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Hawkesbury Historical Society Australia Day Dinner 26Th January 2002 Guest Speaker's Subject: Governor Lachlan Macquarie "The Father of Australia"

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Hawkesbury Historical Society Australia Day Dinner 26Th January 2002 Guest Speaker's Subject: Governor Lachlan Macquarie Hawkesbury Historical Society Australia Day dinner 26th January 2002 Guest Speaker's Subject: Governor Lachlan Macquarie "The Father of Australia". Research by John Miller. Researching and extracting parts of Macquarie's life for this subject was a fascinating experience. The young Lachlan arrived from Mull with a basic education and broad Gaelic speaking accent sometime before 1776 to Edinburgh where his schoolmaster a Mr Miller, prepared him for a busy military life. He served in America, India and Egypt. His character was to be moulded by these experiences for his great challenge in N.S.W. We are fairly sophisticated today. We can be anywhere in the world by aircraft if we're game in 24 hours. We have been brought up looking at movies showing us the Wild West and the great frontiers of America. It is hard to imagine that for the first 26 years after settlement of the Colony, the Hawkesbury River and the Blue Mountains was the frontier and food basket of this country until Cox under the direction of Governor Macquarie built the road west in 1814. How fortunate we are here tonight, to be dining in the room, which was once graced by the presence of one of the true great liberalists, visionaries and town planners of our country's early foundation years. This was Governor Lachlan Macquarie, who was born on the island of Ulva, The Hebrides, Scotland on 31st January 1761. He arrived here in Sydney Cove on board the "Dromedary" at the end of December 1809, aged 48 years, as Lieutenant Colonel of the 73rd Highland Regiment, with his second wife Elizabeth Campbell. He took over officially as Governor on 1st January 1810. Thus, bringing to an end the "Rum Rebellion" of the NSW Corps and its coup against Governor Bligh. To every intent and purpose Macquarie's commission enabled him to act with unrivalled authority as autocrat over half a continent. Macquarie changed the colony from one of chaos and hopeless despair into visionary hope and achievement. He was open minded, candid, unprejudiced, favourable to constitutional change, legal and administrative reforms, tending in the direction of freedom and democracy. A great believer in private enterprise, Macquarie gave people, who showed a willingness to work hard, every opportunity to prove themselves in this new land. Whether a free man or emancipated convict. His commission also invited him to conciliate the affection of the aborigines and to prescribe that British subjects live in amity and kindness with them. His policy for the Aborigines reflected practical philanthropy. He established a Native Institution for twelve Aboriginal children, six boys and six girls, under the supervision of William Shelley at Parramatta in 1814. By 1820, 37 aboriginal children were received, 6 absconded, 2 died, 1 taken by father, 28 completed their studies. Maria Lock, Yarramundi's daughter being a student. In 1823 it was moved to the "Black's Town" (Rooty Hill). Blacktown got its name when the railway to the west crossed the road to the Blacks Town. He always valued one aspect of his administration above the rest and deemed it to be his most meritorious accomplishment. In his third dispatch to Castlereagh, written on 30th of April 1810, he spelt out an issue on which he claimed to differ markedly from his predecessors: 'I have, nevertheless, taken upon myself to adopt a new line of conduct, conceiving that emancipation, when united with rectitude and long tried good conduct, should lead a man back to that rank in society which he had forfeited, and do away, in as far as the case will admit, all retrospect of former bad conduct.' This principle was to be the foundation of what he would call his emancipist policy: that a convict, on the expiry or remission of his sentence, provided he were well-behaved, ought to be treated as if he had never transgressed the law and should possess the same rights as a free man. Andrew Thompson, an emancipated convict, was a successful example of this policy. He saved the lives of many people in the Hawkesbury floods. Macquarie sought his advice on planning for high flood free land in Windsor and made him a Magistrate. Unfortunately, Andrew developed a chest complaint after being in flood waters 3 days and nights saving lives in 1809. Andrew died in October 1810 aged 37 years. Macquarie named the square out front of the Macquarie Arms, previously known as Bell Post Square, Thompson Square in his honour. This building is a great example of private enterprise that Macquarie encouraged by giving an emancipated convict Richard Fitzgerald a parcel of land on the 12th