Supplementary Material Figure S1 Mean Normalised Coastal Larval Fish
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§4-71-6.5 LIST of CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November
§4-71-6.5 LIST OF CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November 28, 2006 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta ORDER Plesiopora FAMILY Tubificidae Tubifex (all species in genus) worm, tubifex PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Crustacea ORDER Anostraca FAMILY Artemiidae Artemia (all species in genus) shrimp, brine ORDER Cladocera FAMILY Daphnidae Daphnia (all species in genus) flea, water ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Atelecyclidae Erimacrus isenbeckii crab, horsehair FAMILY Cancridae Cancer antennarius crab, California rock Cancer anthonyi crab, yellowstone Cancer borealis crab, Jonah Cancer magister crab, dungeness Cancer productus crab, rock (red) FAMILY Geryonidae Geryon affinis crab, golden FAMILY Lithodidae Paralithodes camtschatica crab, Alaskan king FAMILY Majidae Chionocetes bairdi crab, snow Chionocetes opilio crab, snow 1 CONDITIONAL ANIMAL LIST §4-71-6.5 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Chionocetes tanneri crab, snow FAMILY Nephropidae Homarus (all species in genus) lobster, true FAMILY Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lar shrimp, freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergi prawn, giant long-legged FAMILY Palinuridae Jasus (all species in genus) crayfish, saltwater; lobster Panulirus argus lobster, Atlantic spiny Panulirus longipes femoristriga crayfish, saltwater Panulirus pencillatus lobster, spiny FAMILY Portunidae Callinectes sapidus crab, blue Scylla serrata crab, Samoan; serrate, swimming FAMILY Raninidae Ranina ranina crab, spanner; red frog, Hawaiian CLASS Insecta ORDER Coleoptera FAMILY Tenebrionidae Tenebrio molitor mealworm, -
An Investigation on Fishes of Bandirma Bay (Sea of Marmara)
BAÜ Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi (2004).6.2 AN INVESTIGATION ON FISHES OF BANDIRMA BAY (SEA OF MARMARA) Hatice TORCU KOÇ University of Balikesir, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Hydrobiology, 10100, Balikesir, Turkey ABSTRACT This investigation was carried out for the determination of fish species living in Bandırma Bay (Sea of Marmara). Morphometric and meristic characters of of fishes caught by trawl and various nets in Bandırma Bay in the years of 1998-1999 were examined and some morphological, ecological properties, and local names of 34 determined species are given. Key Words: Fish Species, Systematic, Bandırma Bay BANDIRMA KÖRFEZİ (MARMARA DENİZİ) BALIKLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA ÖZET Bu araştırma Bandırma Körfezi (Marmara Denizi)’nde yaşayan balık türlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. 1998-1999 yılları arasında körfez içinde trol ve çeşitli ağlar ile yakalanan balıkların morfometrik ve meristik karakterleri incelenmiş ve saptanan 34 türün bazı morfolojik, ekolojik özellikleri, ve yerel isimleri verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Balık türleri, Sistematik, Bandırma Körfezi 1. INTRODUCTION Research on the sea fauna along the coasts of Turkey was initiated by foreign researchers at the begining of the 20th century and entered an intensive stage with Turkish researchers in the 1940s. However, the fish fauna of Turkish seas has still not been fully determined. Of these researchers, Tortonese (1) listed 300 species. Papaconstantinou and Tsimenids (2) listed 33 species. Papaconstantinou (3) listed the most of 447 species for Aegean Sea. Slastenenko (4) listed 200 species for Sea of Marmara and 189 species for Black Sea. Tortonese (1) reported 540 fish species in whole of Mediterranean. Demetropoulos and Neocleous (5) gave a list of fishes for Cyprus area. -
Fishes of Terengganu East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia Ii Iii
