BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X (printed edition) Volume 11, Number 1, January 2010 ISSN: 2085-4722 (electronic) Pages: 24-28

Butterfly diversity as a data base for the development plan of Garden at Bosscha Observatory, Lembang, West Java

TATI SURYATI SYAMSUDIN SUBAHAR♥, ANNISA YULIANA Ecology and Biosystematics Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. Ganesa No 10, Bandung 40132, West Java, , Tel./fax.: +62-22-2534107, +62-22-2511575, ♥email: [email protected], [email protected]

Manuscript received: 6 July 2009. Revision accepted: 12 November 2009.

ABSTRACT

Subahar TSS, Yuliana A (2010) Butterfly diversity as a data base for the development plan of Butterfly Garden at Bosscha Observatory, Lembang, West Java. Biodiversitas 11: 24-28. Change of land use and the increasing number of visitors to Bosscha area was one factor for the development plan of butterfly garden in the area. The objectives of this research were to examine butterfly diversity and its potential for development plan of butterfly garden. Butterfly diversity and its richness conducted by standard walk methods. Host and larval food plant was recorded during butterfly survey. Public perception on the development plan of butterfly garden was examined by questionnaire. The results showed that 26 of butterfly was found in Bosscha area and Delias belisama belisama was the most dominant species. Public perceptions consider that the development plan of butterfly garden will give benefit to the community; not only providing new insight (40.41%), additional tourism object (23.97%) and will gave aesthetical value (17.12%). Twelve local species should be considered for development plan of butterfly garden: Papilio agamemnon, P. demoleus, P. memnon, P. sarpedon, Delias belisama, Eurema hecabe, Danaus chrysippus, Argynis hiperbius, penthesilea, Hypolimnas missipus, Melanitis phedima and Euthalia Adonijah. Host plant: Bougainvillea spectabilis, Citrus aurantium, Lantana camara, tanarius and food : Citrus aurantium, caudatus, Eupatorium inulifolium, Gomphrena globosa, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Lantana camara, and Tithonia diversifolia.

Key words: host plant, butterfly diversity, Bosscha Observatory, standard walk.

