National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) HIMALAYAN RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP (PRO FORMA FOR THE ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT) [Reporting Period: from 1-April-2017 to 31-March-2018]

Kindly fill the NMHS Fellowship Annual Progress Report segregated into the following 7 segments, as applicable to the NMHS Fellowship nature and outcomes.

1. Fellowship Grant Information and Other Details

2. Fellowship Description at Himalayan Research Associates (H-RAs) Level

3. Fellowship Description at Himalayan Junior Research Associates (H-JRFs) Level

4. Fellowship Description at Institutional/ University Level

5. Fellowship Concluding Remarks/ Annual Summary

6. Specific Research Question(s) Addressed with Succinct Answer(s)

7. Any other information

Please let us know in case of any query at: [email protected]

PRO FORMA

NMHS-Fellowship Annual Progress Report (APR)

1. Fellowship Grant Information and Other Details Name of the Institution/ University: University of Kashmir

No. of Himalayan Research/Project Associates: 3

No. of Himalayan Junior Research/Project Fellows: 10

2. Fellowship Description at H-RA Level

Himalayan Research Associates (H-RAs)

H-RAs Profile Description:

Date of Date of Name of the PI and S. No. Name of RA Research Title Qualification Joining Resignation Designation

1. Dr. Shakoor Ahmad 17-02-2017 07-11-2017 Assessment of Kashmir Zafar A Reshi M.Sc., Ph D in Botany Mir Himalayan Biodiversity at Professor, Genetic, Species and Ecosystem levels along with Department of Botany Listing Threatened and Endemic Species

2. Dr. Arif Hussain Shah 10-02-2017 14-12-2017 Assessment of the most Zafar A Reshi M.Sc., Ph D in Geography pervasive changes in terms & Regional Development of Climate Change (CC), Professor, Invasive species, Degradation Department of Botany of land and water resources

3. Dr. Amrina Shafi 08-02-2017 31-12-2017 Bio-prospecting of bio- Zafar A Reshi M.Sc., Ph D in resources for sustainable Biotechnology, NET-JRF regional development Professor, through local community Department of Botany participation (Ladakh Himalaya)

Progress Brief (to be filled for each H-RA in separate row):

Research/ RA No. Research Objective(s) Addressed Deliverables Achievements Experimental Work*

1.  Assessment of  A comprehensive Database of After critical examination of the database reported Please see Annexure Kashmir Himalayan Regional Biodiversity. previously a list of 224 endemic plants and a list of 55 1 Biodiversity at  List of threatened and endemic threatened plant species have been prepared. Genetic, Species and species with specific uses that Ecosystem levels require immediate attention. The endemic plants of the Kashmir Himalayan region along with Listing range a diversity of flora from Ranunculaceae (the Threatened and most primitive herbaceous angiospermic family) to Endemic Species Asteraceae (the most advanced angiospermic family). (Kashmir Himalaya) Asteraceae being the most widely spread endemic plant family comprising of 67 species is followed by Brassicaceae (17 species) and Rosaceae (12 species).

Out of 55 threatened plant species 11 are critically endangered (CR) 10 are rare (R) 12 are endangered (EN) and 22 are vulnerable (VU).

The plants species falling under the threatened category were specifically surveyed with the available literature to document their usages in a tabulated form which are categorically responsible for their widespread exploitation.

Chemo profiling of the available plant materials from among the threatened plant species is on-going in

order to screen their important compounds that will further confirm their importance for conservation and their need for rehabilitation.

2  Assessment of the  A document on climate change A land use land cover map for two time periods Please see Annexure most pervasive (CC)-induced variations and between 1992 and 2013 has been generated and 2 changes in terms of trends observed in the Kashmir twelve broad land classes have been delineated. This Climate Change (CC), Himalaya along with preventive map will serve as an important tool to detect Invasive species, measures. futuristic trends in land use and land cover in Kashmir Degradation of land  Trends in Land use and Land Himalaya. and water resources cover (LULC) in the Kashmir (Kashmir Himalaya) Himalaya.  Management strategies for existing invasive species and predictive framework for potential alien species. 3.  Bio-prospecting of  Screening and listing of species  Visited major villages of Leh and Kargil, collected  Please see bio-resources for guided by traditional uses and information from local people and Amchis regarding Annexure 3 sustainable regional biologically relevant metabolites medicinal flora of the region and its traditional uses development through with therapeutic potential for curing various ailments. local community  Potential Drug Leads  Collection of some medicinal herbs for in-vitro participation (Ladakh culture and for maintaining field cultures. Himalaya)  Collected medicinal plant samples for preliminary screening *Experimental work giving full details (in separate sheet, within 300 words) of experimental set up, methods adopted, data collected supported by necessary table, charts, diagrams & photographs. Note: Data, table and figures may be attached as separate source file (.docx, .xls, jpg, .jpeg, .png, .shp, etc.).

3. Fellowship Description at H-JRF Level Himalayan Junior Research Project Fellows (H-JRFs)

H-JRFs Profile Description: S. No. Name of JRF Date of Joining Date of Resignation Name of the PI Qualification

1. Summia Rehman 16-02-2017 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc. Botany; NET

2. Irfan-ur-Rauf Tak 08-02-2017 09-04-2018 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc. Zoology

3. Iqra Bashir 14-02-2017 01-08-2018 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc. Botany

4. Mohamad Junaid 11-02-2017 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc. Geo-Informatics

5. Khan Aadil Gulzar 07-09-2017 19-01-2018 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc. Environmental Science

6. Mohammad Yaseen Mir 08-02-2017 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc., MPhil. Botany

7. Shabana Khurshid 10-02-2017 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MA., MPhil. Social Work; NET

8. Asima Jan 09-02-2017 30-06-2018 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc. Food Technology; NET

9. Sajad Ahmad Rather 09-02-2017 16-05-2018 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MSc. Food Technology; NET

10. Sheikh Umar Mufeed 08-02-2017 10-08-2018 Prof. Zafar A Reshi MBA

Progress Brief (to be filled for each JRF in separate row): JRF Research Research/ Deliverable Achievements No. Objectives Experimental Work*

1.  Conservation  A comprehensive  An attempt has been made to describe 224 endemic species in Kashmir Please see Annexure of genetic Biodiversity Himalaya. Of these 224 endemic plant species, threat status of 55 species 4 resources of Database has been accessed and for 19 species conservation has been done by using developed and different conservation techniques. rare, utilized in endemic, decision-making threatened (conservation (RET) practices). species. 2  Assessment  A brief report on  It was seen that human- wildlife conflict is on constant rise in Kashmir Please see Annexure of level of Preventive Himalayas. 5 reduction/ Measures on  No. of cases reported from the last two to three years are:- increase in Human-Wildlife North =30 human- conflicts and Central=25 wildlife landscape-level South=30-40 conflicts best practices -Data collected from secondary sources from last 10 years shows that 200 persons were killed and 500 got injured. 3.  Effectiveness  A manual on  Performance of three assessment schemes in predicting invasive plant Please see Annexure of landscapes species in Kashmir Himalaya has been tested. 6 approaches restoration developed practices by for reduction restricting of IAS proliferation of invasive alien species in the

region

4.  Number of  Periodic utilization  The Average depth to water level maps were generated for each season, i.e. Please see Annexure watersheds of ground water pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter seasons, for the study 7 studied/Plan and Aquifers and period (1994 – 2014). As it was evident from the observation wells below s prepared their recharge to <5m have been dominant enough with a total rise of 74 during both pre- and ensure monsoon & post monsoon seasons and the observation wells falling in the executed. sustainability. range of 5m to 10m are showing the maximum fall followed by the >20m and 10m to 20m respectively.

5.  Number of  Development of a  Data analysis showed that some of the springs have dried up and in the Please see Annexure spring-sheds database on case of the existing springs also the discharge has decreased over the years. 8 investigated utilization and and treated/ recharge of ground  A slight fall in water level was observed in maximum number of springs rejuvenated. water and during the end of the post monsoon period aquifers..  The sequential spread of rainfall has reduced and is now concentrated to few months which may be primarily due to the effects of climate change. This change in rainfall pattern has resulted in reduced natural infiltration.

 Further the large surface area of Jammu Himalaya is covered by steep slopes which results in quick loss of surface runoff thus preventing it from percolating underground. To increase the infiltration in recharge zone certain conservation measures are to be adopted which include:

 Protection and management of recharge area of springs through construction of ponds, trenches and plantation.This will increase the infiltration of surface runoff water during rainfall season thereby increasing the discharge of springs during drier season (March to May).

6.  Significance  Multi-purpose  Multifunctional tree species assessed during the field survey included 7 Please see Annexure of trees and other species of Salix (Willow), 6 species of Populus (Poplar), 2 species of 9 multipurpose flora for different Juniperus, 2 species of Pyrus (Apple), 1 species each of Elaeagnus tree species agro-climatic zones (Oleaster), Morus (Mulberry), Ulmus (Elm), Juglans (Walnut) and Prunus in degraded identified. (Apricot). These plants were found highly significant to the local population land as a source of fodder, fuel and timber besides playing important role in land rehabilitation rehabilitation. .  Salix and Populus trees were found highly significant for combating desertification. They generally show bushy type of growth particularly near water courses. For the purpose of rehabilitation of degraded lands J&K state forest department and Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) had launched high scale plantation drive by planting multifunctional Salix and Populus trees.