i Fishes of Terengganu East coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia ii iii Edited by Mizuki Matsunuma, Hiroyuki Motomura, Keiichi Matsuura, Noor Azhar M. Shazili and Mohd Azmi Ambak Photographed by Masatoshi Meguro and Mizuki Matsunuma iv Copy Right © 2011 by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights of the specimen photographs are held by the Kagoshima Uni- versity Museum. For bibliographic purposes this book should be cited as follows: Matsunuma, M., H. Motomura, K. Matsuura, N. A. M. Shazili and M. A. Ambak (eds.). 2011 (Nov.). Fishes of Terengganu – east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix + 251 pages. ISBN 978-4-87803-036-9 Corresponding editor: Hiroyuki Motomura (e-mail: [email protected]) v Preface Tropical seas in Southeast Asian countries are well known for their rich fish diversity found in various environments such as beautiful coral reefs, mud flats, sandy beaches, mangroves, and estuaries around river mouths. The South China Sea is a major water body containing a large and diverse fish fauna. However, many areas of the South China Sea, particularly in Malaysia and Vietnam, have been poorly studied in terms of fish taxonomy and diversity. Local fish scientists and students have frequently faced difficulty when try- ing to identify fishes in their home countries. During the International Training Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS), two graduate students of Kagoshima University, Mr. -
New Zealand Fishes a Field Guide to Common Species Caught by Bottom, Midwater, and Surface Fishing Cover Photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola Lalandi), Malcolm Francis
New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing Cover photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola lalandi), Malcolm Francis. Top left – Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), Malcolm Francis. Centre – Catch of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Neil Bagley (NIWA). Bottom left – Jack mackerel (Trachurus sp.), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), NIWA. New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No: 208 Prepared for Fisheries New Zealand by P. J. McMillan M. P. Francis G. D. James L. J. Paul P. Marriott E. J. Mackay B. A. Wood D. W. Stevens L. H. Griggs S. J. Baird C. D. Roberts‡ A. L. Stewart‡ C. D. Struthers‡ J. E. Robbins NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241 ‡ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6011Wellington ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-1-98-859425-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-98-859426-2 (online) 2019 Disclaimer While every effort was made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, Fisheries New Zealand does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/ A higher resolution (larger) PDF of this guide is also available by application to: [email protected] Citation: McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; James, G.D.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.; Mackay, E.; Wood, B.A.; Stevens, D.W.; Griggs, L.H.; Baird, S.J.; Roberts, C.D.; Stewart, A.L.; Struthers, C.D.; Robbins, J.E. -
Redescription of Sphenanthias Whiteheadi Talwar (Perciformes: Cepolidae) with DNA Barcodes from the Southern Coasts of India
Zootaxa 3098: 64–68 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Redescription of Sphenanthias whiteheadi Talwar (Perciformes: Cepolidae) with DNA barcodes from the southern coasts of India K.K. BINEESH1,3, K. A. SAJEELA2, K.V. AKHILESH1, N. G. K. PILLAI1 & E.M. ABDUSSAMAD1 1Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), P. B. No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi - 683 018, Kerala, India 2National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Cochin Unit, CMFRI Campus, P.B.No.1603, Ernakulam North, P.O., Kochi- 682 018, Kerala, India 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A very rare bandfish, Sphenanthias whiteheadi Talwar 1973, is re-discovered and described from the southwest and south- east coasts of India for the first time after its original description and the rarity of the fish is challenged. A mitochondrial COI barcode sequence was generated for the specimen. Key words: Sphenanthias whiteheadi, Cepolidae, India Introduction The bandfishes of the family Cepolidae (Perciformes) are known from all tropical and subtropical waters and com- prise 22 valid species in 4 genera worldwide (Eschmeyer & Fong, 2011). Members of the genus Sphenanthias can be differentiated from the similar Owstonia in having lateral lines separate and not forming loops in front of dorsal fins (Smith Vaniz, 2001; Liao et al., 2009). The genus Sphenanthias is represented by only one valid species in the Arabian Sea (Manilo & Bogorodsky, 2003), Sphenanthias whiteheadi described by Talwar from four specimens collected from southwest coast of India off Quilon at 300 m (Talwar, 1973). -
