Native American Plant Cultivation on the Northwest Coast of North America
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 A Domesticated Landscape: Native American Plant Cultivation on the Northwest Coast of North America. Douglas Eugene Deur Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Deur, Douglas Eugene, "A Domesticated Landscape: Native American Plant Cultivation on the Northwest Coast of North America." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7259. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7259 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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A DOMESTICATED LANDSCAPE: NATIVE AMERICAN PLANT CULTIVATION ON THE NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty o f the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree o f Doctor o f Philosophy in The Department o f Geography and Anthropology by Douglas Deur B.S., University o f Oregon, 1990 M.A. [Geography], Simon Fraser University, 1994 M.A. [Anthropology], Louisiana State University, 1998 August 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9984326 Copyright 2000 by Deur, Douglas Eugene All rights reserved. UMI* UMI Microform9984326 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©Copyright 2000 Douglas Eugene Deur All rights reserved ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. William Davidson, Dr. Miles Richardson, and Dr. Rebecca Saunders, for their enthusiastic instruction, assistance, and advice throughout the duration of my time at Louisiana State University. Dr. Heather McKillop also provided helpful assistance in the early phases of this research. I extend heartfelt thanks to my advisor, Dr. Kent Mathewson, for encouraging me to pursue this fruitful topic in spite of the critics’ slings and arrows; I thank him, too, for his generous assistance and advice on all things academic. I also owe a tremendous intellectual debt to my past mentors who introduced me to these topics, including Dr. Carl Johannessen and Dr. Philip Wagner. My research would not have been possible without the assistance of two exceptional people: Chief Kwaxsistala Adam Dick of the Tsawatainuk First Nation and Dr. Nancy Turner of the University of Victoria. Adam has been a patient, gifted, and informative teacher; he and Kim Recalma-Clutesi have been tremendously generous, housing me and keeping me well fed during my visits. Nancy’s generosity and kindness are legendary - 1 am deeply thankful for her assistance, encouragement, and friendship. I also received valuable assistance and thoughtful advice from Dr. Richard Atleo, Chief Umeek of the Ahousaht First Nation. Many other First Nations advisors and consultants have provided me with invaluable information and assistance, including Kim Recalma- Clutesi, Daisy Sewid-Smith, Dora Sewid-Cook, Wayne Alfred, Gloria Cranmer-Webster (Kwakwaka’wakw); Chief Earl Maquinna George and Mary Hayes (Nuu-chah-nulth). This is at best a partial list. The people of Kingcome Village provided me with lodging, transportation, and valuable information, most notably Thomas Dawson and John Bubba iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Moon. My sincere thanks, also, to the Ahousaht and Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations for their kind authorization of my archaeological work at DhSkl2. I also received valuable information and welcome feedback from such scholars as Wayne Suttles, Sandra Peacock, James MacDonald, Barry Gough, Leslie Johnson, Michael Myers, Dianne Cargill, Melissa Darby, Juliet Craig, Denis St.Clair and Steve Acheson, to name but a few. Dana Lepofsky provided valuable encouragement and assistance during the archaeological phases of my research. Robert Rundstrom and Fred York provided welcome advice. I received valuable field assistance from Dustin Hood and Ed Nelson. I received generous financial support from the L.S.U. Graduate School, the Robert West Fund, Sigma Xi (L.S.U. chapter), Geochron Laboratories, and the Jacobs Research Fund. Dr. Douglas Frink provided valuable assistance and waived laboratory fees. Generous contributions o f funds and lodging were also supplied from my mother, Carol Pierce and Mike Pierce; my father, Ted Deur, provided much valuable equipment to the cause. I have received patient assistance from the Namgis First Nation, the American Philosophical Society Library Manuscripts Collection, the Melville Jacobs Collection of the University of Washington Libraries, the British Columbia Provincial Archives,- the cultural resources staff of Canadian National Parks’ Vancouver and Pacific Rim National Parks offices, the curators o f the Royal British Columbia Provincial Museum, and the staff of the B.C. Archaeology Branch. My wife, Faith, has accepted the profound topsy-turviness of my graduate student lifestyle graciously and cheerfully. She has assisted me with the research and production of this dissertation, in innumerable ways, direct and indirect. To her, I owe more thanks than could ever possibly be expressed on the acknowledgment page of a dissertation. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... iii List of Ta b le s................................................................................................................ viii List of Figures................................................................................................................. ix A bstract .............................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 Cultivation on the Northwest Coast: An Introduction.......................................... 2 2 The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Agriculture: An Overview and Assessment .16 Infrastructure-Driven Models of the Origins of Agriculture............................18 Structure-Driven Models of the Origins of Agriculture...................................21 Superstructure-Driven Models of the Origins of Agriculture..........................23 Complex Models of the Origins of Agriculture................................................25 3 Reconsidering Non-Westem Agriculture.................................................................. 33 Tending, Cultivation, and Domestication........................................................ 36 Agroecosystems...................................................................................................39 Wetland Cultivation.............................................................................................41 4 Patterns of Plant Cultivation on the Northwest Coast...............................................47 Ow nership........................................................................................................... 50 Soil Tilling and Weeding .....................................................................................55 Transplanting