INTRODUCTION space reduced and in the night time, light intensity from the residential area became one of the factors that disturb the Urbanization and agriculture are some of the biggest activity of observatory which required minimal light threats to the world biodiversity that led to local species condition (Ernanto 2006). Environmental conditions at extinction due to habitat fragmentation and decreasing of Bosscha area with light pollution, increase number of open space (Connor et al. 2003; Hedblom 2007). Land use visitors (who are interested to understand natural change and reducing open space for human settlement and phenomena through star observation) and the limited agriculture are the general issue in Northern area of capacity of the observatory require diversification of Bandung, West Java, including Bosscha Observatory area. function of the area. So far, Bosscha has a unique role; as the only major Environmental changes can affect the biological Observatory in Indonesia, even in South East diversity. Sundufu and Dumbuya (2008) study the habitat (Anonymous 2007) has made Bosscha as the only one preferences of in the Bumbuna forest, Northern astronomical tourism objects in Indonesia. Bosscha Sierra Leone showed that accumulated species richness and Observatory visited by various groups of people: students, diversity indices in the disturbed habitats were lower than researchers etc and the number of visitor always increase the forest. Learning from the San Francisco Bay, the every year. The number of tourist visits on the year 2006 impact of urbanization has caused 43% loss of butterfly was 55,419 people with an average of 4618 persons per species as a result of habitat fragmentation and loss of month. In 2007, the number of visitors increased habitat for (Connor et al. 2003). Butterflies are good dramatically that was 72,037 people with an average per indicator species to monitor ecological changes in a habitat month of 4735 people (Anonymous 2007) and in the year (Sreekumar and Balakrishnan 2001). Information on of 2008, the number of visitors was 63,480 people (not butterfly diversity in the region is very scarce. Tati-Subahar published). Increasing number of visitors from time to time et al (2007) described butterfly stratification in Tangkuban has led Bosscha Observatory as an educational heritage. Parahu (a mountainous area, Northern part of Bandung) The landscape of Bosscha was an agricultural area, from 1400-2000m above sea level (asl). Up till now there however with the increasing number of local residents and has been no report on butterfly diversity in Bosscha area visitors to the area has made the area as an urban resident and its vicinity. Therefore the objective of this research was with its all supporting activities. As consequences, open to examine butterfly diversity and its potential for SUBAHAR &YULIANA – Butterfly of Bosscha Observatory, Lembang 25 development plan of butterfly garden. Hope this result can Soekardi 2002; Tati-Subahar et al. 2007). Host plants are contribute to the biodiversity database on development plan the female butterfly lays their eggs on. The newly emerged of butterfly garden as tourist object and also as natural (caterpillars) only eat the plant that they are hatched on. laboratory for environmental education and conservation. Food plants are the plants that adult butterfly forage on. Sorensen Index of Similarity (Odum 1971; Mueller- Dumbois and Ellenberg 1974) was used to compare butterfly community between Bosscha and Cihideung area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Potential utilization of butterfly as tourism object for environmental education and conservation were evaluated This research was conducted in Bosscha and Cihideung by distributing questioners to 86 students of Lembang which was a hilly area about 15 km to the north of district (about one km from Bosscha area). Evaluation on Bandung City. Bosscha observatory (107°36 'BT and 6°49' ecosystem services was analyzed following methods of LS) was located at 1310 m asl (above sea level). The study Boyer and Polasky (2004). Community perception on the site in Bosscha was an area of 6 ha consisted of 3 plots: benefit of development plan of butterfly garden was The first plot was front park of the observatory: the park evaluated by distributing 75 questioners randomly to was covered by grass. In the middle of the area found Bosscha Observatory visitors every day during one week. Bougenvilea and Lantana camara. The second plot was a center park of the observatory which was covered by grass. During observations found some flowering plants at the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION road edge. The third plot was a back yard; there were shrubs, grasses and bamboo. The second location was Cihideung, known as a center Diversity and abundance of butterfly for cultivation and trading of ornamental plants and fruit During this research, 848 individuals of butterfly were trees. This area lies along the road from south to the north recorded in Bosscha (26 species of 5 families), which were of Bandung City. The study site (1032-1203 m asl) was 3 consisted of 4 species of Papilionidae, 4 species of km in long covered by different type of flowering plants Pieridae, 16 species of , one species of which consist of 4 plots: The first plot was the southern and one species of Hesperiidae. Butterfly part, the flowering plants found only in one side of the survey in Cihideung found 41 species from 5 families road. At second plot, the was located on which consisted 7 species of Papilionidae, 5 species of both sides of the road. At plot 3, flowering plants found Pieridae, 26 species of Nymphalidae, two species of only in one side of the road and plot 4 was the middle of Hesperidae and one species of Lycaenidae. These species the flower garden which was closed to Bosscha. were a new record of butterfly species from Bosscha and Survey on butterfly diversity conducted by standard Cihideung, since there was not any previous walk methods (Pollard and Yates 1995; Tati-Subahar et al. documentation. Butterfly communities in Bosscha and 2007), i.e. walking along the plot while counting and Cihideung were almost similar (Sorensen Index of recording the number of butterflies seen or encountered. Similarity = 60.87%). Although Cihideung as a central of The observation width was limited to about 5m. The ornament plants with highest diversity of flowering plants, presence and the number of known butterflies in each plot but individual number of butterfly observed during were directly recorded. After being examined and recorded observation in Cihideung was lower than Bosscha (Table morphologically by photograph, the butterfly released into 1). As consequence, the total number of host plants and natural habitat. No individual marking was conducted. food plant recorded during periods of observation was Unidentified butterfly were collected using an net for lower. later identification. The specific locations in which The highest relative abundance of butterfly species in butterfly were observed, e.g. on flowers, other plant parts Bosscha was Delias belisama belisama (32.19%) followed were also recorded. Surveyed was conducted in two by philomela philomela (20.64%), Papilio periods, first period was on 8-24 May 2008 and the second sarpedon (11.08%) and the rest of 14.50% were distributed was on 24-30 June 2008. Both periods of surveyed were to 19 species of butterfly that have a relative abundance the end of the rainy season and early dry season. about 0.76% per species (Figure 1a). In Cihideung, D. Observation started from 07.00 am and finished around belisama belisama was also dominant with its relative 12.00 am every day. Microclimate condition during the abundance was 53, 21%, followed by Cethosia penthesilea surveyed varied, temperature ranges from 21oC-26oC and (10.35%), and the rest of 34 species have a relative relative humidity ranges from 72%-83 %. Species abundance about 0.3% per species (Figure 1b). Domination identification was conducted at Ecology and Biosystematic of D. belisama belisama in the two study site related to its Laboratory of SITH-ITB follows Roepke (1932), Smart characteristic as a polyfagous insect which has a wide (1975), Preston and Mafham (2000), and Noerdjito and range of host and food plants and could found in different Aswari (2003). Identification of host and food plants habitats (Soekardi 2002). In determining the pattern of conducted in Herbarium Bandungense-SITH ITB Bandung. butterfly community, relative abundance of butterfly and Information on host and food plants for each species of plants resources was an important aspect that characterizes butterfly was completed based on observations and butterfly community (Yamamoto et al. 2007). information from different locations (Nurcahya 2003;