January 1811, to build a commodious inn of two storeys. It was completed and opened by Macquarie on 26th July, 1815, and is now 186 years old. The oldest existing hotel in Australia still being used for its original purpose. A celebration was held in this room after the laying of the foundation stone of St Mathews Anglican Church on 11th October 1817, when the rim of a Spanish dollar was laid , under the stone. While the Governor and his party were here drinking a "bumper" as a toast, someone stole the dollar, a second one laid was also stolen. On 1st December 1810 Macquarie and his family with W.M. Cox and George Evans crossed the Hawkesbury near Agnes Banks on a tour of Richmond Hill, to visit the Bells of Belmont and the Kurry Jung brush, the Kurry Jung Hill and Richmond Terrace left bank to the Green Hills, on horseback with his wife Elizabeth. Apparently Kurry Jung Hill was named Mt Maurice by A. Thompson in honour of Lt O'Connell. On the 6th December, 1810, Gov. Macquarie named the 5 Macquarie towns at Government house Windsor, (Richmond, Castlereagh, Pitt Town, Wilberforce, Windsor). Between the 2nd and 6th December 1810, Macquarie extensively traveled the Hawkesbury by boat and carriage as far as Portland Head (Ebenezer), dining with Dr Thomas Arndell at the new Presbyterian Church and school. As well as a visit to Caddye (Cattai) and Blighton Farm, then returning to Sydney. Australia Day as we know, commemorates the beginning of European settlement when Governor Phillip landed at Sydney Cove on 26th January 1788. The day was first proclaimed a public holiday in 1838, the fiftieth anniversary of the founding, but some form of celebration had been held in Sydney as early as 1818. In this year of 1818 Governor Lachlan Macquarie became the first to celebrate 30 years of settlement on 26th January, when he ordered a 30 gun salute, for what was then called "Anniversary Day". His wife Elizabeth held a dinner and ball for the occasion. They had been reluctant to celebrate the date before, as it was also the date of the coup against Governor Bligh in 1808. Different names, including Anniversary Day and Foundation Day, were formerly used in different states, but eventually the other States followed the lead given by Victoria in 1931 and adopted the name Australia Day, a title long advocated by the Australian Natives' Association. In 1946 the Australia Day Council was formed in Melbourne to foster national appreciation of the day's significance. What will happen to our National Day and celebration date in the future will be a subject for much debate over the next few years. The origin and use of the name "Australia", which many people take for granted. In 1606, Pedro Fernandez de Quiros discovered the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) and believing that the island on which he landed was part of the great southern continent, named it "Austrialia del Espiritu Santo", in honour of Phillip III of Spain, who was a prince of the House of Austria. The name meaning "South Land of the Holy Spirit". Around about 1612, the noted Dutch cartographer Hessel Gerritsz published a book containing a Dutch translation of de Quiros' memorial which rendered "Austrialia" as "Australia Incognita. This was probably the earliest printed use of the word Australia, outside Spain. In 1617 French and English translation called it "Terra Australis". "New Holland" was the name given the island continent by the Dutch in the seventeenth century. They never claimed any part of their discovery. Then in 1770, Cook claimed all the land to the east of 1350 east longitude, approximately half of the continent, and called that half "New South Wales." Here, then, was a huge geographical entity, one half of which lay still unclaimed, bearing two names. In his circumnavigation of this country 1801-3, Matthew Flinders, having found no strait dividing the continent, felt compelled as a matter of cartographic necessity to give a single name to the continuous whole. His choice of the term "Australia' seems to have been dictated by a wish to avoid confusion with the ancient, mythical "Terra Australis Incognita", as well as being a matter of taste. In his Voyage to Terra Australis, or Australia, published in 1814, Matthew Flinders wrote in a footnote, "Had I permitted myself any innovation upon the original term Terra Australis, it would have been to convert it into Australia". He didn't have enough influence to have the name changed in England. In 1817, Governor Lachlan Macquarie received a copy of the charts by Matthew Flinders, who had circumnavigated the continent between 1801-03 in the "Investigator". Publication of his charts was held up due to his imprisonment on the Isle of France (Mauritius Island) by the French for 7 years, on his way back to England. Flinders died in England, the day after his work was published and delivered to his house, on l9th July, 1814.
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