DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Copy 2020 09 29 Rodri

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Copy 2020 09 29 Rodri This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Rodriguez Lopez, Rogelio Title: Identification of stimuli and challenges to improve the environment of captive kea General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Identification of stimuli and challenges to improve the environment of captive kea Rogelio Rodríguez López A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Veterinary School, June 2020. Word count: 67186 1 Abstract Inadequate environments can compromise the well-being of captive animals, at least in part because they may inhibit the expression of behavioural needs. There are several complementary approaches to assessing captive animal well-being, such as “function”, “feelings” and “natural-living” approaches. These rely on specific indicators (e.g. of physical health, fitness, physiology, suffering, expression of natural behaviours, motivation, and affective states) to assess if animals have poor or good well-being. To address the potential shortcomings of captive environments and improve captive animal well-being, additional stimuli, resources, or other behavioural engagement opportunities are often provided as environmental enrichment. Such “enrichment”, however, is commonly provided merely under the assumption that its well-being effects will be positive, with no prior evaluation. In addition, research on captive animal well-being can be biased towards certain enrichment types and certain taxa. This thesis consists of a systematic investigation of stimuli, resources, and challenges to improve the environment of an understudied species of captive psittacine, the kea (Nestor notabilis), with a view to improving its well-being in captivity. Kea are common across European zoos but research on their husbandry conditions and well-being is lacking. Information on other parrot species and on the behaviour of wild kea suggests that their well-being could be compromised in captivity. This thesis therefore starts with a survey of the husbandry and well-being of captive kea distributed to kea- keeping institutions. It finds that behaviours recognised as indicators of poor well-being in other captive psittacines (pacing, feather damaging, and abnormal reproduction) are also present in the kea population. It furthermore shows that enrichment practices have a bias towards foraging interventions. This thesis then investigates a range of environmental stimuli and challenges identified as holding potential for improving captive kea well-being. This covers the effects of sensory stimulation on captive kea behaviour, of foraging interventions to promote foraging behaviours, and identifies preferred manipulations and challenges on the basis that animals have been shown to make choices that positively affect their well-being. Sensory stimulation is found to increase naturalistic behaviours and decrease behaviours associated with poor well-being and is thus interpreted as having a positive effect on kea well-being. Kea are found to contrafreeload, highlighting their motivation to perform a range of foraging strategies. Kea preferred to manipulate membranes when solving a foraging task and choose more often an arm of a T-maze containing a difficult visual discrimination task when an easy task was the alternative. These thesis findings may be used to shape improvements to captive kea well-being by designing motivating engagement opportunities that allow the expression of key behaviours. 2 Dedication and acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of many people. During these five years, I have been fortunate to have had a great supervisory team by my side. First, Andrew Kennedy, who saw something in me that made him believe I would fare well in a wildlife conservation MSc coming from an engineering background. Second, Sue Dow, who was my first guide in the field of zoo research. Third, Suzanne Held, who joined us later during my PhD but had a very impactful role, being responsible for my time playing with and studying Austrian kea. Last, but not least, Mike Mendl, who went from being a masters lecturer with what seemed a very complicated topic at the time (affective state) to a primary supervisor who inspired me to wish I could have performed an affective state experiment with the kea. I would also like to thank Ludwig Huber, Raoul Schwing and Amelia Wein from the Kea Lab. Being accepted as a visiting student gave me invaluable experience in lab-based research. Furthermore, Raoul and Amelia became colleagues and friends who made my stay in Austria even more enriching with amusing discussion, both PhD and non-PhD related. Special thanks go to Grainne McCabe and the Conservation Education department at Bristol Zoo for allowing me to be lucky enough to call Bristol Zoo my office for the first part pf my PhD. Also, thanks to Becky Muir and the whole Bird Section at Bristol Zoo for having a smile on their face every time I waited for them to ask for help with their kea. Thanks to the Parrot section at Paradise Park for also welcoming my research demands and for later welcoming me as part of their team. This thesis would not have been possible without my closest collaborators: the kea. Thanks to the kea at Bristol Zoo, the Kea Lab and Paradise Park. Every day in which I had to do behavioural observations, run a test or simply fed and clean after these creatures was a joyful experience. I would be lying if I said I did not have a favourite kea, so thanks to Jean-Luc and Papu for offering a soft nibble to my ears (and for damaging some of my clothes). 