26 BIODIVERSITAS 11 (1): 24-28, January 2010

Table 1. Butterfly occurrence at Bosscha and Cihideung in May- individual in Bosscha. While in Cihideung, 16 species June 2008. (Papilio demoleus, P. demolion, P. polytes, Appias lyncida, delias hyparete, canens, Neptis nandina, Occurrence Pantoporia nefte, Junonia iphita, Junonia orithya, Mycalesis mineus, Ypthima philomela, Pareba vesta

Family Species vestoides, Pyrameis dejeani, nivea and

Bosscha Discophora celinde) found only one individual during the Cihideung Papilionidae 1 Papilio agamemnon agamemnon 49 16 observations. Those species were in a high risk condition 2 P. demoleus sthenelinus 11when the disturbance occurred in the habitat as consequences 3 P. demolion 01the species would be very vulnerable or even extinct. 4 P. helenus anganius. 02 5 P. memnon memnon. 36 5 6 P. polytes javanu 01 60 53.03 7 P. sarpedon sarpedon 94 25 50 Pieridae 8 Appias lyncida 01 9 Delias belisama belisama 273 333 40 10 D. hyparete 71 30

11 Eurema alitha 20 20 12 E. hecabe 21 11 10.35 10 7.80 7.48 13 Leptosia nina 02 3.98 2.55 1.75 1.75 Nymphalidae 14 Faunis canens 01 abundance (%) Relative 0 1.11 0.30 15 Neptis hylas matuta 14 7 16 N. nandina nandina 01 hecabe Eurema Delias

17 Pantoporia nefte nefte. 01 Papilio belisama belisama lycaenina Cethosia Papilio matuta matuta sarpedon sarpedon penthesia penthesia

18 Danaus chrysippus 10 2 34 Species Neptis hylas Neptis agamemnon ypermnestra ypermnestra unonia atlites atlites unonia

19 Danaida eryx furius 03 h J Si 20 Euploea mulciber 05 21 Argynis hiperbius javanica 25 6 A 22 Cethosia penthesia penthesia 165 23 Hypolimnas bolina Iphigenia 10 35 24 H. missipus missipus 63 32.19 30 25 Junonia almana javana 02 26 Junonia atlites atlites 011 25

