Septem- ing some suggestions for teaching programs on the ber 1948, catalogues were being prepared for pub- United Nations in the schools of Member States, lication by the end of the year on European paint- prepared in 1948 by UNESCO, was considered at ing from 1860 to the present time, Italian Renais- the Eleventh International Conference on Public sance painting and Persian art. The Organization Education, convened jointly by UNESCO and the undertook negotiations with the Vatican for the International Bureau of Education, and at the production of 25 folios of the fresco paintings in UNESCO seminar at Adelphi College, New York. the Vatican; with the Italian Government for the production of similar folios of reproductions of b. IMPROVEMENT OF TEXTBOOKS AND Italian Renaissance paintings; with publishers in TEACHING MATERIALS England to produce folios on Persian art; and with publishers in France who had indicated a desire UNESCO has undertaken a long-term program to produce folios dealing with European painting for the improvement of textbooks and teaching from 1860 to the present time. UNESCO also materials as aids to international understanding. prepared and distributed to Members a list of Principles and criteria were drawn up and a model documentary films on visual art. plan prepared to assist Member States to study and In July 1948, UNESCO called together in Paris analyze their own textbooks. Specifications were a committee of experts to consider the preparation drafted for a common study by Member States of of a general catalogue of world music, to include the treatment in their textbooks of the agencies of lists of music available in recorded form and sug- international co-operation from 1918 to the pres- gestions for additional recordings. The committee ent time. recommended that a centre should be established to draw up a general index of classical Western music, and that the possibility of establishing specialized 4. Cultural Interchange catalogues of Eastern music and folk music in gen- eral should be considered. UNESCO's program of cultural interchange in- 11 Following the resolution (60 (I)) of the cluded activities in the fields of arts and letters, General Assembly, recognizing that the translation philosophy and humanities, and museums. of the classics into the languages of Members of the United Nations would promote understanding a. ARTS AND LETTERS and peace among nations, UNESCO, at the request As a result of the efforts of UNESCO, an inde- of the Economic and Social Council (resolution pendent International Theatre Institute was es- 53 (IV)),12 collected and submitted to the Coun- tablished in June 1948 by a congress of Member cil in June 1948 data on objective methods of States meeting in Prague, and several states set up selecting great books, the needs of various cultural national theatre centres. UNESCO has also made regions and suggestions for general assistance in preliminary inquiries, in conjunction with existing translation, publication and distribution. As of international organizations in the field of music, September 21, 1948, UNESCO had received official for the establishment of an International Music lists of works suitable for translation from Aus- Institute. 11 See Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, In June 1947, UNESCO began to organize an p. 184. International Pool of Literature to encourage the 12 Ibid., p. 541. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 851

tralia, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, the field of human and social relations, UNESCO and suggestions from the PEN Club and other or- undertook studies and inquiries on tensions affect- ganizations. ing international understanding. In developing this project, the Organization b. PHILOSOPHY AND HUMANITIES promotes inquiries into the distinctive character Round-table discussions, sponsored by UNESCO, of various national cultures, ideals and legal sys- were held in Amsterdam in August 1948 on the tems, with the aim of stimulating sympathy and philosophic basis of humanism, the basis of free- mutual respect among nations. These inquiries are dom, and the philosophic bases of the various con- being made by arrangement with the International cepts of democracy. Subsequently, the International Studies Conference, four of whose experts began Institute of Philosophy, under the terms of its con- working in 1948 in France, Norway, Poland and tract with UNESCO, secured publication of ar- Switzerland, preparing monographs for a series of ticles on these subjects in special issues of leading booklets on "The Ways of Life" in these countries. philosophic journals. By September 1948 national sections of the Inter- In consultation with a number of international national Studies Conference had begun similar non-governmental organizations, UNESCO drew work in , Canada, Hungary and India. In- up in July 1948 a draft Constitution for the es- quiries into the conceptions which people of one tablishment of an International Council of As- country entertain of their own and of other nations sociations for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies. were undertaken at the request of UNESCO by The Constitution was approved in September by public opinion institutes in , , delegates of several of these organizations and the Belgium, China, France, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Council will come into existence when five of the United Kingdom and . UNESCO interested organizations have given their formal also promoted inquiries into modern techniques assent. which have been developed in education, political c. MUSEUMS science, philosophy and psychology for changing The Organization works with museums, advis- mental attitudes and for determining the processes ing them on exhibitions available for international and forces involved where human minds are in distribution and suggesting the creation of ad- conflict. Memoranda were prepared for UNESCO ditional exhibitions which it feels would be in by experts and institutions with practical experi- demand. From July 1947 to September 1948, ence in this field. In July 1948, eight experts, UNESCO encouraged the international exchange representing different philosophies and nations, of exhibitions among Belgium, China, Cuba, met at UNESCO House and prepared a series of France, Mexico, Netherlands, and United States reports on the influences which, throughout life, (including Hawaii). predispose towards international understanding on The first Biennial Conference of the Internation- the one hand and aggressive nationalism on the al Council of Museums, meeting at UNESCO other. House in June and July 1948, discussed ways in In connection with this program, UNESCO has which such institutions could assist UNESCO in maintained close liaison with the newly organized carrying out its program of international under- World Federation for Mental Health, which met standing and its other aims. in London in August. To assist museums in developing on a world UNESCO is also developing a closely related basis the services which further the general aims project on the philosophical analysis of current of UNESCO, during 1948 the Organization began ideological conflicts. publishing the quarterly Museum, which replaces the technical museographical journal Mouseion, b. POLITICAL SCIENCE formerly published by the International Institute An international conference on Methods in Po- of Intellectual Co-operation. The first issue of litical Science, sponsored by UNESCO, met in Museum was published in July 1948. September 1948 at Unesco House. The confer- ence, attended by political scientists from Europe, 5. Human and Social Relations North America and Asia, decided to create an In- ternational Political Science Association and set a. TENSIONS AFFECTING INTERNATIONAL up a preparatory committee to draft a constitution. UNDERSTANDING The Association is to encourage improvements in As its major task during the period covered in the study of political phenomena in all countries, 852 Yearbook of the United Nations