 The important multifunctional shrubs (thorny) being used by the villagers for medicine, food, fodder, fuel etc., includes Rosa species and Hippophae rhamnoides. These shrubs were also used for fencing their homes and fields.

 The fruit trees like apricot, apple, walnut, mulberry and cherry were found significant in adding greenery to the environment and besides providing socioeconomic and ecological services.

7.  Level and  Their roles, norms  Review of literature on Ladakh Himalayas. Please see Annexure diversity of and practices for 10 engagement sustainable  Identified some traditional institutions engaged in environment protection of resource in ladakh.viz chorpan system, bares system, Rares system, phuspun system, traditional management, Ama choxpa, sova rigpa and jinse taxation. institutions environment  Drafting of Questionaire for identification of more traditional institutions in protection and

environmen socio-economic and issues related to them. t protection development  Already in communication with some well acquainted resource persons both from the region of Ladakh as well as outside, primarily academicians and researchers with expertise on the region.

8.  Supplement  Alternate The following fermented products were found in Ladakh region are listed Please see Annexure ary livelihood options below: 11 livelihood giving emphasis on 1 .Cereal based fermented products- options for green job creation a. Tagi Khambir local and value chains b. Teemo communitie recognized c. Chhang s 2 .Milk based fermented foods- a. Chhurpi b. Shyow c. Maar 3.Meat based fermented foods- a. Kargyong b. Satchu  Fermentation of foods has shown to improve the quality, availability and digestibility of some dietary nutrients. The enzymatic hydrolysis of probiotic bacteria enhances the bioavailability of protein and fat and also increases the production of free amino acids, short chain fatty acids, lactic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid.  Fermentation of milk brings the in-vivo release of ß-galactosidase and is well- tolerated by lactose- intolerant individuals. 9.  Extent of  Documentation of  The present study was conducted on Kargil for the documentation of Please see Annexure production environment- traditional farming practices. It was observed that wide range of sustainable 12 and friendly traditional farming practices like compost toilet and night soil, farm yard manure, promotion farming systems. green manure, vermin-compost, weed management, and crop rotation are of value-

added in practice. organic food  Our findings showed that compost toilet and night soil is the major source followed by farm yard manure

 Further it was found that crop rotation is in limited use in Kargil due to short growing season.

10.  Human  Identify key  On the basis of review of literature following sectors have been identified for Please see Annexure capacity- sectors and generation of income and livelihood: 13 building capacity building including needs of those 1) Agriculture Sector promotion of having immediate micro- bearing on Agriculture sector is one of the largest contributors towards state’s economy. In enterprises conservation and 2015 agriculture sector contributed 13.7% of the GDP at national level and at and green livelihoods state level it contributed around 21.09%. Some of the major agricultural crops technologies having high potential for livelihood is wheat, maize, paddy crop, oil seeds and pulses.

2) Horticulture Sector

Horticulture is crucial for rural economy, providing employment to large number of local inhabitants. Out of total area of horticulture in the State, 90% is occupied by Kashmir valley due to its suitable climate with annual turnover of $75 million. About 6 lakh families are involved in horticulture industry and around 30 lakh persons (approx) get employment directly or indirectly from fruit industry of state. Some of major horticulture crops which contribute maximum share towards state’s GDP and having high international value include apple, saffron, walnut, and cherry.

3) Handicraft Sector

There has been a tremendous growth in handicrafts products especially carpets which has seen continuous increment in its contribution to state’s GDP which almost accounts an export of 43.00% (approx) as compared to other products from this sector. Craft like embroidery; shawls, crewels, namda, wood carving, paper machie, costume and jewelry have high demand at national and international level.

4) Tourism Sector

Tourism industry is also playing a pivotal role in the state economy which is evident from the fact that tourism sector accounts for more than 6% of India’s GDP and 8% (approx) to J&K economy. There are wide prospects of tourism potential in Kashmir Valley. The potential areas of this sector include adventure tourism, houseboats, restaurants, hotels and radio taxi etc. *Experimental work giving full details (in separate sheet, within 300 words) of experimental set up, methods adopted, data collected supported by necessary table, charts, diagrams & photographs. Note: Data, table and figures may be attached as separate source file (.docx, .xls, jpg, .jpeg, .png, .shp, etc. ).

4. Fellowship Description at Institutional/ University Level

Annual Deliverables/ Outputs (during the reporting year)

S. No. Deliverables/ Parameters No. Description 1. 1. Mohammad Yaseen Mir, Azra N. Kamili (2018) Hippophae rhamnoides L. a multifunctional plant of Ladakh Himalaya. Journal of Himalayan Ecology & Sustainable Development (Under Review). 2. Mohammad Yaseen Mir, Azra N. Kamili (2018) A survey of multipurpose tree species in Ladakh Himalaya for degraded land rehabilitation. 1th Himalayan Researchers Consortium (Under Review). 3. Khurshid S and Manzoor S (2018) Role of Environment Protection No. of Research Publications (monograph/ articles/ peer- and Occupational Safety for Social Development-A study of reviewed articles): Ladakh. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities. 6: 373-380. (Published) 4. M Sultan Bhat, Junaid Qadir, Zafar A Reshi, Akhtar Alam (2018) Projecting the ground water level scenario using ARIMA Modeling in Jammu Himalaya. Annals of GIS. (under review) 5. Summia Rehman, Showkat H. Mir, Ajaz H. Ganie, Zafar A. Reshi. Reproductive biology and conservation of threatened endemic plant Aquilegia nivalis Falc. ex Baker in Kashmir Himalaya. NMHS (Under review).

2. No. of Data Sets generated: Data sets Generated by No. of Data Sets Mohammad. Yaseen Mir 4 Mohamad. Junaid 8 Summia Rehman 2 3. No. of Conferences/ Workshops attended: 1. Comparing different Interpolation methods to understand Pre- Monsoon and Post Monsoon Groundwater Fluctuation Levels in Jammu Shiwaliks. National Seminar on Himalayan Biodiversity: Characterization and Bio Prospection for Sustainable Utilization at University of Kashmir 18-19 September 2017. (By Mohamad. Junaid). 2. National Seminar on Himalayan Biodiversity: Characterization and Bioprospection for sustainable Utilization on 18-19th September 2017. “Paper presented: Multifunctional Tree species for rehabilitation of degraded lands in Ladakh Himalaya”. (By Mohammad. Yaseen Mir). 3. 1th Himalayan Researchers Consortium on 26-27 April 2018. “Paper presented: Significance of multipurpose tree species in degraded land rehabilitation in Ladakh Himalaya”. (By Mohammad. Yaseen Mir) 4. Two Day National Seminar-cum-Workshop (20-21 November, 2017) on Skill Development in Biotechnology. (By Mohammad. Yaseen Mir) 5. Three day workshop on “Biodiversity of Kashmir Himalaya” held at Satellite Campus Kargil, University of Kashmir on 25th -27th July, 2017. (By Mohammad. Yaseen Mir) 6. International Conference on Recent Developments in Science, Humanities & Management-2018. Organised by: Amar singh college Srinagar. Dated: 18-19th April 2018.

Paper presented: Role of Environment Protection and Occupational Safety for Social Development-A study of Ladakh. (By Shabana Khurshid) 7. National seminar on Himalayan Biodiversity Characterization and Bioprospection for Sustainable Utilization held by University of Kashmir-2017. Organized by: Department of Botany. Dated: September 14-15th 2017. Paper presented: Social Awareness As A Tool To Address Threats To Biodiversity: A Case Of Contaminated Water Bodies Of Srinagar And Possible Social Work Intervention. (By Shabana Khurshid) 8. Developments in Science, Humanities and Management, held on 17-18th April 2018 at Amar Sing College Srinagar. Paper presented on, ‘Beyond Botanical Science: Kashmir in Victor Jacquemont’s Prejudice’. (By Summia Rehman) 9. 2nd international conference on Recent Developments in Science, Humanities and Management, held on 8th July 2018, paper presented on ‘Elderberies (Sambucus): Future source of novel drugs’. (By Summia Rehman) 10. 2 Day National workshop on Climate Change and Human health, held at Govt. Degree college Bijbehara Anantnag, paper presented on ‘ Climate change: An appraisal of its several implications for Human Health. (By Summia Rehman) 11. Researchers’ consortium on National Mission on Himalayan Studies held on 27-28th April 2018.paper presented on ‘Conservation of Endemic plants: A case study of Aquilegia nivalis. (By Summia Rehman) 12. 2 Day national workshop on skill development in Biotechnology held in S P College Srinagar on 20-21st November 2017. (By Summia Rehman) 13. 3 Day national workshop on’ Disaster resilience of Kashmir in the

face of climate change’ held in Bemina College Srinagar on 13- 15th November 2017. (By Summia Rehman) 14. National seminar on Himalayan Biodiversity Characterization and Bioprospecting for sustainable utilization held in University of Kashmir on 13-14th September 2018. (By Summia Rehman).

