THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL INFOCUS infocusmagazine.org
Tobacco, Age Limits, and the Illicit Market A Course for Ocean Science Research Signals Intelligence and Bulk Data Collection
Spring/Summer 2015 vol. 15 number 1 For more than 150 years, the nation has turned to the Academies for independent, objective advice on issues that affect people’s lives worldwide. Additional information about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and their work Credits: Cover: (clockwise from upper right) ©Saša Prudkov/iStock/ can be found at
FEATURES CONTENTS
HEALTH & SAFETY ENVIRONMENT & RESOURCES
3 Medical Misnomer 9 Climate Intervention New name and Manipulating the climate through diagnostic criteria certain technologies not viable at present needed for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
3 5 White Potato Should Be Allowed on the WIC List Once maligned, potatoes may help reduce nutritional shortfalls 9
EDUCATION & SOCIAL ISSUES 11 Sea Change Setting the course for the next decade of 6 The U.S. Tobacco Trade ocean science research Reports examine age regulations and the illicit market ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
12 The Future of Manufacturing Strengthening innovation, productivity, and workforce training in the U.S.
6
8 The Postdoctoral Experience A reality far from ideal
14 Bulk Collection of Signals 12 Intelligence Are there feasible alternatives?
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 1 15 Spotlights National Academy of Sciences Ambassadors for Science and Ralph J. Cicerone, President Engineering Diane E. Griffin, Vice President Pittsburgh program brings expertise Bruce Darling, Executive Officer and evidence to local decision making James Hinchman, Deputy Executive Arab-American Frontiers Program Officer CONTENTS A unique opportunity for building Kenneth R. Fulton, Executive Director scientific bridges National Academy of Engineering Charles O. Holliday Jr., Chair C.D. Mote Jr., President Corale L. Brierley, Vice President Alton D. Romig Jr., Executive Officer
National Academy of Medicine Victor J. Dzau, President 18 Clyde Behney, Acting Executive Officer 20 Brief Takes • Inspiring a New Generation of Engineers • Prime Minister of Japan Speaks at NAS
In Focus is prepared by the Office of News and Public Information. 23 New Publications 21 Executive Director: William Skane In Focus Editor: Valerie Chase Staff Writers: Sara Frueh, William Kearney, Dana Korsen, Lauren Rugani, Jennifer Walsh Original Design: Francesca Moghari
2 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS yalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a Mdisease that has sparked consider- able public debate for years. Doctors are often skeptical about the condition or have difficulty diagnosing it. And those affected feel frustrated and dismissed, on top of
the debilitating symptoms they experience. & SAFETY HEALTH In fact, diagnosis has always been a prob- lem; less than one-third of medical schools include ME/CFS-specific information in the curriculum. Sixty-seven percent to 77 per- cent of patients diagnosed with the disease said it took more than a year to receive Medical a diagnosis; of these, about 29 percent said it took more than five years. Experts estimate that 84 percent to 91 percent of Misnomer people with ME/CFS are undiagnosed, and as many as 2.5 million in the United States NEW NAME AND DIAGNOSTIC may suffer from the disease. In addition, the direct and indirect economic costs of CRITERIA NEEDED FOR ME/CFS to society have been estimated at $17 billion to $24 billion annually. CHRONIC FATIGUE A recent report from the Academies concluded that ME/CFS is a legitimate, SYNDROME serious, and complex systemic disease that frequently and dramatically limits the activities of affected individuals. The I believe that the words “Chronic study committee that authored the report recommended new diagnostic criteria that Fatigue” are the kiss of death. Who in address the needs of health care providers, this over-wrought, stress-driven society patients, and their caregivers. isn’t “fatigued” a good deal of the time? “Diagnosing ME/CFS is often a chal- lenge, and seeking and receiving a What people don’t get is that this fatigue diagnosis can be frustrating due to the for people like me keeps me in bed for skepticism of health care providers about days at a time and prevents me from these patients and the serious nature of their disease,” said committee chair Ellen doing everyday errands and even Wright Clayton. “The new diagnostic cri- simple house tasks on some days. teria will make it easier for clinicians to — Comment submitted to the study committee recognize and accurately diagnose patients
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 3 in a timely manner, as providers and the pub- well as allow a large lic. The term “myalgic percentage of currently encephalomyelitis” was undiagnosed patients to also deemed inappropriate receive appropriate care.” by the committee, because If the diagnostic criteria myalgia, or muscle pain, is not a are met following an appropriate core symptom of the disease, and because history, physical examination, and medical there is inconclusive evidence of brain work-up, physicians should diagnose ME/ inflammation in ME/CFS patients. It sug- CFS, the committee said. gested renaming the disorder to Systemic Diagnosis requires that a patient have Exertion Intolerance Disease (SEID), which three core symptoms: captures the characteristic that any exer- • A substantial reduction or impairment tion can adversely affect several organ sys- in the ability to engage in pre-illness levels tems and other aspects of patients’ lives. of activities that is accompanied by often The committee also noted that more profound fatigue of new or definite onset, research on ME/CFS is needed — espe- not the result of ongoing excessive exertion cially given the number of people affected and not substantially alleviated by rest — because too little is known about the causes, development, and progression of • The worsening of patients’ symp- the disease, or about effective treatment. toms after any type of exertion — such as Future research could lead to findings that physical, cognitive, or emotional stress — refine the diagnostic criteria and under- known as post-exertional malaise standing of ME/CFS subtypes. A multi- • Unrefreshing sleep disciplinary group should re-examine the At least one of the two following mani- proposed criteria after five years or sooner festations is also required: if firm evidence supports the need for modification. — Jennifer Walsh • Cognitive impairment Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue • The inability to remain upright with -Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Committee on the symptoms that improve when lying down Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ — known as orthostatic intolerance Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Board on the Health of Select Populations, Institute of Medicine (2015, 304 pp.; ISBN These symptoms should persist for at 978-0-309-31689-7; available from the National Academies Press, tel. 1-800-624-6242; $55.00 plus $5.00 shipping for least six months and be present at least single copies; also on the Internet at half the time with moderate, substantial,
4 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS WHITE POTATO Should Be Allowed on the WIC List
ince the 2009 regulation that made cash value vouchers available to par- Sticipants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), the vouchers have been redeemable for fruits and vegetables so that participating women and children can obtain specific nutrients that might be lacking in their diets. The white potato has been excluded, however, as a vegetable eli- recommended amounts of them may help gible for purchase. reduce shortfalls of potassium in the diets WIC requires that the program’s food of both children and women. Also, allow- package align with the current Dietary ing the purchase of white potatoes would Guidelines for Americans, which are offer WIC participants more ways to meet revised every five years. Based on the 2010 their preferences — or at minimum would Dietary Guidelines, USDA should allow likely not reduce them. the purchase of white potatoes with the In 2006, the Institute of Medicine issued voucher, according to a recent Academies the report WIC Food Packages: A Time report. A change in the guidelines from for Change, which used the 2005 Dietary 2005 to 2010 increased the recommended Guidelines to conclude that white pota- amounts of starchy vegetables from 2.5 toes should be excluded as a WIC-eligible cups to 3.5 cups per week for children vegetable. However the basis for their and from 3 cups to 5 cups per week for exclusion no longer applies, the commit- women. On average, however, children and tee said, because the 2010 recommenda- women are only eating about 64 percent tions for starchy vegetables increased. If and 56 percent, respectively, of the recom- relevant changes occur to the 2015 Dietary mended amounts. In fact, WIC partici- Guidelines, the latest recommendation pants’ intakes of all vegetable subgroups should be re-evaluated. — Jennifer Walsh could be improved, determined the study committee that wrote the report. Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of -White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher — Letter For low-income children, consump- Report. Committee to Review WIC Food Packages, Food tion of vitamin D, calcium, potassium, and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (2015, 100 and fiber fall short, and for low-income pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-33924-7; available from the National Academies Press, tel. 1-800-624-6242; $40.00 plus $5.00 women, intakes of seven nutrients — vita- shipping for single copies; also on the Internet at mins C and D, calcium, potassium, iron,
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 5 The U.S.
