DOCSLIB.ORG

Neuroscientific Perspectives on Poverty

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neuroscientific Perspectives on Poverty Neuroscientific Perspectives on Poverty Courtney Stevens, Eric Pakulak, María Soledad Segretin & Sebastián J. Lipina, Editors NEUROSCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES ON POVERTY Forward Courtney Stevens Eric Pakulak María Soledad Segretin Sebastián J. Lipina (Editors) Neuroscientific perspectives on poverty 2 Forward Neuroscientific perspectives on poverty / Courtney Stevens, Eric Pakulak, María Soledad Segretin, and Sebastián J. Lipina, Compilers. -1ª Edition, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Sebastián Lipina, 2020. Digital book, PDF 358 p.; 23 x 16 cm ISBN: 978-987-86-6736-2 1- Poverty. 2- Neuroscience. 3- Multidisciplinary Research. CDD 155.94 Translation: Courtney Stevens, Eric Pakulak, María Soledad Segretin, and Sebastián J. Lipina. International School on Mind, Brain and Education, 2020 Erice, Italia Cover: Gustavo Albert For suggestions or comments about the content of this work, write to us: [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] 3 Forward INDEX 1. Forward Antonio Battro..........................................................................................10 2. Implications of the neuroscientific evidence on childhood poverty Sebastián J. Lipina, María Soledad Segretin..............................................14 Part I: Correlational aproaches 3. Effects of poverty on early neurocognitive development María del Rosario Rueda, Ángela Conejero...............................................52 4. Academic resilience: Relations between early parental input and the behavioral and neurocognitive basis of children‘s academic performance Ö. Ece Demir-Lira....................................................................................73 Part II: Interventions 5. Mechanisms of brain training Michael I. Posner………………………………………..………...95 6. Applying neuroscience research to interventions addressing poverty Eric Pakulak, Courtney Stevens…………………………………...110 7. Relationships between socioeconomic status and reading development: Cognitive outcomes and neural mechanisms 4 Forward Rachel R. Romeo, Andrea M. Imhof, Parnika Bhatia, Joanna A. Christodoulou……………………………………...……….……153 8. Poverty and neurodevelopment in early childhood: Strategies to promote equity of opportunities in cognitive and emotional development Alejandra Carboni, Hernán Delgado, Verónica Nin……………..….183 Part III: Interdisciplinary Frontiers 9. Poverty and its impact: Enhancing mechanistic research via a cross-species approach Rosemarie E. Perry…………………………………...….………211 10. Uso Using neurocomputational modelling to investigate mechanisms underlying socioeconomic status effects on cognitive and brain development Michael S. C. Thomas………………………………...….………234 11. How might data-informed design help reduce the poverty achievement gap? J. Derek Lomas……………………………………….………...267 12. Interdisciplinary explorations for the scaling of experimental interventions Matías Lopez-Rosenfeld, María Soledad Segretin, Sebastián J. Lipina………………………………..…………..…310 13. Reflections on the deviation of attention to poverty in the Early Childhood Development (ECD) area Helen Penn……………………………..………………………331 Glossary….……………………………………...…….………352 5 Forward AUTHORS´ LIST AND AFFILIATION Battro, Antonio Academia Pontificia de Ciencias (Vatican) [email protected] Bhatia, Parnika Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions (USA) Carboni, Alejandra Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República (Uruguay) [email protected] Christodoulou, Joanna A. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions (USA) Conejero, Ángela Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Universidad de Granada (Spain) Delgado, Hernán Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República (Uruguay) [email protected] 6 Forward Demir-Lira, Ö. Ece University of Iowa, DeLTA Center, Iowa Neuroscience Institute (USA) [email protected] Imhof, Andrea M. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions (USA) Lipina, Sebastián J. Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET) (Argentina) [email protected] Lomas, J. Derek Delft University of Technology (Netherlands) [email protected] Lopez-Rosenfeld, Matías Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires; Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC- CONICET) [email protected] Nin, Verónica Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República (Uruguay) [email protected] 7 Forward Pakulak, Eric University of Oregon, Department of Psychology (USA); Stockholm University, Department of Child and Youth Studies (Sweden) [email protected] Penn, Helen University of East London; Institue of Education, University College London (United Kingdom) [email protected] Perry, Rosemarie E. Department of Applied Psychology, New York University (USA) [email protected] Posner, Michael I. University of Oregon (USA) [email protected] Romeo, Rachel R. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children´s Hospital (USA) Rueda, María del Rosario Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Universidad de Granada (Spain) [email protected] 8 Forward Segretin, María Soledad Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET) (Argentina) [email protected] Stevens, Courtney Willamette University, Department of Psychology (USA) [email protected] Thomas, Michael S. C. Developmental Neurocognition Lab, Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London; University of London Centre for Educational Neuroscience (United Kingdom) [email protected] 9 Forward 1 FORWARD Antonio M. Battro The Ettore Majorana Foundation and Center for Scientific Culture 1 (EMFCSC), whose headquarters are located in the Sicilian city of Erice, was founded in 1962 by Professor Antonino Zichichi. Zichichi was Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Bologna, member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), President of the World Federation of Scientists (WFS), and the author of numerous high-impact investigations in the world of sub-nuclear physics. Initially, the EMFCSC was proposed as a meeting center for physicists from countries with advanced developments in nuclear research. In later years such encounters were extended to other disciplines. Since its establishment, hundreds of scientists -among them more than a hundred Nobel Prize laureates- have attended the Foundation‘s different scientific schools, for which Erice has been given the name City of Sciences. From there emerged the Declaration of a Science for Peace in 1982, which promotes a science without secrets and 1 http://www.ccsem.infn.it/ 10 Forward without borders, and which has collected more than 90,000 signatures from scientists from 140 countries2. With the creation of the EMFCSC, Professor Zichichi honored Ettore Majorana, a prodigy physicist originally from Catania (Sicily) and an outstanding disciple of Enrico Fermi. Majorana died at a young age in 1938 during a trip from Palermo to Naples, where he served as a professor. It is not known under what circumstances Majorana disappeared, because he never reached his destination. This dramatic and intriguing story was masterfully told by the Sicilian writer Leonardo Sciascia in his book The Disappearance of Majorana. Indeed, Sicily is an island of mysteries; and Erice, built on the majestic San Giuliano mountain (Figure 1), is a treasure of stories and home for new and unexpected friendships founded on scientific culture. Figure 1 – Panoramic view of the northwestern coast of Sicily from Erice Castle (Photo by Sebastián J. Lipina). At the beginning of the last decade, Professor Zichichi invited me to visit his center in Erice to establish a new school in the field of research that we were conducting together with Professor Kurt W. Fischer at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. We gladly accepted their generous offer and decided to open an annual course for the International School on 2 http://www.ccsem.infn.it/em/erice_statement/index.html 11 Forward Mind, Brain, and Education in 2005. Since then, more than two hundred guests from all continents have participated in the school. The result of these weeks of work are the publications that have emerged from our presentations and discussions, many of them in the journal Mind, Brain, and Education, which we founded with Kurt Fisher and other colleagues at Harvard University in 2007, as an organ of the International Mind, Brain, and Education Society (IMBES). In addition to exchanging information and disseminating our research, Erice inspires us to establish new contacts, propose collaborative projects, consolidate solid international relationships, and, in many cases, start a true friendship between colleagues from different generations. In 2017, Sebastián Lipina gathered in Erice a group of scientists involved in the neuroscientific and cognitive study of poverty. In collaboration with Eric Pakulak, María Soledad Segretin, and Lourdes Majdalani, Sebastián Lipina carefully created
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Meaning of Dreams Dreams May Reflect a Fundamental Aspect of Mammalian Memory Processing
    The Meaning of Dreams Dreams may reflect a fundamental aspect of mammalian memory processing. Crucial information acquired during the waking state may be reprocessed during sleep by Jonathan Winson The Author hroughout history human beings have sought to understand the meaning of dreams. The ancient Egyptians believed dreams JONATHAN WINSON possessed oracular power—in the Bible, for example, Joseph’s started his career as an elucidation of Pharaoh’s dream averted seven years of famine. SCALA/ART RESOURCE aeronautical engineer, grad- TOther cultures have interpreted dreams as inspirational, curative or alterna- uating with an engineering degree from the California tive reality. During the past century, scientists have offered conflicting psy- Institute of Technology in chological and neuroscientific explanations for dreams. In 1900, with the 1946. He completed his publication of The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud proposed that Ph.D. in mathematics at dreams were the “royal road” to the unconscious; that they revealed in dis- Columbia University and guised form the deepest elements of an individual’s inner life. then turned to business for More recently, in contrast, dreams have been characterized as meaningless, 15 years. Because of his keen interest in neurosci- the result of random nerve cell activity. Dreaming has also been viewed as the ence, however, Winson means by which the brain rids itself of unnecessary information—a process started to do research at the of “reverse learning,” or unlearning. Rockefeller University on Based on recent findings in my own and other neuroscientific laboratories, memory processing during I propose that dreams are indeed meaningful. Studies of the hippocampus (a waking and sleeping states.
