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from c. proceraand .consrsrsof aboutfour species';howerer,. apa.rt consideredtrat the genus arep oorly known' naturalised in thetropics ' the other species C. gi gantea wri'ich Newidely cultiv atej or

Materials & Methods

andQRS atAD, BRI,.ANB, DNA,JcT, NE,PERTTI ThiS accolrnt iS based on herbanum holdings Australiadudng 1988-1990' -a?i"ro *ir""ri"* madein northem

Taxonomic Treatment

(1811)lWight'Contrib Bot 28(1810); Mem'Wem'Nat Hi-st' Soc' 1:39 CalotropisR.Br-,O\Asclepiad' Madras2:834 (1923);HuberinAbevw ' rndia5i(1834);J.D.nook,n'e'it ;diui' iiirsasl'cu-ur"'n Rev.Handb. Fl. Cevlon1(1):35 (1973)'

procera(Ait')Ait'f') Type: Asclepiasprocera Ait'(= Calotropis densewhite trees'latex white' Young foliage witlr Erect,woody, perennial shrubs to small Leavesopposite, somewhatfleshy. cal'x Maturefoliage wi r it i"t gluu** ** ""u"r. indumentum. for aboutiwo-thirds of length Staminal Corotla5-toueo; ioi""uJuut" i" U"a' tee deeolvS.lobed. sn"'r'vll"-Jrv '"-P:'":1,]11':.fi:i"$Ji5::L:""]ffii:i"ffi; "o,i,,u*her", comprising aunclcs' arecurved vescicle: aoicallv with a patrol i*grh, U"tlf v *itn pollinia;pollinia pendulous' i"*ii'Jipitnougt' rottiotia with 2 column;anthers with -"to'-oo' notgeniculate' moutl'i"o'po'culo* ovate;caudicles unwinged' ellipsoid,lackingapellucid germrnating producing iuoio' innut"o with air sacaround sced Stfle-headconical. carpelsth;;:;;il;;; micropylarend ,"gion. St"a* nut "ned,ovate; comose at Asia' naturallyin northemAftica' Arabiaand tropical Distribution.Three or four speciesoccurring topical regtons' *irrr i*o tp".i"t *idely naturalisedin other

Australia' K€y to speciesof Calotropis in

cm diameter;sepals 7-8 mm long 1a.Corolla2.3-2.5 C. gigantea mm tong ' ...... 2. 1b.Corolla3-5.5 cm diameter;sepals 3-4 Ait., Hofi.Kew. Kew.ed 2, 2: 78 ( I}||)i ASC.lepiaSprocerd 1. Calotropisprocera (Ait') Ait. f., Hort. (1768) Uotanicorumiconibus part 3: t'69 [as 1: 305(1789). Lectorype: NJ ' Iacqnt' ilot"*t"*"- G'Edinb 3 8: 2e0 (1e80) Lii ii i' i ir* *l,lie Ali,Notes R'B in (1gg0)of which oniy subsp.procera is naturalised Two subspecieswere recognised by Ati Australia. glabrous; to 1cmdiam€ter onJ.oliage bearing parts' erectshrub t' 2 5m. Stemscylindrical'up Woody Leaveselliptic'up to 18 cm long and' crntong' tim u g'"y-greenpruinose bloom' intemodesup to 6 of mid:ibplom-:l|l; iiJ* *itil o*ujo' '"tondaryveinsper side 15cm wide; abovevenation obscure; nectanes petiole3-4 mm long,4-5 mm wide: extralloral tiDacute to rounded,uur" "orour",ouii"urate; '(rzrs FqceIIv) rc^\ouJo^\el^epls- J uumlm Ie!ruIeF puepuoroc pr+uslsJo ^,\ehaps - c ? (l uunloc pffiueF 3ul^{oqspe^ouorellorotJo lledqll \ra^louJo^{eI eprs-J ralfouJo^rer pcrde-grygqcuerqSrrue,noulo1l,qet4-VtatupStS J- J-Z'tlamrdsrdoqolpJ- C-V I emSrC

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EIIBISnVUTsrdort lrJ'reNrol Id 204 Nu)'tsiaVoL 8,No. 2 (1992)