4. No. of Sites/ Study Area Covered: Kashmir Himalaya: Gulmarg, Ferozpur, Kangan, Ganderbal, Manasbal, Ahrabal (By Summia Rehman) Ladakh Himalaya: The sites covered so far are Pandrass, Drass, Bhimbhat, Kargil city, Trespone, Saliskote, Batalik, Chiktan, Fokar, Mulbek, Lamayuru, Saspol, Leh city and Spituk (By Mohammad. Yaseen Mir). Nubra valley,leh, kargil and khardungla (By Shabana Khurshid) Jammu Himalaya: R.S. Pura, Akhnoor, Samba, and Bishnah (By Mohamad. Junaid). 5. No. of Best Practices suitable for IHR: Under process 6. New Observations/ Innovations Under process

5. Fellowship Concluding Remarks/ Annual Summary

Conclusions summarizing the achievements and indication of remaining work (within 300 words):

1. H-RA Dr Shakoor Ahmad Mir After successful completion of the database comprising of 2862 species that was reported earlier in the first project report further, goals were set up in the 2nd year to meet the desirables thereof. The following conclusion can be summarised from the work done in the 2nd year:

 A list of 224 endemic plants and a list of 55 threatened plant species have been prepared.  The endemic plants of the Kashmir Himalayan region range a diversity of flora from Ranunculaceae (the most primitive herbaceous angiospermic family) to Asteraceae (the most advanced angiospermic family). Asteraceae being the most widely spread endemic plant family comprising of 67 species is followed by Brassicaceae (17 species) and Rosaceae (12 species).  Out of 55 threatened plant species 11 are critically endangered (CR) 10 are rare (R) 12 are endangered (EN) and 22 are vulnerable (VU). Asteraceae being the most exploited family comprising of 6 different plant species having the threatened status followed by Brassicaceae (5 species) and then Ranunculaceae, Roseaceae and Poaceae (4 species each).  The plants species falling under the threatened category were specifically surveyed with the available literature to document their usages in a tabulated form which are categorically responsible for their widespread exploitation. Future plans:

In order to enhance the quality of the work done so far and to provide an edge effect to prioritize rehabilitation and conservation of these threatened plants of great economic and ecological values, an experiment has been set up and is on-going to inquire Chemo profiling of the available plant materials to screen their important compounds.

2. Dr Arif Hussain Shah Land use denotes the human employment of land and is a synthesis of physical, chemical and biological systems and processes on one hand and human/social processes and behavior on other while land cover denotes physical and biotic character of land surface. A detailed study of Land use/Land cover Change in Kashmir Himalayas using Multi-temporal satellite images of LandSat TM September 1992 and LandSat ETM

September 2013 was carried to see the trends in LU/LC change in Kashmir Himalayas, with added focus on identifying LU/LC category that has maximum chances for getting transformed into different categories and study the impact of Land Transformation over Himalayan Region. Twelve LU/LC classes were identified using Supervised Classification. Different LU/LC classes have shown conversion into different LU/LC categories. Agriculture showed conversion into four LU/LC categories, Built Up no conversion, Barren into six, Dense forest into five, Glacier, Horticulture and Marshes into three, Pasture into four, Riverbed, Scrub and Sparse forest into five, while Water showed conversion into three LU/LC categories. The LU/LC analysis of Kashmir valley between 1992 and 2013 revealed an increase in area under built-up, Horticulture, Sparse Forest and Pasture while area under Agriculture, Barren, Marshes, Riverbed, Water, Scrub, Dense Forest and Glacier showed a decrease. The analysis revealed that area under Agriculture has decreased from 2784.92 sq.kms in 1992 to 1891.01 sq.kms in 2013 ( -32.10%). Of other classes, built Up category has shown an increasing trend from (56.95, as has horticulture (6.85%) and pastures 2.9%). For better understanding the impacts of changing physical characteristics, geo spatial tools like Remote Sensing and GIS have been found useful. The findings of the study are useful for developing strategies for the conservation of the important resources.

3. Dr Amrina Shafi Present study was carried out to collect and document indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants in Leh and Kargil region of Ladakh. Most of the Amchis in Ladakh are the sixth generation of unbroken family lineages. They provide health care in the villages. They are often not only the medical doctors but also very strong community leaders. Ethno-botanical data were collected from traditional healers (male and female) using semi-structured questionnaire, observation and guided field walks. Visited major villages of Leh and Kargil, collected information from local people and Amchis regarding medicinal flora of the region and its traditional uses for curing various ailments. Collection of some medicinal herbs for in-vitro culture and for maintaining field cultures was done. Collected medicinal plants samples for preliminary screening. The study revealed that various species of medicinal herbs were used against human ailments; those species were used to treat health problems of both human and livestock ailments. The plant parts most frequently used were the Leaf (48%), followed by root (24%), stem (11%), fruit (9%) and whole parts (8%). Traditional remedies were processed mainly through crushing, followed by squeezing. Oral applications were widely used, followed, in frequency of prescription, by dermal applications. The study showed that Ladakh area (particularly) possess wealthy of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants and their applications. Moreover, this ethnobotanical study can assist scientists for further research on medicinal properties of identified plant species that could contribute to development of new drugs. We have visited the major 5 valleys of Ladakh: Indus, Nubra, Changthang, Zanskar and Suru.

1. Dominant species of the Indus valley: Most populated and the central valley of Leh district of Ladakh region. The important places of this valley rich in medicinal herbs are Dha-Hanu, Lamayuru, Khaltsi, Saspol, Liker, Nimu, Phyang, Spituk, Leh, Saboo, Choglamsar, Stok, Thiksay, Karu, Hemis, Upshi

etc. It is connected by Khardungla on the north-east, by Changla on south-east and fatula on the west. 2. Dominant species of the Nubra valley: Northern most valley of Ladakh, Khardung-la pass(18,380 ft), the world's highest motorable pass, is the gate way of the valley and it includes Khardung, Khalsar, Partapur, Thoise, Chalunka, Turtuk, Tegar, Deskit, Hunder, Panamic villages. The altitude of this valley is less in comparison to Leh Valley. Valley is known for its rich flora. Natural forests are noticed on both sides of Nubra river. A number of shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants are found in the forest. Alpine grasses are there on mountains peak. 3. Dominant species of the Changthang valley: Maximum area is situated between an elevated of 12000 to 15000 ft. above sea level. Changla pass (17600 ft.) and Taglangla pass (17000 ft) are the gateways to Changthang valley from Ladakh region. Changthang valley is famous for its borax, sulphur and salt deposits, hot springs and high quality Pashmina production etc. It has world highest lakes Pangong Lake (14,600ft), Tsomoriri Lake and Tso-Kar lake (14,500) rich green wetlands. From floristic point of view Changthang valley has scattered vegetation. Agriculturally valley is under developed in comparison to other valleys due to its harsh and cold climatic conditions. The cultivated area lies between 10,000ft to 14,000 ft. where only Barley crops are grown in small quantity. Changpas are largely dependent on wild plants for vegetables, medicine for both human and animals and other needs. Dominant plant species are Arnebia euchroma, Dracocephallum Heretrophyllum, Nepeta longibracteata, Pedicularis loniflora, Rheum spiciformae. 4. Dominant species of the Zanskar valley: situated at an altitude between 11000 ft. to 14000 ft. and is one of the most remote and least populated valleys of Ladakh. The important places are Lungnak, Stongdey, Padum, Karsha, Sani, Phey, Aksho, Abran and Rangdum etc. The cultivated area lies at altitude of between 10,000 ft. and 12,000 ft. Dominant plant species are Artemisia dracunculus, Bergenia strcheyi, Codonopsis sp., Meconnopsis aculeate, Podophyllum hexandrum. 5. Dominant species of the Suru valley: named after the Suru River with average altitude of the valley is 9000 ft. It includes Kargil, Sanku, Panikhar, Batalic, Sodh, Paskum, Shakar - Chiktan and Bothkharbu areas etc. The Cultivate area lies between 8,500 ft. and 10,000 ft. Valley is famous for quality of Apricot. Dominant plant species are Aconitum heterohyllum, Delphinium Cashmerianum, Physalis alkekengi, Podophyllum hexandrum, Rubia Cordifoliam.

Remaining Work: 4. Further, this study requires phytochemical screening of collected medicinal plants, which can help in identifying potential drug candidate for other serious ailments. 5. Maintenance of in-vitro cultures for various assays: antioxidant potential, cytotoxicity screening and antibacterial activity.

1. H-JRF/H-JPF Summia Rehman List of endemic plants has been prepared by extensive literature survey by perusing the relevant publications (i.e. papers, books, reports, etc.). It is estimated that about 224 endemic plant species are growing in Kashmir Himalaya. They belong to 122 genera in 40 families. Of these, 202 species belong to dicotyledons in 108 genera and 34 families, while as 22 species are monocotyledons in 14 genera and 6 families. Asteraceae has largest number of endemic species (66), followed by Brassiceceae (18), Roseaceae (12), Fabaceae (9), Apiaceae (7), Ranunculaceae (7), Surophulariaceae (10) (fig 2). Among monocotyledons Cyperaceae include 6 species, Poaceae 6 species and Orchidaceae has 4 species.

The threat status of these species has been given according to IUCN regional guidelines. The species are prioritised for conservation based on RET status. Of the 224 endemic plant species, till date, threat status of only 55 species has been accessed.Out of 55 threatened plant species 11 species are Critically Endangered, 12 Endangered, 22 Vulnerable and 10 species are Rare.

Different conservation methods have been applied to conserve these threatened species. Out of 56 threatened plant species only 16 plants have been conserved by tissue culturing and vegetative propagation method.

