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Climate Change Resilience Strategies in Trans Amadi Industrial Area Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

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Climate Change Resilience Strategies in Trans Amadi Industrial Area Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 15(2): 1-16, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.41373 ISSN: 2454-7352 Climate Change Resilience Strategies in Trans Amadi Industrial Area Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Nyeche, Victoria Wobo 1* and Ndukwu, Benjamin 1 1University of Port Harcourt Choba, Nigeria Institute of Natural Resources Environment and Sustainable Development, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JGEESI/2018/41373 Editor(s): (1) Anthony R. Lupo, Professor, Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. Reviewers: (1) Sylvester Odiana, University of Benin, Nigeria. (2) Eric S. Hall, USA. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/24599 Received 25 th February 2018 Accepted 3rd May 2018 Original Research Article th Published 13 May 2018 ABSTRACT This study assessed climate change adaptation, mitigation and resilience strategies in the Trans Amadi Industrial area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The study utilised satellite image and field surveys to obtain information. An inventory of tree species used in urban greening activities was conducted. Carbon dioxide levels in the area were measured using the Aeroqual 500 series air pollution meter while Meteorological data from 2006 to 2015 was obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and complemented with field measurements. Results from the study indicated that there were increased carbon dioxide and temperature levels in Trans Amadi from 363.3 ppm to 369 ppm and from 28.3 ºC to 30.8 ºC respectively. 55.4% of respondents have resilience strategies in place however 51.5% of these strategies were not sufficient. A total of 74 different species of trees distributed in 29 unique families were inventoried. The findings discussed were in line with global concerns and efforts regarding climate change and global warming measures. Keywords: Climate change; adaptation; urban greening; mitigation; resilience; Trans Amadi. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Wobo and Benjamin; JGEESI, 15(2): 1-16, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.41373 1. INTRODUCTION employment of the youth population and consequently in the safety and security of the Climate is generally defined as the weather city, it is very important to ascertain the climate condition prevailing in an area over a long change resilience strategies in the area. Failure period. The Intergovernmental panel on climate to do so would leave the livelihood of at least change (IPCC, 2007) defines climate change as 20% of the State to chance. This would lead to any change in climate over time, whether due to economic suicide not just for the State natural variability or as a result of anthropogenic Government but its citizens as a result of the activities. History shows that that the collateral impacts of climate change. Adaptation environment is always changing, however, in the and Resilience strategies are the key to last 200 years, observations show that it is economic survival. changing at a faster rate. Reports by the Department of Ecology, the State of Washington This study focused on climate change resilience (2017) show that rising global Carbon dioxide strategies in the Trans Amadi Industrial Area, (CO 2) levels and other heat-trapping gases in the Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. atmosphere are warming the surface of the earth resulting in rising sea levels, melting ice caps, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS flooding, droughts and wildfires. The increase in the concentration of these heat-trapping gases 2.1 Description of the Study Area such as Methane (CH 4), Nitrous Oxide (NO 2), Carbon dioxide (CO 2) and Water Vapour (H 2O) The Trans Amadi Industrial Area, Port Harcourt, by anthropogenic activities such as oil and gas Rivers State, Nigeria is the hub of the Nigerian exploration are a serious cause for concern. Of Oil and Gas Industry. The study area lies these gases, the effect of CO 2 emission stands between latitudes 4’48’00’’ N to 4’49’30’’N, and out because it lasts much longer in the longitudes 7’00 45’E’ to 7’03’45’’ E, (Fig. 2.1). It atmosphere. Secondly, the overall amount of is densely populated with companies and very CH 4 and NO x released by human activities are in few residential areas. It plays host to several small quantities when compared to CO 2 while International oil companies (IOC) including Total H2O persist only for a few days in the Exploration and Production, Halliburton Energy atmosphere. Services Ltd, Schlumberger Nig. Ltd, banks and financial institutions. It also hosts manufacturing Rivers State, the fourth highest oil producing companies, including Nigerian Bottling Company; state in Nigeria is also experiencing the effect of makers of Coca Cola, PABOD