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The Financing of the University of Rome(15Th-16Th The Financing of the University of Rome (15th-16th Centuries) La financiación de la Universidad de Roma (siglos XIV-XV) Carla Frova* Sapienza Università Di Roma Recibido: 19/04/2021 Aceptado: 25/04/2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6160 Abstract: In recent years there is a Resumen: Se aprecia en los últimos growing interest in historiography by the uni- versities that developed in territories of the por las universidades que se desarrollaron Roman Church at the end of the Middle Ages. años un interés creciente en la historiografía develope in this area during the modern age enque territorios existieron de universidades la Iglesia Romana papales a finales en la Althoughare “Pope’s we universities”, can affirm that this universitieswas not the casethat de la Edad Media. Si bien podemos afirmar in the Middle Ages. The works on the Uni- Los trabajos sobre la universidad de Perugia, versity of Perugia, also on the University of edadtambién moderna sobre lano universidad fue así en dela EdadRoma, Media. dejan Rome, reveal the dualism between city and ver el dualismo entre ciudad y curia, entre el curia, between academic work and papal tu- trabajo académico y la tutela papal, entre la telage, between municipal management, city gestión municipal, la vida de la ciudad y la life and the presence of the Church. And if presencia de la iglesia. Y, si nos centramos en Rome, questions also arise related to the role también surgen cuestiones relacionadas con weof municipal focus on the governments financing of in the determining University the of lael papelfinanciación de los degobiernos la Universidad municipales de Roma, en la financial policies of the university. This article determinación de las políticas financieras de *[email protected] CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades, 24/1 (2021), 14-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6160 ISSN: 1988-8503 - www.uc3m.es/cian THE FINANCING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ROME (15TH-16TH CENTURIES) - - bis by public authorities to observe its man- nanciación del Studium Urbis por parte de las will address the financing of the Studium Ur laautoridades universidad. públicas Este paraartículo observar abordará la capaci la fi- coordinates of the University of Rome. dad de gestión de la misma en las coordena- agementKeywords: capacity pope’sin the universities;specific and Universpatial- sity of Rome; funding; Studium Urbis. de Roma. das específicasPalabras y espacialesclave: universidad de la Universidad papal; Studium Urbis. Universidad de Roma; financiación; In recent years, among historians who deal with Italian universities in the late Middle Ages, interest has increased in those universities that developed in territories under the dominion of the Roman Church. Can we therefore de- age1. For the Middle Ages it is not really like that. In the works dealing with thefine universitythem anyway of Perugia, as “universities from the of classical the Pope”? book Certainly of Giuseppe yes in Ermini the modern to the university”, and this remains to some extent true even when, in the 15th. century,most recent the research,management the Perugia of universities, Study appears like all first aspects and offoremost public adminisas a “city- tration, is strongly referred to the center of the State2. In the case of Rome, the dualism between the city and the Curia, one of the great themes of the city’s history, leaves room for opposing interpretations. Also with regard to the university, the debate is always open. In the monumental work of Brigide Schwarz (2013) the city plays almost no role in the history of the university 1 I would like to express here warm thanks to Professor Hermenegildo Fernandes and to the VIII Héloïse workshop that they organized precisely in Lisbon on 22-23 October 2018. It washis colleagues thanks to thisand initiative collaborators that we in Lisbon.had the Aopportunity first oral version to debate of this an issue, paper the was funding presented of uni at- versities, which Portuguese scholars have had the merit to put on the agenda of the research in history of universities. In fact, for some time now their works has been providing us with important documentary data and valuable methodical suggestions on this topic. Regina Lupi, Gli Studia del papa. Nuova cultura e tentativi di Riforma tra Sei e Settecento dottori bolognesi, ferraresi e romani intorno a titoli accademici e professioni (1626-1795)”, in Un(Firenze, monopolio Centro imperfetto. editoriale Titoli toscano, di studio, 2005); professioni, Maria Teresa università Guerrini, (secc. XIV-XXI)“Conflitti (Bologna, corporativi Clueb, fra 2016), 59-80. 