EDUCATION & EDUCATION Tobacco SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL Trade
Reports Examine Age Regulations and the Illicit Market
Over the past 50 years, tobacco public health implications of raising the MLA above 18 years of age. control in the United States has led At FDA’s request, an Academies com- to an estimated 8 million fewer mittee conducted this study, which found that raising the minimum age for purchas- premature deaths. However, tobacco ing tobacco products to 21 likely would use continues to significantly affect have a substantial impact on reducing the initiation of tobacco use — defined public health, and more than 40 million as having smoked 100 cigarettes — even more than raising it to 19 would. The Americans still smoke. added effect of raising the minimum age beyond age 21 to age 25 would probably be considerably smaller. Underage users n 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention rely primarily on social sources — friends and Tobacco Control Act granted the and relatives — to get tobacco. Between IU.S. Food and Drug Administration ages 15 and 17, mobility increases with broad authorities over tobacco products, driving privileges, and social networks though it prohibited FDA from establishing and potential sources of tobacco start to a nationwide minimum age of legal access increase as some adolescents take on part- (MLA). It also directed FDA to convene a time jobs with co-workers who may be panel of experts to conduct a study on the over the MLA. Therefore, increasing the
6 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS MLA only to 19 may not change social sources substantially, but raising the MLA to 21 is likely to have a considerable impact on initiation for this age group. If the MLA were raised now, by 2100 there would be approximately a 3 percent decrease in smoking prevalence for an MLA of 19, a 12 percent decrease for an MLA of 21, and a 16 percent decrease for to 2 percent in 2001 through licensing and an MLA of 25, the report says. In terms of control measures, enforcement efforts, and direct health effects, if the MLA were raised legal agreements. now to age 21 nationwide, there would be In order to better understand the nature approximately 249,000 fewer premature of the tobacco market in the U.S. and the deaths, 45,000 fewer deaths from lung can- ways it may evolve in the future, addi- cer, and 4.2 million fewer years of life lost tional research and data are needed across among the cohort of people born between a broad range of areas, such as an exami- 2000 and 2019. nation of how smokers respond to the Another recent Academies study request- permanent loss of specific product features ed by the FDA looks at a different aspect they previously found desirable, and the of the tobacco trade — understanding the relationship between e-cigarette use and U.S. illicit tobacco market and what we the use of conventional tobacco products. can learn from other countries’ efforts to — Dana Korsen decrease illicit sales. Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Currently, the U.S. illicit tobacco mar- -Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products. Committee on ket consists primarily of bootlegging from the Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age for Purchasing Tobacco Products, Board on Population Native American reservations and low-tax Health and Public Health Practice, Institute of Medicine states, such as Virginia, to high-tax states, (2015, 360 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-31624-8). The committee was chaired by Richard J. Bonnie, Harrison Foundation such as New York, where illicit sales may Professor of Medicine and Law and director of the constitute as much as 45 percent of all Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of tobacco sales. Bootlegging is the legal pur- Virginia, Charlottesville. chase of cigarettes in one jurisdiction and Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market: -Characteristics, Policy Context, and Lessons From their resale in another, without the payment International Experiences. Committee on the Illicit of applicable taxes or duties in the jurisdic- Tobacco Market: Collection and Analysis of the International Experience; Committee on Law and Justice, tions where they are resold. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Other countries’ adoption of comprehen- and Board on Population Health and Public Health sive interventions show that it is possible Practice, Institute of Medicine (2015, 260 pp.; ISBN 978- 0-309-31712-2). The committee was chaired by Peter to reduce the size of the illicit tobacco mar- Reuter, professor, School of Public Policy and department ket through tobacco-specific enforcement of criminology, University of Maryland, College Park. resources and collaboration across jurisdic- Both studies were funded by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and are available from the National tions. For example, Spain reduced the illicit Academies Press, tel. 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet share of its market from 15 percent in 1995 at
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 7
The Postdoctoral Experience
deally, a job as a post- require evidence of this training. In addition, doctoral researcher looks host institutions and funders both should Isomething like this: offer training programs for mentors and Under the mentorship of evaluate their performance. a principal investigator, Current salaries for postdoctoral a recent Ph.D. recipi- researchers are low, the report says. The ent receives additional committee that wrote the report examined scientific training — five different approaches for determining learning new research an appropriate minimum salary, and all techniques, gaining access to profes- of them suggest an amount of $50,000 or sional networks, accruing publications of more. The National Institutes of Health their work, and learning grantsmanship should raise the National Research Service and other vital tools of the trade. After a postdoctoral award — which has become short period of time, this person transi- the de facto standard for postdoctoral sala- tions into a tenure-track faculty position or ries at many universities — to $50,000 and another full-time research position. adjust it annually for inflation. For most U.S. postdocs, however, real- No one should spend more than five ity is far different from this ideal. Many years total in postdoctoral positions, the stay for years in low-paying positions that report adds. Host institutions should main- offer little mentoring or training, hoping tain a record of how long a postdoctoral for tenure-track positions that for most are researcher remains in a position and provide unlikely to materialize. While the number that information to funding agencies as part of postdoctoral researchers has surged in of grant proposals. And given the shortage recent decades, the number of research fac- of tenure-track research jobs that actually ulty positions into which junior researchers require postdoctoral training, host institu- can hope to move has not kept pace. tions and mentors should make students The result is a system that has created aware of the wide variety of career paths expectations for academic career advance- available for Ph.D. recipients. — Sara Frueh ment that cannot be met, says a recent The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited. Committee report from the Academies. It recommends -to Review the State of Postdoctoral Experience in reforms — both to improve the postdoc- Scientists and Engineers; Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy; National Academy of toral experience for those whose career Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute paths require it, and to help more students of Medicine (2014, 122 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-31446-6; explore science-related career paths for available from the National Academies Press, tel. 1-800- 624-6242; $49.95 plus $5.00 shipping for single copies; which postdoctoral training is unnecessary. also on the Internet at
