FY11 High-Level Deliverables

Home , 41 Ophiuchi, 89 Leonis, AC Herculis, Alpha Ophiuchi, Alpha Persei Cluster, Alpha Telescopii

AURA/NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT

FY 2011

Submitted to the National Science Foundation December 16, 2011

SN2011fe in M101: This close-up image of the nearby galaxy M101 was obtained with the Mayall 4-m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. M101 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major and is quite similar to our own Galaxy. It is about 20 million light years (6.4 Mpc) away. This image was obtained on 18 September 2011 about two weeks after supernova SN2011fe achieved its peak brightness. The supernova is the bright, bluish star in the upper-right portion of the image (see arrow). It is the closest Type Ia supernova to be observed since 1972. This image was created by combining images taken in four filters: B (blue), V (green), I (orange), and Hydrogen-Alpha (red). In the image, north is to the left and east is down. Image Credit: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage), H. Schweiker & S. Pakzad NOAO/AURA/NSF

National Optical Astronomy Observatory Fiscal Year Annual Report for FY 2011 (1 October 2010 – 30 September 2011)

Submitted to the National Science Foundation Pursuant to Cooperative Support Agreement No. AST-0950945 16 December 2011 (Amended for Web publication 23 February 2012)

Contents

NOAO MISSION PROFILE ...... IV

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1

2 NOAO ACCOMPLISHMENTS ...... 3 2.1 Achievements ...... 3 2.2 Status of Vision and Goals ...... 4 2.2.1 Status of FY11 High-Level Deliverables ...... 4 2.2.2 FY11 Planned vs. Actual Spending and Revenues ...... 7 2.3 Challenges and Their Impacts ...... 10

3 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS ...... 12 3.1 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory ...... 12 3.2 Kitt Peak National Observatory ...... 14 3.3 Gemini Observatory ...... 17 3.4 Community Access Facilities ...... 19

4 GROUND-BASED O/IR OBSERVING SYSTEM OPERATIONS ...... 21 4.1 NOAO South ...... 21 4.1.1 CTIO ...... 21 4.1.2 NOAO South Facility Operations...... 27 4.2 NOAO North ...... 30 4.2.1 KPNO ...... 30 4.2.2 NOAO North Facility Operations...... 36 4.3 NOAO System Science Center ...... 38 4.3.1 System User Support ...... 39 4.3.2 Science Data Management ...... 41 4.3.3 System Community Development ...... 45 4.4 NOAO System Technology Center ...... 49 4.4.1 System Instrumentation ...... 49

i NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

4.4.2 ReSTAR Instrumentation...... 51 4.4.3 Telescope System Instrumentation Program ...... 54 4.4.4 LSST Technology Program ...... 55 4.4.5 GSMT/ELT Technology Program ...... 60

5 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS ...... 62 5.1 Central Administrative Services ...... 62 5.2 Office of Science ...... 63 5.3 Education and Public Outreach ...... 65 5.4 NOAO Director‘s Office ...... 71 5.5 ARRA Infrastructure Renewal ...... 75

APPENDICES ...... 76

A FY11 BUDGET BY PROGRAM ...... 77 A.1 FY11 Expenditures ...... 77 A.2 FY11 Revenue ...... 83 A.3 FY11 Funds Carried Forward to FY12...... 87

B NOAO KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY ...... 88 B.1 NOAO Key Management during FY11...... 88 B.2 Scientific Staff Changes during FY11 ...... 88 B.3 Effort of Scientific Staff by Budgeted Program ...... 89 B.4 FY11 Accomplishments and FY12 Plans of Scientific Staff ...... 93

C NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS ...... 121

D PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES ...... 134 D.1 Telescopes at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory ...... 134 D.2 Telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory ...... 146 D.3 Gemini Telescopes (NOAO System Science Center) ...... 156 D.4 W. M. Keck Observatory: Keck I and II ...... 160 D.5 HET and MMT ...... 161 D.6 Magellan ...... 162 D.7 CHARA and Hale ...... 162 D.8 NOAO Science Archive ...... 162

E USAGE STATISTICS FOR ARCHIVED DATA ...... 165

F TELESCOPE PROPOSAL STATISTICS ...... 167 F.1 Semester 2011A Proposal Statistics ...... 167 F.2 Semester 2011B Proposal Statistics ...... 168

ii CONTENTS

G OBSERVING PROGRAMS & INVESTIGATORS FOR 2011 ...... 170 G.1 Demographics ...... 170 G.2 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory ...... 172 G.3 Kitt Peak National Observatory ...... 181 G.4 Gemini Observatory ...... 190 G.5 Community Access to Private Telescopes ...... 202