20-27 at lamira base.C1,rne up to 10cm long with 1-12 fascicles;bracts lanceolate, 8-13 rnm long, 3.5-6 mm wide, glabrousor with scatteredto sparseindumentum, tip shortly acuminate;peduncle up to 3.5 cm long,2-7 mm diameter,glabrous, or with scatteredto sparseindumentum and with a grey-green pruinosebloom. Flowe$ campanulate,13-20 mm long,23-25mm diameter,with a slightly sweetscent; pedicels15-27 mm long, 1-2.5mm diameter,crearn, glabrous or with scatteredto sparseindumentum. Sepalsovate, 7-8 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, cream,glabrous, base of eachsinus with 3-9 glards. Corolla tubecrea-rn, c.5 mmlong, 10-11mmdiameter;lobes lanceolate-ovate,9-10mmlong,9-10mmwide, cream with purpletipsintemally, creamextemally. Staminalcorona4-5 mm long,9-l0mm diameter;eachlobe c. 6 mm long, c. 1 mm wide at middle and4 mm wide at outeredges, edges purple, cream nextto staminal column. Staminalcolumn c. 9 mm long ard 5 mm diameter,cream; anthcr appcndages truncate-obtuse, c.3 mm long and3.5mmwide ; alarfissure0.75-1mmlong, Style-headc.5 mm diameter,cream, extcnding 1 mm aboveanthers. Carpcls c. 6 mm long ard 3 mm wide. Pollinarium 2-2.1mm long, 0.9-1mm wide; polliniaoblong, 1.35-1.45 mm long,0.55-0.6mm wide;corpusculum oblong,0.45 mm long,0.1-0.15mm wide, with a wing oflissue aroundedges that is a continuationofthe caudicletissue; caudicles 0.35-0.4 mm long,0.05mmwide. Folliclet0-12 cmlong,6-7 cmwide. Seed 8-8.5 mm long,c.5 mm wide;coma 25-28mm long, white. Figure 1A-D.

Selectedspecimenr exazined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Kununura Racetrack,15" 49'S, 128'45'E, P.1.Forsler 5906(BRI,DNA,PERTH);OneArmPoint,NEDampierland, l6'26'S, 123" 05'E,B.J.Carter 90 (?ERTH); 60.4kmN of Halls Ck onroadto Turkey Ck, 17o47'5,I27o 48'E,T.E. Aplin, R. Craffield & J. Wheeler 346 (PERTI{). NORTHERNTERRITORY:Peron Is, 13011'S, 130"03'E, ?.S.llerslal/ 812 (DNA); InjinBeach,Port Keats,l4'13'S, 129"26'E,G.Wightman572&C.Dunlop (DNA);5 kmWof Kathedneon the Victoria Hwy, 14'28'S, 132' 13'E',N.-F.Norir 857(DNA);Mouth ofKeepRiver, 14" 59'S, 129" 11'8.,LRussell- Smithi558 &D. Luca.r(DNA); IvanhoePlain,Ord River lnigation area,150 33'S,128" 49'8, M. Rankin 2948 (DNA); 8 km N ofRosewood Stn tumoff, DuncanHwy, 16023'S, 129003'8, P.l. Forster 5911 (BRI,DNA);MiddleCk, VictoriaRiver Downs, 16023'S, 131' 14'E,J.Must 15'7'l(CANB,DNA);21km pastTop Springson BucharanHwy to Timber Ck, 16027'S, l3lo 39'E, P.l.Fotstdr 5899 (BRI,DNA); 85 km alongBuchanan Hwy on way to Top Springs,160 46'S, I32o 40'E,P.l. Forster 5896(BRI,DNA); c.2l kmNofYuendumu,22'09'S, 131"49'E,P.K Iatz 8806(DNA); SimpsonGapNP.,23042'S,133o 48'E, Pl(.Iat28565 (DNA). QUEENSLAND: Chillagoe,S.T. Bld,te 14737(BRI); 10 km from Dimbulah on Petfordroad, 17ol0'S, 1450ffi'E,B. Hyland8468(BRI,QRS);roadside outsideKarumba, 170 28'S, 140050'E,V.J.Neldner2445 &7.D. Stanley(BRI);40 Mile Scrub,c.5 kmN of thejunction of KenncdyHwy ard Gulf Development road, 18007'S,1440 49'E,I.R.Clarkson2529 &N.B.Byrnes (BRI);38 km fiom GeorgetownonCroydon road, 18" 16'S,143" Iz'E,P.l. Forster3841(BRI); l kmE ofGeorgetown,180 17'S, 143o34'E,P.l. Forster 3820 (BRD; Boiler Ck, 10 km pastGreenvale on GregoryDevelopmental road to The L1,nd,18' 58'S, 144054'E,P.I. Forster3788 (BRI); 55km from MtIsa on Cloncurryroad,20o48'S,139' 59'E,P.1.Forster 6135 (BRI,DNA); 106 km from Mt Isa on Cloncuny road, nea.rDuchess tumoff, 20o 44'5, l40o 27'E, P.l.F orsr er 6136(BRI,DNA). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: BesideStuart Hwy, c. 70 km S of Marla, N.G.Walsh 17i3 (AD,DNA).