8 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS CLIMATE RESOURCES
INTERVENTION & ENVIRONMENT
Manipulating the Climate Through Certain Technologies Not Viable at Present
The mounting evidence indicating that — and reflecting sunlight back to space to cool the Earth. our climate is changing rapidly — After reviewing these methods for and pointing to human activity as the technological readiness, cost, and risk, an Academies committee concluded that culprit — has prompted scientists to neither is currently ready for large-scale begin asking whether humans can deployment, and that mitigation by reduc- ing carbon emissions together with adapta- also prevent its worst impacts. tion is still the safest, most effective way to ease the impacts of climate change. The committee also said that the term ne set of options that has recently “geoengineering” implies having precise gained traction is known as “geo- control over the climate and instead pre- Oengineering,” or purposefully ferred the term “climate intervention” manipulating the climate to halt certain to more accurately convey that these effects of climate change. Two proposed technologies could modify the climate in classes of techniques in particular have different ways to lessen the impacts of cli- received the most attention: removing car- mate change. bon dioxide from the atmosphere — which The two types of intervention strate- addresses the root cause of climate change gies differ in almost every aspect. Carbon
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 9 dioxide removal is currently prohibitively climate change issues such as ocean expensive and would only produce mod- acidification. If deployed in the absence of est effects on the climate over decades; efforts to reduce carbon emissions, albedo using aerosols to block sunlight — known modification would have to continue as albedo modification — is relatively perpetually; a sudden termination would inexpensive and could have a substantial reintroduce all of the problems associated impact within a short time. Carbon dioxide with a warming climate. removal would likely require cooperation The committee recommended against among many countries, and its risks are using albedo modification at this time, but minimal and generally well-characterized, additional research to better understand while albedo modification could be imple- these uncertainties is needed in the event mented suddenly and unilaterally, but it that deployment becomes a necessary cli- likely presents serious risks, known and mate response in the future or if a lone unknown. These differences led the com- actor pursues the technology. Much of the mittee to evaluate the strategies separately required research overlaps with basic cli- and recommend different paths forward for mate research. each set of techniques. Any research, including potential small- Because cost and technological immatu- scale field experiments, should be subject rity are the major obstacles facing carbon to a deliberative process, which should dioxide removal, increased investment involve a broad set of stakeholders to in research and development could help examine what types of governance models develop techniques that are efficient and are needed beyond those already in place, affordable, as well as enable better under- and what research would require such standing of the risks that do exist, such as oversight based on its expected environ- how ocean iron fertilization, which raises mental impact and other potential direct the rate of CO2 absorption by ocean plant and indirect effects. — Lauren Rugani life, could affect marine ecology. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Albedo modification, on the other -Reliable Sequestration hand, raises serious social, political, and Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool ethical concerns. Many of the natural pro- -Earth cesses most relevant to albedo modifica- Committee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical tion, such as the formation of clouds and Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate and Ocean Studies aerosols in the atmosphere, are among Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies. The commit- the most difficult components of the cli- tee was chaired by Marcia McNutt, editor-in-chief at Science and former director of the U.S. Geological Survey. mate system to model and monitor, mak- The study was funded by the National Aeronautics and ing it challenging to predict the effects of Space Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric this intervention on weather, climate, or Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, the intelli- gence community, and the National Academy of Sciences. other Earth systems. Furthermore, albedo Both reports are available from the National modification doesn’t counteract the rising Academies Press, tel. 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet concentration of greenhouse gases in the at
10 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS Sea Change he National Science SETTING THE aligned with the new priori- Foundation is the pri- COURSE FOR THE ties and was critical to effec- T mary funder of basic tively address the decadal ocean science research, span- NEXT DECADE OF priorities. Scientific ocean ning physical, chemical, and OCEAN SCIENCE drilling facilities were criti- biological oceanography and RESEARCH cal for addressing some of marine geology and geophys- the priorities, and the Ocean ics. In addition to research that advances Observatories Initiative, which has yet to understanding of the ocean, NSF supports become fully operational, was less aligned the ocean research infrastructure, such as the with the priorities. Together, this infrastruc- academic research fleet, scientific ocean drill- ture accounts for more than 50 percent of ing, and the Ocean Observatories Initiative. the total budget for ocean sciences within As new technologies and capabilities NSF, and the operation and maintenance transform the ability of scientists to study costs continue to rise. the complex and dynamic ocean system, In the face of flat or declining budgets, NSF asked the Academies to establish growing infrastructure costs mean less research priorities for the next decade and money for core research and investigator identify strategic investments that are nec- support. The report says that the Division essary to achieve those goals. of Ocean Sciences at NSF should initiate an The study committee solicited input from immediate 10 percent reduction in major the broader ocean sciences community and, infrastructure costs in the next fiscal year, after sorting topics into high-level scientific followed by an additional 10 percent to 20 questions, applied four criteria to determine percent decrease over the next five years. the top research priorities: transformative These cost savings should be applied direct- research potential, societal impact, readi- ly to strengthening core science programs, ness, and partnership potential. investing in technology development, and The process yielded eight priorities repre- funding partnerships to address the decadal senting integrative research areas, including science priorities. — Lauren Rugani rate and impacts of sea-level rise, effects Sea Change: 2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean of climate change on marine ecosystems, -Sciences. Committee on Guidance for NSF on National greater understanding of marine food webs, Ocean Science Research Priorities: Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Studies Board, Division on Earth better approaches for forecasting hazards and Life Studies (2015, 98 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-36688-5; such as mega-earthquakes and tsunamis, available from the National Academies Press, tel. 1-800- and exploration of the subseafloor environ- 624-6242; $44.00 plus $5.00 shipping for single copies; also on the Internet at
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 11 THE FUTURE OF Manufacturing TECHNOLOGY Strengthening ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING Innovation, Productivity, and Workforce Training in the U.S.