H BROADENING PARTICIPATION ...... 208

I GRANTS OBTAINED IN FY11 ...... 213

J SAFETY REPORT FOR Q4 ...... 215

iii NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

NOAO MISSION PROFILE

The National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) is the US national research and development center for ground-based nighttime astronomy. Its core mission is to provide access for all qual- ified professional researchers, via peer review, to state-of-the-art scientific capabilities. Through that access, the US research community is investigating a broad range of modern astrophysical challenges from small bodies within our own Solar System, to the most distant galaxies in the early Un- iverse, to indirect observations of dark energy and dark matter. To support that mission and help further US leadership in the international arena, NOAO is leading the development of the US Ground-Based Optical/Infrared (O/IR) System—the ensemble of public and private observatories dedicated to international leadership in scientific research, technical innovation, education, and public outreach. NOAO is also leading programs that help enable a new generation of telescopes, instruments, and software tools to meet the research challenges of the next decade. In particular, NOAO is leveraging in-house scientific and technical expertise gained over 50 years to participate in the development of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, a unique 8-m-class wide-field imaging telescope, as well as more narrow-field 20-m and larger telescopes with unprecedented spatial resolution and light grasp. Together, these new facilities will make possible revolutionary advances in the physical understanding of dark energy and dark matter, the first stars and galaxies in the early Universe, supermassive black holes at the centers of nearby galaxies (including our home galaxy), planets orbiting nearby stars, and icy bodies in the outer reaches of our Solar System. By pushing back the frontiers of our understanding, these facilities will also surely uncover cosmic phenomena unforeseen today. To communicate the excitement and opportunities of world-class scientific research and technology development, NOAO operates a nationally recognized Education and Public Outreach (EPO) program. The NOAO EPO program strives to promote scientific literacy and inspire young people to become explorers in science and research-based technology, especially within groups that have been historically underrepresented in the US physics and astronomy science enterprise. The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) operates NOAO under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF).

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is the NOAO Fiscal Year Annual Report for fiscal year 2011 (FY11). This report fulfills requirements established by the Cooperative Support Agreement (AST-0950945) between NSF and AURA. NOAO and the research community it serves strive for significant leadership roles at the science frontiers defined by the Astro2010 decadal survey report New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics (NWNH) including characterization of the nature of dark energy, mapping the 3-D distribution of dark matter at cosmological distances, exploration and characterization of the time- domain, and exoplanet characterization and the study of their parent stars. Such leadership is exer- cised through programs with a range of size, from a few nights to tens of nights per year over multiple years, and general-purpose instrumentation on world-class facilities. To enable scientific and technological leadership, NOAO works closely and actively with university-based groups, other US-led observatories, other US national science centers, major international science collaborations, and, especially, our dynamic and world-leading user community. During this reporting period, NOAO continued to operate and improve the four 4-m-class facilities at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). As NSF and non-NSF funding permitted, other telescopes were supported. Current science capabilities at the national observatories continue to enable a broad range of forefront scientific research. Facilities infrastructure support was provided at both sites to many tenant and partner facilities. The number of such hosted facilities continues to grow, especially on Cerro Tololo. Behind the scenes, NOAO completed several significant infrastructure renewal projects at its base and mountain facilities in Arizona and Chile. Construction began or continued on a new generation of world-class 4-m instrumentation including: new, medium-resolution, optical imaging, multi-object spectrographs for both the Mayall and Blanco telescopes; a new, medium-resolution, near-infrared (IR) spectrograph for the Blanco telescope; a ground-layer adaptive-optics system for the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope; and a wide-field optical imager at the WIYN telescope. Community access to the Mt. Palomar 200-inch Hale Telescope was provided for optical and near-IR, medium-resolution spectroscopy. Preparations at the Blanco continued for the arrival of the ultra-wide-field Dark Energy Camera in the first quarter of FY12. And, a new collaboration was initiated to deploy a 5000-fiber, multi-object spectrograph, BigBOSS, at the Mayall telescope in 2018. In terms of nights, the Gemini Observatory provided the most US open access at the 6-m to 10-m aperture level, as NOAO continued to be the US gateway to Gemini. Additional large aperture nights at the Keck, Magellan, and MMT observatories were provided to the community in return for NSF investment in instrumentation projects at those observatories through the NOAO-managed Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP). Community access also was provided to the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) optical interferometer. Scientific demand as measured by over-subscription rates remained strong for the facilities NOAO operated or to which NOAO provided access. There is a clear trend that modern, world-class instruments are more in demand. Scientific productivity measured by the number of papers published by the community-at-large and the NOAO scientific staff in particular also remained strong. Looking to the future, NOAO remained highly engaged in LSST as the lead institution for telescope system and site development. The most significant technical accomplishments were successful completion of the NSF Preliminary Design Review and initial stages of LSST site preparation (exca- vation) on Cerro Pachón. LSST scientific leadership by NOAO was provided in the areas of operations simulations, calibration planning, transient event follow-up observations planning, and LSST Science Collaboration mini-workshop hosting. Several NOAO scientists are leaders of or within LSST Science Collaboration groups. In contrast, NOAO involvement in US-led Giant Segmented

1 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Mirror Telescope (GSMT) projects remained at a low level pending the development by NSF of a federal strategy for investment in such projects. The NOAO Education and Public Outreach program carried out a broad and varied program that touched on many aspects of the NSF goals of broadening the participation of under-represented individuals, groups, and institutions. A major success is the new Teaching with Telescopes program aimed at professional development of primary school teachers and informal science center staff. The program has already reached a large number of school children in Arizona and will soon reach underserved groups of children around the country. On behalf of AURA, NOAO provided administrative and business services not only for itself (~380 employees in Arizona and La Serena) but also for an increasing number of other AURA associated projects (including Advanced Technology Solar Telescope, AURA Corporate, Gemini Obser- vatory, and National Solar Observatory) and partners (LSST, WIYN, and SOAR).

