MEDICINAL PROPERTIES of CALOTRPOIS GIGANTEA 1*Chakre M.B., 2Katare M

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF CALOTRPOIS GIGANTEA 1*Chakre M.B., 2Katare M. M., 3Gaikwad P.N.,4 Medpalli K.J., 5Birru S.B. Assistant Professor Walchand Centre For Biotechnology Walchand College Of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra, India. Abstract: Calotropis gigantea (Crown flower) commonly called as ‘Madar’ is a milkweed available in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The plant is belonging to Apocynaceae family which includes latex bearing plant. It is an important medicinal plant and widely used in Ayurveda for management of various health hazards. Current study is aimed at the identification of the phytoconstituents present in the plant. It was observed that the plant mainly contains phenolics, terpenoids and flavonoids. The plant also showed antimicrobial activities. The presence of flavonoids in the plant was further evaluated for photoprotective activity. It was observed that the methanolic extract of leaves show effective absorption of ultraviolet light at 200 nm to 400 nm by using UV visible spectrophotometer. This could be helpful for the formulation of anti UV dermatological applications.

Keywords: Calotropis gaigantea, Anti UV, Flavonoids.

I. INTRODUCTION Calotropis is a genus first described in 1810. They are flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It is native to southern Asia and North Africa. The plant produces the latex so they are commonly known as milkweeds. The Botanical name of plant Calotropis gigantea is known by different names in English ‘Crown flower’, in Hindi ‘Arka’, in Sanskrit ‘Madar’, ‘Ganarupa’, ‘Vasuka’, ‘Svetapushp’ etc. In India it has other names ‘Ekka’ in Kannada, ‘Erukku’ in Tamil and Malayalam , ‘Jilledi Puvvu’ in Telugu, ‘Rui’ in Mrathi. In different parts of the world it is also known by different vernacular names like, French cotton, Alarka, Rooster tree, Widuri. The genus Calotropis is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa (The Wealth of India, 1959). Classification: Kingdom - Plantae Division - Magnoliophyta Class - Magnoliopsida Order - Gentianales Family - Apocynaceae Sub-family - Asclepiadoideae Genus - Calotropis Species - Calotropis gigantean

IJRAR1AFP027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 175

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) Botanical description: In Ayurvedic medicine the plant Calotropis gigantea is known as “SwetaArka”,it is erect, tall, large, much branched perennial shrub or small tree. Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera are the two common species in the genus Calotropis. C. gigantea grows to a height of 2.4 to 3.0 m while C. procera grows to about 0.91m to 1.83 m. The leaves of these plants are sessile and sub-sessile, opposite, ovate, cordate at the base. The flowers of C. procera are about 3.8 to 5.1 cm in size, with umbellate lateral cymes and are colored white and are fragrant while the flowers of Calotropis gigantea are without any fragrance and are purple colored. The seeds are compressed, ovoid, with a tufted micropylar coma of long silky hair. Calotropis gigantea grows in dry uncultivated open waste land and even roadsides and railways, up to 1000 m altitude. It grows on a variety of soils and usually with a periodic dry period. Pollination is carried out by bees (Entomophily). The gynocieum is formed by the fusion of stigmas and androeciums. The pollens are enclosed in pollinia. The pollinia are attached to an adhesive glandular disc at the stigmatic angle. When a bee lands on one of these, the disc adheres to its legs, and the pollinium is detached from the flower when the bee flies away. When the bee lands on other flower, the flower is pollinated by the adhering pollinium on the bee.

Figure 1: Calotropis gigantea plant with flowers

Cultural importance The flowers of the plant Calotropis gigantea are offered to the Hindu Lord Shiva,Ganesha,and Hanuman traditionally. Herbal significance Herbal plants are important in our day-to-day life and health. They are being used from ancient times till the present day. Calotropis gigantea is also a plant of herbal importance Calotropis gigantea is known for its utilization in traditional medicinal system due to the various properties that cure a variety of diseases. Herbal medicines have less side effects and are easily available in nature. The molecular agents that prevent the oxidation of other molecules by stopping the transfer of electrons or hydrogen are known as the antioxidants. Antioxidants can protect the human body from free radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species. Oxidative damages caused by free radicals to living cellsleads to the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, cancers, aging, cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, cataract, inflammatory, and other degenerative ailments (Chaudiere and Ferrari-Iliou, 1999). Medicinal plants contain many antioxidants such as vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, enzymes and minerals.