3 Thanks to CONACyT, México for funding this project and my living expenses. Thanks to all the people who I am fortunate to call friends. You made this journey more bearable by supporting me when I needed it. To my oldest friends Andrés and Cassandra; my Europe-based friends Nadia and Jimena; my uni friends Karla and Kristell and my MSc friend Nadisha. You all played a significant role in the completion of this stage of my life. I would also like to thank Daniel. He, unknowingly, became the most important teacher in my life, making me learn so much about myself that I did not know. He became a lighthouse during my darkest times. During my experiments, I sometimes had to put up with a lazy kea not wanting to cooperate, but Daniel had to put up with a cheekier subject. I said I was lucky for working with animals on a subject that I feel passionate about, but I am N times luckier for having him by my side. Finally, thanks to my wonderful parents. The person I am know is all because of you. I dedicate this thesis to you as you also had to adapt to the changes of having me living abroad for all these years. This achievement is equally yours. 4 Author’s Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University’s Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate’s own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: …………………………………………… DATE: …………………..……………. 5 Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................. 2 Dedication and acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 3 Author’s Declaration .............................................................................................................. 5 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 6 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 14 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 1. General Introduction 1.1 Captive animals and their well-being ............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Memoriam: William D. Timberlake (1942–2019)
    Conductual In Memoriam: William D. Timberlake (1942–2019) In Memoriam: William D. Timberlake (1942–2019)1, Robert Ian Bowers2 Published under the CC BY licence Bill Timberlake was spry at seventy. Although he held the presence of someone who had lived for centuries, he stood straight and strong. Yet, just a few years later, weakened by a progressive, terminal disease, Timberlake took a bad fall, from which he would never recover. William D. Timberlake (19 November 1942-17 October 2019) earned his PhD in experimental psychology at University of Michigan in 1969 under the supervision of David Birch. He joined the Indiana University psychology faculty the same year, where he remained for the rest of his career (see Arnet, 2019, for a biography). Timberlake will be remembered for many achievements. He conducted important work in a wide variety of areas related to the behaviour of animals, including behavioural economics, contrast effects, spatial cognition, adjunctive behaviour, time horizons, and circadian entrainment of feeding and drug use. By 1983, he had published two influential theories, and a wealth of data supporting them. The earlier of these theories, his disequilibrium approach to reinforcement, has been known by various names, at various stages of development: behaviour regulation theory, response deprivation theory, molar equilibrium theory, and disequilibrium theory (Timberlake & Allison, 1974; Timberlake & Wozny, 1979; Timberlake, 1980; Hanson & Timberlake, 1983; for an updated introduction, see Jacobs, et al., 2019). The disequilibrium approach involves a shift in conceptualisation of reinforcement: reinforcement is attributed not to environmental stimuli, but to constrained behaviours. Given the centrality of reinforcement in mainstream views--a notion not updated since Thorndike (1911) decreed his Law of Effect--this meant a shift in bedrock.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Predictability on the Welfare of Captive Animals§ Lois Bassett, Hannah M
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102 (2007) 223–245 www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals§ Lois Bassett, Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith * Scottish Primate Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom Available online 30 June 2006 Abstract Variations in the predictability of a stressor have pronounced effects on the behavioural and physio- logical effects of stress in rats. It is reasonable to expect that variations in the predictability of husbandry routines thought to be aversive to animals might have similar effects on stress indices. Similarly, variations in the predictability of positive events, of which feeding is an obvious example, may affect welfare. This review examines the behavioural and physiological effects of the predictability of aversive and appetitive stimuli, and the application of experimental findings to animal husbandry in practice. It is argued here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. ‘Temporal’ predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas ‘signalled’ predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This review examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to positively and negatively perceived events, and examines the link between predictability and control. Recommendations are made for relatively simple and inexpensive modifications to husbandry routines that may be easy to incorporate into the schedules of busy staff yet could have a profound impact on the welfare of animals in their care. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Animal welfare; Control; Husbandry routines; Signalled predictability; Temporal predictability 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 44Th Congress, Uppsala, Sweden