2 NOAO ACCOMPLISHMENTS

2.1 ACHIEVEMENTS Based on proposal merit, as judged by peer review, NOAO provided access to 18 NOAO and non- NOAO telescopes for 1360 scientists involved in 422 new and ongoing research projects—the number of projects that sought time was approximately 2.4 times that number. The majority of those scientists (965 not including NOAO staff) came from 180 US institutions distributed across 41 of the United States. Most of those institutions were universities, the top five institutions by number of investigators being Harvard/Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, University of Arizona, Space Telescope Science Institute, and the University of California-Berkeley. About 10% of allocated time went to 422 non-US-based investigators, predominantly located at European institutions. Based on observations obtained in previous years, the NOAO user community published 376 refereed papers citing one or more facilities with NOAO-granted telescope time. Crabtree (2011, in preparation) illustrates that the NOAO Mayall and Blanco telescopes were two of the most productive astronomical telescopes in the world in the period of 2005–2009. On a continuing, annual basis, NOAO supports the largest and broadest research community of any US ground-based astronomical observatory (and most space-based observatories, with the notable exception of the Hubble Space Telescope). Implementation of Large Science Programs at NOAO made major progress in FY 2011 (FY11). In La Serena, preparations for the arrival of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) dominated technical work. DECam will arrive in early FY12 and be ready for science operations (and the start of the Dark Energy Survey, DES) by the end of FY12. In Tucson, NOAO initiated a new collaboration with the Big Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BigBOSS) project to deploy a 3-deg, 5000-fiber multi- object spectrograph at the Mayall 4-m telescope in 2018. Not only will the DES and BigBOSS key projects be the most important dark energy characterization experiments of this decade, their world- best instrumentation will enable world-class ancillary experiments. Furthermore, NOAO benefits significantly both scientifically and technically as an organization by being a partner with major, US national physics centers such as Fermilab and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Another core project, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), completed a major milestone by passing its NSF Preliminary Design Review (PDR). NOAO is the Lead Organization for the Tele- scope and Site design, development, and construction work package. Among other LSST Telescope and Site ancillary achievements, the most important was completion of site leveling on Cerro Pachón. LSST work was supported by a combination of NSF base and supplementary funds, as well as non- federal funding in particular for the site preparation work. The Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP) made awards in this fiscal year (based on FY10 funds) to the Keck Observatory for design and development of the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) integral field spectrograph and to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) for the completion of the Binocular Spectrograph (Binospec). Binospec is a dual-beam optical spectrograph for the MMT. The awards resulted in another 12 nights for community access at Keck and 28 at MMT bringing the total TSIP nights to 426 (not all of which have been allocated yet) and total awards to $30M. The joint NSF/NOAO/community initiative, Renewing Small Telescopes for Astronomical Re- search (ReSTAR), continued to bear fruit during FY11. Community access was provided to optical and near-IR spectroscopy at the Mt. Palomar 200-inch Hale Telescope and to an upgraded, wide-field optical imager on the NOAO Mayall 4-m telescope. Construction continued for new, optical, medium-resolution, multi-object spectrographs for the NOAO Mayall and Blanco 4-m telescopes in partnership with The Ohio State University. Construction activity began on a new cross-dispersed, medium-resolution, near-IR spectrograph in partnership with Cornell University. NSF supplementary funding supported most of this activity, although base funding was used in particular to support management and design activity.

3 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

NSF base funding was used to support NOAO involvement in the WIYN One Degree Imager (ODI) project. At the request of the WIYN Board of Directors, NOAO assumed programmatic responsibility for the ODI project, stabilized it, and initiated a recovery plan following a Board review and approval. Base funding also was used to complete development of a new generation of low-cost, low-power, optical detector controllers as well as to continue work on the science modules for the ODI pipeline, portal, and archive project. NOAO also made significant contributions to design and development of the DECam Community Pipeline (Lead Institution: NCSA) and Virtual Astronomical Observatory (Lead Institution: VAO LLC). NOAO made significant progress on a host of infrastructure renewal programs under the NSF- funded American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA) program. Projects in both Chile and Arizona were completed in this second year of the three-year program including back-up power generation, mountain dining facilities, and computer room and observing console refurbishments. The electrical distribution system in the main Tucson facility saw a major renovation as well. The Ground-Based O/IR System Roadmap Committee was formed. This standing committee is charged to assess annually the state of the ground-based optical/near-IR system of observing facilities and make recommendations regarding which capabilities are needed by the community on near- and long-term timescales. The committee members were drawn broadly from the US research community. This committee continues the work started by the Access to Large Telescopes for Astronomical In- struction and Research (ALTAIR) and ReSTAR committees. The committee chair is T. Soifer (Cal- tech) and the vice-chair is B. Jannuzi (NOAO). The nationally recognized Education and Public Outreach (EPO) program at NOAO created a new teacher development program called ―Teaching with Telescopes‖ that also enhances the EPO‘s successful Hands-On Optics program. The Teaching with Telescopes program uses the Galileoscope to teach students about optics and light and helps educators and informal science center staff learn how to present the program to students and the public. The EPO program also completed another successful year of dark skies education through the GLOBE at Night program, which uses the public to gather data on night sky light pollution. After an open recruitment process, Dr. Timothy Beers was offered and accepted the position of NOAO Associate Director for Kitt Peak National Observatory. Dr. Beers begins his five-year appointment in early FY12.

2.2 STATUS OF VISION AND GOALS The NOAO Annual Program Plan FY 2011 (APP-11) defined the high-level NOAO deliverables for FY11 in its Executive Summary. Those high-level deliverables are restated below with notes on their status as of the end of FY11. Sections 3 and 4 of this report provide the status of each lower-level program milestone defined in APP-11 for the individual NOAO program activities. At the end of this section, planned spending and revenues for FY11 are compared to actual spending and revenues for that period. Significant differences between planned and achieved financial results are discussed.

2.2.1 Status of FY11 High-Level Deliverables From FY11 NSF base funding, NOAO planned to deliver and/or enable:  Operation and maintenance of NOAO facilities in Tucson and on Kitt Peak (Mayall 4-m, WIYN 3.5-m, and 2.1-m telescopes). Status: On-going, details provided in section 4.2.  Operation and maintenance of NOAO facilities in La Serena (including the AURA recinto— compound) and on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón (Blanco 4-m and SOAR 4.1-m telescopes). Status: On-going, details provided in section 4.1.

