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Pakeha Women and Afternoon Tea from 1930-50

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Pakeha Women and Afternoon Tea from 1930-50 Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. ‘Of course you had to keep the cake tins full’: Pakeha women and afternoon tea from 1930-50 A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M Phil in Visual and Material Culture at Massey University, Wellington New Zealand. by Megan Watson 2011 i Abstract This thesis contributes to an understanding of female Pakeha cultural history through the study of an important social occasion: afternoon tea. It explores afternoon teas hosted in homes around the Manawatu from 1930 -1950, through oral interviews, archival and object-based research, arguing that it was a performance of contemporary female identity as well as a social occasion. Certain items of material culture were ubiquitous: fine china tea sets, embroidered linen, baking and finely sliced bread, and these items demonstrate the critical importance women placed on cooking, cleaning and their own creativity. Overall this case study reveals that Pakeha culture is a hybrid one, and through the examination of decorative motifs on tea sets and table linen, and contemporary cake and biscuit recipes, understandings of contemporary cultural influences are drawn out. The key influences discussed are English, Scottish, Irish and, to a lesser extent, Danish, although the influence of American popular culture is also apparent. As well as the practices of contemporary femininity and creativity, and the influence of different cultural mores, this thesis shows how class distinctions were also in play in rural Manawatu at this time, and how they were apparent at afternoon tea. The period chosen also allows for an examination of how wider economic and social events – poverty during the 1930s Depression and rationing during the World War Two – affected preparations for and the taking of afternoon tea. This research also shows the varying degrees different sectors of society were affected by these events. The study of afternoon tea adds important dimensions to our understanding of the wider historical discourses on gender, class, and Pakeha cultural identities and makes a valuable contribution to women’s history by emphasising the ubiquitous, but largely undocumented ii activities of women’s domestic lives. Additionally, this thesis demonstrates the fresh perspectives that can be gained by using a wide range of sources, such as material culture, cookery books, oral narratives and contemporary periodicals. iii Acknowledgements They say it takes a village to raise a child; it seems it also takes a village to write a thesis. I would like to express my thanks and appreciation to the many people who assisted me with this research project. My main supervisor Bronwyn Labrum has provided unfailing support, encouragement and guidance throughout this journey. My co-supervisor Patrick Laviolette gave this thesis the kick start it needed. My research would not have been possible without the fifteen wonderful women who gave up their time to be interviewed about Afternoon Tea. Approval to conduct these interviews was granted by the Massey University Human Ethics Committee. I would not have been able to find these oral narrators without the help of Laura Hudson and Cindy Lilburn and I would not have been able to visit these women without the help of my brother Geoffrey Watson and his wife Haklyka who cheerfully drove me to various locations around the Manawatu. My thanks also go to the helpful staff at Te Manawa, National Library and the Wellington City Library. I am indebted to Joanne Andrews for her help transcribing the interviews, to Faye Drawneek for editing the first draft and to Wendy Robinson who gave the whole thing a final proof. Thanks must also be given to College of Creative Art’s Academic Administrator Teresa Hartley for her forbearance, and assistance with last minute queries. To my dad Ian Watson, my sister Catherine Watson and the rest of my family and all of my friends, but especially Debbie Armstrong, Jo Lewis, Sarah Lilley, Anne-Marie Rowe and Krystal Waine, who cheered me on when the going got tough I owe a huge thank you. My mum, Patsy Watson, deserves a special mention for enduring weekly Masters rants. Finally I would like to thank Dave Mulholland, for his patience, support and for keeping the home fires burning and the cake tins full. iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv List of Figures vi List of Tables vii Introduction 1 Chapter One About Afternoon Tea 26 Chapter Two Afternoon Tea and Identity: Femininity, 46 Domesticity and Class Chapter Three Pakeha Culture and Afternoon Tea 75 Chapter Four “There Mightn’t Be Money About, But the 98 Cows were still In, and the Hens still Laying:” The Depression and Afternoon Tea Chapter Five Keeping the Tins Full Against All Odds: 113 World War Two and Afternoon Tea Conclusion 147 Bibliography 157 v List of Figures Page Figure 1 Shamrock detail on embroidered Irish linen supper 82 cloth Figure 2 Belleek china tea cup 82 Figure 3 Bambi detail from supper cloth 85 Figure 4 Poppy and aster detail on embroidered supper cloth 88 Figure 5 Daffodil detail on embroidered supper cloth 88 Figure 6 Primrose tea set 89 Figure 7 Hollyhock tea set 89 Figure 8 Embroidered elephant detail 93 Figure 9 Silver jug, sugar bowl and koruru inspired teaspoons 94 made by Rita’s father vi List of Tables Page Table 1 Average sugar use in cake recipes 1940-1946 130 Table 2 Average white sugar, brown sugar and syrup use in 131 cake recipes 1940-1946 Table 3 Sugar quantities in cake recipes in Aunt Daisy. 