Breweries; this global phenomenon and must take makers of Grand Lager, Hero Lager and Grand measures to reduce these impacts. These Malt, construction companies such as O.K. measures include mitigation, adaptation or Isokariari, etc. The Rivers State Zoological resilience strategies. Trans Amadi Industrial Gardens, an abattoir and a Government Area, the centre of oil and gas activities in the technical college are also part of the major land State, has experienced its share of climate marks of the area. Communities such as change impacts [1]. This is expected because Oginigba, Azubie, Rainbow town, some sections the area hosts multi-national oil and gas of Elekahia and Nkpogu are also part of the companies, banks and other financial institutions, Trans Amadi area. manufacturing companies, construction and other allied services companies with significant Trans Amadi enjoys a tropical monsoon climate. energy consumption and high industrial It is characterized by heavy rainfall between emissions, which exacerbates the impact. 2000 mm to 2500 mm annual rainfall most of which falls between the months of April and Econo-Climate is a concept used to describe the October. The area has high temperatures relationship between climate change and the throughout the year, as well as constant high economy. It is a global concept that applies in humidity [1]. The average elevation ranges Port Harcourt, Nigeria. According to Efe and between 20 m and 30 m above sea level. Weli [2], the weather in the area determines the Vegetation found in the study area includes thick price and the demand and supply of goods. mangrove forests and light rain forests. Considering the economic importance of Trans Amadi Industrial Area and the role it plays in the 2 Wobo and Benjamin; JGEESI, 15(2): 1-16, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.41373 Fig. 2.1. Map of study area Five major roads in the area, and the Rivers Road 3. Wobo House Junction to Pabob State Zoological garden were chosen for field Breweries/ Oginigba Junction, to survey sites (Fig. 2.2). Zoo/Slaughter roundabout, length 4.8 km Road 1. Weja road from Elekahia /Nkpogu Road 4. Peter Odili road from Amadi ama junction, to Zoo/Slaughter junction, length roundabout, to Okuru/ JDP Junction, 3.3 km length 2.7 km Road 2. Wobo House Junction through Road 5. Rivoc road Ordinance junction, to Sasun Hotel /Peter Odili roundabout, length 2.4 km Fig. 2.2. Sampling locations in the study area 3 Wobo and Benjamin; JGEESI, 15(2): 1-16, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.41373 2.2 Remote Sensing and Satellite Image measurement for the gaseous concentrations is Acquisition five thousand (5000) parts per million (ppm), and the detection limit is twenty (20) ppm. Landsat images of January 2016 covering the study area, was obtained from the United States During the measurements, particular attention Geological Survey (USGS) website, through its was given to the upwind and downwind Earth resources observation and science centre. directions since experience has shown that in At this time of the year, the cloud cover effect is general, pollutants are carried by the wind, usually at its lowest. The downloaded image was mostly from the upward to the downwind imported into ArcGIS10.5, and this was used to direction. The wind direction and other generate the different maps used for the study. meteorological characteristics of the area such as relative humidity and temperature were 2.3 Field Sampling measured with a Met One weather station. Coordinates of all sample locations were taken using a handheld Garmin model GPS receiver. 2.3.1 Tree species assessment Secondary data were obtained from the Nigeria Five major roads in the study area were selected meteorological agency (NIMET) records of using a purposeful sampling technique, a non- rainfall and temperature of Port Harcourt from probabilistic approach. Quadrants of 100 m x 30 2006-2015, while the unpublished works of m were plotted at 200 m intervals and all urban Okpechi [3] field survey measurements of greening tree samples found within the plot were Carbon dioxide (CO ) and temperature in the sampled. However, in the zoological garden, all 2 Trans Amadi industrial area, were also used. the tree species were sampled. Coordinates of Purposeful sampling was used to determine the all sample locations were taken using a handheld consideration of the absence or presence of Garmin model GPS receiver. The trees were trees. assessed using the systematic random sampling technique along five major transects. This approach achieved an even distribution and 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reproducibility of results. It is a modified random sampling technique that has an added 3.1 Plant Species Inventory advantage of simplicity. Some species were identified on the field while some leaves and Species inventories in the area recorded a total trees were collected, stored in paper bags, and of 74 different species distributed into 29 unique labeled for identification. The names of each families (Table 3.1).
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