27 J. iphita horsfieldi 65 1 20.64 20 28 J. orithya minagara 01 15 29 Elymnias hypermnestra 11 47 11.08 10 7.67 hypermnestra 5.78 5 4.25 3.89 30 E. nesaea 12(%) Relative abundance

Relative abundance (%) abundance Relative 0.22 31 Lethe manthara 10 0 32 L. rohria godana 11 2 33 Melanitis leda simesa 04 iphita sudra Delias P apilio

P apilio Junonia Ypthima

34 M. phedima phedima 10 horsfieldi memnon memnon philom ela sarpedon sarpedon belisam a Mycalesis Papilio

35 Mycalesis mineus 01 Species19 36 M. sudra sudra 33 2 agamemnon 37 Ypthima philomela philomela 175 1 38 Pareba vesta vestoides 11 B 39 Euthalia adonia adonia 20 40 Pyrameis cardui cardui 02Figure 1. The relative abundance of butterfly in Bosscha (a) and 41 P. dejeani 01in Cihideung (b). 42 Cyrestis lutea lutea 02 43 C. nivea nivea 01 Lycaenidae 44 Anthene lycaenina 449Host plants and food plants of butterfly Hesperiidae 45 Notocrypta paralysos 32 Studies on plant species in the same locations found at 46 Discophora celinde celinde 01least seven species of flowering plants as food sources for butterfly, i.e. Citrus aurantium, Cosmos caudatus, Eupatorium inulifolium, Gomphrena globosa, Hibiscus Some butterfly species were common in both locations, rosa-sinensis, Lantana camara and Tithonia diversifolia i.e. D. belisama, P. agamemnon, P. memnon, P. sarpedon, (Table 2). As food plant, L camara visited by several Eurema hecabe, Neptis hylas matuta, Argynis hiperbius species of butterfly such as D. belisama belisama, and Elymnias hypermnestra. The other species found only Elymnias hypermnestra, and Papilio sarpedon. In in one location, such as Hypolimnas bolina, Lethe Cihideung, Gomphrena globosa the purple flower was not manthara, Melanitis phedima, and Euthalia adonia which only as food plants for Cethosia penthesilea, but also as only found in Bosscha. During the observation, some host plants for Argynis hiperbius javanica and Junonia species found only one individual, for example seven iphita. This phenomenon was also observed by Nurcahya species (P. demoleus, Cethosia penthesia, Hypolimnas (2003), where the butterfly choose plants and flowers with bolina, Elymnias nesaea, Lethe manthara, Melanitis an attractive light color, such as red, orange, yellow, and phedima and Pareba vesta vestoides) found only one purple flowers as their host plants.

SUBAHAR &YULIANA – Butterfly of Bosscha Observatory, Lembang 27

During observations, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Citrus 50 aurantium and Macaranga tanarius found as host plants 40.41 for several butterflies (Table 2). For example Citrus sp. 40 was a host plant of Papilionidae, such as Papilio memnon, 30 P. helenus, and P. demoleus. There was evidence that 23.97 20 17.12 related groups of butterfly species associated with (%) Respondent 15.07 particular plants (as larva host plants or imago food plants) 10 and that phenomenon was also found by Queiroz (2002). 3.42 0 abcde