lobalization, technological advances, and changing Gbusiness practices are dramatically transforming manu- facturing. While technological developments offer companies new ways to understand custom- ers’ needs and in turn increase demand for their products, automation and streamlined opera- tions will increasingly supplant work- ers in a variety of occupations. By some according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. estimates, almost 50 percent of U.S. jobs These job losses were concentrated in the will be disrupted as a result of the factors portion of the manufacturing workforce changing manufacturing. For example, an without a high school diploma. automobile plant can now be run by one- To help ensure that the U.S. thrives amid third as many people as were needed in these global changes and remains a leading 1965 due to advances in automation and environment for innovation, U.S. companies, computer-aided design, engineering, and government, and educators should collabo- production, yet the quality, sophistica- rate to confront workforce challenges and tion, and timely delivery of vehicles have improve productivity, says a recent report dramatically improved. from the National Academy of Engineering. With reduced demand for production Specifically, they must strengthen workforce workers, total U.S. manufacturing employ- training and improve innovation to make ment dropped from approximately 19 sure manufacturers are “making value” for million in 1980 to 11.5 million in 2010, customers. Making value is the process of
12 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS using ingenuity to convert resources into local governments all have important roles goods, services, or processes that create solu- to play to guarantee that U.S. manufactur- tions, serving the welfare of humanity and ing strengthens its capacity for innovation. the needs of society. The report offers several recommendations Businesses should establish training pro- as a blueprint for action. grams to prepare workers for modernized To foster the creation of new businesses operations and invest in the education of and to connect entrepreneurs with the indi- their low- and middle-skilled workforce, viduals, investors, tools, and institutions as well as implement programs to attract in their region and around the world that and retain diverse workers with respect they need to help their businesses grow, to gender, race, and socio-economic back- metro area and state governments, industry, ground because this diversity improves a higher education, investors, and economic team’s innovation performance. Businesses, development organizations should unite to local school districts, workforce organiza- create local innovation networks. tions, community colleges, and universities Manufacturing can no longer be consid- should form partnerships to help students ered as something separate from the value graduate from high school, earn an chain — the system of research and devel- associate’s or bachelor’s degree, and take opment, product design, software develop- part in continuing education and training ment and integration, and lifecycle service programs in the workplace. activities performed to deliver a product or The report also says that Congress and service to market. Businesses focusing on state legislatures should create tax credits the entire system help make value for their or other incentives for businesses to invest customers and are less likely to be disrupt- and be involved in education programs that ed by new technologies or increased compe- provide students and displaced workers tition from emerging economies around the with the knowledge and skills needed for world. — Dana Korsen higher-paying careers. Making Value for America: Embracing the Future Companies also need to find new ways -of Manufacturing, Technology, and Work. Committee to make value, the report says. For instance, on Foundational Best Practices for Making Value for America, National Academy of Engineering (2015, 144 when the rise of digital photography pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-32653-7; available from National changed the value of film, Fujifilm harnessed Academies Press, tel. 1-800-624-6242; $46.00 plus $5.00 its expertise working with the antioxidant shipping for single copies; also on the Internet at
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 13 BULK COLLECTION OF SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE
ast year, President current information to future investiga- Obama issued tions, for example by rapidly updating L Presidential Policy filtering criteria to include new targets as Directive 28, which called they are discovered. And as an alterna- for an evaluation of U.S. tive to curbing the bulk collection of data, signals intelligence prac- automated controls could be applied to tices — specifically the collec- how data is used to help protect individu- tion of communications between als’ privacy. The report identified three key people, and information about those technical elements required to control the communications, such as the time and use of data: isolating the bulk data so that length of a phone call. It had come to light it can be accessed only in specific ways; that the U.S. government was collecting restricting the types of queries that can be such data in bulk, including information made against the stored data; and audit- about individuals who were not subjects ing the queries that have been made. How of intelligence investigations, raising con- these controls work can be made public cerns about the trade-off between national without revealing sensitive data, so outside security and civil liberties. inspectors can verify that the procedures The directive instructed the Office of the adequately protect privacy. Director of National Intelligence to produce Some of the necessary technologies to a report that assessed the feasibility of cre- enhance targeted collection or improve ating software that would allow the intel- automated controls require further research ligence community to more easily conducted and development, and many could feasibly targeted data collection rather than bulk col- be deployed within the next five years. lection. In turn, ODNI asked the Academies However, the report says that the ultimate for input to assist in preparing its response decision to use any technology is a policy to the president. question that requires determining whether A key value of bulk data collection is increased effectiveness and transparency having a record of past communications are worth the cost in equipment, labor, and that could be useful in future investigations, potential interference with the intelligence an attribute that cannot fully be replicated mission. — Lauren Rugani by software, the Academies’ report says. Bulk Collection of Signals Intelligence: Technical Curtailing bulk data collection would mean -Options. Committee on Responding to Section 5(d) of that some information is necessarily lost, Presidential Policy Directive 28: The Feasibility of Software to Provide Alternatives to Bulk Signals Intelligence but this doesn’t imply that bulk data collec- Collection, Computer Science and Telecommunications tion must continue. While the report doesn’t Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences recommend whether bulk data collection (2015, 124 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-32520-2; available from National Academies Press, tel. 1-800-624-6242; $44.00 should continue, it did find that technologi- plus $5.00 shipping for single copies; also on the Internet cal alternatives could improve targeted col- at
14 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS BULK COLLECTION OF SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE SPOTLIGHTS
Ambassadors for Science and Engineering Pittsburgh Program Brings Expertise and Evidence to Local Decision Making
he Academies have a long history of to collaborate. You also have world-class offering evidence-based advice to poli- research labs and universities.” The city is T cymakers on a national level, but for also in the middle of a huge transforma- the past three years, they have been piloting tion. “They are successfully reinventing a new way to help scientists and engineers themselves from an old steel and coal connect with policymakers and other opin- economy to a new one based on medicine, ion leaders at the local level. The Science technology, research, advanced manufactur- & Engineering Ambassadors program has ing, and sustainable development,” says enlisted experts in Pittsburgh to reach out Granito. “There is high local pride. The to local opinion leaders and help them idea of inventing a national model is very understand energy issues, with the goal of appealing to Pittsburgh.” informing community decision making. The The program is beginning with a focus broader hope is to develop a model that can on one topic: energy. In 2012, 26 ambas- work in a variety of communities around a sadors — all of them energy experts in the range of topics. Pittsburgh community — were selected Selected in 2011 from a group of 15 cit- to participate in the program. Half were senior-level scientists and engineers, and ies, Pittsburgh had the right raw ingredients each was invited to bring a younger col- for the pilot site. It offers the benefits of league or graduate student into the pro- both a big and a small city, says Barbara gram. The senior-level ambassadors, Granito, a Pittsburgh resident and former representing academia, industry, and gov- Wall Street Journal editor who chairs the ernment, were carefully vetted for their program’s advisory board and serves as professional reputations, proven interest in executive adviser. “People know one anoth- outreach, and natural aptitude and enthusi- er, and because of that, they’re inclined asm for communication.