    [Show full text]
  • Latinos: HCHS/SOL Results Neil Schneiderman10 Diabetes Care 2018;41:1501–1509 |
    Diabetes Care Volume 41, July 2018 1501 Hector M. Gonzalez,´ 1 Wassim Tarraf,2 Metabolic Syndrome and Priscilla Vasquez,´ 1 Ashley H. Sanderlin,3 Natalya I. Rosenberg,4 Sonia Davis,5 Neurocognition Among Diverse Carlos J. Rodr´ıguez,6 Linda C. Gallo,7 Bharat Thyagarajan,8 Martha Daviglus,4 Middle-Aged and Older Hispanics/ Tasneem Khambaty,9 Jianwen Cai,5 and Latinos: HCHS/SOL Results Neil Schneiderman10 Diabetes Care 2018;41:1501–1509 | https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1896 OBJECTIVE Hispanics/Latinos have the highest risks for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the U.S. and are also at increased risk for Alzheimer disease. In this study, we exam- ined associations among neurocognitive function, MetS, and inflammation 1Department of Neurosciences and Shiley- ’ among diverse middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. Marcos Alzheimer s Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 2Institute of Gerontology and Department of RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Cross-sectional data (2008–2011) from theHispanic Community Health Study/Study Detroit, MI of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) were analyzed to examine associations between neuro- 3Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, cognition and MetS among diverse Hispanics/Latinos (N = 9,136; aged 45–74 years). Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 4Institute for Minority Health Research, College RESULTS of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, MetS status was associated with lower global neurocognition, mental status, verbal Chicago, IL learning and memory, verbal fluency, and executive function. Age significantly 5Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, De- modified the associations between MetS and learning and memory measures.
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rd Annual Meeting of Women in Cognitive Science – Canada Wednesday July 4, 2018, at 3:00 Pm
    CSBBCS & EPS 2018 Meeting July 4-7 2018 St. John’s, NL Table of Contents Welcome ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Statement of Inclusion .............................................................................................................................. 3 General Information ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Hotel Maps ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Pre-Conference Information ......................................................................................................................... 6 Sponsors ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 CSBBCS 2018 Award Information.................................................................................................................. 8 2018 Donald O. Hebb Distinguished Contribution Award Winner ........................................................... 8 2018 CSBBCS Vincent Di Lollo Early Career Award Winner .................................................................... 10 2017 CSBBCS/CPA CJEP Best Article Award Winner ............................................................................... 11 2018 Richard Tees Distinguished
    [Show full text]
  • Neurocognition of Major-Minor and Consonance-Dissonance
    Processing Major-Minor and Consonance-Dissonance 387 NEUROCOGNITION OF MAJOR-MINOR AND CONSONANCE-DISSONANCE PAULA VIRTALA &MARI TERVANIEMI even widened to infancy, and behavioral and brain stud- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ies have demonstrated many music-related auditory skills during the first months of life (Hannon, & Trainor MAJOR-MINOR AND CONSONANCE-DISSONANCE ARE 2007; Trainor & Corrigall, 2010; Trehub, 2010). Infants two profound elements of Western tonal music, and with limited exposure to music of their culture offer an have strong affective connotations for Western listeners. opportunity to study the earliest skills for music proces- This review summarizes recent evidence on the neu- sing, serving as candidates for innate universal abilities rocognitive basis of major-minor and consonance- which all music cultures build on. dissonance by presenting studies on their processing According to present understanding, the develop- and how it is affected by maturation, musical encul- ment of music processing is based on, first, early audi- turation, and music training. Based on recent findings tory skills that serve as building blocks for music in the field, it is proposed that both classifications, processing, and second, the process of musical encul- particularly consonance-dissonance, have partly turation that leads to facilitated processing of music of innate, biologically hard-wired properties. These prop- one’s own culture due to exposure without explicit erties can make them discriminable even for newborn training (Hannon & Trainor, 2007). This development infants and individuals living outside the Western is modified by several individual factors such as musical music culture and, to a small extent, reflect their affec- aptitude, cognitive abilities, and motivation, extending tive connotations in Western music.