4 NOAO ACCOMPLISHMENTS

 Scientific user support services and community development activities for the non-NOAO facilities within the US Optical/Infrared (O/IR) System, especially the Gemini Observatory. Status: On-going, details provided in section 4.3.  Initial science operations for a ground-layer adaptive optics system with laser guide star for the SOAR 4.1-m telescope (and an associated imager). Status: Delayed into FY12. As described in section 4.4.1, on-sky commissioning revealed problems with the laser guide star image quality and the polarization control that in turn reduces artificial star flux below acceptable levels. Parts of the laser launch telescope are currently undergoing redesign and reimplementation to resolve these problems.  Relocation of the NEWFIRM wide-field infrared imager from the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope to the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope. Status: After further analysis of scheduled activities at Blanco, it became clear that NEWFIRM could stay at Blanco for several more months to allow additional usage of this popular instrument. Currently, NEWFIRM redeployment on the Mayall is scheduled for the first quarter (Q1) of FY12. See section 4.1.1 for details.  Continued preparation at the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope and by the NOAO Science Data Management program for the arrival of the Dark Energy Camera. Status: The Blanco preparation is on schedule and will be completed prior to the arrival of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam). Data management preparations on the NOAO side were delayed due to late delivery of software modules from the Dark Energy Survey Data Management (DESDM) project team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). See section 4.1.1 for details.  New detector system controllers for various instruments on Kitt Peak and Cerro Tololo based on the MONSOON/TORRENT development program. Status: This project proceeded more slowly than planned, but the delivery rate accelerated during the last part of FY11 and will not hinder any on-going instrumentation projects.  Program and scientific management support of various ReSTAR Phase 1 projects. Status: Steady-state, see section 4.4.2 for details.  Design and development activity for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), including telescope systems and on-site support facilities. Status: On-going, see section 4.4.4 for details.  Preparations for re-engagement with the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and/or Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) projects, as defined by NSF. Status: No action. In early FY11, NSF requested that NOAO cease acting as the GSMT program manager for NSF, so that NSF could take up this role directly. The NSF has not yet announced its strategy for federal investment in GSMT. When it does, NOAO will return to GSMT re-engagement. In the meantime, NOAO scientists and engineers are serving on review panels as invited by the various projects and as NOAO duties permit.  Science data management services that are focused on immediate NOAO needs, including science operations of the Dark Energy Camera and WIYN One Degree Imager. Status: On-going, deliveries in FY11 included a mix of infrastructure improvements (e.g., NOAO Science Archive interface, core IRAF) and project oriented work (e.g., Virtual As- tronomical Observatory, DECam, One Degree Imager). See section 4.3.2 for details.

5 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

 Education and Public Outreach program that is focused on critical, local activities and needs while maintaining a national (global) perspective through targeted, innovative programs. Status: On-going, highlights in FY11 included Arizona Galileoscope Star Parties, a worldwide citizen-science dark skies awareness program, and participation in major teacher training programs in Chile. See section 5.3 for details.  Technical support and program management required for instrumentation development funded through supplementary budget allocations. Status: On-going, see section 4.4 for details.  Administrative and facility operations services necessary for an organization with more than 350 employees at two geographically distributed sites. Status: On-going, see sections 4.1.2 and 4.2.2 for facility operations (South and North, respectively) as well as section 5.1 for administrative/business service. Most ARRA work completed this period was related to facility improvement activities, see section 5.5 for details. From FY11 NSF supplementary funding, NOAO plans to deliver and/or enable:  Major deferred maintenance catch-up and infrastructure improvement program (so-called stimulus funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009). Status: On-going, many individual projects were completed during this period. See section 5.5 for details.  Annual REU programs in Tucson and La Serena. Status: Six students (two men and four women) participated in the NOAO North (KPNO, Tucson) REU program. Three students (two men and one woman) participated in the NOAO South (CTIO, La Serena) REU program. The current award for the KPNO REU program expires after NOAO hosts the 2012 cohorts. Recently, NOAO received a new award to fund a La Serena-based CTIO REU program for FY12–16.  At least one PAARE partnership in Tucson, with the possibility of a second partnership in Tucson and a new partnership in La Serena. Status: Our current PAARE partners (South Carolina State University and Vander- bilt/Fisk University) did not send us any students this year.  Additional design and development activity for LSST. Status: On-going, see section 4.4.4 for details.  Commissioning and release of an upgraded optical detector system for the Mosaic-1 imager at the Mayall 4-m telescope (ReSTAR Phase 1). Status: Completed, see section 4.2.1 for details.  Completing construction of a new, medium-resolution optical spectrograph for the Mayall 4-m telescope (KOSMOS) (ReSTAR Phase 1) (commissioning in FY12). Status: Progressing well, see section 4.4.2 for details.  Mostly completing construction of a new, medium-resolution optical spectrograph for the Blanco 4-m telescope (COSMOS) (ReSTAR Phase 1) (complete construction and commission in FY12). Status: Progressing well, see section 4.4.2 for details.

