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The Structure of Eastern Indonesia THE STRUCTURE OF EASTERN INDONESIA: AN APPROACH VIA GRAVITY AND OTHER GEOPHYSICAL METHODS. A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London Stephen Joseph Kaye, B.Sc., M.Sc. October 1989 Department of Geological Sciences University College University of London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT ProQuest Number: 10797880 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10797880 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT PART 1 TIMOR CHAPTER 1.1 THE ON-SHORE GEOLOGY OF TIMOR 1.1.1 The History of Geological Exploration 1 1.1.2 Introduction to the Stratigraphy of Timor 3 1.1.3 Stratigraphy of Timor 4 1.1.3.1 Autochthonous and Par-autochthonous units 4 1.1.3.2 Allochthonous Units 7 1.1.4 Tectonostratigraphy 13 1.1.4.1 Introduction 13 1.1.4.2 Former Tectonstratigraphic Models 13 1.1.4.3 The Tectonostratigraphy Used in this Study 14 CHAPTER 1.2 TIMOR REGION GRAVITY DATA 1.2.1 Introduction 16 1.2.2 East Timor Gravity Data Used in This Study 18 1.2.2.1 Shell Data 24 1.2.2.2 Timor Oil Data 33 1.2.2.3 Flinders University Data 38 1.2.2.4 Imperial College Data 38 1.2.2.5 Portuguese Missao Geografica De Timor Data 40 1.2.2.6 Digitising Process 40 1.2.3 West Timor Land Data 42 1.2.4 Marine Data 43 1.2.5 Errors in the Computation of the Bouguer Anomalies 45 CHAPTER 1.3 BOUGUER ANOMALY MAP OF THE TIMOR REGION 1.3.1 Timor 47 1.3.2 Savu Sea and Wetar Strait 60 1.3.3 Upper Crust in the Timor Region 72 CHAPTER 1.4 CROSS-SECTION MODELLING OF THE TIMOR REGION 1.4.1 The Model Line and Observed Data 79 1.4.2 Description of Model One 82 1.4.3 Discussion of Model One 89 1.4.4 Description and Discussion of Model Two 91 1.4.5 Significance of the Differences Between Models One and Two 93 1.4.6 Discussion and Conclusions on the Timor Region 100 PART 2 TANIMBAR AND KAI CHAPTER 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TANIMBAR AND KAI ISLANDS 2.1.1 Geographical Setting 117 2.1.1.1 Tanimbar Islands 119 2.1.1.2 Kai Islands 122 2.1.2 The History of Exploration 125 2.1.3 Stratigraphy of the Tanimbar Islands 126 2.1.4 Non-Stratigraphic Units in the Tanimbar Islands 131 2.1.4.1 The Laibobar Metamorphic Complex 131 2.1.4.2 The Bubuan Mud Complex 133 2.1.5 Geology of the Kai Islands 133 2.1.5.1 Introduction 133 2.1.5.2 Kai Besar 133 2.1.5.3 Kai Kecil and the western Kai Islands 135 CHAPTER 2.2 GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE TANIMBAR AND KAI ISLANDS 2.2.1 Introduction 136 2.2.2 Gravity Survey 137 2.2.2.1 The surveys 137 2.2.2.2 Survey ties 137 2.2.2.3 Data collection, tidal corrections and station positioning 137 2.2.2.4 Elevations 141 2.2.2.5 Gravity data reductions 143 2.2.3 Gravity Field of the Tanimbar Islands 145 2.2.3.1 Bouguer Anomaly Features 145 2.2.3.2 Cross-Section Modelling, Tanimbar 153 2.2.4 Gravity Field of the Kai Islands 162 2.2.4.1 Bouguer Anomaly Features 162 2.2.4.2 Cross-Section Modelling, Kai 165 2.2.5 Discussion and Conclusions 173 PART 3 REGIONAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3.1 OPHIOLITE TERRAINS: THEIR ORIGIN, EMPLACEMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE TO EASTERN INDONESIA 3.1.1 Basic Concepts and Recent Conclusions 189 3.1.2 The Ophiolites of Papua New Guinea(PNG) 193 3.1.3 Geology and Gravity of Taiwan 199 3.1.4 The Question of Ophiolites in Eastern Indonesia 207 CHAPTER 3.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANDA ARCS 3.2.1 Right-lateral verses Left-lateral Geometries 209 3.2.2 The Form of the Subducted Australian Plate 210 3.2.3 The Form of the Banda Arc 212 CHAPTER 3.3 GEOPHYSICAL LIMITS AND CONSTRAINTS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE BANDA ARC 3.3.1 Introduction 217 3.3.2 The Timor Bouguer Anomaly Profile 217 3.3.3 The Tanimbar Bouguer Anomaly Profile 219 3.3.4 The Kai Islands Bouguer Anomaly Profile 221 3.3.5 Crustal Blocks 222 3.3.6 Sub-Crustal Limits to Gravity Interpretation 224 REFERENCES 226 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 234 APPENDIX A East Timor gravity data 235 APPENDIX B 1987 and 1989 Tanimbar and Kai Islands logistics 274 APPENDIX C 1987 