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 15 Reaching Unique Audiences discussions to help local leaders learn more Through the program, the ambassadors about the electrical grid — how it works, have engaged several types of audiences, its economic aspects, the threats it faces, all with the goal of increasing knowledge and its possible future. A group of more about energy. One audience is students; than two dozen local policymakers and the program worked with the University of business and nonprofit leaders attended Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University the sessions. As a follow-up, the Allegheny to create a joint honors class that offered Conference will work with these leaders to produce a white paper on issues facing the region’s electrical grid. In addition, several sci- ence ambassadors are serving as expert resources for Sustainable Pittsburgh, a group working with a number of partners in the Pittsburgh area to develop a regional energy strategy. “I think the program has made a difference in how the region views issues surround- ing energy,” says Gregory Reed, undergraduates the chance to learn about director of the University of both energy and science communication. Pittsburgh’s Center for Energy and among The ambassadors have also led multiple the program’s first ambassadors. He points events for general audiences, such as a not just to an improved dialogue about three-session series on energy and climate the issue but also to the connections that that engaged citizens last fall. have been sparked among different parts of But the program’s primary audience is the community. “There have been unpre- more focused — and one that not many dicted outcomes, in terms of people coming programs attempt to reach, says Jessica together and creating opportunities where Sickler, an external evaluator who has fol- they didn’t exist before.” Reed himself is lowed the program from its beginnings. now working with the city of Pittsburgh “What makes it unique is that it’s trying to develop an energy strategy for the city’s to reach community decision makers. The downtown — a collaboration he would not goal is to bring science to bear to influ- have foreseen before the program. ence decisions.” Building Better Communicators Over the fall and winter of 2014-2015, To connect with local leaders and other for example, the program worked with groups, the program’s scientists and engi- the Allegheny Conference on Community neers need to be able to convey what they Development to create the Grid Academy, know clearly and effectively, so a key a four-session series of presentations and
16 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS part of the program is giving the ambas- Future Directions sadors intensive communication training. Plans are underway to recruit additional Workshops led by experts in science com- ambassadors in Pittsburgh, using the oppor- munication have trained the participants tunity to broaden the cadre’s subject-area to draw on stories and examples to ground expertise — possibly transportation, water, explanations, for example, and how to use health, decision science, and other areas. visual aids effectively. The program is also working to develop The scientists and engineers completed funding approaches that can make it sus- the training feeling far more prepared to tainable in Pittsburgh for the long haul. engage with the public, they reported. In addition, program leaders are weigh- And the benefits extended beyond the pro- ing whether it’s time to expand the model gram; when evaluators checked in with the to other cities — but not in an identical, ambassadors later, all of them said they cookie-cutter way. “Success in Pittsburgh had used what they had learned in some and other cities depends on meeting a local way outside of the program. To build on need and fitting into a local agenda,” said this foundation, the program provides indi- Sam Taylor, who directs the program on the vidual coaching before events and plans ground in Pittsburgh. That may mean focus- to hire a communications coach. “We also ing on issues other than energy or engaging want to map the trainings more closely to community leaders in different ways. the events so the ambassadors can put what “This program has demonstrated that they learn into practice right away,” says scientists and engineers can be success- Terrell Smith, who supervised the program fully woven into decision making in ways for the Academies. that truly benefit local communities if Communicating effectively also means they use best practices in communication engaging local leaders in the right way. The — listening to the needs of citizens and program found that while general audi- engaging with them in ways that uncover ences may prefer the traditional lecture- the relevance of the science to solving com- and-Q&A format, local leaders want more munity problems,” says Barbara Kline of an interactive dialogue. These are highly Pope, executive director of the Office of competent civil servants, says Sickler, and Communications, which oversees this pro- the “deficit” model of science communica- gram for the Academies. “We are eager to tion — “You lack something that we will identify the next city that will embrace this provide” — doesn’t work. “It’s important model.” — Sara Frueh to approach them as partners and honor the expertise they bring to the table.” More information on the program is available at
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 17 ARAB-AMERICAN FRONTIERS PROGRAM
The Arab world is far from monolithic, and Dalal Najib, who manages the pro- gram for the Academies, says that find- ing ways to engage the whole region at once has been interesting and challenging. “These countries vary tremendously in terms of economic development, scientific literacy, and overall stability,” she says. “The region includes Gulf countries such as the UAE, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia, which have world-class centers of excel- lence in science and technology. We also have Egypt, Lebanon, and Jordan, with their long-standing universities and criti- A Unique Opportunity cal mass of well-respected researchers, for Building francophone North Africa with strong ties to Europe, and countries in the Sahel Scientific Bridges like Djibouti, Sudan, and Mauritania.” Despite their diversity, these countries are or over 25 years, the Academies have dealing with similar issues such as water brought together outstanding young scarcity, food insecurity, and the need for Fscientists to discuss cutting-edge new sources of energy, and they share the research and spark collaborations. The same language, providing a solid base for Kavli Frontiers of Science first staked out collaborative work. the territory in 1989, gathering early-career Many of the nations also share the expe- scientists from the U.S. to discuss scientific rience of post-Arab-spring political conflict advances in many disciplines. Its success — turmoil that makes the program’s efforts inspired many variations — including an to develop connections even more impor- ongoing Frontiers of Engineering program tant, says Najib. “Right now most institu- — and international expansion, giving rise tions see the current situation as a deterrent to bilateral projects with Germany, China, to working with the Arab world, but it’s Japan, and India, among others. more imperative than ever to engage with The most recent program in this vein, these young scientists, who are below the created in 2011, is in many ways even more political radar and who are trying their best complex and geographically ambitious than to make their countries better.” its forerunners. The Arab-American Frontiers One of the program’s aims is to enhance of Science, Engineering, and Medicine pro- scientific dialogue across the region and gram connects competitively chosen young across disciplines, with the goal of spur- scientists, engineers, and medical profession- ring better research and applications. At als from the U.S. with their counterparts in the heart of this effort are symposia where the 21 countries of the Arab League. young scientists from across the Arab