6 NOAO ACCOMPLISHMENTS

 Start of new medium-resolution near-infrared spectrograph for Blanco 4-m telescope (TripleSpec) (ReSTAR Phase 1) Status: Started, see section 4.4.2 for details.  Continued community access to the 200-inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory (ReSTAR Phase 1). Status: Continued, see section 4.3.1 for details.  Continued instrumentation development support for non-NOAO 6- to 10-m facilities in return for community access (TSIP). Status: Continued, see sections 4.3.1 and 4.4.3 for details.  Participation in development of scientific user support services for the Virtual Astronomical Observatory (VAO). Status: During this period, NOAO delivered: (a) Web- and email-based system for VAO- internal issue tracking and project management; (b) internal standards for code guidelines, testing procedures, and documentation; (c) VAO newsletter; (d) a User Forum; and (e) a redesigned Web site. All scheduled work was delivered on time. On a cost-recovery basis, NOAO also plans to deliver and/or enable:  Technical and facility operations support services for tenant and/or partner observatories on Kitt Peak, Cerro Tololo, Cerro Pachón, and Cerro Las Campanas. Status: On-going, as described in sections 4.2 and 4.1.

2.2.2 FY11 Planned vs. Actual Spending and Revenues In this section, planned vs. actual FY11 spending and revenues are discussed. More details about FY11 expenditures, revenues, and funds carried forward to FY12 are provided in Appendix A. Spending plans shown in APP-11 were developed under the assumption that FY11 base funding would be $28.3M. In the end, actual base funding was $27.5M or $0.8M less than expected. At mid- fiscal-year, NOAO reduced various labor and non-labor plans in order to accommodate reduced base funding. As shown in the section above, NOAO was still able to complete most planned, high-level deliverables. Planned versus actual FY11 spending is summarized in Table 1. Spending categories and Plan 1 values repeat information given in APP-11 Table 19 (FY 2011 NOAO Budget Allocation Summary). For each category, Plan 1 spending is the sum of allocated expected NSF base funding (relative to $28.3M) plus an estimate of non-base funding derived during APP-11 preparation. Plan 2 spending comes from Table A-1 in this report and is the sum of allocated actual NSF base funding (relative to $27.5M), actual revenue (as shown in Table A-2 in this report) as well as base and non-base funding carried forward from previous years. Positive spending differences (Actual – Plan 2) indicate actual spending was larger than planned spending. As necessary, these differences were covered by budget transfers within NOAO (for work within NOAO) or by increased fee-for-service recovery (for work outside of NOAO). Table 1 also summarizes planned versus actual FY11 revenues. Categories and planned values correspond to APP-11 Table 19. The Carry Forward column corresponds to base and non-base revenues carried forward from previous years. Revenues come from non-base sources (see Table A-2). Positive revenue differences (Actual – Plan = Carry Forward + Revenue – Plan) indicate that more revenue was collected (booked) than planned, in many cases corresponding to more carry-forward than anticipated when APP-11 was finalized in late 2010 before standard end-of-fiscal-year accounting procedures were completed.

7 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Table 1: Summary of Spending and Revenue (Planned vs. Actual) Spending (M$) Non-Base Revenue (M$) Plan 1 Plan 2 Plan Carry (APP-11) (Mid-Year) Actual Actual – Plan2 (APP-11) Forward Revenue Actual – Plan Notes

NOAO South Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) 8.653 6.280 6.588 +0.308 2.703 0.010 0.610 -2.083 NOAO South Operations 4.170 6.701 6.689 -0.012 2.580 0.042 4.674 +2.136 NOAO South Subtotal 12.823 12.981 13.277 +0.296 5.283 0.052 5.284 +0.053 Note 1

NOAO North Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) 8.041 9.105 8.931 -0.174 2.437 0.593 3.072 +1.228 NOAO North Operations 2.320 2.486 2.418 -0.068 0.960 0.197 1.052 +0.289 NOAO North Subtotal 10.361 11.591 11.349 -0.242 3.397 0.790 4.124 +1.517 Note 2

NOAO System Science Center (NSSC) System User Support (SUS) 1.418 1.527 1.288 -0.239 0.036 0.027 0.000 -0.009 Science Data Management (SDM) 2.299 1.891 1.817 -0.074 0.566 0.000 0.223 -0.343 System Community Development (SCD) 0.749 0.624 0.397 -0.227 0.000 0.000 0.020 +0.020 ReSTAR Palomar Nights 0.000 0.269 0.269 +0.000 0.000 0.269 0.000 +0.269 NSSC Subtotal 4.466 4.311 3.771 -0.540 0.602 0.296 0.243 -0.063 Note 3

NOAO System Technology Center (NSTC) System Instrumentation 2.406 2.353 3.000 +0.647 0.253 0.042 0.182 -0.029 ReSTAR Instrumentation 2.887 2.772 1.951 -0.821 2.269 2.202 0.000 -0.067 Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 2.977 2.989 2.689 -0.300 1.471 0.830 0.020 -0.621 GSMT/ELT Technology 0.615 0.268 0.198 -0.070 0.477 0.000 0.131 -0.346 NSTC Subtotal 8.885 8.382 7.838 -0.544 4.470 3.074 0.333 -1.063 Note 4

NOAO-Wide Central Administrative Services (CAS) 1.923 2.036 1.791 -0.245 1.041 0.000 1.182 +0.141 Office of Science (OS) 1.650 1.035 0.768 -0.267 0.442 0.051 0.592 +0.201 Education and Public Outreach (EPO) 1.208 1.167 1.134 -0.033 0.198 0.000 0.209 +0.011 NOAO Director's Office (NDO) 1.685 1.898 1.496 -0.402 0.085 0.006 0.344 +0.265 Reserve 0.234 0.928 0.001 -0.927 0.000 0.788 0.000 +0.788 AURA F&A Management Fee 0.609 0.853 0.891 +0.038 0.000 0.244 0.000 +0.244 NOAO-Wide Subtotal 7.309 7.917 6.081 -1.836 1.766 1.089 2.327 +1.650 Note 5