IJRAR1AFP027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 176

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) Natural antioxidents are safer and also possess anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimutagenic and anti-tumour properties. Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins are the most commonly found polyphenolic compounds in plant extracts.The presence of many phytochemicals such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, terpeneshave been isolated in different parts of C. gigantea especially in the leaves. It has different medicinal properties. Different parts of this plant have ability to cure various diseases and disorders like asthma, cold, epilepsy, fever, indigestion, leprosy, piles, skin diseases etc., and exhibiting activities that are anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, anticancer and antitumor; as observed in various polyherbal preparations. It is necessary to study various pharmacological actions and medicinal applications. So, in order to understand them, there is a need to scientifically evaluate them at molecular and biochemical level. Calotropis occupies special importance in India because of its large industrial uses and economic values. Different parts of this plant are used for many purposes. The uses are-  Biogas production  To substitute for petroleum products  Cleansing of water  Energy plantation  Fibers, fodder, latex or rubber,etc.

II.Materials and Methods Collection and identification of plant material : The plant Calotropis gigantea was collected from a wasteland near Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur district of Maharashtra, India, in July 2018. Sample was identified the by using standard description data. Botanical identification was confirmed at the department of Botany at Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur. Antimicrobial activity 1. The leaves of plants were washed to remove the dust particles. Mid-ridge of leaves are removed and cut it into small pieces. 2. 5 gram of leaves were crushed in mortal and pestal by addition of 5ml solvents i.e. distilled water and ethanol. The extract obtained was filtered. 3. The suspension of test organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp.) was spread on different sterile nutrient agar plates. 4. The wells were made by using gel punch. The extract was added in the wells. 5. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hrs. 6. The plates were observed for zone of inhibition.

Phytochemical Activity 1. The plant leaves and flowers were crushed in various solvents such as of ethanol, methanol and distilled water. The plant extract is filtered. 2. The filtrate is used for testing of phytochemical activity such as alkaloids, phenols, steroids, flavonoids, and saponins.

IJRAR1AFP027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 177

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) a) Alkaloids 500 µl leaf extract was treated with 5 ml of aqueous 1% HCl on boiling water bath for 20 minutes then this solution centrifuged for 10 minute at 3000 rpm after centrifugation. 1 ml of supernatant was taken and then the Wagner’s reagent (2 gm of Iodine and 6 gm of KI dissolved in 100 ml of water ) was added. b) Flavonoids 500 µl leaf extract was heated at 80ºC to 90º C with10 ml of ethyl acetate in water bath for 3 min. Filter the sample. 4 ml filtrate was taken with 1 ml dilute ammonia solution and few drops of concentrated H2SO4. c) Phenol 500 µl leaf extract was taken in 2 ml of distilled water. Boiled it on water bath (100OC) for 1 min and filter the solution. In filtrate add 10% ferric solution was added. d) Saponin 500 µl of leaf extract was boiled in 5 ml of distilled water, filter the sample. 2.5 ml filtrate was added in 1.5 ml of distilled water and shake vigorously. e) Terpenoids 2 ml of leaf extract was treated with 1 ml of 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNP) dissolved in 100 ml of 2 M HCl. f) Anthraquinone 500 µl leaf extract was shaken with 10 ml of benzene and filtered. In filterate 5 ml of 10% ammonia solution was added and mixed. g) Tannins :

500 µl leaf extract was boiled with 10 ml of distilled water and filtered. In filterate 1 M Fecl3 was added. Anti UV activity : 1) The plant leaves were dried and powder was obtained. 2) The 0.5 g of leaves powder was added into the 10 ml various solvents. [Methanol, Water, Water:methanol (2:5)] The mixture was allowed to react overnight then filtered. 3) The UV absorbance spectrum of the extract was observed in the range of 200nm to 400nm using UV- Visible spectrophotometer. III.Results Antimicrobial activity Test organism D/W extract Ethanolic extract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sensitive Sensitive E.coli Sensitive Sensitive Klebsiella spp. Resistant Resistant Bacillus subtilis Sensitive Sensitive Staphylococcus aeruginosa Sensitive Sensitive Salmonella spp. Resistant Resistant

IJRAR1AFP027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 178

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) Phytochemical Activity Components Leaf (D/W) Leaf (Methanol) Flower (D/W) Flower (Methanol) Flavonoids + + - - Alkaloids + + + + Phenol + + - - Anthroquinone + - - - Saponins - - - - Tannins - - - - Terpenods + + + +

( ‘+’ indicates presence, ‘-‘ indicates absence)

Anti UV activity

IJRAR1AFP027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 179

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IV.Discussion The aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves of C. gigantea show effective toxicity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus. This indicates that the plant extracts can be used for the formulation of medicines used for treatment of diseases. The results of phytochemicals indicates that in C. gigantea leaf extract contains significant amount of flavonoid, alkaloids , anthraquinone and in flower extract contain significant amount of terpenoids, alkaloids. These are the components are mainly found in leaves and flower. These are the coloured pigments are found in leaves and flowers of C. gigantea . It protects the photosensitive substance in leaves and flowers reveal a key role in defence mechanism of plant. Absorption of UV radiations is main characteristics for identification of flavonoid in plant. All the extracts of leaves of C. gigantea showed moderate absorption of UV light at 290nm to 350 nm. The maximum absorption was observed at range of 360nm to 400nm. The ability of plant extract to efficiently absorb UV light can be utilized for the formulation of various dermatological applications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authours are thankful to the Botanical Gradan, Walchand college Solapur for making the plant samples available, thankfull to all the professors of walchand center for biotechonology, walchand college of arts and science, for their guidance.

