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Microorganisms
microorganisms Review The Genetic Basis of Toxin Biosynthesis in Dinoflagellates Arjun Verma 1,* , Abanti Barua 1,2, Rendy Ruvindy 1, Henna Savela 3, Penelope A. Ajani 1 and Shauna A. Murray 1 1 Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia 2 Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Chittagong 3814, Bangladesh 3 Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, 00790 Helsinki, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 22 June 2019; Accepted: 27 July 2019; Published: 29 July 2019 Abstract: In marine ecosystems, dinoflagellates can become highly abundant and even dominant at times, despite their comparatively slow growth rates. One factor that may play a role in their ecological success is the production of complex secondary metabolite compounds that can have anti-predator, allelopathic, or other toxic effects on marine organisms, and also cause seafood poisoning in humans. Our knowledge about the genes involved in toxin biosynthesis in dinoflagellates is currently limited due to the complex genomic features of these organisms. Most recently, the sequencing of dinoflagellate transcriptomes has provided us with valuable insights into the biosynthesis of polyketide and alkaloid-based toxin molecules in dinoflagellate species. This review synthesizes the recent progress that has been made in understanding the evolution, biosynthetic pathways, and gene regulation in dinoflagellates with the aid of transcriptomic and other molecular genetic tools, and provides a pathway for future studies of dinoflagellates in this exciting omics era. Keywords: dinoflagellates; toxins; transcriptomics; polyketides; alkaloids 1. Introduction Marine microbial eukaryotes are a diverse group of organisms comprising lineages that differ widely in their evolutionary histories, ecological niches, growth requirements, and nutritional strategies [1–5]. -
Influence of Environmental Parameters on Karenia Selliformis Toxin Content in Culture
Cah. Biol. Mar. (2009) 50 : 333-342 Influence of environmental parameters on Karenia selliformis toxin content in culture Amel MEDHIOUB1, Walid MEDHIOUB3,2, Zouher AMZIL2, Manoella SIBAT2, Michèle BARDOUIL2, Idriss BEN NEILA3, Salah MEZGHANI3, Asma HAMZA1 and Patrick LASSUS2 (1) INSTM, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer. Laboratoire d'Aquaculture, 28, rue 2 Mars 1934, 2025 Salammbo, Tunisie. E-mail: [email protected] (2) IFREMER, Département Environnement, Microbiologie et Phycotoxines, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France. (3) IRVT, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, centre régional de Sfax. Route de l'aéroport, km 1, 3003 Sfax, Tunisie Abstract: Karenia selliformis strain GM94GAB was isolated in 1994 from the north of Sfax, Gabès gulf, Tunisia. This species, which produces gymnodimine (GYM) a cyclic imine, has since been responsible for chronic contamination of Tunisian clams. A study was made by culturing the microalgae on enriched Guillard f/2 medium. The influence of growing conditions on toxin content was studied, examining the effects of (i) different culture volumes (0.25 to 40 litre flasks), (ii) two temperature ranges (17-15°C et 20-21°C) and (iii) two salinities (36 and 44). Chemical analyses were made by mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). Results showed that (i) the highest growth rate (0.34 ± 0.14 div d-1) was obtained at 20°C and a salinity of 36, (ii) GYM content expressed as pg eq GYM cell-1 increased with culture time. The neurotoxicity of K. selliformis extracts was confirmed by mouse bioassay. This study allowed us to cal- culate the minimal lethal dose (MLD) of gymnodimine (GYM) that kills a mouse, as a function of the number of K. -
Effects of Marine Harmful Algal Blooms on Bivalve Cellular Immunity and Infectious Diseases: a Review
Effects of marine Harmful Algal Blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: a review Malwenn Lassudrie, Helene Hegaret, Gary Wikfors, Patricia Mirella da Silva To cite this version: Malwenn Lassudrie, Helene Hegaret, Gary Wikfors, Patricia Mirella da Silva. Effects of marine Harm- ful Algal Blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: a review. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Elsevier, 2020, 108, pp.103660. 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103660. hal-02880026 HAL Id: hal-02880026 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02880026 Submitted on 24 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Effects of marine Harmful Algal Blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: a review Malwenn Lassudrie1, Hélène Hégaret2, Gary H. Wikfors3, Patricia Mirella da Silva4 1 Ifremer, LER-BO, F- 29900 Concarneau, France. 2 CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France. 3 NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Milford, CT 0640 USA. 4 Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil. Abstract Bivalves were long thought to be “symptomless carriers” of marine microalgal toxins to human seafood consumers. -
Dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) Tóxicos De La Costa De Chiapas, México, Pacífico Centro Oriental
Dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) tóxicos de la costa de Chiapas, México, Pacífico centro oriental Ebodio Maciel-Baltazar Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150 Colonia Lajas Maciel, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; [email protected] Recibido 12-VII-2014 • Corregido 16-X-2014 • Aceptado 25-X-2014 ABSTRACT: In this paper are given to know toxic species with public RESUMEN: Se documentan las especies productoras de toxinas con health importance, samples were obtained during 2010-2012 in the importancia en salud pública, se tomaron muestras durante los años coast of Chiapas, México, by net (20 µm mesh) in vertical hauls (up to 15 2010-2012 en la costa de Chiapas, con una red (20µm de malla) por m), fixed with Lugol’s solution and studied by light microscope bright arrastres verticales (a 15m), fijadas con lugol y estudiadas con técnicas field, Twenty-four species were documented to be present in the study de microscopia de luz de campo claro, se documentaron 24 especies área: Gymnodinium (1); Alexandrium (5); Pyrodinium (1); Phalacroma presentes en el área de estudio: Gymnodinium (1); Alexandrium (5); (2); Dinophysis (4);Prorocentrum (4); Karenia (4); Protoceratium (1); Pyrodinium (1); Phalacroma (2); Dinophysis (4)Prorocentrum (4); Karenia Gonyaulax (1); Lingulodinium (1), It was found corresponding with 64- (4); Protoceratium (1); Gonyaulax (1); Lingulodinium (1), que corres- 89% of the species from coastal waters of México. ponden entre el 64 al 89% de las especies reportadas para el Pacífico mexicano. Key words: Dinoflagellates; red tide; harmful algae; ficotoxins; Chiapas. Palabras clave: Dinoflagelados; marea roja; algas nocivas; ficotoxinas; Chiapas. -
Presencia Del Género Karenia Y Nuevos Registros De Dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) En Aguas De Las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental
INFORME TÉCNICO nº15 INSTITUTO CANARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS Presencia del género Karenia y nuevos registros de dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) en aguas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental - . '1 :=~:::::::::::= ~" Alicia Ojeda Créditos Edita: Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información Gobierno de Canarias Autora: Alicia Ojeda Rodríguez Diseño y maquetación: BlaBla Comunicación • www.blablacomunicacion.com Copyright © 2013 Alicia Ojeda Rodríguez - Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (Gobierno de Canarias) Reservados todos los derechos. Queda rigurosamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, sin el permiso expreso y por escrito de los titulares de los derechos. Editado en febrero de 2013. Depósito Legal: GC 464-2013 ISSN: 1136-193X INFORME TÉCNICO nº15 INSTITUTO CANARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS Presencia del género Karenia y nuevos registros de dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) en aguas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental Alicia Ojeda Presencia del género Karenia y nuevos registros de dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) en aguas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental RESUMEN Se ilustran y describen 27 especies de dinoflagelados observados por primera vez en aguas superficiales neríticas y oceánicas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico centro-oriental. Las especies descritas de Karenia, Ostreopsis y Prorocentrum revisten especial interés debido a su capacidad para sintetizar fuertes toxinas que durante periodos de floraciones algales pueden ocasionar importantes daños a la fauna marina y a la salud pública. Palabras clave: Dinoflagelados, Karenia, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Islas Canarias, Atlántico centro-oriental. ABSTRACT 27 species of dinoflagellates from neritic and oceanic waters of the Canary Islands, Central- Eastern Atlantic Ocean are illustrated and described. -
Toxicity and Nutritional Inadequacy of Karenia Brevis: Synergistic Mechanisms Disrupt Top-Down Grazer Control
Vol. 444: 15–30, 2012 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published January 10 doi: 10.3354/meps09401 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPEN ACCESS Toxicity and nutritional inadequacy of Karenia brevis: synergistic mechanisms disrupt top-down grazer control Rebecca J. Waggett1,2,*, D. Ransom Hardison1, Patricia A. Tester1 1National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516-9722, USA 2Present address: The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33606, USA ABSTRACT: Zooplankton grazers are capable of influencing food-web dynamics by exerting top- down control over phytoplankton prey populations. Certain toxic or unpalatable algal species have evolved mechanisms to disrupt grazer control, thereby facilitating the formation of massive, monospecific blooms. The harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellate Karenia brevis has been associated with lethal and sublethal effects on zooplankton that may offer both direct and indirect support of bloom formation and maintenance. Reductions in copepod grazing on K. brevis have been attributed to acute physiological incapacitation and nutritional inadequacy. To evalu- ate the potential toxicity or nutritional inadequacy of K. brevis, food removal and egg production experiments were conducted using the copepod Acartia tonsa and K. brevis strains CCMP 2228, Wilson, and SP-1, characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as hav- ing high, low, and no brevetoxin levels, respectively. Variable grazing rates were found in exper- iments involving mixtures of toxic CCMP 2228 and Wilson strains. However, in experiments with toxic CCMP 2228 and non-toxic SP-1 strains, A. tonsa grazed SP-1 at significantly higher rates than the toxic alternative. -