Hunter-Central Rivers, New South Wales
Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Guide to Users Background What is the summary for and where does it come from? This summary has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. It highlights important elements of the biodiversity of the region in two ways: • Listing species which may be significant for management because they are found only in the region, mainly in the region, or they have a conservation status such as endangered or vulnerable. • Comparing the region to other parts of Australia in terms of the composition and distribution of its species, to suggest components of its biodiversity which may be nationally significant. The summary was produced using the Australian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. The list of families covered in ANHAT is shown in Appendix 1. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are are not not included included in the in the summary. • The data used for this summary come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. -
Athanassios C. TSIKLIRAS 1*, Konstantinos I. STERGIOU 1, and Rainer FROESE 2
ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA (2013) 43 (1): 1–5 DOI: 10.3750/AIP2013.43.1.01 EDITORIAL NOTE ON REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF FISHES Athanassios C. TSIKLIRAS 1* , Konstantinos I. STERGIOU 1, and Rainer FROESE 2 1 Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 2 Helmholtz Institute for Ocean Research, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany Tsikliras A.C., Stergiou K.I., Froese R. 2013. Editorial note on reproductive biology of fishes. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 43 (1): 1–5. Abstract. Fish reproductive biology (onset and duration of spawning, sex ratio, maturity stages, length and age at maturity, and fecundity) is important in fisheries research, stock assessment, and management. In this editori - al note, we provide some criteria and recommendations on issues of fish reproductive biology, which may be use - ful in research planning, data analysis and presentation, as well as in manuscript preparation . The population characteristics of fishes, and in partic - rity, sex ratio, and fecundity should all be included in ular those concerning their reproduction, are very impor - a single manuscript, since all these aspects constitute the tant inputs in the assessment and management of fish reproductive biology of a species. The compilation of stocks (e.g., Froese 2004). For reliable stock assessments, such information, based on new data but including one needs to ensure that the underlying parameters had a review of relevant studies, will justify a stand-alone been estimated accurately and precisely on unbiased sam - publication for a single species. Exceptional behavioural ple collections and robust estimation techniques (Jennings patterns or tactics (e.g., bourgeois and parasitic sperm et al. -
NMN Reference Station Network Doing New Things in New Places – South Australian Gulfs
NMN Reference Station Network Doing new things in new places – South Australian Gulfs Paul van Ruth1, Charlie Huveneers2, Mark Doubell1, Paul Malthouse1, Ana Redondo-Rodriguez1, John Middleton1 1 SARDI Aquatic Sciences 2 Flinders University SAIMOS Gulfs moorings Gulf St Vincent (GSV), Spencer Gulf (SG) • Shallow, semi-enclosed, inverse estuaries • Seasonally flushed • Limited communication with shelf and oceanic waters (esp. Nth) • V. important for SA economy • Fishing, aquaculture, shipping, ecotourism • Under increasing pressure • Mining, shipping, heavy industry, growing population, changing climate SAIMOS Gulfs moorings New funding: extend the SAIMOS mooring array into GSV and northern SG • Moorings in 20 m of water • ADCP, CTD, acoustic receiver • Seasonal BGC sampling (Jan/Apr/Jul/Nov) • CTD profiles (with fluor, DO, turbidity) • Nutrients (NOx, NH4, PO4, Si) • Viruses, bacteria, picophytoplankton • Pigments (>/<5 