Remaining Work  Characterization of more endemic plant species according to IUCN regional guidelines.  Standardization of protocols for conservation of some priority endemic species.  Field evaluation of standardized conservation protocols 2. Irfan-ur-Rauf Taq

Human population is increasing rapidly. Forest cover has either decreased or declined in quality due to habitat degradation and people in Kashmir have changed their agriculture fields in to apple orchards, which attract black bear and leopard. We have observed that in majority of the cases of animal attack on humans, they do not eat human flesh, but attack to defend themselves. Therefore, danger of the conflict can be substantially reduced if humans do not do things that incite animals to attack. Also poor knowledge of animal behaviour has been a major cause of conflict. The resolution of the problem can be achieved if people who live near forest arrest areas are made aware of the behavioural pattern

of animals. Besides, giving awareness to the villagers will help in peaceful coexistence between human and wildlife. It will help in creating tolerance towards the wildlife. Education and training activities at different levels, like in schools and colleges will also help to avoid conflicts. The objective of the research needs extensive study .Since the last year study does not cover all the attack prone areas of Kashmir, so the matter needs a grave concern and more collection of data from the attack prone areas and from all available sources.

3. HJRF-3 Iqra Bashir Among the performed three risk assessment schemes, The Tucker–Richardson decision tree model developed for South African fynbos was least successful in the Kashmir Himalaya, with 6.49% accuracy. This model was designed for application to very specific conditions – fire-prone, nutrient poor shrub lands – that do not occur in the Kashmir Himalaya, and this highlights the need for selection of a risk assessment system that is appropriate for a given region, country or taxa. The average WRA score for Kashmir Himalaya was much greater than that found by some other studies. Based on WRA scoring, individual species were classified as either ‘very high risk’ (≥18 points), ‘high risk’ (12–17 points) or ‘intermediate risk’ (6–11 points).

Of the total of 77 invasive species investigated in the present study, only three (Sambucus wightiana, Iris ensata and Juncus articulatus) qualified as high-risk species, while the other species were very high-risk. Typha angustifolia was given the highest WRA score (32), followed by Anthemis cotula and Conyza canadensis (each 31).

Future plan

Having the risk assessment done, the next step is to prioritize the species or sites on the basis of their potential impact on environment to take the appropriate management action.

Prioritization of sites 1-2 months Prioritization of species 2 months Decision making for taking appropriate management practice 2 month Field trials 1 months Progress assessment and compilation of report 5 month

4. HJRF-4 Mohamad Junaid As the area being highly mountainous, most of the rainfall goes waste as runoff. This has resulted in the varying degree of recharge to the ground. There is an urgent need for the formulation of long term assessment plan of periodical reassessment of the groundwater resources in the study area. The intervening period between the successive re-assessment should be devoted to further strengthen to the database. These would include the intensified monitoring of the measured data like water level, rainfall canal discharge, well census, base flow, etc. and special studies on estimation of parameters like specific yield, rainfall infiltration factor, canal seepage factor, return flow factor etc. The depth to water level maps were generated for each season, i.e. pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter seasons, for the study period (1994 – 2014). The average Pre-monsoon (May) and post-monsoon (November) depth to water level for the year 1994 has been recorded at 6.89 m and 5.77 m, and for the year 2014 has been recorded at 6.36 m and 5.38 m respectively. Two different interpolation methods (Deterministic & Geostatistical) using data of 44 continuously monitored ground water observation wells, cross- validation played a decisive role in comparing and assessing the accuracy of each method. It was evident from the results generated by comparing different interpolation methods that Inverse Distance weighted (IDW) is the best fit method for the present study. The value of Inverse Distance weighted (IDW) varies from 0.78 in 1994 to 0.40 in 2014, showing a moderate positive correlation. Remaining Work: Field survey is to be carried out followed by Land use land cover Mapping and Groundwater potential zonation/Aquifer Mapping.

5. HJRF-5 Khan Aadil Gulzar The observation made after analyzing the data shows that some of the springs have dried up and in the case of the existing springs also the discharge has decreased over the years.

A slight fall in water level was observed in maximum number of springs during the end of the post monsoon period

The sequential spread of rainfall has reduced and is now concentrated to few months which may be primarily due to the effects of climate change. This change in rainfall pattern has resulted in reduced natural infiltration. Further the large surface area of Jammu Himalaya is covered by steep slopes which results in quick loss of surface runoff thus preventing it from percolating underground. To increase the infiltration in recharge zone certain conservation measures are to be adopted which include:

1. Protection and management of recharge area of springs through construction of ponds, trenches and plantation.

2. This will increase the infiltration of surface runoff water during rainfall season thereby increasing the discharge of springs during drier season (March to May).

Work to be done Time line

Widespread survey of spring-sheds 1-3 months

Mapping of spring-sheds 4-6 months

Classification of spring type, aquifer, and 7-8 months recharge area

Developing spring-shed management 9-10 protocols

Exploration whether the drying springs can be 11-12 months revived through a spring-shed development approach using geohydrological techniques

6. HJRF-6 Mohammad Yaseen Mir  As per the main aim of this study, we have assessed multifunctional trees and shrubs within Ladakh Himalaya for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Thereto, first of all an appropriate set of ecological, economic and social selection criteria describing species growth characteristics and requirements, products and services were defined. On these bases multifunctional tree and shrub species were recognized.  Multifunctional tree species assessed during the field survey included 7 species of Salix (Willow), 6 species of Populus (Poplar), 2 species of Juniperus, Ephedra vulgaris and Hippophae rhamnoides. These plants were found highly significant to the local population as a source of fodder, fuel, medicine and timber besides playing important role in land rehabilitation.

 It is pertinent to mention that Salix and Populus trees were found highly significant for combating desertification. They generally show bushy type of growth particularly near water courses. For the purpose of rehabilitation of degraded lands J&K state forest department and Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) had launched high scale plantation drive by planting multifunctional Salix and Populus trees.  Besides that Hippophae rhamnoides have been found wonder plant of Ladakh Himalaya which the villagers use for food, fuel, fodder, medicine and as well as for fencing their fields. H. rhamnoides also plays an important role in controlling soil erosion because of its extensive and long root system. Its roots also get associated with Frankia and increase the fertility of soil by nitrogen fixation.  Furthermore, during the survey, due attention was also given to horticultural trees as they are not only important source of income for local populations but also provide ecological services to them as well. Work to be done:  Species selection for further analysis.  Plantation of selected multifunctional trees and shrubs on different degraded habitats of Ladakh Himalayas.  Assessment of socioeconomic status of the forest and horticultural trees.  Analysis of database trends and their relationships.  Setting up species database and recommendations for rehabilitation of degraded lands. 7. HJRF-7 Shabana Khurshid  The role and relevance of the traditional institutions in an eco-fragile place like Ladakh seems indispensible and thus need to be reintroduced but of course with some modern and more scientific revival. Apart from serving the purpose of environmental protection, the traditional institutions and practices have served a great venture into strengthening the cultural and social capital of the region, therefore, such adventures could mean a stronger and intact socialization. Mass level Awareness especially among young children and youth about the environmental protection and importance of scope and diversity of traditional institutions for such purpose needs to be introduced into the mainstream and informal modes of education. Non Governmental organizations and governmental measures aimed at environmental protection need more coordination and inclusive intervention. Even though Non Governmental organizations like, Ladakh Ecological

Development Group (LEDeG), Ladakh Arts and Media Organization. (LAMO), Ladakh Environment and Health Organization (LEHO), 17000 feet Foundation are in the operational navigation of Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC), yet the level of coordination needs to get more participatory and coordinated.  Majority of the reflections from the indigenous point of view were critical about the non-utilization of various traditional practices that had sustained the environmental balance of the region for a long period of time. Some of these traditional methods/techniques have been identified viz chorpan system, bares system, Rares system, phuspun system, Ama choxpa, sova rigpa and jinse taxation. Moreover an indigenous intervention in regards to water preservation and harvesting has been initiated by Chhewang Norphel also known as “Glacier Man” who built an artificial glacier system to irrigate the fields during the time of summers when water supply is on the lower side. Another individual initiative to tackle water related issues has been taken by a local engineer, Sonam Wangchuk by forming what are called as “Ice Stupas” a creative idea to build artificial glaciers at lower altitudes using pipes, gravity and night temperatures that has every potential to transform an arid landscape into a rich source of water body. 8. HJRF-8 Asima Jan

 Fermentation practice has resulted in the availability of produce, when the season is out to ensure the nutritional security. However a major gap identified is the lack of mechanized process, proper storage, value addition and market linkages, which deprive these products with high nutritional and neutraceutical importance to enter in the demanding market of foods. The proper value addition of indigenous food products with processing by low cost efficient dehydration technologies e.g. Solar drying, microwave technologies and other green technologies plus efficient packaging techniques for extension of shelf life and nutritional value as well as to prevent food borne contamination needs to be focused upon. The clean, hygienic, mechanized production and storage by the use of suitable infrastructure by the local population can fetch a premium price if marketed properly in high -income final markets. The consumers of such markets give preference to non-price critical success factors like hygiene, organic production, and health improving foods. But at present the producers are unaware of these aspects and if the stakeholders will be provided with the developed scientific processing and communicated about the benefits associated with adaption of mechanized processing and other aspects there would be complete turnaround in the value chains of these ethnic products of Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir. 9. HJRF-9 Sajad Ahmad Rather

Different farming systems particularly compost toilet and night soil, farm yard manure, green manuring, vermi-composting, crop rotation etc are practiced in Kargil district. It was found that compost toilet and night soil, and farm yard manure are the two major sources of sustainable farming. Wide range of indigenous farming practices enhance the use of locally available inputs and support the economic growth of rural and tribal people. It can be concluded that there is the scope for strengthening of all such practices which can ensure livelihood security to the rural and tribal population of cold arid Kargil region in addition to conservation of unique ecosystems and cultural heritage.