NOAO Base Program 43.844 45.182 42.316 -2.866 15.518 5.301 12.311 +2.094 Note 6

ARRA Infrastructure Renewal 2.199 4.223 2.230 -1.993 2.198 4.223 0.000 +2.025 Note 7 Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP) 4.000 6.043 3.038 -3.005 4.000 4.403 0.000 +0.403 Note 8 NOAO Augmented Base Program 50.043 55.448 47.584 -7.864 21.716 13.927 12.311 +4.522 Note 9

Many spending and revenue differences are small in magnitude (or percentage) and for the most part represent normal planning uncertainties. The following notes discuss specific activities where actual spending or revenue was significantly larger than planned spending or revenue.  Note 1: Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), NOAO South Operations— after APP-11 was submitted, activities defined as CTIO or NOAO South Operations were shuffled for internal program management reasons. Although that shuffle caused the large apparent spending and revenue differences for CTIO and NOAO South Operations between Plan 1 and Plan 2, integrated differences between actual and planned spending and revenues for La Serena-based activities were in fact relatively small and almost completely caused by the difference in the planned mean exchange rate (500 Chilean pesos to one US dollar) and actual mean exchange rate (473).  Note 2: Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO)—reported actual revenue is $1.517M greater than planned revenue. This difference has four key sources: (a) carry-forward of FY10 funding for the WIYN One Degree Imager project, mostly provided by university partners, but not known at the time APP-11 was submitted ($0.452M); (b) carry-forward of unexpended FY10 mountain operations funds, not known at the time APP-11 was submitted ($0.141M); (c) carry-forward of unexpended FY10 Tucson base facilities operations funds, not known at the time APP-11 was submitted; and (d) NOAO NSF base funding transferred to WIYN operations accounts to fulfill the NOAO obligation to fund 40% of WIYN science operations ($0.610M). For accounting reasons, that WIYN obligation was carried as base funding in APP-11 but reported as returned revenue here and in various financial reports.  Note 3: NOAO System Science Center (NSSC)—all three major NSSC activities spent less than planned, primarily for externally driven reasons. Within System User Support (SUS),

8 NOAO ACCOMPLISHMENTS

funding demand for committee travel and Gemini classical observing was less than anticipated. Due to less-than-expected supplementary funding, Science Data Management (SDM) did less work than was planned for the Virtual Astronomical Observatory (VAO) project. Less-than-planned VAO funding is also the source of the significant revenue difference shown under SDM. Within System Community Development (SCD), several people assigned initially to SCD work were reassigned to higher priority projects, such as LSST and the WIYN One Degree Imager. Finally, APP-11 Table 19 did not show the cost of Palomar nights funded by ReSTAR-1 supplementary funding. That cost has been shown here for completeness for Plan 2 and actual spending, as well as actual supplementary revenue to support it (shown here as carry-forward because it came from FY09 supplementary funding, $0.269M, from Table A-1).  Note 4: NOAO System Technology Center (NSTC)—significant NSTC spending differences reflect significant mid-course planning changes compounded with exposure to greater- than-planned labor costs in Chile due to exchange rate fluctuations. Actual labor costs within System Instrumentation (SI) were greater than planned due to more expended labor hours than planned for the SOAR Adaptive-optics Module (SAM) and MONSOON/TORRENT projects. The ReSTAR Instrumentation activity spent less than planned as priorities shifted from (e.g.,) the Blanco Hydra Bench upgrade and TripleSpec to other NSTC projects. Those priority shifts occurred with the knowledge and approval of the NSF Program Officer for NOAO. For the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) activity, spending on external contracts for telescope and site development was less than anticipated at the start of FY11. The reduced revenue shown for LSST reflects an accounting difference between the use of supplementary funds that was planned versus what actually happened during FY11. That had no impact on actual work. Finally, the GSMT/ELT Technology program did less work for external projects than expected and therefore spent less and collected less revenue than planned. Supplementary revenue from Table A-1 is included for ReSTAR Instrumentation and LSST for ease of comparison.  Note 5: NOAO-Wide—this basket of centralized, NOAO-wide activities provides core NOAO program and financial management services. Spending and revenue differences within the Central Administrative Services (CAS) group reflect normal operational variations for a group that provides service on demand to various AURA activities as well as NOAO. Of- fice of Science (OS) spending differences were caused by a less-than-planned draw down of research support funding and labor planned for OS but reassigned to other activities. On the other hand, OS revenue was greater than planned because NOAO attracted more grant- supported post-docs then expected—the increased revenue comes from their grants. The FY11 plan for the NOAO Director‘s Office (NDO) contained the labor cost of a new Asso- ciate Director for KPNO. That person did not start until FY12, resulting in less spending than planned. Less-than-expected travel and other non-labor expenses also contributed. Greater- than-planned NDO revenue reflects greater-than-planned revenue recovery from external grants combined with NDO labor recharged to non-NOAO projects. A small planned reserve ($0.14M) was augmented by uncommitted funds ($0.788M) carried forward from FY10, thus creating a total end-of-FY11 reserve of $0.928M. That reserve has been carried forward into FY12. Finally, the large, apparent FY10 carry-forward for the AURA management fee is simply an accounting artifact reflecting cash flow for the final FY10 payment.  Note 6: NOAO Base Program—this is the total basket of activities supported by NSF base funding (FY11 = $27.5M) combined with NSF supplementary funding and external revenue. Overall, NOAO spent $2.866M less than expected and funded under Plan 2. Unexpended funds have been carried forward into FY12, mostly for specific, multiyear activities (e.g., ReSTAR-1 instrumentation and LSST contracts) but also including the reserve mentioned in Note 5.