Distribution. C. procera is wrdely distributedin northemtropical Australia,but is alsonaturalised in a few scatteredlocalities in inland centlal Australia. Map 1.

Hdbitat. Plants aJemost commonly encounteredon roadsides,however very large infestationsmay occuron black soil plainssuch as thosc on Victoria River Downs in the Northem Teffitory or on coastal dune systemsin the south-easternGulf of Carpentaria. ---..-r

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902 PIPJFnVlrI srdo4olrJ'reNroC I d 206 Nulsia Vol 8,No.2 (1992)

Woody, erectshrub to 4 m. Stemscylindrical, up to 6 cm diameteronfoliage beadngparts, glabrous; intemodesup to 5 cm long, with glaucouswhite bloom. Leavespetiolate; larnina elliptic to oblong,up to 10 cm long and 8 cm wide, coriaceous,somewhat fleshy, glabrous;above venation obscure;below witl6 or7 secondaryveins per sideof middbprominent;tip acuteto rounded;basecordateto awiculate; sessileor with petiole0.2-0.7 mm long,c.0.2 mm wide; extrafloral nectaries 19-20 atlaminabase. Cyme upto l0cm long with 1-3fasciclesofflowers;bracts lanceolate,6-7mrnlong,2-3 mmwide, with scattercd indumentum,tip acute;peduncle up to 3.2 cm long, 2-4 mm diameter,waxy glaucousor with scattered indumentum.Flower campamrl ate, Z-25 mm long,30-55mm dianeter;pedicels2.5-4cmlong, 1-2.3mm diameter,with scatteredindumentum, Sepals lanceolate-ovatetoovate,5-7 rnm long, c.4nrmwide, ciliate, baseofeach sinus lacking extralloral nectaries. Corcllatube 5-6 mm long, 14-15 mm diameter,glabrous; lobesovate,fleshy, 15-17mmlong, 10-l1mmwide, glabrous,tipsacute. Staminalcorona 11-12mm long, 14-15mm diameter,consisting of 5 lobesfused for entirelength to starninalcolumn; eachlobe broadly fla.nged,11-12 mm long, 6-6.5 mm wide, with the baseelongated into an uptumedhook c. 5 mm long. Starninalcolumn 14-15mm long,4.6-5 mm diameter;anther appendages truncate, c.0.5 mm long ald 2 mm wide; alarfissurec. 1.3mm 1ong.Style-headc.2mmdiametcr. Calpels 9-10 mmlong,2-2.1mm wide. Pollinariumc.2.5 mm long and2.5 mm wide;pollinia oblong, 1.6-1.7 mm long,0.6-0.65 mm wide; corpusculumc.0.6 mm longand0.32mm wide;caudicles c.0.3 mm longand 0.1mmwide. FollicleT-10 cm long and2.5-4 cm wide, g!abrous.Sceds 8-9mm long,5.5-6mm wide; coma20-25 mm long, white. Figure 1E-F.

Specimensexamined. SRI LANKA, EASTERN PROVINCE: TrincomaleeDistr., beachjust S of ElizabethPoint G. Davidse 7533 (BRI). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Kulo, Papua,Z.L Brcrs 511 (BRI). AUSTRALIA,NORTIIERNTERRITORY:Milingimbi,12'06'S,135'55'E, G. Wg htman'l20 (DN A); NE Arnhemland:Nhulunbuy, 12' 10'S, 136 46'E,G.Wi8htmqn4267 (DNA). QUEENSLAND: DauanIs., Tores Stai t,9o 25'S,142032'E,Sept.1911, M.l'twrte tAQ0040461(BRI); Magnetic Island,Oct. 1957,7.C.Grove lAQ216a35l (BRI); CapePalla.renda, I. .Stqnley80177 (BRI). CULTryATED: Botaric Garden,Rabaul, C.E. Blise 60'1(BRI); Island in Lake, Botanic Gardens,Lae, A.N. Millar GH56 (BRI); Adel's Grove vid Burketown, A. deLestq g [AQ216413] (BRD; South Johnstone,S.T. Blate 15271(BRD:Baker's Shop, Kilcoy,26'5'1'S,l52o 33'E,P.I.Forster5AO, L.H Bird & M.C.Tucker (BRI); Mt Coot-thaBotanicGardens, Brisbane, Apr.1980, P. Foot tAQ4209491(BRI).