10. Shiekh Umar Mufeed

Human resources play a pivotal role towards organizational growth and progress. They are considered as a backbone in enhancing organizational performance and are contribute significantly in determining its success. Organizations need to train its employees in order to improve their skills, abilities and capabilities which will enable them to perform their assigned tasks and responsibilities effectively. It calls for developing the human capacity building aspects among employees as it is regarded indispensable for achieving competitiveness at workplaces. But due to the change in market pressures, intense competition, transformation of technology coupled with increased customer expectations has posed a challenge before organizations and other actors to develop their employee competencies in serving the customers better. Organizations are faced with enormous challenge to focus and to identify the training and development gaps. It is in this direction that focus should be made for identifying the capacity building measures so that employee delivery is improved and organizational performance is enhanced. Keeping the above in view, the present research is an attempt to highlight the significance of human capacity building. The study is also aimed to analyze the contribution of various sectors of Kashmir region towards its economy. The present research moreover, will identify the key sectors having potential for income generation and subsequently to examine how these sector’s capacity building needs are met.

6. Specific Research Question(s) Addressed with Succinct Answer(s)

S. No. Research Questions Addressed Succinct Answers (within 150-200 words) 1. RA-1 Shakoor Ahmad Mir

1. Compilation of a comprehensive 1. This question was successfully complied and addressed in the 1st report. Database of Regional Biodiversity related to Kashmir Himalayas. 2. This question has been addressed this year where a list of 224 endemic plants and a list 2. To enlist threatened and endemic of 55 threatened plant species have been prepared. These plants species were species with specific uses that requires specifically surveyed with the available literature to document their usages that are immediate attention inhabiting Kashmir categorically responsible for their widespread exploitation. Himalayas. 2 The LU/LC analysis of Kashmir Himalaya carried out for two time periods between 1992 and 2013 showed that area is experiencing tremendous changes. Our results showed the RA-2 Dr Arif Hussain Shah presence of twelve LU/LC classes across Kashmir Himalaya. The post classification LU/LC change comparisons revealed that area under built-up, horticulture, sparse forest and How much is the scope for Land Use/Land pasture has continuously increased while area under Agriculture, Barren, Marshes, Cover change in the Kashmir Himalayas. Riverbed, Water, Scrub, Dense Forest and Glacier has shown a decreasing trend. Though Which Land Use/Land Cover category has forests still constitute dominant land use category followed by agriculture but between maximum chances for getting transformed into analyzed time periods, both these land use categories have experienced significant different categories. decrease. The agriculture is particularly facing severe pressures and is getting converted into either barren land, built up or into horticulture land use. Though the government has banned the conversion of agriculture land for non-agriculture purposes, but yet it is still getting converting at a rapid pace. Similarly, the forest land is also getting affected and transformed into non-forest uses. Considering the developmental rapidity and weak authoritarian response, it is hypothesized that the land use of both forests and agriculture

will continue to be altered. 3 Though cold desert of Ladakh region might look barren and lifeless to visitors, but if explored there is rich plants species, out of which about 50% of plants have medicinal and aromatic properties. Preliminary screening and listing of medicinal plants has been document in the present work along with the metabolites and other compounds of therapeutic potential. Ladakh medicinal plants represent huge source of potential anti- RA-3 Dr. Amrina Shafi inflammatory, immune-modulatory, anti-microbial, anti-asthmatic etc., drugs. The most Screening and listing of species guided by common ailment prevalent in the Ladakh division is gastrointestinal disorders, upper traditional uses and biologically relevant respiratory tract diseases, hepatic diseases, skin diseases, urinary problems, cardiac metabolites with therapeutic potential. disorders, inflammatory, rheumatism, asthma, jaundice, epilepsy, infertility, depression, hypertension, dental, general body ache, osteoarthritis, immunomodulatory etc. which are cured by traditional Amchis with the help of medicinal plants. Upper respiratory infection (common cold) which is the most prevalent disease (12%). Acid peptic disease is the second most prevalent disease (10%) caused by dietary factors and high altitude. Headache (10%) and acute gastrointestinal disease (9%) are other common ailments.

4. HJRF-1 Summia Rehman

1. What are the possible threats that 1. Different types of threats are operative to RET plants in Kashmir Himalaya which endemic plant species face in Kashmir include, over-grazing, grass cutting, landslides/soil erosion, constructional activities Himalaya? /unplanned development, floods/flash floods, over exploitation/overharvesting, cement factory dust, mining/stone quarrying, conversion of forests and grasslands into agricultural land/ land use changes, alien species invasion, huge tourist influx, grass cutting, cement factory dust, mining/stone quarrying, habitat fragmentation, conversion of forests into agricultural land, smuggling/illegal trade, unregulated research work.

2. Various methods can be adopted for the conservation of threatened endemic species. 2. What are the various ways to conserve The conservation strategies being implemented for the conservation of Himalayan plants

endemic plants of Kashmir Himalaya? fall into two categories: In-situ conservation (including national park, sanctuary, biosphere reserve) and Ex-situ conservation (includes offsite collections, gene banks,

seed banks, cryopreservation, micro propagation, field banks).

5. HJRF-2 Irfan-ur-Rouf Tak 1. The main causes which initiate the human –wildlife conflicts are- 1. What are the causes of human- wildlife Increasing human population growth and expansion, Habitat degradation ,Habitat conflicts (HWC)? fragmentation that is construction of roads, railway tracks, dams , bridges etc, land use transformation, increasing densities of livestock grazing in protected areas, increasing fruit plantations near protected areas are considered as major causes of human-wildlife

conflicts.

The increasing human population and expansion causes increase in the demands of human population and utilization of resources, this eventually destructs the habitat and resources of wild animals, due to this humans interact with wild animals causing negative impacts to both human and wild animals. Movement and ranging patterns of large mammals are controlled essentially by availability of food, water, escape cover and mates. In case of inavailability of any of these components in natural habitats, wild animals are forced to move out causing several forms of conflict.

2. What are the major drawbacks of human

– wildlife conflicts? 2. Disease transmission: Transmission of some of the zoonotic disease from wild animals coming out of there protected areas can result in direct human mortality or significant

loss through mandatory culls of livestock.

Livestock – damage: Carnivorous and omnivorous wildlife species (especially those wide- ranging and of larger body size) regularly predate upon livestock, resulting in significant financial loss. Property damage: Furthermore, damage to property is a common cause of conflict

between human populations and wildlife species, through damage to infrastructure such as buildings, boundaries and utilities . Human death and injury: Human injury and loss of life also occurs on a limited basis, usually through either exposure by guarding against other conflicts or direct human depradation, though the latter is rare.

Crop raiding: The dominant category of human-wildlife interactions, however, is the loss of valuable crops or plantations through wildlife foraging.

3. What would be the recommendations to 3. A. Detailed study of wild animals is obligatory. overcome the problem of this conflict? B. The local people should be encouraged to follow proper methods of guarding their livestock against the predation of the wild animals. C. Awareness for the conservation of the wild animals. D. Wildlife conservation related publication including brochure, posters and leaflets should be prepared and distributed. E. Regular monitoring of the conflict levels should be carried out by the concerned authorities. F. Habitat encroachment and destruction should be discouraged. G. Maintenance of a wildlife database. 6. HJRF-3 Iqra Bashir What is the extent of invasion by alien species in The present study revealed that in the Indian Himalayan region a large number of alien species the Indian Himalayan region, with particular have been reported by various authors from different parts of Kashmir Himalayan region. The reference to the Kashmir Himalaya? present inventorization revealed that the alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya is comprised of 571 plant species belonging to 352 genera and 104 families. Dicotyledonos contribute maximum numer (425) of alien plant species distributed in 261 genera and 74 families, where

monocotyledons share 133 plant species grouped under 81 genera and 23 families. Gymnosperms are represented by 11 plant species belonging to 8 genera and 5 families, which

include Cupresseaceae, Ginkogaceae, Pinnaceaea, Taxaceae and Taxodiaceae. Pteridophytes comprise of 2 monotypic families, Marsiliaceae and Salvinaceae. Can we develop efficient predictive risk Three risk assessment schemes (Pheloung et al. (1999), Daehler et al. (2004), Tucker and assessment protocols specially designed to Richardson (1995) with certain modifications has been successfully performed for Kashmir Himalayan situation for preventing introduction Himalayas. of potentially invasive species.