    [Show full text]
  • Dopamine Modulation of Learning and Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex: Insights from Studies in Primates, Rodents, and Birds
    Dopamine modulation of learning and memory in the prefrontal cortex: insights from studies in primates, rodents, and birds The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Puig, M. Victoria, Jonas Rose, Robert Schmidt, and Nadja Freund. “Dopamine Modulation of Learning and Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex: Insights from Studies in Primates, Rodents, and Birds.” Front. Neural Circuits. 8 (August 5, 2014). As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2014.00093 Publisher Frontiers Research Foundation Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90936 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ REVIEW ARTICLE published: 05 August 2014 doi: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00093 Dopamine modulation of learning and memory in the prefrontal cortex: insights from studies in primates, rodents, and birds M. Victoria Puig 1*, Jonas Rose 1,2 *, Robert Schmidt 3 and Nadja Freund 4 1 The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA 2 Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen,Tübingen, Germany 3 BrainLinks-BrainTools, Department of Biology, Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen,Tübingen, Germany Edited by: In this review, we provide a brief overview over the current knowledge about the role of Guillermo Gonzalez-Burgos, dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex during learning and memory. We discuss University of Pittsburgh, USA work in humans, monkeys, rats, and birds in order to provide a basis for comparison Reviewed by: across species that might help identify crucial features and constraints of the dopaminergic Onur Gunturkun, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany system in executive function.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Neurocognition Crucial in STEM Education in the Present Scenario? S.Amutha* Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli *Corresponding Author: S
    2020 Review Article Journal of Cognitive Neuropsychology Vol.4 No.2 Is Neurocognition Crucial in STEM Education in the Present Scenario? S.Amutha* Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli *Corresponding author: S. Amutha, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, E-mail: [email protected] Tel No: +91 9443145648 1. Abstract Countries around the globe moving away from traditional rote and regurgitation learning to experiential learning. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics are the subjects interlinked with each other. Most of the countries in the world prefer to adopt STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education because it infuses every part of our lives. Without Science and Technology our survival in this globe is questioned. Technology is constantly escalating into every aspect of our lives. Engineering is the basic subject for designing the houses, machineries, construction etc. Basically everyone need Mathematics in every occupation and every activity of lives. STEM based curriculum comprise of hands-on and minds-on activities for the student. By divulging students to explore STEM-related concepts, they will develop a passion towards it. Nevertheless of voluminous initiatives by all the countries, are on the way to impart STEM education to students due to their difference in perception, knowledge and memory. Neurocognition is the process which activates the cognitive process. Depending on the needs of the individual Neurocognitive strategies will restructure or modify their thought, feelings, perceptions and emotions. This article addresses the theoretical back drop of Neurocognition in education and how the issues related to educational performance can be solved with the help of Neurocognitive practice. 2. Keywords: Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, (STEM) Brain, Neurocognition 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurocognition in Psychometrically Defined College Schizotypy Samples: We Are NOT Measuring the ''Right Stuff''