REFERENCES 1. G. Kumar, L. Karthik, Kokati V.B. Rao, (2010), Antimicrobial activity of Latex of Calotropis gigantea against pathogenic microorganisms -An in vitro study, 3, 155-163. 2.G. Kumar, L. Karthik, Kokati V.B. Rao, (2010), Antibacterial activity of Aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea leaves-An In Vitro study, International Journal of pharmaceutical Science Review and Research, 4(2), 141-144. 3. G. Kumar, L. Karthik and Kokati V. B. Rao, Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea leaves - An in vitro study, international journal of Pharmaceutical science review and research, 4(2). 4. G. Kumar, L. Karthik & Kokati V. B. Rao, (2011) A Review on Pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Calotropis gigantea, Linn, pharmacologyonline 1: 1-8. 5. Gharge V.G.and Yadav A., (2018) Study of methanolic extract of leaves Calotropis gigantea ( L.) As an Anti- solar Advances in complementary and Alternative Medicine 1(3).

IJRAR1AFP027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 180

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 23481269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) 6. K. Chegu, K. Mounik, M. Rajeswari, N. Vanibala, P. Sujatha, P. Sridurga and D. R. Brahma Reddy, (2018), In vitro study of the anticoagulant activity of some plant extracts, World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical science, 7(5), 904-913. 7. M. Dutta, S. Raj, S.Jamal, S.Dad and S.Chatterjee (2014), Study of Phytochemical constitutes and antibacterial activity of Calotropis gigantea, International Science journal 1(4), 2348-6058. 8. M. David, Ravuru B.K., M.Bhavani, (2013) experimental Studies on active metabolites of Calotropis gigantea for evaluation of possible Antifungal properties, International Research Journal of Pharmacy , 4 (5), 250- 254. 9. M. Sharma, S. Tandon, U. A. Nayak , D. Kappadi, A. S. Rathore , A. Goyal (2017) , Calotropis gigantea extracts as a potential anticariogcnic agent against Streptococcus mutans; An in vivo comparative evaluation, journal of conservation Dentistry, 20 (3), 174- 179. 10. N. R. Rathod, H. R.Chihne, R.Irchnaiya, R. Chandra ( 2011) Hypoglycemic Effect of Calotropis gigantea. Linn. Leaves and flowers in streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats, 26 (2), 104- 108. 11. N. Nalwaya, G. Pokharna, Lokeshdeb and N. K. Jain, Wound healing (2009) activity of Latex of Calotropis gigantea, International journal of Pharmacy and pharmaceutical science, 1 (1), 176- 181. 12. P. Seth, (2014) Morphological, Microscopical, physico-chemical and Antimicrobial investigations on leaves of Calotropis gigantea Linn. International journal Research Ayurveda pharm, 5 (2), 193-197. 13. P. Kori & P.Alawa (2014) Antimicrobial activity & phytochemical analysis of Calotropis gigantea root, latex extracts, IOSR journal of pharmacy 4 (6), 07- 11. 14. R. Ramasubramania Raja, N. Kishore, M. Sreenivasulu, S. K. Rasool Bee , S. Nandini , Looha and N Chaitanya (2016) Calotropis gigantea - Botanical Pharmacological View , Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 4 (2), 87- 89. 15. Raut G. Ravi, Dubey H., Tenpe R. C., Yeole G. P. and Patole M Angad, (2011), Cytotoxic activity of Ethanolic root extract of Calotropis gigantea Linn, International journal of drug development and research, 3(4), 101-108. 16. S. Sarkar, R. Chakarvarty, A. Ghosh, (2014), Calotropis gigantea Linn - A complete Busket of India Traditional Medicine, International journal of pharmacy Research and Science 02 (1), 7-17. 17. S. Verma, M. Srivastava,Shahjahan, R. K.Varma & P. Yadav (2017) Calotropis gigantea (L) Root ; pharmacognostic evaluation, International journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical Research, 9 (1) 37- 48. 18. S. Singh, S. Singh, A. Singh, (2013), phytochemical investigation of different plant parts of Calotropis gigantea, International journal of Scientific and Research publication, 3(9), 1-3. 19. Tanuj Kanchan MD; Alok Atreya M.D., (2016), Calotropis gigantea, wilderness and environmental medicine 27, 350-351. 20. V. V. Patil, S. B. Patil, M.S. Kondawar, N. S. Naikwade and C. S. Magdum, Study of methanolic extract of flower of Spathodea campanulata L. as an anti-solar, International journal of Green pharmacy, 248-249.

IJRAR1AFP027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 181