18 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS ARAB-AMERICAN FRONTIERS PROGRAM
world and from the U.S. discuss their research and plant the seeds of collabo- ration. The first symposium was held in Kuwait in 2011 and the second in Oman in 2014; a third will be held in Saudi Arabia at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in December 2015. At each symposium, the participants display their research on posters, giving one-minute explanatory “flash talks” — an exercise that gives them training in commu- nication, Najib says. In addition, there are plenary sessions around the conference’s themes. The Oman conference explored research on water, energy, and food secu- rity, for example, while the upcoming symposium in Saudi Arabia will focus on sensing technologies and their applications. Because another of the program’s goals is to empower early-career scientists to take on leadership roles, the symposia are orga- nized and the speakers chosen by the young scientists themselves, under the guidance of a committee of senior researchers. The symposia not only help connect Arab scientists but also serve as one of to collaborate. After each symposium, the few avenues for American scientists 10 seed grants are awarded to pairs of to connect with their colleagues in the researchers to enable them to collaborate Middle East and Northern Africa. “For on areas of common interest identified at me, this was a transformative experience,” the meetings. A researcher from Yemen said Scott Baker of the Pacific Northwest and another from Lebanon are working National Laboratory, after speaking at together on novel ways to remove pharma- the first Frontiers symposium. “I am still ceutical pollutants from water, for example. assimilating all of the scientific and cultural Another team pairing from Tunisia and the information I picked up and have some U.S. are working together on STEM career- ideas about future areas where I might take building curricula for Tunisian scientists. our group’s research.” — Sara Frueh Often, the connections made at the sym- posia don’t end there. Another element Additional information is available online at of the program, the Arab-American
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 19 BRIEF TAKES
Inspiring a New into the sciences because of MacGyver,’” said Zlotoff. Generation of Engineers The contest received about 1,800 submis- sions, from which five winners will be cho- Many may recall the popular action- sen. Each winner will receive $5,000 and be adventure TV series from the late ‘80s and paired with Hollywood mentors who will early ‘90s that featured fictional government help them to develop the female character agent Angus MacGyver, who resourcefully and an engaging pilot script, and ultimately used his engineering skills and everyday create viable concept packages for pitch- materials, often duct tape and a Swiss Army ing to a network or distributor by the end knife, to resolve sticky situations in each of this year. Among the mentors are CEO episode. Lee Zlotoff, the creator of the and founder of Revelations Entertainment “MacGyver” series, joined the National Lori McCreary, who is currently the execu- Academy of Engineering and University tive producer of “Madam Secretary” on of Southern California’s Viterbi School CBS; actress America Ferrera, best known of Engineering in asking, “Can you for her leading role as Betty Suarez on the out-MacGyver MacGyver?” comedy-drama series “Ugly Betty” on ABC; Launched in February at an event held Anthony E. Zuiker, creator and executive during National Engineers Week, “The Next producer of the CSI franchise; and Roberto MacGyver” is a worldwide crowdsourc- Orci, screenwriter and film and television ing competition seeking ideas for a scripted producer, whose hit movies include “Star television show featuring a female engineer Trek” and “Transformers.” as the lead character. With the share of engi- “We could not be more pleased to have neering bachelor’s degrees earned by women some of Hollywood’s top talent donating in the U.S. in the last decade at just 19 per- their time to develop compelling women cent, the project partners hope to change this engineer characters and bring them to life trend. The principal goal of the competition on the screen,” said NAE President C.D. is to inspire young people, especially girls, Mote Jr. “This contest provides a rare to pursue educations and careers in engi- opportunity to tell a story of engineering neering, much like “MacGyver” and “CSI: and engineers that people practically never Crime Scene Investigation” increased interest see.” — Dana Korsen in engineering and forensic science careers. “I literally could not tell you how This project is sponsored by the United Engineering many times people have come up to me Foundation. More information is available online at
20 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS Prime Minister of Japan addition, he noted the recent collaboration with the Science Council of Japan and the Speaks at NAS science academies of the other G7 coun- National Academy of Sciences President tries on joint statements intended to call Ralph J. Cicerone hosted Japanese Prime attention to certain science, technology, Minister Shinzo Abe at a breakfast meeting and health issues during the June G7 sum- on April 30 with several U.S. leaders in the mit in Germany. Cicerone also acknowl- fields of science, engineering, and medicine. edged the cooperation that an Academies The meeting was co-hosted by Koji Omi, committee received from the Japanese gov- founder and chairman of the Science and Technology in Society (STS) forum, which holds a global conference of researchers, policymakers, and business leaders each year in Kyoto, Japan. “Japan should take advantage of its high level of science and technology to promote peace and prosper- ity, especially peace based on the principle of international ernment during its study of the Fukushima cooperation,” Abe told the gathering, add- nuclear accident. ing that he believed innovation was the key “These are the kinds of collaborations to using science and technology to improve that are so critical — not just for advancing society. “I am looking forward to hearing science but for addressing our mutual inter- your thoughts on how U.S.-Japan coopera- ests in creating a better world,” Cicerone tion in science and technology can expand said to Abe. “Mr. Prime Minister, we are and deliver benefits [to society],” he said. looking forward to continuing our work In welcoming the prime minister, with Japan’s scientists, engineers, physi- Cicerone echoed the global nature of cians, and other experts in the future.” today’s research enterprise and the need for Among the other attendees at the meet- international cooperation to seek solutions ing were U.S. Secretary of Energy Ernest to the world’s most pressing problems. Moniz, National Science Foundation He remarked on many areas of coopera- Director France A. Córdova, National tion between the NAS and researchers in Institutes of Health Director Francis Japan, including the STS forum. In par- S. Collins, and White House Office of ticular, he highlighted the Radiation Effects Science and Technology Director John P. Research Foundation, a decades-long part- Holdren, as well as National Academy of nership with Japan to study the long-term Engineering Chair Charles O. Holliday Jr. health effects of atomic bomb survivors. In — William Kearney
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 21 Aligning the Governance Health Practice, Institute of Publications Structure of the NNSA Medicine (2015, 90 pp.; ISBN Laboratories to Meet 21st 978-0-309-36867-4; available For documents shown as avail- Century National Security from NAP). able from the National Academies Challenges Press (NAP), write to 500 Fifth Laboratory Assessments Board, Cost, Effectiveness, and St., N.W., Room 360, Washington, Division on Engineering and Deployment of Fuel Economy D.C. 20001; call tel. 202-334-3313 Physical Sciences (2015, 96 pp.; Technologies for Light-Duty or 1-800-624-6242; or order on ISBN 978-0-309-32337-6; avail- Vehicles the Internet at