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2013), 19, 1–14. Copyright E INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2013. doi:10.1017/S135561771200152X 1 Neurocognition in Psychometrically Defined College 2 Schizotypy Samples: We Are NOT Measuring the 3 ‘‘Right Stuff’’ 4 Charlotte A. Chun, Kyle S. Minor, AND Alex S. Cohen 5 Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 6 (RECEIVED November 11, 2011; FINAL REVISION October 4, 2012; ACCEPTED October 4, 2012) 7 Abstract 8 Although neurocognitive deficits are an integral characteristic of schizophrenia, there is inconclusive evidence as to 9 whether they manifest across the schizophrenia-spectrum. We conducted two studies and a meta-analysis comparing 10 neurocognitive functioning between psychometrically defined schizotypy and control groups recruited from a college 11 population. Study One compared groups on measures of specific and global neurocognition, and subjective and objective 12 quality of life. Study Two examined working memory and subjective cognitive complaints. Across both studies, the 13 schizotypy group showed notably decreased subjective (d 5 1.52) and objective (d 5 1.02) quality of life and greater 14 subjective cognitive complaints (d 5 1.88); however, neurocognition was normal across all measures (d’s , .35). Our 15 meta-analysis of 33 studies examining neurocognition in at-risk college students revealed between-group differences in 16 the negligible effect size range for most domains. The schizotypy group demonstrated deficits of a small effect size for 17 working memory and set-shifting abilities. Although at-risk individuals report relatively profound neurocognitive deficits 18 and impoverished quality of life, neurocognitive functioning assessed behaviorally is largely intact.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurocognitive and Social Cognitive Correlates of Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia Patients
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Staff Publications U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 2006 Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia patients Kenneth L. Subotnik University of California - Los Angeles, [email protected] Keith H. Nuechterlein University of California - Los Angeles, [email protected] Michael F. Green University of California - Los Angeles William P. Horan University of California - Los Angeles, [email protected] Tasha M. Nienow University of California - Los Angeles See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/veterans Subotnik, Kenneth L.; Nuechterlein, Keith H.; Green, Michael F.; Horan, William P.; Nienow, Tasha M.; Ventura, Joseph; and Nguyen, Annie T., "Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia patients" (2006). U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Staff Publications. 76. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/veterans/76 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Kenneth L. Subotnik, Keith H. Nuechterlein, Michael F. Green, William P. Horan, Tasha M. Nienow, Joseph Ventura, and Annie T. Nguyen This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ veterans/76 Schizophrenia Research 85 (2006) 84–95 www.elsevier.com/locate/schres Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia patients Kenneth L.
    [Show full text]
  • Computerized Neurocognitive Scanning: II
    Computerized Neurocognitive Scanning: II. The Profile of Schizophrenia Ruben C. Gur, Ph.D., J. Daniel Ragland, Ph.D., Paul J. Moberg, Ph.D., Warren B. Bilker, Ph.D., Christian Kohler, M.D., Steven J. Siegel, M.D., Ph.D., and Raquel E. Gur, M.D., Ph.D. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is well established neurocognitive scan and clinical variables, including with neuropsychological batteries, which have assessed premorbid adjustment, onset age, illness duration, quality multiple domains indicating diffuse deficits especially in of life, and severity of negative symptoms. These processing related to frontotemporal systems. Two studies correlations were higher and more prevalent in women than are reported examining the feasibility of the computerized men, who showed correlations predominantly for speed neurocognitive scan to assess differential deficits in rather than accuracy. Neuroleptic exposure was associated schizophrenia. In Study 1, we tested 53 patients and 71 with poorer performance only for speed of memory controls with the traditional and computerized assessments processing, and in men, this association was seen only for counterbalanced in order. Both showed comparable typical neuroleptics. We conclude that the computerized generalized impairment in schizophrenia with differential neurocognitive scan can be applied reliably in people with deficits in executive functions and memory. The profile was schizophrenia, yielding data that support its construct and replicated in Study 2 in a new sample of 68 patients and 37 criterion validity. controls, receiving only the computerized scan. The [Neuropsychopharmacology 25:777–788, 2001] combined sample showed robust correlations between © 2001 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. performance on both speed and accuracy measures of the Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Functions of Sleep
