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Himalayan Forest Ecosystem Services HIMALAYAN FOREST ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Incorporating in national accounting Surendra P. Singh FNA, FNASc Kyoto : Think Global, Act Local Central Himalayan Environment Association (CHEA) 9, Waldorf Compound, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India First Published : 2007 © Central Himalayan Environment Association (CHEA) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the CHEA. Front Page Concept : The map on the cover indicates the flow of Forest Ecosystem Services from a part of the Himalayan region to the Gangetic plains (light green portion). The three arrows shown in the map indicate this flow. About Kyoto : Think Global, Act Local The main goal of the Kyoto; Think Global, Act Local project is to be able empower local community forest groups in the Himalayan region to access funds under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Climate Change. Initiated in 2003, this multinational project is being leaded by University of Twente, The Netherlands (Dr. Margaret Skutsch) and regionally coordinated by ICIMOD, Nepal (Dr. Kamal Banskota). In Uttarakhand state of India, CHEA is the implementing it with Prof. Surendra P. Singh as Principal Investigator, Dr. Pushkin Phartiyal (Community Participation Specialist) and Dr. Ashish Tewari (Scientific Investigator). This publication is an effort for sharing of research carried under the project. Printed by : Consul Printers, Design by : Kundan Bisht (CHEA) Acknowledgements I thank Dr. Margaret Sktusch of the University of Twenty for providing ideas and contributing to an improvement of the manuscript. I acknowledge the initiatives taken by Dr. R.S. Tolia, the then chief secretary of Uttarakhand, in approaching the 12th Finance Commission of India for the recognition of forest ecosystem services flowing from Indian Himalayan region to the Gangetic Plains. Prof. J.S. Singh, BHU, Varanasi, Prof. A.N. Purohit, Dehradun, Dr. T.P. Singh, Forest Department, Uttarkhand, Dr. Kamal Banskota, ICIMOD, Nepal, and Dr. Ashish Tewari, Kumaun University, Nainital helped me by sharing ideas and sending comments. I am thankful to Dr. Pushkin Phartiyal of CHEA for taking initiatives for the publication of this manuscript. Thanks are due to CHEA, it's council and Dr. Andreas Schild, Director General, ICIMOD, Nepal for their constant support for implementation of the Kyoto Think Global Act Local Project in Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand : The grandeur of high snow clad mountains (above). Collection of firewood by women in a Himalayan village (below). Foreword One of the major changes which we were able to bring about in the developmental policies and procedures of the newly carved out state of Uttaranchal, now Uttarakhand, in year 2000, was to make our rural developmental strategy forest- centric. Consequently, the designation of the Agriculture Production Commissioner, the APC, was changed to the Forest and Rural Development Commissioner, or FRDC. It was not mere cosmetics and the central concept was to re- visit forests and forestry from all possible angles, including their potential of creating income generation opportunities for the local/rural house-holds. This line of thinking ultimately culminated in what came to be known as the CDH Plan, or the Conservation, Development and Harvesting Plan in so far as the development of medicinal and aromatic plants was concerned. Imprint of this policy shift is traceable in many a schemes and institutions which have since been created in the state. As arguably the last Himalayan State, Uttarakhand was expected to trigger innovative initiatives for conservation of its rich forest wealth keeping in view their significance for 500 million people living in the Great Gangetic doab. For a long time there has always been a lurking demand for a tangible economic incentive in our national accounting system. It was but natural for Uttarakhand to spearhead a demand through a Memorandum when the first opportunity presented itself in the form of a presentation before the Twelfth Finance Commission (TFC). Interestingly, the three newly formed states of Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Uttaranchal took their birth between two Finance Commissions, thus depriving each of them major maintenance allocations made to the states by each Finance Commission. As we were looking for relevant propositions for the Twelfth Finance Commission I came to know about an international research project "Kyoto Think Global Act Local", managed in a number of developing countries of Africa and Himalayan countries, including India under the leadership of Dr. Margaret Skutch from University of Twente, the Netherlands. This research project focused on: (i) carbon sequestration by community managed forests, (ii) enabling local people to measure carbon sequestration by forest, and (iii) make a claim for payment. CHEA, the Indian partner of the project was contacted, discussions were held with Prof. S.P. Singh, the then professor of Botany, Kumaon University, who was the principal investigator, and his associates Dr. Pushkin Phartyal and Dr. Ashish Tewari, mainly on various implications of giving a value to a standing forest. These deliberations resulted in constituting a Task Force of Experts for dealing with carbon issues of the state, with Prof. S.P. Singh as the Co-ordinator. This very Task Force of Experts' services were soon utilized for developing a Memorandum for consideration of the Twelfth Finance Commission (TFC), making a strong plea reflecting the forest eco-system services provided by the Himalayan States in particular and all the forests in general. When I formally approached Prof. S.P. Singh with this proposal, as the visit of the XII Finance Commission was imminent, this resulted in a flurry of activities, in intensive exchange of notes and ideas, and ultimately into the Additional Memorandum for the XIIth Finance Commission of India, in a record two weeks' time! This Additional Memorandum to the TFC, presented on behalf of the Government of Uttaranchal/Uttarakhand, was so forceful and well-argued that I shared it with all other Chief Secretaries of the nine Himalayan States and states with predominant share of forest area, requesting each of them to add to this their very own arguments when presenting their own respective cases before the TFC. I do, however, wonder as to what extent they were able to improve upon it at all but most of them did thank me for the gesture ! When the Award of the Twelfth Finance Commission was announced we were more than pleased to see our efforts resulting in a recommendation for a substantial transfer of resources to the forest rich states for maintenance of their forests. Acceptance of the recommendations of the TFC has resulted in transfer, for the first time in the history of India, of Rs. 1,000 crores for the maintenance of existing forests, on a pro-rata basis viz. on the basis of recorded area of forests as validated by the Forest Survey of India. If one is not mistaken this provision of Rs. 1,000 crores for the period of next five years must represent one of the few major payments for the eco-system services by the forests in the entire world by any country. I am indeed delighted to see that Professor S.P. Singh has further developed the draft, presented to the Twelfth Finance Commission as the Additional Memorandum, into a book and CHEA has undertaken the task of publishing it for the benefit of all those interested in forest conservation, the eco- system services that emanate from them and economic incentives which are logically required for sustaining conservation activities. Being naturally very happy to have played a very modest role in leveraging a substantial sum for the maintenance of our forests, courtesy the yeoman efforts made by Prof. S.P. Singh and his colleagues in the Task Force, I do hope that the process of policy change would not stop here but be galvanized further spurred by this initial success into in-depth researches on the various aspects of eco-system services and development of appropriate strategies for conservation in general. In passing, let me hasten to add that a similar realization for a change in policy, on the development finance side, has also manifested itself, if the Mid Term Assessment of the Tenth Five Year Plan ( MTA), is any indication. And, it says: "Environment sustainability is not an option but an imperative. Clean air, pure water, conservation of forests and wild life and generation of greenery are the essentials for a healthy environment. Prevention of degradation of land, controlling floods and droughts, preventing desertification, conservation of fragile eco-systems, prevention of deforestation, conserving bio-diversity and mitigating water and air pollution, all present challenges for planners and policy makers." (Mid -Term Assessment, Tenth Plan, Planning Commission of India, page 427) Planning Commission documents also acknowledge that " the preservation of forests...is an environmental public good, generating positive externalities for multiple stakeholders beyond the local level. There are costs, including opportunity cost, associated with forest preservation, which are borne by local stakeholders while benefits accrue to dispersed groups of stakeholders ( the country and the world at large). For example, the ban on green felling has meant that many states with large forest cover have had to forego revenues from this source. If regional balance is to be encouraged
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