NEW PUBLICATIONS the National Academies are avail- Assessing the Use of Agent-Based on Engineering and Physical able from the source as noted. Models for Tobacco Regulation Sciences (2015, approx. 612 pp.; Board on Population Health and ISBN 978-0-309-37388-3; avail- 2013-2014 Assessment of the Public Health Practice, Institute able from NAP). Army Research Laboratory of Medicine (2015, 280 pp.; Laboratory Assessments Board, ISBN 978-0-309-31722-1; avail- Cross-Sector Responses to Division on Engineering and able from NAP). Obesity: Models for Change — Physical Sciences (2015, 182 pp.; Workshop Summary ISBN 978-0-309-36832-2; avail- BioWatch PCR Assays: Building Food and Nutrition Board, able from NAP). Confidence, Ensuring Reliability Institute of Medicine (2015, 156 — Abbreviated Version pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-37105-6; Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Board on Life Sciences, Division available from NAP). for Selected Airborne Chemicals, on Earth and Life Studies; Vol. 19 Board on Health Sciences Developing a 21st Century Committee on Toxicology, Board Policy, Institute of Medicine Neuroscience Workforce — on Environmental Studies and (2015, approx. 186 pp.; ISBN Workshop Summary Toxicology, Division on Earth 978-0-309-36722-6; available Forum on Neuroscience and and Life Studies (2015, 224 pp.; from NAP). Nervous System Disorders, ISBN 978-0-309-36894-0; avail- Board on Health Sciences Policy, able from NAP). Building Infrastructure for Institute of Medicine (2015, 130 International Collaborative pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-36874-2; Affordability of National Flood Research in the Social and available from NAP). Insurance Program Premiums — Behavioral Science — Summary Report 1 of a Workshop Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Water Science and Technology Division on Policy and Global Embedding a Culture of Science Board, Division on Earth and Life Affairs (2015, 58 pp.; ISBN and Technology Throughout the Studies; Board on Mathematical 978-0-309-31345-2; available Department of State Sciences and Their Applications, from NAP). Development, Security, and Division on Engineering and Cooperation, Division on Physical Sciences; and Committee Cognitive Aging: Progress Policy and Global Affairs on National Statistics, Division in Understanding and (2015, approx. 176 pp.; ISBN of Behavioral and Social Sciences Opportunities for Action 978-0-309-37313-5; available and Education (2015, 166 pp.; Board on Health Sciences Policy, from NAP). ISBN 978-0-309-37125-4; avail- Institute of Medicine (2015, 420 Emerging Viral Diseases: The able from NAP). pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-37196-4; available from NAP). One Health Connection — The Air Force Health Study Workshop Summary Assets Research Program Communicating to Advance the Forum on Microbial Threats, Board on the Health of Select Public’s Health — Workshop Board on Global Health, Populations, Institute of Summary Institute of Medicine (2015, 336 Medicine (2015, 136 pp.; ISBN Roundtable on Population pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-31397-1; 978-0-309-33914-8; available Health Improvement, Board on available from NAP). from NAP). Population Health and Public
22 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS Empowering Women and A Framework for Assessing pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-31619-4; Strengthening Health Systems Effects of the Food System available from NAP). and Services Through Investing Food and Nutrition Board, in Nursing and Midwifery Institute of Medicine; Board Improving Genetics Education Enterprise: Lessons From Lower- on Agriculture and Natural in Graduate and Continuing Income Countries — Workshop Resources, Division on Earth and Health Professional Education — Summary Life Studies (2015, 444 pp.; ISBN Workshop Summary Global Forum on Innovation in 978-0-309-30780-2; available Roundtable on Translating Health Professional Education from NAP). Genomic-Based Research for and Forum on Public-Private Health, Board on Health Sciences Partnerships for Global Health Frontiers of Engineering: Reports Policy, Institute of Medicine and Safety, Board on Global on Leading-Edge Engineering (2015, 120 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- Health, Institute of Medicine from the 2014 Symposium 31605-7; available from NAP). National Academy of Engineering (2015, 130 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- Industrialization of Biology: 31672-9; available from NAP). (2015, 148 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- 31461-9; available from NAP). A Roadmap to Accelerate the Enhancing the Effectiveness of Advanced Manufacturing of Team Science Funding and Managing the U.S. Chemicals Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, Inland Waterways System: What Board on Chemical Sciences and and Sensory Sciences; Division Policy Makers Need to Know Technology and Board on Life of Behavioral and Social Sciences Transportation Research Board Sciences, Division on Earth and and Education (2015, 320 pp.; (2015, approx. 156 pp.; ISBN Life Studies (2015, 176 pp.; ISBN ISBN 978-0-309-31682-8; avail- 978-0-309-295568-0; available 978-0-309-37095-0; available able from NAP). from NAP). from NAP). The Essential Federal Role The Future of Home Health Care Informed Consent and Health in Highway Research and — Workshop Summary Literacy — Workshop Summary Innovation Forum on Aging, Disability, and Roundtable on Health Literacy, Research and Technology Independence, Board on Health Board on Population Health and Coordinating Committee, Sciences Policy, Institute of Public Health Practice, Institute Transportation Research Board Medicine; Division on Behavioral of Medicine (2015, 192 pp.; (2015, 45 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- and Social Sciences and Education ISBN 978-0-309-31727-6; avail- 29574-1; available from NAP). (2015, 160 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- able from NAP). 36753-0; available from NAP). An Evaluation of the Public Integrating Research and Practice: Schools of the District of Genomics-Enabled Learning Health System Leaders Working Columbia: Reform in a Changing Health Care Systems: Gathering Toward High-Value Care — Landscape and Using Genomic Information Workshop Summary Board on Testing and Assessment, to Improve Patient Care and Roundtable on Value and Science- Division of Behavioral and Social Research — Workshop Summary Driven Care, Institute of Medicine Sciences and Education (2015, Roundtable on Translating (2015, 226 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- approx. 378 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- Genomic-Based Research for 31201-1; available from NAP). 37380-7; available from NAP). Health, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine Measuring Human Capabilities: Financing Investments in Young (2015, approx. 116 pp.; ISBN An Agenda for Basic Research on Children Globally — Summary of 978-0-309-37112-4; available the Assessment of Individual and a Joint Workshop from NAP). Group Performance Potential for Board on Children, Youth, and Military Accession Families, Institute of Medicine Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and National Research Council; Communities After Disasters: and Sensory Sciences, Division Board on Global Health, Institute Strategies, Opportunities, and of Behavioral and Social Sciences of Medicine (2015, 108 pp.; Planning for Recovery and Education (2015, 280 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-31610-1; avail- Board on Health Sciences Policy, ISBN 978-0-309-31717-7; avail- able from NAP). Institute of Medicine (2015, 600 able from NAP).