    Vo l u me 2, Issue 3, 155–171. DOI:10.3934/Neuroscience.2015.3.155 Received date 3 May 2015, Accepted date 12 August 2015, Published date 24 August 2015 http://www.aimspress.com/ Review The Functions of Sleep Samson Z Assefa 1, *, Montserrat Diaz-Abad 1, Emerson M Wickwire 1, and Steven M Scharf 1 1 Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 * Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: 410-706-4771; Fax: 410-706-0345 Abstract: Sleep is a ubiquitous component of animal life including birds and mammals. The exact function of sleep has been one of the mysteries of biology. A considerable number of theories have been put forward to explain the reason(s) for the necessity of sleep. To date, while a great deal is known about what happens when animals sleep, there is no definitive comprehensive explanation as to the reason that sleep is an inevitable part of animal functioning. It is well known that sleep is a homeostatically regulated body process, and that prolonged sleep deprivation is fatal in animals. In this paper, we present some of the theories as to the functions of sleep and provide a review of some hypotheses as to the overall physiologic function of sleep. To better understand the purpose for sleeping, we review the effects of sleep deprivation on physical, neurocognitive and psychic function. A better understanding of the purpose for sleeping will be a great advance in our understanding of the nature of the animal kingdom, including our own.
    [Show full text]
  • IGNITE): Protocol T ⁎ Kirk I
    Contemporary Clinical Trials 85 (2019) 105832 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contemporary Clinical Trials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conclintrial Investigating Gains in Neurocognition in an Intervention Trial of Exercise (IGNITE): Protocol T ⁎ Kirk I. Ericksona,b, , George A. Grovea,Jeffrey M. Burnsc, Charles H. Hillmand,e, Arthur F. Kramerd,f, Edward McAuleyg, Eric D. Vidonic, James T. Beckera,h,i, Meryl A. Buttersh, Katerina Graya, Haiqing Huanga, John M. Jakicicj, M. Ilyas Kambohk, Chaeryon Kangl, William E. Klunkh, Phil Leem, Anna L. Marslanda, Joseph Mettenburgn, Renee J. Rogersj, Chelsea M. Stillmana, Bradley P. Suttonf, Amanda Szabo-Reedo, Timothy D. Verstynenp, Jennifer C. Watta, Andrea M. Weinsteinh, Mariegold E. Wollama a Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA. b Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Australia c Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, USA d Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA e Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, USA f Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA g Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA h Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA i Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, USA j Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, USA
    [Show full text]
  • Freeman’S Review
    Karl Pribram’s Book 1 Walter Freeman’s Review BOOK REVIEW Title: The Form Within: My Point of View Author: Karl H Pribram MD Publisher: Westport CT: Prospecta Press ISBN: 978-1935212-80-5 Date: 2013 Reviewer: Walter J Freeman MD Dept of Molecular & Cell Biology University of California at Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA Phone 1-510-642-4220 [email protected] Length: 1,997 words, 4 pages 22 March 2014 Cognitive neuroscience is in disarray. The neural mechanisms of locomotion, navigation, and manipulation of objects are well in hand, as witnessed by advances in information technology, robotics and space exploration. What we lack is an understanding of the mechanisms of mind. The urgency of perceived need is attested by the massive funding allocated for brain research in programs in Europe, North America and Asia. The programs are modeled on the Manhattan Project and the Human Genome Project, despite the difference that while the theories of nuclear fission and of the double helix were well enough developed to support large-scale engineering applications, in contrast, neuroscientists cannot tell us how minds work. For examples, we do not understand how brains make and use symbols, or how natural languages work, or how to solve the framing problem, or how to illuminate the mysteries of consciousness. At best we can enhance our existing techniques to increase our rates of data collection and facilitate our large-scale storage and retrieval by data mining for analysis using existing theory. Karl Pribram believes there is a better way than megaprojects to learn how minds work.
    [Show full text]