9 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

 Note 7: ARRA Infrastructure Program—funding shown is the total remaining on the three-year American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA) program. The actual expenses are from work done during Year 2. Two programs on Kitt Peak were delayed during Year 2 due to a contractor pull out and a hold at NSF for permission to build a new facility on the mountain. Both issues have been resolved.  Note 8: Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP)—Plan 1 and Plan 2 spend values were set to $4M in anticipation that NSF would provide that amount in new, supplementary funding in FY11. In the end, only $2M in new funding was provided. In addition, $4.043M was brought forward from previous fiscal years for total revenue of $6.043M. Of that total amount, $3.038M is encumbered to existing, on-going TSIP projects. On behalf of NSF, NOAO issued a solicitation for proposals for new projects to be funded from some or all of the remaining $3.005M (NOAO will retain less than $100K for administrative costs covering FY12 through FY14). Final NSF decisions about TSIP awards will be made during FY12.  Note 9: NOAO Augmented Base Program—the Plan 1 planned total spending ($50.043M) and revenue ($21.716M) values are the same values as shown for Budget, Total (Table 19) and FY 2011 Revenue (Table 20) in APP-11. As in the Base Program (see Note 6 above), the apparent less-than-planned spending and greater-than-planned revenue reflect cash flow accounting for multi-year programs. Actual work completed followed planned work closely.

2.3 CHALLENGES AND THEIR IMPACTS Every year, NOAO faces the challenge of establishing and managing multiyear internal and external commitments in the face of year-to-year base funding uncertainty. FY11 was no different. Official NOAO base funding was not finalized until the third quarter and was $0.8M less than planned ($27.5M vs. $28.3M). Supplementary funding for Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP) and Renewing Small Telescopes for Astronomical Research (ReSTAR) was reduced by $2M and $3M, respectively. In anticipation of these problems, NOAO reduced program scope and employee head count at mid year. Head count reduction was achieved through seven retirements (without refil- ling) in Chile and not filling five open positions in Arizona. In general, salary increases in Arizona were restricted as well. Non-labor cost reductions were achieved through various means including reduced travel, elimination of user workshops, purchase of fewer replacements for the aging vehicle fleet, etc. When base funding is less than expected, purely internal commitments can be managed by re- balancing the internal NOAO program through project deferment or cancellation. Managing external commitments is much harder, because it is often difficult or impossible for NOAO to reduce quickly the level of such a commitment. Yet, over time, NOAO has become engaged in more external commitments (such as LSST) to enable new research capabilities for the community and to stay involved in forefront projects. Thus, unexpectedly large year-to-year fluctuations in base funding can cause havoc to the internal program while NOAO first satisfies external obligations. Ex- change rate fluctuations between the US dollar and Chilean peso also create annual uncertainty. During FY11, the difference between the planned (500) and actual (475) average exchange rate was approximately $0.5M in additional cost. Since such year-to-year fluctuations are likely to continue, NOAO has adopted a programmatic policy of starting the fiscal year with a large (and effectively virtual) cash balance to mitigate the risk of exchange rate fluctuations, funding shortfalls, and (when possible) create opportunities to satisfy cash-loaded user aspirations (e.g., large, expensive specialty filters for one of our wide-field imagers) or deferred maintenance catch-up (e.g., replacement or new guard rails on various mountain roads). Such unpredictable financial shortfalls also hinder the ability of NOAO to deal with two long- term personnel issues: retaining younger technical personnel and preparing for the departure of older technical personnel. In the former case, the outlook of reduced funding for new projects causes per-

10 NOAO ACCOMPLISHMENTS

sonnel to seek other employment. During FY11, NOAO lost personnel to (e.g.,) Raytheon and the Giant Magellan Telescope project. Fortunately, the presence of the LSST Telescope/Site team at NOAO is a positive, contravening force—many of the best NOAO engineers are actively engaged in and excited by LSST. Involvement in the Dark Energy Camera, BigBOSS, and One Degree Imager also militates against departure, at least in the short term. In the latter case, NOAO has been trying to hire junior engineers, especially for mountain-based facility operations and maintenance, to train alongside senior engineers who are close to or past nominal retirement age. Alas, several such junior positions were left unfilled when the FY11 actual funding was less than planned. As a result, NOAO must often wait to hire replacements until people actually announce their retirement, leaving limited time for knowledge transfer. In partial mitigation of this problem, NOAO combined two engineering teams in Tucson (Kitt Peak Engineering and System Instrumentation) into a single team (NOAO North Engineering and Technical Services). The combined group has a more robust, internally self- reinforcing skill mix and fewer managers. It also makes resource planning and management more transparent and less contentious since it occurs within one team with one set of priorities. The most significant technical problem experienced this year was mechanical damage to the outer structure of the KPNO Mayall 4-m enclosure due to ice forming in one of the support columns. This telescope was closed for one month while the damage was repaired. Inspection of other columns revealed no additional problems. Preparations for installation and integration of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) into the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope proved to be more resource intensive than planned. By mid year, it was clear that various tasks had fallen significantly behind schedule. To recover, resources (labor and non- labor) were reallocated from lower-priority tasks in both Arizona and Chile to DECam-related activities. In addition, more thorough project management oversight was implemented. By the end of the fiscal year, the task completion rate was back under control. The Blanco telescope control system upgrade remained on the critical path for initiation of DECam installation during the second quarter (Q2) of FY12. Shifting support towards DECam integration and related activities caused several other projects to slow down. The most notable example was the SOAR Adaptive-optics Module (SAM) project. This ground-layer adaptive optics system and imager for SOAR is scheduled for completion in FY12. While delivery of the Cerro Tololo Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (COSMOS) will occur on schedule in FY12 Q2, COSMOS commissioning will be delayed from FY12 Q2 to FY13 Q2. The WIYN One Degree Imager (ODI) project was the most significant FY10 technological challenge. At the start of FY11, the WIYN Board appointed a new NOAO-led management team and re- defined the project to focus on specific risk retirement areas. Happily, the new ODI team was able to retire many outstanding risks, and there is now a clear path to initial ODI commissioning with a partially filled focal plane in the fourth quarter (Q4) of FY12.