facilitate the exchange of information on develop- the United Nations, on the question of establishing ments in political research, promote the organiza- international scientific research laboratories. tion of meetings and conferences, assist political On the recommendation of the second session scientists to obtain facilities for foreign research of the General Conference, UNESCO organized and develop internationally planned research. an International Conference on High Altitude Re- search Stations, which met at Interlaken, Switzer- land, from August 31 to September 3, 1948. The 6. Natural Sciences Conference agreed that if plans for research labora- tories and observatories under the auspices of the a. HYLEAN AMAZON United Nations were adopted, a high priority A conference convened by the Brazilian Govern- should be given to high altitude stations. In the ment to consider the establishment of an Inter- meantime, the Conference made several suggestions national Institute of the Hylean Amazon met in for furthering such research, including the organi- Belem do Para, Brazil, in August 1947. It set zation of existing stations, and stations to be es- down the purposes of the Institute and requested tablished, into a network for the exchange of in- UNESCO to make further suggestions as to its formation. structure, functions and methods of financing. A convention establishing the Institute was later c. SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT agreed upon by a conference which met in Iquitos, UNESCO is developing an information centre Peru, from April 30 to May 10, 1948, on the joint on scientific apparatus to answer inquiries on types invitation of UNESCO and the Governments of of apparatus available. It began the compilation Brazil and Peru. The Institute will come into be- of a series of inventories of basic scientific equip- ing on acceptance of the convention by five of the ment used in schools and universities for educa- following founding nations: , Brazil, Co- tional purposes, and experts in science teaching in lombia, Ecuador, France, Italy, Netherlands, Peru, the hope of reaching international agreement on United States and . In the meantime, an Interim Commission was set up, with head- the minimum of scientific equipment necessary to quarters at Manaus, Brazil, to carry out preliminary teach science at all educational levels. work. The Institute, as provided by a financial protocol adopted by the conference, is to be fi- d. GRANTS-IN-AID nanced by monetary contributions from eight of Between April 1947 and September 21, 1948, the founding nations and contributions of equip- UNESCO made grants totalling $489,304 to inter- ment and material from France and Italy. national scientific and technological organizations, When formally established, the Institute is to unions and societies to further international co- co-ordinate all research activities undertaken in the operation in the field of pure science. Of this vast, almost unexplored region of the Hylean amount, $231,174 was given in 1948 to the Inter- Amazon. It will collate all known data on the national Council of Scientific Unions and its ten region and stimulate and give practical aid to federated Unions, and their seven subsidiary or- further exploration. Subjects to be studied include ganizations. These grants-in-aid to the Interna- physiography, soil science, biology, zoology, botany, tional Council will, it is estimated, help in the anthropology, ethnology, agriculture and nutrition. realization of about 120 different projects, the meeting of about 450 scientists at about 50 inter- b. RESEARCH LABORATORIES national scientific conferences, the publication of Among its other activities in the field of natural some 40 reports, journals and other publications, sciences, UNESCO prepared a detailed report, at and the work of some 30 international scientific the request of the Economic and Social Council of services, laboratories and stockrooms. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 853 F. BUDGET