Potential utilization of butterfly Option As an ecosystem, Bosscha area provide many benefits to humans not only as tourism object but also as butterfly Figure 2. Respondent perception (n=86) on the advantage of habitat, which was also provide a number of important butterfly garden (a. to embellish the observatory landscape; b. services. The open-access to Bosscha ecosystem and the media to get information out of astronomy; c. to add another characteristic of ecosystem itself as public good often perspective field of science; d. media to study human interaction neglected for its value of the ecosystem services. with the environment; e. media to learn more about the butterfly). The presence of an open space with flowering plant, as habitat and food for butterfly, will give an additional value 50 for environmental education. Students perception (40.41%) 40.91 40 consider that the presence of butterfly garden will increase their insights on the butterfly science; 23.97% of the 30 22.73 students thought butterfly garden can be an additional 20.78 20 Respondent (%) Respondent object besides the observatory (stars observation); 17.12% 13.64 of the students thought butterfly garden will embellish the 10 observatory landscape (Figure 2). Most of the students 1.95 0 (40.91%) was curious on butterfly life cycle (Figure 3), abcde they were interested to observed (i) how butterfly eggs Option attached to host plant; (ii) how developmental phase or Figure 3. Public expectation (n=86) on the availability of metamorphoses of butterfly happened, from egg to the information in butterfly garden (a. color and pattern of butterfly; caterpillar or larvae; and (iii) how the pupae emergence and b. butterfly life cycle; c. interaction among butterfly population; d. become a young butterfly with its beautiful color. From butterflies in their habitat; e. the origin of butterfly species). economic aspect, about 58% of observatory visitors or domestic tourists are willing to pay the additional cost Rp. D 11% 3000 or more to visit butterfly garden in Bosscha (Figure A 4). Based on these results, the potential of butterfly diversity C 11% 33% in the area can be managed as a tourist object for conservation and environmental education.

Table 2. Host and food plants use by several butterfly in Bosscha and Cihideung

B 45% Plants species Butterfly species Role Family Species Family Species Amaranthaceae Gomphrena globosa Nymphalidae Argynis hiperbius HP Cethosia penthesia HP Figure 4. Respondent willingness Junonia iphita HP (n=75) to pay for future butterfly Cosmos caudatus Nymphalidae - HP garden facilities in Bosscha. A < Rp. Eupatorium inulifolium Nymphalidae Ypthima philomela HP 5000, B = Rp. 5000, C Rp. 10000, D > Lycaenidae Anthene lycaenina HP Rp. 10000. Tithonia diversifolia Pieridae Delias belisama HP Nymphalidae Ypthima philomela HP Development plan of butterfly Lycaenidae Anthene lycaenina HP garden Macaranga tanarius Pieridae Delias belisama FP Learning from the experience Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Nymphalidae - HP Papilionidae - HP of several places such as "The San Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea spectabilis Nymphalidae Pareba vesta vestoides FP Francisco Bay Area” whose use Rutaceae Citrus aurantium Papilionidae Papilio demoleus HP & FP the garden as a habitat for insect Papilio memnon HP & HP conservation area, one of the insect Papilio polytes HP & FP group is butterfly, it seems that Verbenaceae Lantana camara Pieridae Delias belisama HP recreational activities could Nymphalidae Ypthima philomela HP harmonize with conservation of Papilionidae HP beneficial insects (Connor et al. Note: HP = Host plants; FP = Food plants

28 BIODIVERSITAS 11 (1): 24-28, January 2010

2003). In Indonesia, the experience of "Gita Persada" considered as plants that can guarantee the presence of butterfly garden through ecological engineering by habitat butterfly in Bosscha. The advantages of the presence of modification has been successful in bringing back the butterfly garden in Bosscha area not only giving additional butterfly which was lost from the forest area of Mount insight for the visitors of Bosscha Observatory but also Betung, Lampung–Sumatra Island (Soekardi 2002). educating the community on preserving biodiversity and Another experience in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National the environment. Park (South Sulawesi), a sustainable community-based on butterfly rearing had been successfully maintaining butterfly diversity in natural habitat (Harlina 2006). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Experiences and success stories in some places where habitat rehabilitation and management of open space We thank to Bosscha Observatory Management (Dr. through butterfly garden can give an added-value of the Taufik Hidayat) for his permission in using the facility. To area as educational tourism object. The implementation of DGHE (Directorate General for Higher Education), development plan conducted in several activities such as National Education Department for its support to SITH- creating a semi-natural rearing facility for butterfly by ITB Bandung. using native species. 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