7.  In order to evaluate the suitability of the two different interpolation methods (Deterministic & Geostatistical) four interpolation methods for each technique (IDW, RBF, LPI, GPI- Deterministic), (OK, SK, DK, IK- Geostatistical) respectively, using data of 44 continuously monitored ground water observation wells from year 1994 to 2014. The interpolated values for each method were compared with their respective observed values. The suitability of HJRF-4 Mohamad Junaid these methods was further evaluated through Coefficient of Determination (R2) & Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). R2 is used to interpret the strength of the relationship and ranges  Comparison Analysis of two different between 0 and 1. RMSE is used for its efficacy. In the order to obtain the distribution Interpolation Methods using data of 44 characteristics of groundwater depth, the selection of model parameters shall meet the continuously monitored Groundwater principle that the mean errors and RMSE are close to 0 and 1. observation wells from 1994 – 2014.  It was evident from the results generated by comparing different interpolation methods that Inverse Distance weighted (IDW) is the best fit method for the present study. The value of Inverse Distance weighted (IDW) varies from 0.78 in 1994 to 0.40 in 2014, showing a moderate positive correlation.

8. The sequential spread of rainfall has reduced and is now concentrated to few months which JRF-5 Khan Aadil Gulzar may be primarily due to the effects of climate change. This change in rainfall pattern has resulted in reduced natural infiltration. Further the large surface area of Jammu Himalaya is  What are the major causes of covered by steep slopes which results in quick loss of surface runoff thus preventing it from decreases in spring water discharge percolating underground. during drier season (March to May)? To increase the infiltration in recharge zone certain conservation measures are to be  What conservation measures can be adopted which include: employed to increase the discharge of Protection and management of recharge area of springs through construction of ponds, spring water during drier season and trenches and plantation. This will increase the infiltration of surface runoff water during to rejuvenated dried springs? rainfall season thereby increasing the discharge of springs during drier season (March to May). These measures will also help to rejuvenate the dried up springs

9. HJRF-6 Mohd. Yaseen Mir

1. Reclamation of wastelands in 1. In reclaiming the wastelands in Ladakh, the main objective must be to restore the life Ladakh region? support system especially soil ecosystem and the integrated agro pastoral systems of rural ecosystems. Since the soils of Ladakh region are less matured and as such coarse in texture. Coarse textured soils are characterized by gravelly/stony, sandy and silty type which is always poor in soil fertility and productivity. These soils are, therefore required

to have more Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and compost. Hence which ever quantity of organic manure is available with the farmers, they must add to these soils. 2. Moisture conservation in soils of Ladakh region can be achieved by compost mulch 2. Water management in Ladakh which will prevent evaporation losses. Drip irrigation, pitcher irrigation or sprinkle region? irrigation should be used where it is possible. It would be much better if all the fore said methods of irrigation need to be experimented to assess their usefulness in cold arid region.

10.

Agricultural inadequacy being a major issue has been trivialized by a high influx tourism HJRF-7 Shabana Khursheid which also has been a source of environmental degradation. Economic infrastructure What are the various environmental issues development has also led to volatility of the natural habitat including deforestation and prevalent in Ladakh and their inter-relationship other relevant attaché which include environmental intrusion. Besides cultural practices with the socio economic and socio cultural have also adversely affected the environment. developments taking place in the region? What Non-scientific and traditional means of modus operandi vis-à-vis environmental is the level of development made in the development and the stakeholder institutes are some of the primary causes of modernization of various scientific and technical environmental degradation. modalities vis-à-vis sustainable environmental Green technology for example is one such mean of sustainable resource management management? which is based on application of the environmental science and technology for the development and application of products, equipment and systems to conserve the natural resources and environment, as well as to minimize or mitigate the negative impacts on the environment from human activities. 11. HJRF-8 Asima Jan 1. Due to various constraints on animal farming and agricultural production during the harsh winter months, people mostly are dependent on foods like barley, wheat, 1. What people of Ladakh do to avoid the vegetables, some dairy products and limited amounts of meat. The scarcity of food shortage of food supply during harsh during long and harsh winter months makes the local population vulnerable to nutrient winter conditions? imbalance. However, the people of Ladakh have introduced some indigenous food processing practices in order to make the produce available when the season is out. Hence, value is added to a particular produce item. Fermentation is the most common practice adopted by people of Ladakh region besides drying. Fermentation process besides giving value addition to products extends the shelf life and improves the safety of

foods. The fermented foods and beverages, which includes fruits, vegetables, cereals,

meat and alcoholic beverages constitutes the basic dietary pattern of people of Ladakh.

2. What is the importance of the 2. Fermentation of foods has shown to improve the quality, availability and digestibility of fermentation process? some dietary nutrients. The enzymatic hydrolysis of probiotic bacteria enhances the bioavailability of protein and fat and also increases the production of free amino acids, short chain fatty acids, lactic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. Fermentation of milk brings the in-vivo release of ß-galactosidase and is well- tolerated by lactose- intolerant individuals. Fermented milk is more suitable for lactose intolerant infants due to increased lactase activity by ß- galactosidase. Also, sourdough fermentation of cereals reduces fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols resulting in increased tolerance of these compounds by IBS patients. The B vitamins including folate, riboflavin and B12 are synthesized from various non-microbial interaction during fermentation of milk makes it more nutritious as it enriches the fermented material with vitamins and organic acids. 12.  The documentation on traditional farming practices in Kargil revealed that farm yard manure and night soil are the major sources for manure used in Kargil. Besides that green manure, vermin-compost, weed management and crop rotation are in practice to HJRF-9 Sajad Ahmad Rather some extent.  What are the traditional farming  Seed treatment before sowing and soil testing before taking new crop. practices in Kargil?  Using farmyard manure to build soil health and water holding capacity.  What are the different measures to increase production and to make farming  Watch and ward the crop every day. sustainable?  Managing insect and diseases by integrated pest management approach, crop rotation and timely irrigation.

 Organic farming is one of the several approaches found to meet the objectives of

sustainable agriculture.

13. 1) Present scenario of various sectors contributing towards Kashmir economy

JRF-10 Sheikh Umar Mufeed Tourism Sector

1. What is the contribution of various Tourism industry is playing a pivotal role in the state economy which is evident from the fact sectors towards Kashmir economy? that tourism sector accounts for more than 6% of India’s GDP and 8% (approx) to J&K economy. There are wide prospects of tourism potential in Kashmir Valley. During 2015-16, total number of foreign tourists in J&K was recorded to be 58,568. J&K expects to witness 22.7 million tourist arrivals in FY 2020 compared to 9.5 million arrivals in FY 2014.

Handicraft Sector It occupies an important position in the economic structure of J&K State. The handicrafts

activities are best suited to the state as these activities are more labour intensive and less capital

intensive in nature, therefore having scope for employment generation opportunities at large scale. J&K handicrafts products have won worldwide fame for their attractive deigns, functional utility and high quality craftsmanship. During 2014-2015 carpets, woolen shawls and paper machie accounted for 33.9%, 31.28% and 6.99% shares of total handicrafts production in the state respectively. Horticulture Sector

Horticulture is backbone of State economy. Horticulture contributes nearly Rs:-5000/- Crore to

States economy annually. Horticulture sector contributes about 7% to the Gross State Domestic Product. 236 private registered Nurseries produce 13 lac plants.7 Lac families / 33 Lac souls involved in the trade. Each hectare of Orchard generates 400 mandays per year. Agriculture Sector

Agriculture sector plays a very prominent role for development of economy of J&K State. Around 70% of the population in the State get livelihood directly or indirectly from Agriculture and allied

Sectors. The State comprises of three regions namely Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh having distinct geographical outlook and agro climatic zones. Each zone having its own characteristics that largely determines the cropping pattern and productivity of crops. Paddy is the main crop of

Kashmir, followed by maize, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, fodder and wheat. In Jammu region,

wheat is the predominant crop followed by maize, paddy, pulses, oilseeds, fodder, vegetables and other crops while in Ladakh, barley is the major cereal crop followed by wheat. State also has the honour of being amongst the world’s few places where quality saffron is cultivated. Pampore Tehsil of District Pulwama, which is situated at a distance of 17 kilometres from Srinagar, is famous for its high grade saffron in the world. For enhancing agricultural productivity on sustainable basis, improving Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) is an important component.

Department of Agriculture has registered a 33% SRR of rice in Kashmir valley and 26.32% in

Jammu Division. SRR in respect of maize was observed at 24% in Kashmir and 32.10% in Jammu Division. SRR in respect of Fodder is anticipated at 32% and 35% during Rabi Season in Kashmir and Jammu respectively.

2. How to meet and address the capacity 2) Developing Capacity building needs of various sectors having immediate bearing on building needs of key sectors of Kashmir conservation and livelihood economy? Agriculture Sector To increase production and productivity of the agricultural crops farmers need to diversify their

crop production so as to take benefit of market demands. Efforts should be made to create infrastructure and technology for farm production. Workshops can be conducted where local farmers can be made aware about latest techniques and scientific methods of producing crops. Farmers need to be motivated to focus on low volume-high value crops such as medicinal plants, vegetables and products like saffron, zeera, mushrooms etc. Tourism sector Individuals/entrepreneur engaged with tourism in Kashmir region can develop environment

friendly strategies for promoting their business which would result in creating their livelihood options. Linkages can be made between tourism industry and government for promoting tourism products. Unexplored places like daksum, gurez and bangus valley can generate tremendous employment avenues and income generation for local industries. Horticulture Sector There arises a need to increase production per unit area, intensive cultivation in high-tech protected environment with high- tech production inputs. Proper marketing facilities should be given to the fruit grower in the state. An export zones should be encouraged in the state so that the export of fresh and dry fruits can be promoted. Handicraft Sector Using innovative technology and imparting training to micro- enterprises/ local artisans as per their needs can be useful in making and promoting their products in the market. Also by adopting a sound packaging strategy can be a viable option in attracting the customers.