µm, HPLC) • Phytoplankton • Zooplankton Drivers of variation in • PIM/POM/TSS water quality and lower trophic ecosystem dynamics SAIMOS Gulfs moorings – Northern SG • Co-investment: • SA Water contributing $80K for mooring • SARDI salary in-kind • Pathways to uptake/use/impact: • University research - SGEDI • eSA Marine model calibration/validation • Environmental management plans/regulatory requirements (e.g. new ports, coastal development, desalination plants) • Marine park management plans • Iconic species population management plans (Giant cuttlefish etc) • Management of aquaculture expansion • Fisheries management SAIMOS Gulfs moorings - GSV • Co-investment: • SA EPA providing vessel/salary in-kind • SARDI salary in-kind • SA Water contributing $50K for mooring • Flinders Uni supplying ADCP & current meter • Pathways to uptake/use/impact: • University research – coastal dynamics, sediment transport, eutrophication • eSA Marine model calibration/validation • Environmental management plans/regulatory NTF long-term site requirements (e.g. -
Poissons Marins De La Sous-Région Nord-Ouest Africaine
COMMISSION EUROPEENNE CENTRE COMMUN DE RECHERCHE Institut de l'Environnement Durable 1-21020 Ispra (VA) Italie Poissons Marins de la Sous-Région Nord-Ouest Africaine par Jan Michael VAKILY, Sékou Balta CAMARA, Asberr Natoumbi M END Y, Yanda MARQUES, Birane SAMB, Abei Jûlio DOS SANTOS, Mohamed Fouad SHERIFF, Mahfoudh OULD TALEE SIDI et Daniel PAUL Y Cap Vert Mauritanie 1 *J* T II Senegal Gambie G'vnée-Bissau II Sierra Leone Guinée 2002 EUR 20379 FR COMMISSION EUROPEENNE CENTRE COMMUN DE RECHERCHE Institut de 1 Environnement Durable 1-21020 Ispra (VA) Italy Poissons Marins de la Sous-Région Nord-Ouest Africaine par Jan Michael Vakily3 , Sékou Balia Camara13, Asberr Natoumbi Mendyc, Vanda Marques0, Birane Sambe , Abei Julio dos Santosi Mohamed Fouad Sheriff6, Mahfoudh Ould Taleb Sidih et Daniel Pauly1 a Centre Commun de Recherche (CCR/IES), IMW Unit (TP 272), 21020 Ispra (VA), Italie b Centre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura (CNSHB), B.P. 3738, Conakry, Guinée ° Department of Fisheries, 6, Coi. Muammar Ghaddafi Avenue, Banjul, Gambie d Institut National de Développement des Pêches (INDP), CP 132, Mindelo, San Vicente, Cap Vert e Centre de Recherches Océanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT), BP 2241. Dakar, Sénégal f Centro de Investigaçao Pesqueira Aplicada (CIPA), C.P. 102, Bissau, Guinée-Bissau 8 Dep. of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Marine Resources, Freetown, Sierra Leone b Inst. Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches (IMROP), B.P. 22, Nouadhibou, Mauritanie ' Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 2002 EUR 20379 FR LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. -
Checklist of the Marine and Estuarine Fishes of Madang District, Papua New Guinea, Western Pacific Ocean, with 820 New Records
Zootaxa 3832 (1): 001–247 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3832.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BAB612A4-03DB-4958-BEB1-92DE278FBB90 ZOOTAXA 3832 Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of Madang District, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 820 new records RONALD FRICKE1,2, GERALD R. ALLEN3, SERGE ANDRÉFOUËT4, WEI-JEN CHEN5, MÉLANIE A. HAMEL6, PIERRE LABOUTE7, RALPH MANA8, TAN HEOK HUI9 & DAISUKE UYENO10 1Im Ramstal 76, 97922 Lauda-Königshofen, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany [temporarily out of office] 3Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Perth, Western Australia 6986, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 4Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, U227, LABEX Corail, Centre de Nouméa, 101 Promenade Roger Laroque, Anse Vata, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia. E-mail: [email protected] 5Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected] 6ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Room 115, Building DB032, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 7Résidence Ouabala—41, rue Voltaire, PK 7, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia. E-mail: [email protected] 8School of Natural and Physical Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P. O. Box 320, University P. O., National Capital District, Papua New Guinea. E-mail: [email protected] 9Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, 6 Science Drive, 2 Blk S6, #03-01, Singapore 117546, Republic of Singapore. -
Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research
TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF SYSTEMATICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 22.2 The Wetlands Diversity Editors Angela Curtean-Bănăduc & Doru Bănăduc Sibiu ‒ Romania 2020 TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF SYSTEMATICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 22.2 The Wetlands Diversity Editors Angela Curtean-Bănăduc & Doru Bănăduc “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Applied Ecology Research Center ESENIAS “Lucian International Applied Broward East and South Blaga” Ecotur Association Ecology College, European University Sibiu for Danube Research Fort network for of N.G.O. Research Center Lauderdale Invasive Alien Sibiu Species Sibiu ‒ Romania 2020 Scientifical Reviewers John Robert AKEROYD Sherkin Island Marine Station, Sherkin Island ‒ Ireland. Doru BĂNĂDUC “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Sibiu ‒ Romania. Costel Nicolae BUCUR Ingka Investments, Leiden ‒ Netherlands. Alexandru BURCEA “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Sibiu ‒ Romania. Kevin CIANFAGLIONE UMR UL/AgroParisTech/INRAE 1434 Silva, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy ‒ France. Angela CURTEAN-BĂNĂDUC “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Sibiu ‒ Romania. Constantin DRĂGULESCU “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Sibiu ‒ Romania. Nicolae GĂLDEAN Ecological University of Bucharest, Bucharest – Romania. Mirjana LENHARDT Institute for Biological Research, Belgrade – Serbia. Sanda MAICAN Romanian Academy Institute of Biology, Bucharest ‒ Romania. Olaniyi Alaba OLOPADE University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt – Nigeria. Erika SCHNEIDER-BINDER Karlsruhe University, Institute for Waters and River Basin Management, Rastatt ‒ Germay. Christopher SEHY Headbone Creative, Bozeman, Montana ‒ United States of America. David SERRANO Broward College, Fort Lauderdale, Florida ‒ United States of America. Appukuttan Kamalabai SREEKALA Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode ‒ India. Teodora TRICHKOVA Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Sofia ‒ Bulgaria. Editorial Assistants Rémi CHAUVEAU Esaip Ecole d՚ingénieurs, Saint-Barthélemy-d՚Anjou ‒ France. -
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311861377 Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes Chapter · November 2016 CITATIONS READS 0 1,531 2 authors: Antonis Petrou Charitos Zapitis AP Marine Env.Consultancy Ltd & Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre University of Derby 29 PUBLICATIONS 131 CITATIONS 1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Lionfish in the Mediterranean View project PCY1 - Investigating the effects of recreational diving on the macroalgal communities of the 'Zenobia' shipwreck (Cyprus) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Charitos Zapitis on 24 December 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Chapter 26 - Agnatha CHAPTER 26: AGNATHA, CHONDRICHTHYES AND OSTEICHTHYES FISHES Antonis Petrou and Charitos Zapitis 1. INTRODUCTION The classification of fishes is not straightforward since they do not form a natural scientific grouping like the other vertebrate classes, i.e. the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Indeed, fishes can be considered by exclusion to be vertebrates that are not tetrapods (see Chapter 25: Introduction to Vertebrates). They are aquatic, gill- bearing, ectothermic ('cold-blooded') animals with a distinguishable head and, when present, digit-less limbs. Traditionally, fish have been arranged into three groups: ➵ Agnatha 1, the jawless fish (Myxini [hagfishes] and Hyperoartia [lampreys]); ➵ Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fish (sharks, skates and rays); ➵ Osteichthyes, the bony fish (Actinopterygii [ray-finned fishes] and Sarcopterygii [lobe-finned fishes]). This classification is adequate for general purposes, although Agnatha is paraphyletic and includes several groups of extinct jawless fishes.