SPRING/SUMMER 2015 23 Measuring the Impact of ISBN 978-0-309-37214-5; avail- and National Research Council Interprofessional Education able from NAP). (2015, approx. 108 pp.; ISBN on Collaborative Practice and 978-0-309-37451-4; available Patient Outcomes Owning the Technical Baseline from NAP). Board on Global Health, for Acquisition Programs in the Institute of Medicine (2015, 150 U.S. Air Force — A Workshop Psychological Testing in pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-37282-4; Report the Service of Disability available from NAP). Air Force Studies Board, Division Determination on Engineering and Physical Board on the Health of Select Optimizing the U.S. Ground- Sciences (2015, approx. 49 pp.; Populations, Institute of Based Optical and Infrared ISBN 978-0-309-37431-6; avail- Medicine (2015, 240 pp.; ISBN Astronomy System able from NAP). 978-0-309-37090-5; available Board on Physics and from NAP). Astronomy, Division on Policy Issues in the Development Engineering and Physical Sciences and Adoption of Biomarkers for Realizing the Potential of the (2015, 107 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- Molecularly Targeted Cancer American Community Survey: 37186-5; available from NAP). Therapies — Workshop Summary Challenges, Tradeoffs, and National Cancer Policy Forum, Opportunities Opportunities for the Board on Health Care Services, Committee on National Employment of Simulation Institute of Medicine (2015, 106 Statistics, Division of Behavioral in U.S. Air Force Training pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-36857-5; and Social Sciences and Environments — A Workshop available from NAP). Education (2015, 314 pp.; ISBN Report 978-0-309-36678-6; available Air Force Studies Board, Division Potential Risks and Benefits of from NAP). on Engineering and Physical Gain-of-Function Research — Sciences (2015, 50 pp.; ISBN Summary of a Workshop Regional Disaster Response 978-0-309-36813-1; available Board on Life Sciences, Coordination to Support Health from NAP). Division on Earth and Life Outcomes — Summary of a Studies; Committee on Science, Workshop Series Opportunities for the Gulf Technology, and Law, Division Forum on Medical and Public Research Program: Community on Policy and Global Affairs; and Health Preparedness for Resilience and Health — Board on Health Sciences Policy, Catastrophic Events, Board on Summary of a Workshop Institute of Medicine (2015, 130 Health Sciences Policy, Institute Gulf Research Program (2015, pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-36783-7; of Medicine (2015, 120 pp.; 90 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-36852- available from NAP). ISBN 978-0-309-37149-0; avail- 0; available from NAP). able from NAP). Preparing the Workforce for Opportunities for the Gulf Digital Curation Relationships Among the Brain, Research Program: Monitoring Board on Research Data and the Digestive System, and Eating Ecosystem Restoration and Deep Information, Division on Policy Behavior — Workshop Summary Water Environments — Summary and Global Affairs (2015, 104 Food Forum, Food and Nutrition of a Workshop pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-29694-6; Board, Institute of Medicine Gulf Research Program (2015, available from NAP). (2015, 134 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- 52 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-36808- 36683-0; available from NAP). 7; available from NAP). Preventing Intimate Partner Violence in Uganda, Kenya, and Review Criteria for Successful Overcoming Barriers to Tanzania — Summary of a Joint Treatment of Hydrolysate at Deployment of Plug-in Electric Workshop by the Institute of the Pueblo Chemical Agent Vehicles Medicine, the National Research Destruction Pilot Plant Board on Energy and Council, and the Ugandan Board on Army Science and Environmental Systems, Division National Academy of Sciences Technology, Division on on Engineering and Physical Forum on Global Violence Engineering and Physical Sciences Sciences; and Transportation Prevention, Board on Global (2015, 86 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- Research Board (2015, 204 pp.; Health, Institute of Medicine; 31788-7; available from NAP).
24 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES INFOCUS Review of California’s Risk- Review of VA Clinical Guidance Spread, Scale, and Sustainability Assessment Process for Pesticides for the Health Conditions in Population Health — Board on Environmental Studies Identified by the Camp Lejeune Workshop Summary and Toxicology, Division on Legislation Roundtable on Population Earth and Life Studies (2015, 70 Board on the Health of Select Health Improvement, Board on pp.; ISBN 978-0-309-36775-2; Populations, Institute of Population Health and Public available from NAP). Medicine (2015, 120 pp.; ISBN Health Practice, Institute of 978-0-309-31600-2; available Medicine (2015, 130 pp.; ISBN Review of Proposals to the from NAP). 978-0-309-37117-9; available Bureau of Land Management from NAP). on Wild Horse and Burro Robust Methods for the Analysis Sterilization or Contraception — of Images and Videos for Tying Flood Insurance to Flood A Letter Report Fisheries Stock Assessment — Risk for Low-Lying Structures in Board on Agriculture and Summary of a Workshop the Floodplain Natural Resources, Division on Board on Mathematical Sciences Water Science and Technology Earth and Life Studies (2015, and Their Applications, Division Board, Division on Earth 17 pp.; available only online on Engineering and Physical and Life Studies; Board on from NAP). Sciences (2015, 88 pp.; ISBN Mathematical Sciences and 978-0-309-31469-5; available Their Applications, Division on Review of the Edwards Aquifer from NAP). Engineering and Physical Sciences Habitat Conservation Plan, (2015, 150 pp.; ISBN 978-0-309- Report 1 The Role and Potential of 37166-7; available from NAP). Water Science and Technology Communities in Population Board, Division on Earth and Health Improvement — Life Studies (2015, 190 pp.; Workshop Summary ISBN 978-0-309-36887-2; avail- Roundtable on Population able from NAP). Health Improvement, Board on TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Population Health and Public BOARD (TRB) REPORTS A Review of the Next Generation Health Practice, Institute of Air Transportation System: Medicine (2015, 86 pp.; ISBN Approximately 150 titles issued Implications and Importance of 978-0-309-31206-6; available System Architecture from NAP). annually. Free catalog available Computer Science and on request from TRB, 500 Fifth St., Telecommunications Board, Sharing the Adventure With Division on Engineering and the Student: Exploring the N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001 Physical Sciences (2015, 110 pp.; Intersections of NASA Space (tel. 202-334-3213), or visit TRB's ISBN 978-0-309-37178-0; avail- Science and Education — A bookstore on the Internet at able from NAP). Workshop Summary