7. Any Other Information 4. ….. 5. …..

Annexure 1

After successful completion of the database comprising of 2862 species that was reported earlier in the first project report further, goals were set up in the 2nd year to meet the desirables thereof. Several locations were explored throughout the Kashmir Himalayas where main focus was aimed on surveying the endemic and threatened plant species. The samples were photographed, properly documented and verified by the Curator of Department of Botany, University of Kashmir and thereafter these plant species were tabulated accordingly. Afterwards, the plant belonging to the endemic and threatened categories were further categorized and compiled with the available literature to screen out their specific uses. This part of the experiment is on-going and will include collecting as much of the data available in the literature and work done so far on these highly important plant species in order to document them in the form of a repository, that can be of great benefit to the researchers as well as the student working on such plant species in near future.

Future plans: Furthermore, to enhance the quality of the work done so far and to provide an edge effect to prioritize rehabilitation and conservation of these threatened plants of great economic and ecological values, an experiment has been set up and is on-going to inquire Chemo profiling of the available plant materials to screen their important compounds.

Annexure 2

The analysis of LU/LC change, its driving forces, techniques of analysis and its impact on natural environment has been thoroughly analyzed especially after introduction of remote sensing technology. In Himalaya, the environmental problems are increasing because of growing population, economic changes like tourism, construction of roads, execution of river valley projects etc. The Kashmir Himalayas, nestled in north-western folds of Himalaya has also seen unprecedented ecological degradation in the recent past and thus a comprehensive methodological framework was adopted to analyze LU/LC analysis. The LU/LC analysis was carried out for a time series spanning 21 years between 1992 and 2013; keeping in view the temporal coverage representation and availability of relevant remote sensing data. The LU/LC analysis for 1992 revealed twelve LU/LC classes, with forest as dominant land cover category with more than 45% acreage; followed by agriculture (20%) and scrub (12.76%). The rest nine classes cover little than a quarter area of Kashmir Himalaya. For 2013;

forests again emerged as dominant land cover type (44.99%); followed by horticulture (16.24%) and scrub (9.78%). The post classification LU/LC change comparisons revealed that there has been a considerable change in various LU/LC categories, with area under Built-up, Horticulture, Sparse Forest and Pasture has showing an upward trend while area under Agriculture, Barren, Marshes, Riverbed, Water, Scrub, Dense Forest and Glacier recording a decreasing trend. Of all classes, agriculture recorded growth rate of -32.10% at an annual growth of -1.53% per cent (Fig. 7). The barren class has also shown decreasing trend.

Annexure 3

Contrary to common perception that holds Ladakh Himalaya as barren and lifeless, the region harbours vast plant biodiversity. However owing to its remoteness; rugged topography and other constraint, the documentation of plants for various medicinal and aromatic properties has not been carried. In the present study, an attempt has been made to document and record various plant species along with added notes on their metabolite and other compounds of therapeutic potential. The data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire, observation and guided field walks across five major valleys of Leh and Kargil (Indus, Nubra, Changthang, Zanskar and Suru). In addition, collection of few medicinal herbs for in-vitro culture and for maintaining field cultures was also undertaken and preliminary screening of a few samples was also carried. The results revealed that gastrointestinal disorders and upper respiratory tract diseases are most common ailment prevalent in Ladakh region; followed by hepatic diseases, skin diseases, urinary problems, cardiac disorders and rheumatism etc. These diseases have historically been cured by Amchis (traditional medicinal practitioners). The plant parts most frequently used were Leaf (48%), followed by root (24%), stem (11%), fruit (9%) and whole plant (8%). The results revealed that plant biodiversity of this region offers huge source of potential anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, anti-microbial and anti-asthmatic drugs. Our results can assist scientists for further research on medicinal properties of identified plant species that could contribute to development of new drugs.

Annexure 4

Kashmir Himalaya, considered one of the greatest treasures of biodiversity, harbors a rich diversity of endemic plant species. The endemic plant taxa are generally prone to threat because they are rare and show ecosystem or habitat specialization. Number of plant species found here is rapidly disappearing due to which this endemic wealth of plant species is highly susceptible to extinction. This calls for immediate conservation measures for endemic plants in general and rehabilitation of the endangered ones in particular. Consequently, under such circumstances it has become eminent to conserve the biodiversity of Kashmir Himalaya, as our lives hugely depend on it. The Biodiversity of Kashmir Himalaya is threatened by a variety of global changes resulting from the

combined action of anthropogenic activities. The most direct threats are overharvesting and loss/disturbance of habitat resulting from conversion of natural ecosystem to human use. A perusal of literature indicates that studies pertaining to the diversity, nativity, endemism, rarity, review of in-situ & ex-situ conservation programs, and problems related to cultivation of threatened plants for conservation and strategy action plan had not been carried out so far. An attempt has been made to describe 224 endemic species in Kashmir Himalaya belonging to 122 genera in 40 families. Of these, 202 species belong to dicotyledons in 108 genera and 34 families, while as 22 species are monocotyledons in 14 genera and 6 families. The threat status of these species has been given according to IUCN regional guidelines. The species are prioritized for conservation based on RET status. Of the 224 endemic plant species, till date, threat status of only 55 species has been accessed.

Annexure 5

Description of study area :-

1. Study area Almost entire country of India is affected by Human-Wildlife conflict in varying degrees. Major species that are involved are: Leopard, Snow Leopard, Tiger, Wolf, Elephant, Wild Ass, Sloth Bear, Brown Bear, Blue Bull and Wild Pig. The study sites were selected after visiting the region under study that is North, South, central areas. Furthermore site selected were on the basis of degree of incidence of human-wildlife conflicts besides the healthcare facilities being provided. Also the awareness among the local population regarding the concept of human-wildlife conflicts was taken into consideration while selecting the study site. 2. Identifying areas of conflict The areas of particular concern were identified where the incidence of human-wildlife conflict was more and accordingly awareness was given to the general population of that particular area regarding the concept of human-wildlife conflicts and how it impacts their livelihood. The study is in the continuous phase and the hot spots are being identified. 3. Hospital surveys and secondary data collection For this, data regarding human injuries and mortalities caused during human-wildlife conflict in Kashmir were collected throughout the Kashmir Valley from all the major hospitals. Also the causes of the conflict and animals involved were known by interviewing injured persons from different localities of Kashmir Valley. Different languages will were used mostly the native language Kashmiri and sometimes Urdu in order to put the interviewee at ease. Besides, data was collected from secondary sources as well as newspapers. The news items regarding the human-wildlife conflicts were recorded as and when they were reported. Besides, help was taken from internet also to record the cases that were missed with the help of the above mentioned methods. Finally all the data collected was properly arranged.

Annexure 6

Reduction of invasive alien species is one of the priorities throughout the world in view of large scale introduction, establishment and spread of alien species in non-native regions. These invasive species could be particularly problematic in the mountains regions, such as Himalayas, in view of their multifarious ecological and economic impacts. It is in this context, an assessment of approaches and methods available for reduction of IAS was under taken. The present study revealed that it possible to predict potentially invasive species through the use of various pre-introduction risk assessment schemes and prevent their introduction into nonnative regions. Besides, it is also found out that through the use of post-introduction risk assessment protocols it is possible to identify previously introduced species that, over the course of time, could become invasive and hence warrant rapid response. Such an approach could also aid in identifying priority invasive species that require prescription of appropriate management technologies for their control and containment. In this concern, three risk assessment schemes with appropriate modifications were used for Prediction of 77 invasive species of the Kashmir Himalayan region. Of the total of 77 invasive species investigated in the present study, only three (Sambucus wightiana, Iris ensata and Juncus articulatus) qualified as high-risk species, while the other species were very high-risk . Typha angustifolia was given the highest WRA score (32), followed by Anthemis cotula and Conyza Canadensis.

Annexure 7

The present study focuses on the monitoring the changing depth to water level (m, bgl) in Groundwater observation wells in Jammu Himalaya for the year 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014) using data acquired from CGWB, India and measurements were recorded 4-times each year in the month of January, May, August, and November. The average Pre-monsoon (May) and post-monsoon (November) depth to water level for the year 1994 has been recorded at 6.89 m and 5.77 m, and for the year 2014 has been recorded at 6.36 m and 5.38 m respectively. Further Two different spatial interpolation methods ─ Deterministic [Inverse distance weighted (IDW), Radial Basis Functions (RBF), Local Polynomial Interpolation (LPI), Global Polynomial Interpolation (GPI)] and Geostatistical [Ordinary Kriging (OK), Simple Kriging (SK), Disjunctive Kriging (DK) and Indicator Kriging (IK) were used to understand temporal and spatial variations in depth to water level were used for interpolating the groundwater scenario of 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 using data of 44 groundwater observation wells. The accuracy of the used interpolation methods was assessed through the application of coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared errors (RMSE), and Mean errors (ME). In order to achieve the objectives, set for the present work covering first part, a subdivision into three phases was needed. As shown in the (Fig.1), this process consists of: 1) gathering and analysing data, 2) comparing different spatial interpolation methods 3) Choosing the optimal final method and 4) regionalizing the variable studied by the best-chosen method.