132 Table 4 Sugar quantities in cake recipes in War Economy. 133 Table 5 Sugar quantities in cake recipes in Truth’s. 133 Table 6 Average numbers of eggs in cake recipes 1940-1946. 135 Table 7 Numbers of egg used in cake recipes in Aunt Daisy. 136 Table 8 Numbers of egg used in cake recipes in War Economy. 137 Table 9 Numbers of egg used in cake recipes in Truth’s. 137 Table 10 Average quantities of butter used in cake recipes 139 1940-1946. Table 11 Quantities of butter used in cake recipes in Aunt 140 Daisy. Table 12 Quantities of butter used in cake recipes in War 140 Economy. Table 13 Quantities of butter used in cake recipes in Truth’s. 141 vii Introduction The first thing I learnt when I began this project, was that there was afternoon tea and there was Afternoon Tea. The lower-case version was the mid-afternoon snack between the midday and evening meal. This was an informal, family-only meal, which might be taken at the table, or might be consumed out on the verandah. As Eileen, one of my informants, remembers, “if it was just us, mum and ourselves, we would have afternoon teas sitting on the porch in the sun.”1 Usually a cloth was laid, but this was plain and practical as was the china. Home baking from the tins would be put out, and of course, tea would be sipped. When visitors came, however, this meal was transformed into Afternoon Tea. The best china, silver and table linen were set out and the most delicious baking was served. In the words of Lois, another of my informants, “people would put out their very best to impress.” 2 In this thesis I focus on this second type of Afternoon Tea, because these were significant social occasions for women in the 1930s and 1940s. Recent works in New Zealand food history, gender history and textile history have each noted that Afternoon Tea was an important social event for New Zealand women in the first half of the twentieth century.3 Indeed, according to a 1930 issue of N.Z. Truth, “Afternoon tea is the basis of social life for women of the Dominion.”4 As my informant Rita told me, Afternoon Tea was important for housewives because it was “a real skill really because they stayed at home, that was their careers and when they 1 Eileen, interview with the author, October 12, 2009. 2 Lois, interview with the author, October 12, 2009. 3 Helen Leach, The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand Culinary History (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2008), 87; Caroline Daley, Girls and Women, Men and Boys: Gender in Taradale 1886-1930 (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1999), 114; Rosemary McLeod, Thrift to Fantasy: Home Textile Crafts of the 1930s- 1950s (Auckland: Harper Collins Publishers, 2005), 147. 4 “Art of Afternoon Tea,” N.Z. Truth, October 16, 1930, 22, accessed November 14, 2010, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 1 had guests around they were showing off their skills and their embroidery, they took real pride in these things.”5 However, despite numerous brief mentions, no substantial research, either popular or academic, has been published specifically on this important social occasion. This thesis explores Afternoon Tea hosted in private houses in the Manawatu region of the North Island of New Zealand between 1930 and 1950. My topic forms part of the history of women in New Zealand, of which a number of important studies have appeared in the last three decades. Two key movements prompted an investigation of women’s history; the social history movement and the feminist movement. The social history movement, through its engagement with those excluded from traditional historical study, helped to legitimise women’s history as an academic discipline.6 The feminist movement of the late 1960s and 1970s prompted feminist history with its impetus to write women’s experience into the historical record and to challenge the overwhelming characterisation of men’s experiences as the norm.7 Caroline Daley and Deborah Montgomerie outline four areas of focus in New Zealand women’s history: party politics and suffragists; biography; women as autonomous agents examined through such topics as immigration and women’s organisations; and the placing and re-evaluation of the role of women in established historical narratives.8 This last area focuses on the oppression of women, particularly as objects of state and medical intervention.9 5 Rita, interview with the author, August 24, 2009.
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