    Proceedings of the 44th Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE) Coping in large groups Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden 4-7 August 2010 Edited by: Lena Lidfors Harry Blokhuis Linda Keeling Applied ethology 2010: Coping in large groups Proceedings of the 44th Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE) Coping in large groups Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden 4-7 August 2010 edited by: Lena Lidfors Harry Blokhuis Linda Keeling Wageningen Academic P u b l i s h e r s This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher: Wageningen Academic Publishers P.O. Box 220 6700 AE Wageningen The Netherlands www.WageningenAcademic.com [email protected] ISBN 978-90-8686-150-7 The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain First published, 2010 the responsibility of the authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible © Wageningen Academic Publishers damages, which could be a result of content The Netherlands, 2010 derived from this publication. Welcome Research in applied ethology has a long tradition at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, as have the links to this society. This is the third time that the international congress has been organised by our department; the previous years were 1978 and 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Anthropomorphism John S
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-41064-9 - The New Anthropomorphism John S. Kennedy Index More information REFERENCES AND CITATION INDEX Page numbers in square brackets at the ends of references indicate citations in the text. Able, K. P. 1980. Mechanisms of orientation, navigation, and homing. Pp. 284-373 in Gauthreaux. [Pp. 61, 65] Alcock, J. 1979. Animal behavior: an evolutionary approach. 2nd Edn. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. [Pp. 39, 49, 50] Allen, G. E. 1978. Life science in the twentieth century. 2nd Edn. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. [P. 124] 1983. The several faces of Darwinism: materialism in nineteenth and twentieth century evolutionary theory. Pp. 81-102 in Bendall. [P. 124] Amsel, A. 1989. Behaviorism, neobehaviorism and cognitivism in learning theory: historical and contemporary perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ. [Pp. 2, 104] Anderson, J. R. 1984. Monkeys with mirrors: some questions for primate psychology. International Journal of Primatology 5, 81-97. [P. 106] Anderson, P. W. 1972. More in different. Science 177, 393-6. [Pp. 105, 124] Andrew, R. J. 1956. Some remarks on behaviour in conflict situations, with special reference to Emben\a spp. British Journal of Animal Behaviour 4, 85-91. [P. 136] 1972. The information potentially available in mammal displays. In Hinde (Ed.). [P. 136] Anon. 1991. Guidelines for the use of animals in research. Animal Behaviour 41, 183—6. [P. 122] Armstrong, E. A. 1950. The nature and function of displacement activities. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 4, 361-84. [P. 138] Asquith, P. J. 1984. The inevitability and utility of anthropomorphism in description of primate behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Organisation of Bird Behaviour PETER JAMES
    Studies on the Organisation of Bird Behaviour PETER JAMES BRAMWELL SLATER Doctor of Science University of Edinburgh 1982 0J) 1 CONTENTS Page Declaration Acknowledgements iv Abstract V Introduction Vii Submitted papers, in chronological order, each numbered on its front page for reference SLATER, P.J.B. & OLLASON, J.C. 1972. The temporal pattern of behaviour in isolated male zebra finches: transition analysis. Behaviour 42: 248-269. SLATER, P.J.B. 1973. Describing sequences of behavior. IN: Perspectives in Fthology, P.P.G. Bateson & P.H.Klopfer, eds. pp. 131-153. Plenum Press, New York. OLLASON, J.C. & SLATER, P.J.B. 1973. Changes in the behaviour of the male zebra finch during a twelve-hour day. Animal Behaviour 21: 191-196. SLATER, P.J.B. '1974a. Bouts and gaps in the behaviour of zebra finches, with special reference to preening. Revue du Comportement Animal 8: 47-61. SLATER, P.J.B. 1974b. The temporal pattern of feeding in the zebra finch. Animal Behaviour 22: 506-515. SLATER, P.J.B. 1974c. Temporal patterning and the causation of bird behaviour. IN: Neural and Endocrine Aspects of the Behaviour of Birds, P. Wright, P.G. Caryl & D.M. Vowles, eds. pp. 11-33. Elsevier, Amsterdam. SLATER, P.J.B. & WOOD, A.M. 1977. Does activation influence short-term changes in zebra finch behaviour.? Animal Behaviour 25: 736-746. SLATER, P.J.B. 1979. A simple model for competition between behaviour patterns. Behaviour 67: 236-258. .1.1 SLATER, P.J.B. & INCE, S.A. 1979. Cultural evolution in chaffinch song. Behaviour 71: 146-166.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration in the Rat and the Marmoset