Fig 1: Showing the Methodology adopted for the study. Annexure 8

The observation made after analyzing the data shows that some of the springs have dried up and in the case of the existing springs also the discharge has decreased over the years. A slight fall in water level was observed in maximum number of springs during the end of the post monsoon period. The sequential spread of rainfall has reduced and is now concentrated to few months which may be primarily due to the effects of climate change. This change in rainfall pattern has resulted in reduced natural infiltration. Further the large surface area of Jammu Himalaya is covered by steep slopes which results in

quick loss of surface runoff thus preventing it from percolating underground. To increase the infiltration in recharge zone certain conservation measures are to be adopted which include: 1. Protection and management of recharge area of springs through construction of ponds, trenches and plantation (Shrestha et al., 2017). This will increase the infiltration of surface runoff water during rainfall season thereby increasing the discharge of springs during drier season (March to May). Methodology Hydrogeological mapping of the study area was done through obtaining geological map of the area which include: i. Topographical map ii. Lithological map iii. Contour map iv. Drainage map v. Transect walk: latitude, longitude, elevation, spring location, geological observations and measurements Base map was created by using Google Earth/Toposheet. Annexure 9

Ladakh Himalayan regions are increasingly facing huge environmental challenges and are suffering from a dramatic loss of soil and biodiversity as a consequence of long-term land degradation. Integrated conservation, rehabilitation and community- based management of natural resources are therefore of vital importance. Given the increasingly important issue of land shortage and difficulties related to limited capacity, any conservation intervention should ideally fit into a multifunctional land use, having a maximum range of benefits from a minimum investment. Undeniably, an efficient land management policy should include promotion of multi-purpose woody species and other flora through afforestation, reforestation and/or natural regeneration, as a means to enhance rural livelihoods while providing a wide range of environmental services reversing degradation. Nevertheless, several bottlenecks may hinder effective implementation. Often inappropriate tree species are selected for planting when both ecological suitability for the targeted area or objectives and preferences of local stakeholders (frequently farmers) are not properly taken into account, leading to negative side-effects. Moreover, since local efforts are often limited to a small pool of known species, more attention should be given to valuable alternatives, performing a range of socio-economic, ecological and cultural functions. In contrast to classical plantation forestry, the selection of multi-purpose tree species in Ladakh Himalayas is much more complex and the group of stakeholders are heterogeneous For any particular situation in a context of vegetative land rehabilitation utmost need is to develop or use a type of framework for appropriate selection of the most suitable multi-purpose species, starting from a wide set of alternatives.

In this study efforts were made for data base setting of multi significant tree species and other flora for the rehabilitation of degraded lands of Ladakh Himalaya. The tree species performing a wide range of functions should be preferred in this region. It was found that unsuitable tree species are planted against both ecological suitability and preferences of local stakeholders for the targeted area. The foremost step to develop decision supportive tool for multi- purpose species selection is to collect information based on species-specific ranges, characteristics and functions of potentially valuable species. The authenticity of available literature was also assessed by means of field surveys. The multifunctional trees assessed during the survey included 6 species of Salix (Willow), 6 species of Populus (Poplar), 2 species of Juniperus, 2 species of Pyrus (Apple), 1 species each of Elaeagnus (Oleaster), Morus (Mulberry), Ulmus (Elm), Juglans (Walnut) and Prunus (Apricot). Above all, Hippophae rhamnoides was found highly important multifunctional thorny shrub that is used by villagers for all basic needs like food, fuel, fodder, medicine and as well as for fencing their fields. In current study, data base system will be developed for the highly degraded lands of Ladakh Himalaya using a unique combination of information sources, and particular attention will be given to ethnic knowledge and preferences.

Annexure 10

Ladakh is an ecologically diverse region which is characteristic of a rarity of mosaic mountains, deserts, wild forests, with even more sparse flora and fauna. Already being an ecologically fragile region, the inevitability of modernization and its tangential developments have led to ecological disturbance of the region. Erstwhile indigenous agrarian Ladakh relied heavily on various traditional interventions vis-à-vis its connection with the neighboring environment. The former traditional institutions of diversified measures aimed at environmental safety and conservation, and were more productive, eco-friendly, economically sustaining, scientific and most importantly socially and culturally enriching. The study is exclusively based on consultation of both primary as well as secondary sources with focus on both qualitative as well as quantitative research. Consultation of various environmental databases (both government as well as non- government) confined to the region of Ladakh have also been comprehensively exhausted. For quantitative research in particular, use of questionnaires and interview schedules has been aptly and scientifically done to extract the best possible information needed in this regard besides, inferences have been drawn on the bases of empirical analysis as well as conclusions based on various levels of normative study. Field visits at several occasions in synchronization with the plan of action has also been one of prime concerns so that firsthand information would be extracted from the region based on the personal as well as professional skills. Qualitative research design has been used and field inferences have been drawn from focussed group discussions with elderly persons and NGOS working on environment. Majority of the reflections from the indigenous point of view were critical about the non-utilization of various traditional practices that had sustained the environmental balance of the region for a long period of time.

Annexure 11

Study area and methods:-

The study area comprises of whole Ladakh region which constitutes the Eastern -most trans-Himalayan part of J&K state of India, bordering Pakistan and China. Ladakh is administratively divided into Leh and Kargil district including Changthang and Zanskar- the two wide stretched vast expanses of high land grazing ecosystems. It is truly described as cold arid desert. It covers an area of 59,146 sq Km situated along the valleys of the Indus river. Intensive sunlight, high evaporation rate, strong winds, and fluctuating temperature (30-400 C) characterize the general climate. With spare vegetation, there is little moisture in the atmosphere. Because of high mountains all round and heavy snowfall during winter, the area remains inaccessible to outside world for nearly six months in a year. The growing season is only a few months long every year. Due to this the people of Ladakh have developed some fermentation techniques to overcome the problem of food security during harsh weather climate. The main areas that were surveyed are Bazgoo, Chuchat, Taksi, Nimmoo, Thicksey, Padum, Hemis, Shukpachan and Trespone. The data were collected through random surveys in the above mentioned areas through the combination of Questionnaires, Open- end -discussion and interviewing the elderly people. Information was documented on the types of major fermented products, their traditional methods of preparation, microbiology, and nutritional importance.

Annexure 12

Kargil region of Ladakh has a temperate climate with short summers and harsh winter. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the rural and tribal people of this region. Documentation of traditional farming practices was conducted after information gathered through field visits, questionnaires and interviews of the people belonging to selected villages of Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir. Apart from that, information about farming practices was also collected from data obtained from official records of the agriculture department. It was revealed that the people of this particular region perform the agricultural practices by following traditional methods of farming that eliminates the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. In other words, we can say that they carry out agricultural practices by way of organic farming. Since the region remains cut off from the entire country for several months and because of the lack of transportation facilities, people generally donot prefer to purchase chemical pesticides from other states and hence have confined to farming techniques like night soil, farmyard manure, green manuring, vermi-composting and crop rotation. Among these techniques, night soil and farmyard manure are the two main techniques of organic farming being practised at present. These farming practices are inexpensive, environment friendly and vital for boosting the economy of the region. Hence the agricultural commodity produced from this region can be simply called as ‘organic’. An effort can be made to make this organic produce available in off season also by transforming these into products that will be acceptable to people at commercial level.

Annexure 13

Study Area The valley of Kashmir is situated in the midst of the Himalayan range of mountains lying in northwest and south-east direction between the north latitudes 33° 01' and 35° 00’ and east longitudes 73° 48’ and 75°, 30’ at an elevation of over 1620 meters (5314 ft) above mean sea level. The valley is bounded on the southwest by the Pir Panjal Range and on the northeast by the main Himalayas range. It is approximately 135 km long and 32 km wide, and is drained by the Jhelum River. The Kashmir division borders Jammu Division to the south and Ladakh to the east while Line of Control forms its northern and the western border. The division consists of the following districts: Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Bandipore, Ganderbal, Kupwara, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian and Srinagar. The Kashmir region has a total geographical area of 15948 km2 covering 38 tehsils and around 60 blocks. According to 2011 census Kashmir valley division has 6,907,622 populations. Research Methodology

In the present study, firstly qualitative design under which descriptive method was employed in order to gather information regarding the human capacity building and various key sectors contributing towards Kashmir economy. Moreover focus group discussion/interview was conducted with relevant respondents in order to assess their immediate capacity building needs.

On the basis of reviewing past research studies and preliminary investigation through field visits, the objectives were set forth and accordingly sectors were identified having potential for income and employment generation. Further, quantitative study was also employed to elicit information from target group/individuals regarding existing capacity building environment prevailing in their enterprises and need to fill capacity needs/requirements and subsequently, systematic and well-designed questionnaire was developed to gather information from the respondents and to meet laid down objectives. In the present report, information have been sought from enterprises/individuals associated with tourism sector and the findings have been presented and discussed below viz a viz perception level of employees/individuals towards existing capacity building environment prevailing in their enterprises as well as to study their respective capacity building needs.

Report (hard copy) should be submitted to: The Nodal Officer, NMHS-PMU National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS)

G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPNIHESD) Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, Uttarakhand

Report (soft copy) should be submitted to: E-mail: [email protected]

NMHS Fellowship Grant Progress Page 47 of 47