Tanimbar gravity data 277 APPENDIX D 1987 Kai Gravity data 281 APPENDIX E 1989 Tanimbar gravity data 284 APPENDIX F 1989 Kai gravity data 288 APPENDIX G Tanimbar and Kai gravitybase stations 290 PLEASE NOTE THAT THE INTRODUCTORY FIGURES FOLLOW THE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTORY FIGURE 1 Eastern Indonesia Location map i INTRODUCTORY FIGURE 2 Bathymetric Map Of Eastern Indonesia ii INTRODUCTORY FIGURE 3 Crustal Blocks and Tectonic Elements in Eastern Indonesia iii INTRODUCTORY FIGURE 4 Reconstruction of Plate Tectonic Units at the time of Continental Collision in the Timor region iv INTRODUCTORY FIGURE 5 Present-Day Plate Tectonic Units of Eastern Indonesia v FIGURE 1.2.1.1 Ship track chart 17 FIGURE 1.2.2.1 East Timor Shell stations 19 FIGURE 1.2.2.2 East Timor Timor Oil stations 20 FIGURE 1.2.2.3 East Timor University and Portuguese stations 21 FIGURE 1.2.2.4 East Timor station compilation map 22 FIGURE 1.2.2.1.1 Shell vs. Portuguese and University data. 29 No datum shift. Road Bacau to Viqueque. FIGURE 1.2.2.1.2 Shell vs. Portuguese and University data. 30 No datum shift. Road Laga to Cazabau. FIGURE 1.2.2.1.3 Shell vs. Portuguese and University data. 31 35mgal Shell datum shift applied. Road Laga to Cazabau. FIGURE 1.2.2.1.4 Shell vs. Portuguese and University data. 32 35mgal Shell datum shift applied. Road Bacau to Viqueque. FIGURE 1.2.2.2.1 Timor Oil vs. Portuguese data. 50mgal Timor Oil 37 datum shift applied. Road Suai to Hatudo. FIGURE 1.2.4.1 Ship track chart 44 FIGURE 1.3.1.1 Bouguer anomaly lows of West Timor 49 FIGURE 1.3.1.2 The Lolotoi nappe of East Timor 51 FIGURE 1.3.1.3 Para-autochthonous areas of Timor 52 FIGURE 1.3.1.4 Allochthonous areas of Timor 54 FIGURE 1.3.2.1 Ship track chart 61 FIGURE 1.3.2.2 Location map 62 FIGURE 1.3.2.3 Isometric diagram of topography - view from NE. 64 FIGURE 1.3.2.4 Isometric diagram of topography - view from NW. 65 FIGURE 1.3.2.5 Areas with particularly high Bouguer anomaly 66 values on the north coast of East Timor FIGURE 1.3.2.6 R.R.S Charles Darwin seismic image of Wetar Strait 68 FIGURE 1.3.2.7 Lineament drawing of GLORIA side-scan sonar 70 FIGURE 1.3.3.1 Interpretations of Rama 12 seismic profiles 73 FIGURE 1.3.3.2 Lithotectonic map of the Timor region 75 FIGURE 1.4.1.1 Model line plus Darwin and Ramal2 lines 80 FIGURE 1.4.1.2 Development of the collision zone 84 FIGURE 1.4.1.3 Schematic diagram of the required shortening 94 within the Timor region FIGURE 1.4.6.1 Volcanic and Non-volcanic margins. 101 From Mutter et al. 1988, figure 7. FIGURE 1.4.6.2 The Australian margin during the Oligocene 103 FIGURE 1.4.6.3 The Australian margin during the 104 Late Miocene - Early Pliocene FIGURE 1.4.6.4 Events following suturing in Timor 105 FIGURE 1.4.6.5 Figure 9 from Johnston and Bowin(1981) 111 FIGURE 2.1.1.1 Bathymetric locality map together with 118 gravity model profile lines FIGURE 2.1.3.1 Stratigraphy of the Tanimbar Islands 127 FIGURE 2.1.5.2 Stratigraphy of Kai Besar 134 FIGURE 2.2.2.1.2 Gravity station location map of the 1987 University 138 of London/Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, survey of the Tanimbar Islands FIGURE 2.2.2.1.3 Gravity station location map of the 1989 University 139 of London/P.T.Corelab survey of the Tanimbar Islands FIGURE 2.2.3.1 Tanimbar Islands Bouguer anomaly map 146 FIGURE 2.2.3.3.1 Tanimbar gravity model 154 FIGURE 2.2.4.1 Kai Islands Bouguer anomaly map 163 FIGURE 2.2.4.2 Kai Islands gravity model 166 FIGURE 2.2.4.3 Kai Islands gravity model - mantle at 25km 170 FIGURE 2.2.5.1 Tanimbar Islands simple structural map 176 FIGURE 2.2.5.2 Tanimbar Islands Bouguer anomaly raster map 177 FIGURE 2.2.53 Tanimbar Islands regional Bouguer anomaly 179 raster map FIGURE 2.2.5A Tanimbar Islands residual Bouguer anomaly 181 raster map FIGURE 2.2.5.5 Crustal scale structural cross-section through 183 the Tanimbar Islands FIGURE 2.2.5.6 Crustal scale structural cross-section through the 186 Kai Islands FIGURE 3.1.1.1 Simplified and idealized cross-section of an 190 ophiolite showing internal components, the mantle sequence and metamorphic sole.
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