Contributions to the budget are made by Mem- to make transfers within the budget. The estimat- bers of UNESCO according to the scale adopted ed distribution of funds for 1948, as decided by for the administrative budget of the United Na- the General Conference, was as follows (in U. S. tions, with adjustments to provide for the differ- dollars): ence in membership of the two organizations. The second session of the UNESCO General Conference and meetings...... $ 285,030 Conference, meeting in November and December Personnel Services ...... 3,908,527 1947, approved a budget in the amount of $7,682,- Common Services ...... 1,552,000 637 to carry out UNESCO's program of activities Grants-in-Aid and Emergency Grants-in-Aid 617,080 during 1948, as against $6,000,000 approved by Initial Recruitment ...... 970,000 Reserve ...... 350,000 the first session for 1947. As in 1947, the Director- General was authorized under certain conditions TOTAL ...... $7,682,637

ANNEX I MEMBERS, OFFICERS AND HEADQUARTERS (As of September 21, 1948) MEMBERS OF UNESCO Vice-Chairmen: 16 Afghanistan Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (India) Argentina Norway Alf Sommerfelt (Norway) Australia France Peru OFFICERS OF THE SECRETARIAT Austria Greece Philippines Director-General: Belgium Haiti Poland 17 Bolivia Honduras Julian Huxley (United Kingdom) Brazil Hungary Deputy Director-General: Canada India Walter H. C. Laves (United States) China Iran Union of South Assistant Directors-General: Africa Jean Thomas (France) Cuba Italy United Kingdom C. E. Beeby (New Zealand) Czechoslovakia Lebanon United States Denmark Uruguay HEADQUARTERS AND OTHER OFFICES Dominican Luxembourg Venezuela HEADQUARTERS Republic Mexico Address: Ecuador Netherlands Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Education, MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD13 la Science et la Culture 19 Avenue Kléber (As constituted by the second session of the General Paris 16e, France Conference) Telephone: Kléber 52-00 Ronald E. Walker (Australia) Cable Address: UNESCO PARIS Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" (India) Alf Sommerfelt (Norway) 13 For members of the Executive Board prior to the Stanislaw Arnold (Poland) second session of the General Conference, see Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946-47, p. 712. Paulo Carneiro (Brazil) 14 Benjamin Carrion14 (Ecuador) With the exception of Jan Opocensky and Benjamin Carrion, these members of the Board were re-elected for Chen Yuan (China) a regular three-year term of office by the third session of Victor Dore" (Canada) 14 the General Conference. Count Stefano Jacini (Italy) was Shafik Ghorbal Bey (Egypt) elected on December 1, 1948, to replace Dr. Opocensky Resat Nuri Guntekin (Turkey) and Dr. Guillermo Nannetti (Colombia) to replace Dr. Manuel Martinez-Baez (Mexico) Carrion. Sir John Maud (United Kingdom) 15In March 1948, Roger Seydoux (France) was elected Jan Opocensky14 (Czechoslovakia) to fill, until the third session of the Conference, the C. Parra-Perez (Venezuela) vacancy caused by the resignation of Pierre Auger. The Alex Photiades14 (Greece) third session elected M. Seydoux to complete the term of 15 office of Professor Auger. Pierre Auger (France) 16Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected Chairman George D. Stoddard (United States) of the Executive Board in December 1948, with C. Parra- Louis Verniers14 (Belgium) Perez and Roger Seydoux as Vice-Chairmen. 17 The third session of the General Conference, meeting OFFICERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD in November and December 1948, appointed Jaime Chairman: Torres Bodet (Mexico) to succeed Julian Huxley as Ronald E. Walker (Australia) Director-General of UNESCO. 854 Yearbook of the United Nations

NEW YORK OFFICE Dr. N. B. Cacciapuoti Address: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Centro de Cooperacion Cientifica Para America Latina Cultural Organization Avenida Agraciada, 1875 405 East 42nd Street Montevideo, Uruguay New York, N. Y. Telephone: MUrray Hill 3-1100 Cable Address: UNESCORG NEW YORK ANNEX II AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF UNESCO FIELD SCIENCE CO-OPERATION OFFICES THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

Dr. L. Thuriaux Article IV, paragraph 10, of the Constitution, UNESCO Science Co-operation Office effective December 1, 1947, the date it was amended 33 Sh. el Qasr el Ali by the General Conference, reads as follows: Cairo, Egypt "The General Conference shall adopt its own rules Mr. J. Smid of procedure. It shall at each session elect a president UNESCO Science Co-operation Office and other officers." 14 Wu Yee Lu Nanking, China Prior to the approval of this amendment, Article Dr. A. Wolsky IV, paragraph 10, was as follows: UNESCO Science Co-operation Office "The General Conference shall, at each session, elect c/o Delhi University a President and other officers and adopt rules of pro- Delhi, India cedure."