Distribution. Native to Sri Lanka, India, China and Malesia. In Australiathe speciesis naturaliscdat a few localities i-n Amhem Lznd, Northem Teffitory ard in Torres Strait. There is one 50 year old collection from southemPapua New Guinea. It is frequently cultivated in tropical areasas a garden plant.

H abitdt. In A,rstalia, plantsh avebeen c ol lected from thev icinity of human habitation in distu$ed areas.

Flowering period. Throughout tle year, but most abundantlyduring the summermonths.

Fruiting period. Generally3-4 monthsafrcr fertilisation.

Notes. C. gigqntea is sparinglynaturalised in Australia and perhapsin Papuasia.U tkeC. procera, C. gigantea does not appearto representa seriousproblem as a woody weed.

"Del" Ethnobotanicaluse. M. Lawrie recordedthe name of beingused for this plant on DauanIsland, whereasWightman & Smith (1989, kecordedincorectly as C.proceral) did not note any namebeing usedat Milinsimbi. Amhem Land. ( eu€qsug'rslulrdlu3ujrr3^o5) ,.puelsuaen0Jospoand,,OZ6 D nAUtosuqolT Hlpuqcsur€p1 'gI oNpudued toqsrsrtnupv,4rol[roJuaquoN'q3uer[selqsnpul,&Euq,{ qsngleqqnu:speeltsnolxoN {/96D HN'lIeH 'ZLt-LW.SE tog\]or{ suoqrecorp,tqtueldJoa::nBese'DroldsrdoqotoJ(I86l) V E'uBurprdt O t^IteurpxE 't6I-98I:Z9I 'Io^fl D,(S'Id I?p.rqr4(eeexuryld'elcsy)Dlaxudsrda4oTrzj;ouoqeurlodcqlloqccilsepcr3opco-oqdrohll9S6D Cl{tl!.no)|lsr-C (uh.\rec'fiollllel uroquoNeqt]ouoFslLuruoJ rrortE^Iosuo)) ,,,&oltueJuroqFoNeqlJo sluBldrplncse^Jo lsJlxteqC,, (t86I) Cpe)U J'dolun{ .8L'ZI:I 'cos 'narssnl;o lsqj'pN!rol!\'urery aeeucodyeqtuorlpep.redas sgeldgorapro pmpue'euepurdelcsy eql uO ( I I8 D U lr,!\org Cuopuo-I'uiorg X) [narssnl;oaeewrodyeqlruor;peleredessNeld]oraproErqeuelopapsldapsver{luo (0I8I) U'u \org .qb tt:teqpq.p{E V rgd(trv)tuan sdo4oP3;osroqqndodcupdur,Curursflrdrcui.{todlaoll(Sr6D S're8er4eqg 'D ( uopuo.l'oJ?a^eaU 8tt-tzt:tlo^,,slsuellellsnverou,,'epeperde[rsv(698I) C'urEtnuefl 'ntz{zz t,lso$O uarotd1|t.1o4otr3psuorppdodcgpdru,Gurursrqtlrcur,(1odmgetmureg {t861) S re8ue,q? T'e}dno'C'elpqdFurv '062-1.82:8€ qqpg C g lsaloN Dlaroistdo$qpCJo sanedsqmeql (086I) IS'[v ('uopualteuSuo-I)'Z'g{',,slsua^le)snFoH,,(II8I) J_ld'uo{V :acled,{o{od,/uorlerurojuluolrnpord &eu+rdlo lualrluedoc'€Itp..usnv]o,{]ollnaluequoN uorcnpordIenCroJqsn8raqqnd(I86t) I'zllntsd' I'laIII''{"(',{env

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