2 Giuseppe Ermini, Storia dell’Università di Perugia (Firenze, Olschki, 19712); Stefania Zuc- chini, Università e dottori nell’economia del comune di Perugia. I registri dei Conservatori della moneta (Perugia, Deputazione di storia patria per l’Umbria, 2008); Carla Frova, Scritti sullo Studium Perusinum (Perugia, Deputazione di storia patria per l’Umbria, 2012); Per la storia dell’Università di Perugia, ed. Ferdinando Treggiari (Bologna, Clueb, 2015) (estratto da Annali di storia delle università italiane 18 (2014)). CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 14-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6160 16 CARLA FROVA founded in 1303 by Boniface VIII: the Studium Urbis appears to be almost as Studium Curie, the university of the papal court founded in 1245 by Innocent IV3. On the contrary, in the recent work by Dario Internul- loa filiation on the culturalof the life in Rome in the fourteenth century, the Studium Urbis, clearly distinct from the Studium Curiae, is presented in all respects as a city university, or rather as the university of the Commune Romanum (we can say that such a municipal government was present in Roome from the end of the 12th century until at least 1378)4 - . In dealing with the financing of the Uni versity of Rome we will also find ourselves faced with the question: which is the roleI will municipal only speak governments here of the played funding in determining and management the financial of the Studiumpolicies forUrbis the by university? public authorities, even if the theme that our Portuguese colleagues launched under the title Oeconomia Studii is much larger, as they themselves have shown during our workshops and by various papers. Something about the sources Studium Urbis polesWhich of documents reference: can we refer to for a research on the financing of ? The panorama of the sources, too, has the Curia and the city as the two 1. In the papal archives we will have to interrogate both the tradi- tion of the chancellery (which mainly provides us with normative documents) and that of the Apostolic Chamber (which preserves 5. 2. The archives of the Roman commune have undergone remarkable losses,financial starting documents) from the sack of the city in 1527: we have no archi- 3 Brigide Schwarz, Kurienuniversität und stadtrömische Universität von ca. 1300 bis 1471 (Leiden – Boston, Brill, 2013). 4 Dario Internullo, Ai margini dei giganti. La vita intellettuale a Roma nel Trecento (1305- 1367) (Roma, Viella, 2016). For the Quattrocento: Studieren in Rom der Renaissance, eds. Mi- chael Matheus and Rainer Christoph Schwinges (vdf, Zurich, 2020); Michael Matheus, Roma docta. Northern Europeans and Academic Life in the Renaissance (Regensburg, Schnell – Stei- ner, 2021). 5 - schreibung: das Beispiel Rom”, Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung 126 (2018),1-33; Brigide Schwarz, Maria “Produkte Grazia Pastura der pāpstlichen Ruggiero, KanzleiLa Reverenda als Quellen Camera der Apostolica Universitātsgeschichts e i suoi archivi (secoli XV-XVIII) (Roma, Archivio di Stato, 1984, updated repr. 1987). CIAN, 24/1 (2021), 14-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cian.2021.6160 THE FINANCING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ROME (15TH-16TH CENTURIES) 17 val series such as Consilia or Reformantiae, so useful for reconstruc- ting the history of municipal Studies in other cities, given that they document day by day the activity of municipal governing bodies6. An important normative document survives, the municipal statutes of 1363 (reformed by Paul II in 1469)7; and, for accounting aspects, few registers reporting payments of professors in the second half Camera Urbis, the 8. 3. Theof the ar chivesfifteenth of century,the doctoral which colleges were dokept not in contain, the for the period thatoffice I willthat discuss,was responsible any material for managing useful for municipalour research. finances The archive of the college of Advocati Consistoriales (consistorial lawyers)9, the corporative body which has always played an important role in the direction and administration of the Studio, especially starting from survived as an original is dated 153910. Thanks to a late eighteenth- centurySixtus IV, editionretains thewe rolescan fortunately of the professors, read in but copy the the first roll one of that 1514 has11. My analysis stops on this date, that is at the pontificate of Leo X. 6 Lorenzo Tanzini, “Delibere e verbali. Per una storia documentaria dei consigli nell’Italia comunale”, Reti Medievali Rivista, 14/1 (2013), 43-79. 7 Statuti della città di statutes of the fourteenth century; Statuta urbis Romae [Rome, Ulrich Han (Udalricus Gallus), about 1471] (istc is00722300Roma,) for ed. the Camillo statutes Re of (Roma, Paul II; Tipografia cfr. Paola Pavan, della Pace,“Il comune 1880) romano for the e lo Studium Urbis Roma e lo Studium Urbis. Spazio urbano e cultura dal Quattro al Seicento. Atti del Convegno Roma 7-10 giugno 1989, ed. Paolo Cherubini (Roma, tra XV e XVI secolo”, in 100; Andreas Rehberg, “Innocenzo VI, lo status popularis e gli statuti di Roma”, Bullettino dell’IstitutoMinistero per storico i beni italiano culturali per e il ambientali, medio evo, Ufficio110 (2008), centrale 237-278. per i beni archivistici, 1992), 88- 8 David S. Chambers, Studium Urbis and gabella studii. The University of Rome in the fifteen- th century, in Cultural aspects in Italian Renaissance.
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