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Winter 2006 Newsletter DEEP OCEAN EXPLORATION INSTITUTE INVESTIGATING EARTH’S DYNAMIC PROCESSES Winter 2006 Newsletter the National Science Foundation. In undertaken by our students. Matt’s February 2006, I was asked to participate award by the AGU reflects the very high in a conference on the Oceans in the caliber of our students and acknowledges Nuclear Age at UC Berkeley, where their achievements. there was considerable discussion about The seafloor geodetic experiment the policy and science of nuclear waste being carried out by Jeff McGuire and disposal in the oceans – past and future. Mark Behn underscores how important Public and educational outreach is also technology development is to conducting a focus of DOEI through the Dive and world-class experiments on fundamental Discover™ Web site. Dive and Discover™ earth and ocean science problems. Their (http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu) experiment is unique. It will provide Dan and his able assistant Riley provides a fun and interactive educational not only crucial tests of hypotheses about Director’s Notes program for K-12 students and the how ocean island flanks deform, but their general public. In 2005, Dive and instrumentation will also play a major In 2005, DOEI funded six new Discover™ hosted Expedition 9, a revisit role in the understanding of oceanic research projects, with investigators to the Galapagos Rift that included Alvin transform behavior and, by analogy, how representing all WHOI departments dives and deep-sea camera exploration faults behave and how their movements and encompassing all of the Institute’s for hydrothermal vents. Currently, Dive may be better predicted. research themes - Seafloor Observatory and Discover™ Expedition 10 is ongoing As I write these notes, many investi- Science, Fluid Flow in Geologic Systems, in the Antarctic’s Southern Ocean. gators at WHOI will be pondering their and Earth’s Deep Biosphere. Some DOEI is also looking to the future upcoming proposal submissions to DOEI of those projects are well underway in terms of identifying important cross- for consideration of funding in 2006. I in collecting data, while a few are still disciplinary science topics with great look forward to reviewing what I am waiting for time to go to sea to deploy promise for developing into national sure will be seminal ideas for innovative instruments. By this fall, most of the and international programs. NSF’s research that will continue to push at the experiments will have results in hand. recently approved Ocean Observatory boundaries of our knowledge about deep In addition, DOEI currently supports Initiative ties into DOEI thematic ocean and earth processes. two research fellows (Stan Hart and research in many ways, and WHOI - Dan Fornari, March 3, 2006 Greg Hirth, both of the Geology & investigators will, no doubt, continue to Geophysics Department), one post- think creatively about these and other Table of Contents doctoral fellow and a graduate student, opportunities. DOEI is committed to Notes from the DOEI Director in its efforts to expand the research help with these endeavors and other Dan Fornari . 1 options available to scientists and science programs to ensure the viability Student Highlights engineers in all departments at WHOI. of WHOI and its scientific, engineering Emily Van Ark, geology research . 2 (See the DOEI Web site at and technical staff. Matt Jackson, student paper award . 2 http://www.whoi.edu/institutes/doei Research highlighted in this Investigators Spotlight for more information). We expect to newsletter reflects the breadth and inno- Mark Behn & Jeff McGuire . 3 add a Claudia S. Heyman Institute vative nature of science being carried out DOEI Fieldtrip Fellow in 2006 to those already in place. by DOEI investigators at WHOI. First AUV adventure . 4 DOEI-sponsored activities have also and foremost, WHOI and DOEI realize Deep Ocean Exploration Institute included outreach in various forms. that investing in our students is key www.whoi.edu/institutes/doei For example, in September 2005 I met to the current and future health of the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION with delegations in the US Congress Institution and ocean sciences. Emily Dan Fornari email: [email protected] to discuss the importance of basic Van Ark’s and Matt Jackson’s research Andrew Daly email: [email protected] science and oceanographic research projects embody the range in geographic Audrey Rogerson email: [email protected] and to support increased funding for and disciplinary breadth of work being Editor: Alison Kline email: [email protected] DOEI Newsletter March 2006 Student Highlights Research: Geology & Geophysics seismic reflection data, which she later Graduate Student, Emily Van Ark processed into images of the ocean crust. And, with MIT Professor Emily Van Ark is interested in Stephane Rondenay, she is using a magma and volcanism in Earth’s seismic wave propagation model to mantle and crust under the ocean. find signatures of molten regions As a member of the