    t 1 \-3-<ìt o EXPLORATION IN TFIE RAT AND TI{E MARMOSET: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEARNING AND OBJECT NOVELTY IN AN OPEN FIELD Felicity C. Forster, B.A. Hons. (Adelaide) Thesis submitted to the University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the conditions for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY X STATEMENT x11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xüi CHAPTER 1. DESCRIBING BEHAVIOUR 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. ExperimentalPsychology 1 1.3. Ethology J 1.4. TheEthoexperimental Approach 6 1.4.1. Complementary nature of experimental psychology and ethology 6 1.4.2. Anew paradigm: The ethoexperimental approach 8 1.4.3. Advantages of the ethoexperimental approach 10 1.5. Conclusion 72 CHAPTER 2. CONCEPTS OFEXPLORATION 2.I. Introduction t4 2.2. The Problem of Definition I4 2.3. Attempts at Defining Exploration in the Psychological Literanre 16 2.3.1. Extrinsic and intrinsic exploration t7 2.3 .2. Inspective and inquisitive exploration 18 2.3.3. Specific and diversive exploration 19 2,3.4. Difficulties with Berlyne's definitions of exploration t9 2.4. The Adaptive Significance of Exploration 2l 2.4.1. Costs of exploration 22 2.4.2. Acquisition of information about the environment 23 2.4.3. Maintenance of familiarity wittr the home range 24 ii Page CHAPTER 2 (continued) 2.4.4. I-ocation of new resources 24 2.4.5. Avoidance of predators 26 2.4.6. Learning new adaptive strategies 27 2.5. Contribution of Experimental Psychology to the Study of Exploration 29 2.5.I. Drive theories 30 2.5.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Stereotypies: a Critical Review
    Anita. Behav., 1991, 41, 1015-1037 Stereotypies: a critical review G E O R G I A J. M A S O N Sub-department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, U.K. (Received 19 March 1990; initial acceptance l May 1990," final acceptance 27 October 1990; MS. number: 3551) Abstract. Stereotypies are repetitive, invariant behaviour patterns with no obvious goal or function. They seem to be restricted to captive animals, mentally ill or handicapped humans, and subjects given stimulant drugs. In this respect they are abnormal, although possibly the product of normal behavioural processes. Stereotypies are often associated with past or present sub-optimal aspects of the environment, and have been used as a welfare indicator. It has been hypothesized that stereotypies have beneficial consequences which reinforce their performance, although other means, such as positive feedback, may equally explain their persistence. Empirical evidence links them with lowered awareness of external events, and reduced arousal and distress. However, as most of this evidence is correlational it remains uncertain that the stereotypies are themselves the cause of coping. Furthermore, they are heterogeneous in source of origin, proximate causation and physical characteristics, and they change over time in important respects, becom- ing more readily elicited by a wider range of circumstances. Therefore the properties of one stereotypy are not necessarily those of another. A stereotypy is a behaviour pattern that is repeti- Examples include rocking movements and repeti- tive, invariant and has no obvious goal or function tive vocalizations in institutionalized humans (e.g. (e.g. Fox 1965; Hutt & Hutt 1970; Odberg 1978; Stone 1964; Berkson 1967), bar-chewing in stalled Wiepkema et al.
    [Show full text]
  • I Principles of Laboratory Animal Science Revised Edition
    i Principles of Laboratory Animal Science Revised Edition ii A heading iii Principles of Laboratory Animal Science A contribution to the humane use and care of animals and to the quality of experimental results REVISED EDITION Edited by L.F.M. van Zutphen V. Baumans A.C. Beynen 2001 ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SHANNON • TOKYO iv ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved This work and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Elsevier Science B.V., and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Science Rights & Permissions Department, PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 1DX, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also contact Rights & Permissions directly through Elsevier’s home page (http://www.elsevier.nl), selecting first ‘Customer Support’, then ‘General Information’, then ‘Permissions Query Form’. In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (978) 7508400, fax: (978) 7504744, and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK; phone: (+44) 171 436 5931; fax: (+44) 171 436 3986.
    [Show full text]
  • Motivation: a Biobehavioural Approach
    Motivation: a biobehavioural approach RoderickWong Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia XXXX This Page Intentionally Left Blank Motivation: a biobehavioural approach This book provides the reader with an understanding of why an individual exhibits certain behaviours, and what the causes of these actions are. Roderick Wong presents an analysis of motivated behaviour such as sexual activity, parental behaviour, food selection, fear or aggression, from a biological perspective, each chapter focusing on individual systems under- lying specific motivational states that result in motivated acts. The similari- ties, differences and integration between these motivational systems are discussed throughout. Using a framework derived from research and theory from animal behaviour and comparative psychology, this book analyses relevant issues in human motivation such as mate choice, nepotism, attachment and independence, sensation seeking, obesity and parent–offspring conflict. It will be particularly useful for undergraduate students in psychology or behavioural science taking courses in motivation and emotion, comparative psychology, animal behaviour or biological psychology. RODERICK WONG is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of British Columbia. His previous books include Motivation: a biobehavioral analysis of consummatory activities (1976) and the edited volume Biological Perspectives in Motivated Activities (1995). XXXX This Page Intentionally Left Blank Motivation: a biobehavioural approach Roderick Wong Department
    [Show full text]