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Ecological Functions of Forest in Human-Dominated Area

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Ecological Functions of Forest in Human-Dominated Area ECOSYSTEM APPROACH: ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS IN A HUMAN-DOMINATED AREA CASE OF THE BENGAWAN SOLO RIVER BASIN, JAVA – INDONESIA DISSERTATION submitted at the Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen in partial fulfilment for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) By Aan Dyna Andriani Schliep September 2014 Göttingen, Germany Examiners 1. Prof. Dr. Renate Bürger-Arndt 2. Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner 3. Prof. Dr. Max Krott Date of Examination: 15th July 2013 ii Acknowledgement I indebted to several person and institutions that made this study was possible. First of all, I wish to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Renate Bürger-Arndt who accepted and encouraged me to carry out this thesis research. I am grateful for her supervision, invaluable advice and immense contributions. My special thanks also go to Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner (Department of Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology) and Prof. Dr. Max Krott (Department of Forest and Nature Conservation Policy), who supported for being members of my doctoral examination committee. Thanks and appreciation to the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst) that had provided me with scholarships. Thanks to all counterparts in Indonesia who had provided me data and information, and gave me chances to participate in their management activities, as well as great discussion partners. Thank you to former and current colleagues at the Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Planning to experience the friendship and care. My deepest appreciation goes to my little girl Levana and my big boy Leander, my husband, my parents and my sisters and brother for their sincere love. May God bless you all for the great support and kindness. Kuala Lumpur, September 2014 Aan Dyna Andriani Schliep iii Table of Contents EXAMINERS ......................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ IX LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ X 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Ecological problems ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Concepts and Challenges for the Indonesian Forestry Sector .................................... 3 1.3. Ecosystem Management in Forestry .......................................................................... 4 1.4. Ecosystem Management and Ecosystem Approach .................................................. 4 1.5. Critical views on the Ecosystem Approach in Forestry ............................................... 5 1.6. Problem Statement and Structure of the Study .......................................................... 7 1.6.1. The Challenge for the Indonesian Forestry Sector to apply the EsA ...................... 7 1.6.2. Aims, Objectives and Questions of the Study .................................................... 8 1.6.3. Study Area and Case Studies ........................................................................... 9 1.6.4. Structure of the Study ....................................................................................... 9 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................11 2.1. The Concept of Ecosystem Functions .......................................................................11 2.1.1. Definition Concernings Ecosystem ...................................................................11 2.1.2. The Background of UN-CBD Ecosystem Approach ..........................................11 2.1.3. Ethic Perspectives Concerning Ecosystem Management.................................12 2.2. Functions of Forests..................................................................................................13 2.2.1. Species Protection / Biotope or Habitat Function .............................................14 2.2.2. Process Function .............................................................................................15 2.2.3. Resources-Protection Function ........................................................................15 2.2.3.1. Soil Stabilisation Function ..................................................................15 2.2.3.2. Water Regulation Function .................................................................17 2.2.3.3. Climatic Protection Function ...............................................................17 2.2.4. Object-Protection Function ...............................................................................18 2.2.4.1. Protection against Flooding ................................................................19 2.2.4.2. Mitigation of Air Pollution ....................................................................19 2.2.4.3. Noise Reduction .................................................................................20 iv 2.2.4.4. Mitigation of Heat Radiation ...............................................................21 2.2.4.5. Protection against Falling Rocks ........................................................22 2.2.4.6. Curtaining of Undesirable Views .........................................................22 2.3. Forests and Ecosystem Management .......................................................................22 2.3.1. Limitations of SFM ...........................................................................................22 2.3.2. Complements of EsA .......................................................................................23 2.4. The EsA Principles and their Theoretical Support .....................................................27 2.4.1. Adaptive Management and Organization Issues ..............................................28 2.4.1.1. Organization .......................................................................................28 2.4.1.2. Adaptive Management .......................................................................29 2.4.2. Spatial Differentiation according to Landscape, Conservation and Integrity Issues .................................................................................................37 2.4.3. Stakeholder and Economic Issues ...................................................................45 2.5. Inter-Sectoral Collaboration.......................................................................................47 3. PROCEDURE AND METHODS ......................................................................................53 3.1. Research Procedure .................................................................................................53 3.2. Explorative Phase .....................................................................................................54 3.3. Conceptual Phase .....................................................................................................54 3.3.1. Procedure and Method ....................................................................................54 3.3.2. Theoretical Review ..........................................................................................55 3.4. Evaluative Phase ......................................................................................................55 3.4.1. Materials ..........................................................................................................55 3.4.1.1. Legal Provisions .................................................................................55 3.4.1.2. Case Studies ......................................................................................55 3.4.2. Synthesis .........................................................................................................58 3.5. Final Phase ...............................................................................................................60 3.5.1. Conclusion .......................................................................................................60 3.5.2. Recommendation .............................................................................................60 4. REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS ........61 4.1. The Hierarchy of Indonesian Legislation ...................................................................61 4.2. General Regulations Concerning Land Use and Natural Resource Management ...... 61 4.3. Regulations Concerning Biodiversity and Wildlife ............................................................... 65 4.3.1. Regulations Concerning Forestry .....................................................................68 4.3.2. Spatial Planning ...............................................................................................72 4.3.3. Environmental Management ............................................................................74 v 4.3.4.
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