MIT/WHOI within the core-mantle boundary that Joint Program, she is working on might be targeted for identification in three research projects. The first is seismograms recorded at the surface of focused on the volcanic production the earth. of the Hawaiian Islands and their Through all of her research, Emily undersea continuation, the Hawaiian hopes to gain a greater understanding and Emperor seamounts. The second of the dynamics of Earth’s interior involves the magma chambers at the Emily Van Ark on a May 2005 Field School trip (spon- sored by the NSF’s Ridge 2000 program) studying the and the interactions that occur at the Juan de Fuca Ridge off the coast of Troodos Ophiolite in Cyprus. An ophiolite is a section boundaries between the ocean and the Oregon and Washington states (figure of oceanic crust that has been deposited on dry land, allowing geologists to get “up close and personal” with crust, the crust and the mantle, and below). For the third project, Emily the rocks. the mantle and the core. She wants to is working with models of partially know why Hawaii is where it is, how molten mantle, deep in the earth near by satellites to estimate how much new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean the core-mantle boundary. the ocean crust has been thickened spreading centers, how that crustal Emily uses a variety of geophysical by volcanism. For the Juan de Fuca formation interacts with the amazing techniques to study these problems. Ridge project, she spent a month at hydrothermal chemical and biological For the Hawaiian islands seamount sea with WHOI Senior Scientist Bob systems on the ocean floor, and whether project, she worked with WHOI Senior Detrick and Associate Scientist Pablo there is just as much fascinating Scientist Jian Lin using small variations Canales along with collaborators from variation at the core-mantle boundary in the strength of gravity measured other institutions, collecting marine as there is at the surface of the planet. AGU Outstanding Student Paper Award Please join us in con- gratulating MIT/WHOI Joint Program Student, Matt Jackson, for receiving an Outstanding Student Paper Award for his presentation at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall meeting in October 2005. Matt’s paper, “Implications of New High 3He/4He Values from Matt Jackson, recipient of an Outstanding Student Paper Award at the American Geophysical Union. Matt the Samoan Hotspot,” will explains about his research: “Helium isotopes (3He and be listed in an upcoming 4He) are produced by fusion inside stars. Both were publication of Eos, the trapped inside Earth’s mantle when it coalesced from the solar nebula 4.5 billion years ago. Therefore, when we Map of the Juan de Fuca Ridge off the coast of Oregon and weekly paper of AGU, and find rare, high helium isotope ratios in volcanic rocks, we Washington states. The map shows the location of one of he will receive a certificate think we are looking at an ancient piece of Earth’s mantle Emily’s research areas, the Endeavour segment (upper black of achievement at the next that has managed to remain isolated, preserving part of box). Inset: tectonic setting of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, where its early-Earth signature.” Matt is working with WHOI JdF = Juan de Fuca Plate, Exp = Explorer Plate, Grd = Gorda AGU meeting in May 2006. Senior Scientist, Mark Kurz, of the Marine Chemistry Plate, and Pacific = Pacific Plate. (Lower black box outlines and Geochemistry Department, on this project. location of main map). [Van Ark et al., submitted.] 2 Investigators Spotlight A Seafloor Geodetic Experiment to away along a system of seaward-dipping appears to be accommodated Monitor Deformation on the Slope faults that transport material to the aseismically; and, prior to this project, of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii southeast at rates of approximately ten no submarine geodetic measurements Co-PIs: Mark Behn and Jeff McGuire centimeters per year (see figure). had resolved horizontal motions on the Two competing theories explain the flank. Seafloor geodesy represents an movement of the Hilina slump. One Project ‘AHOLO involves exciting new field in marine geophysics. posits that this extension may represent an eight-month deployment of a In geodesy, the size and shape of Earth’s merely the upper-flank expression of a new acoustic extensometer system surface can be mapped through a more massive slump sliding coherently developed at WHOI to monitor network of accurately surveyed points seaward. Alternatively, several recent deformation in Kilauea’s submarine of geographic position using longitude, studies have proposed that volcanic flank. Extensometers measure small latitude and elevation, while taking spreading associated with magma increments of deformation. When into account the curvature of the injection at the summit of Kilauea many are used in a network, a earth through precise mathematical causes the upper flanks to extend continuous time series can be obtained, calculations.
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