Toxigenic Algae and Associated Phycotoxins in Two Coastal
Harmful Algae 55 (2016) 191–201 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Toxigenic algae and associated phycotoxins in two coastal embayments in the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean) a,b, c c c Julia A. Busch *, Karl B. Andree , Jorge Dioge`ne , Margarita Ferna´ndez-Tejedor , b b b b b Kerstin Toebe , Uwe John , Bernd Krock , Urban Tillmann , Allan D. Cembella a University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany b Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fu¨r Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany c IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5,5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rapita, Tarragona, Spain A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) surveillance is complicated by high diversity of species and associated Received 21 August 2015 phycotoxins. Such species-level information on taxonomic affiliations and on cell abundance and toxin Received in revised form 24 February 2016 content is, however, crucial for effective monitoring, especially of aquaculture and fisheries areas. The Accepted 29 February 2016 aim addressed in this study was to determine putative HAB taxa and related phycotoxins in plankton from aquaculture sites in the Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean. The comparative geographical distribution Keywords: of potentially harmful plankton taxa was established by weekly field sampling throughout the water HAB surveillance column during late spring–early summer over two years at key stations in Alfacs and Fangar Semi-enclosed embayment embayments within the Ebro Delta. -
Is Karenia a Synonym of Asterodinium-Brachidinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)?
Acta Bot. Croat. 64 (2), 263–274, 2005 CODEN: ABCRA25 ISSN 0365–0588 Is Karenia a synonym of Asterodinium-Brachidinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)? FERNANDO GÓMEZ1*, YUKIO NAGAHAMA2,HARUYOSHI TAKAYAMA3,KEN FURUYA2 1 Station Marine de Wimereux, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS UMR 8013 ELICO, 28 avenue Foch, BP 80, F-62930 Wimereux, France. 2 Department of Aquatic Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. 3 Hiroshima Prefectural Fisheries and Marine Technology Center, Hatami 6-1-21, Ondo-cho, Kure Hiroshima 737-1205, Japan From material collected in open waters of the NW and Equatorial Pacific Ocean the de- tailed morphology of brachidiniaceans based on two specimens of Asterodinium gracile is reported for the first time. SEM observations showed that the straight apical groove, the morphological characters and orientation of the cell body were similar to those described for species of Karenia. Brachidinium and Asterodinium showed high morphological vari- ability in the length of the extensions and intermediate specimens with Karenia. Karenia-like cells that strongly resemble Brachidinium and Asterodinium but lacking the extensions co-occurred with the typical specimens. The life cycle and morphology of Karenia papilionacea should be investigated under natural conditions because of the strong simi- larity with the brachidiniaceans. Key words: Phytoplankton, Asterodinium, Brachidinium, Brachydinium, Gymnodinium, Karenia, Dinophyta, apical groove, SEM, Pacific Ocean. Introduction Fixatives, such as formaline or Lugol, do not sufficiently preserve unarmoured dino- flagellates to allow species identification. Body shape and morphology often change dur- ing the process of fixation so that even differentiating between the genera Gymnodinium Stein and Gyrodinium Kofoid et Swezy is difficult (ELBRÄCHTER 1979). -
Morphotaxonomy and Genetic Affinities of Five Novel, Potentially Fish-Killing, Australian Gymnodinioid Dinoflagellates
MORPHOTAXONOMY AND GENETIC AFFINITIES OF FIVE NOVEL, POTENTIALLY FISH-KILLING, AUSTRALIAN GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATES. by Miguel Felix de Salas, B.Sc. (Hons.) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Tasmania, July 2004 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of the candidate's knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Miguel Felix de Salas, July 2004 STATEMENT OF CO-AUTHORSHIP While several chapters in this dissertation have more than one author, the majority of the work was carried out by its primary author, Miguel de Salas. Chapters 2-5 have both Dr. Christopher J.S. Bolch and Associate Professor Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff as co-authors, as they were involved in the design and development of this project, as mentors and supervisors. In addition, though the primary author wrote the articles, Dr. Botch and Assoc. Prof. Hallegraeff helped proofread many drafts and re-write small sections of these chapters. Chapter 4 has three more co-authors in addition to those above, which helped out with the project in the following ways: Dr. Lizeth Botes, in Cape Town, South Africa, contributed a South African sequence, pigment profile and light micrographs of Takayama helix, as well as proofreading the manuscript arising from Chapter 4. -
Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait's Waters
Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Marine Phytoplankton Atlas Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s of Kuwait’s Waters Manal Al-Kandari Dr. Faiza Y. Al-Yamani Kholood Al-Rifaie ISBN: 99906-41-24-2 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research P.O.Box 24885, Safat - 13109, Kuwait Tel: (965) 24989000 – Fax: (965) 24989399 www.kisr.edu.kw Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Published in Kuwait in 2009 by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O.Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait Copyright © Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2009 All rights reserved. ISBN 99906-41-24-2 Design by Melad M. Helani Printed and bound by Lucky Printing Press, Kuwait No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or manual, including photocopying, or by any information or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 2 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Manal Al-Kandari Dr. Faiza Y. Al-Yamani Kholood Al-Rifaie Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL RESULTS INTRODUCTION 16 MATERIAL AND METHODS 18 Phytoplankton Collection and Preservation Methods 18 Sample Analysis 18 Light Microscope (LM) Observations 18 Diatoms Slide Preparation -
Review of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Mediterranean Sea, with a Focus on Greek Waters
diversity Review Review of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Mediterranean Sea, with a Focus on Greek Waters Christina Tsikoti 1 and Savvas Genitsaris 2,* 1 School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Economics, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thermi, Greece; [email protected] 2 Section of Ecology and Taxonomy, School of Biology, Zografou Campus, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16784 Athens, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-7274249 Abstract: Anthropogenic marine eutrophication has been recognized as one of the major threats to aquatic ecosystem health. In recent years, eutrophication phenomena, prompted by global warming and population increase, have stimulated the proliferation of potentially harmful algal taxa resulting in the prevalence of frequent and intense harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal areas. Numerous coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea (MS) are under environmental pressures arising from human activities that are driving ecosystem degradation and resulting in the increase of the supply of nutrient inputs. In this review, we aim to present the recent situation regarding the appearance of HABs in Mediterranean coastal areas linked to anthropogenic eutrophication, to highlight the features and particularities of the MS, and to summarize the harmful phytoplankton outbreaks along the length of coastal areas of many localities. Furthermore, we focus on HABs documented in Greek coastal areas according to the causative algal species, the period of occurrence, and the induced damage in human and ecosystem health. The occurrence of eutrophication-induced HAB incidents during the past two decades is emphasized. Citation: Tsikoti, C.; Genitsaris, S. Review of Harmful Algal Blooms in Keywords: HABs; Mediterranean Sea; eutrophication; coastal; phytoplankton; toxin; ecosystem the Coastal Mediterranean Sea, with a health; disruptive blooms Focus on Greek Waters. -
Centro De Investigación Científica Y De Educación Superior De Ensenada, Baja California
Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California Doctorado en Ciencias Ciencias de la Vida con orientación en Biotecnología Marina Identification and characterization of potentially harmful dinoflagellates in Todos Santos Bay Tesis para cubrir parcialmente los requisitos necesarios para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Presenta: Patricia Esthefanía Paredes Banda Ensenada, Baja California, México 2020 Tesis defendida por Patricia Esthefanía Paredes Banda y aprobada por el siguiente Comité ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Dr. Ernesto García Mendoza Dra. Elizabeth Ponce Rivas Co-director de tesis Co-director de tesis Dra. M. del Pilar Sánchez Saavedra Dr. Allan Douglas Cembella Dra. María Asunción Lago Lestón Dra. Patricia Juárez Camacho Coordinadora del Posgrado en Ciencias de la Vida Dra. Rufina Hernández Martínez Directora de Estudios de Posgrado Patricia Esthefanía Paredes Banda © 2020 Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra sin el permiso formal y explícito del autor y director de la tesis. ii Resumen de la tesis que presenta Patricia Esthefanía Paredes Banda como requisito parcial para la obtención del grado de Doctor en Ciencias en Ciencias de la Vida con orientación en Biotecnología Marina Identificación y caracterización de dinoflagelados potencialmente tóxicos en la Bahía de Todos Santos Resumen aprobado por: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Dr. Ernesto García Mendoza Dra. Elizabeth Ponce Rivas Co-director de tesis Co-director de tesis La Bahía de Todos Santos (BTS) se localiza en la costa noroeste de la península de Baja California donde existen fenómenos de surgencia estacional, que producen una alta productividad primaria que sustenta el desarrollo de actividades de maricultura como el cultivo de moluscos bivalvos.