11 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

3 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS

3.1 CERRO TOLOLO INTER-AMERICAN OBSERVATORY

LMC CAUGHT STEALING STARS FROM SMC

By analyzing the spectra of 5900 giant and supergiant stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) galaxy, NOAO astronomers Knut Olsen and Bob Blum, with collaborators Dennis Zaritsky (University of Arizona) and Martha Boyer and Karl Gordon (Space Telescope Science Institute), found that over 5% of the stars they observed in the LMC are rotating counter to the direction of the majority of LMC stars, or perhaps in a plane that is greatly inclined to the rotation of the LMC. An ambiguity remains in the result, because the astronomers were only able to measure the projection of the stellar velocities into the line of sight, and not their full velocity vectors. In either case, these peculiar orbits indicate that these stars probably did not form from the rotating and collapsing cloud of gas that formed the LMC, a galaxy located about 160,000 light years away. Further examination of these counter- rotating stars revealed another anomaly. The chemical composition of these stars is different. They have fewer heavy elements such as iron and calcium than typical stars in the LMC. However, their composition closely matches that of stars in another nearby galaxy, the Small Magellanic Cloud, whose stars are also depleted in these elements. These two lines of evidence—motion and composition—indicated to the research team that these stars were stolen from the smaller galaxy by the gravitational pull of the larger galaxy. The astronomers used a multi-object spectrometer on the Cerro Tololo Inter- American Observatory 4-m Blanco Telescope in Chile to observe 4600 stars. The spectrometer allowed the spectral characteristics of a large number of stars to be observed simulta- neously. These observations were then com- Figure 1: LMC imaged by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Overlaid in red and blue, with the colors representing their bined with data on 1300 other stars to look line-of-sight velocities, are the stars whose origins have for patterns. been traced to the SMC.

LOW-MASS STAR OR BROWN DWARF?

What observational characteristics distinguish the lowest mass stars from the highest mass brown dwarfs? More specifically, can we place observational constraints on the numerical value for the hydrogen burning mass limit and determine observational ways of readily identifying such objects? Dur- ing the last decade, theoretical stellar models addressing these questions have become quite sophisti- cated; however, the necessary observational constraints for these models are still very few. Under the leadership of graduate student Sergio Dieterich and his advisor, Dr. Todd Henry, astronomers at Georgia State University have devised the HLIMIT effort, a comprehensive program to characterize the stellar/substellar mass boundary using a combination of the SMARTS CTIO 0.9-m

12 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES & FINDINGS

telescope and the SOAR telescope. As part of the long running Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observa- tory Parallax Investigation (CTIOPI), Dieterich and collaborators have obtained high precision trigonometric parallaxes (errors <1.7 mas) for a sample of 43 M and L dwarfs with a range of masses centered around the theoretical hydrogen burning mass limit of 0.075 solar masses. Precision optical photometry (errors <5%) for these same objects as well as an additional 73 M and L dwarfs for which parallaxes were available from the literature was then obtained using a mix of the SOAR telescope for faint objects and the CTIO 0.9-m telescope for a few brighter objects. In total, 17 nights of SOAR NOAO time were used for this effort. When data from both telescopes are combined with existing data from the literature, the result is a statistically robust Color-Magnitude (Observational Hertzsprung- Russell) diagram that examines the characteristics of very low mass stars and high mass brown dwarfs using the same set of observational metrics (Figure 2). Because prior studies of brown dwarfs were conducted mostly in the near infrared and stellar objects were studied mostly in optical colors, it was difficult to compare and contrast their characteristics prior to this study. The unique combination of the parallax program at the CTIO 0.9-m telescope and the SOAR telescope, both CTIO resources, has generated a powerful tool that is now being used to better understand objects in this mass range of fundamental astrophysical importance. The new Color-Magnitude diagram portrays a remarkably smooth and narrow color sequence, indicating that in this complex transition region, basic stellar properties behave as a deterministic function of temperature, with mass and gravity effects taking a secondary role. In a parallel effort, the same group is now working on populating the diagram with dynamical masses determined using a combination of the CTIO 0.9-m parallax program and Gemini North adaptive optics. Dieterich and collaborators are currently drafting the first of two papers describing their results, and expect to submit it for publication in late 2011.

Figure 2: “Color-Magnitude diagram for the stellar/substellar boundary region, composed with trigonometric parallaxes obtained at the CTIO 0.9-m telescope, V-band photometry obtained at the SOAR telescope as well as the CTIO 0.9-m telescope, and K-band magnitudes from 2MASS. The best available spectral types are plotted with a 2 magnitude offset in the color axis. The CTIO 0.9-m telescope and the SOAR telescope are the workhorses of the „HLIMIT Project,‟ and are allowing us to increase the number of objects in this diagram from 19 to an eventual 116 objects, a factor of approximately 6. The 0.9-m time allocation comes from Georgia State University‟s ongoing, long-term participation in the SMARTS Consortium. Seventeen nights of SOAR time were allocated through the NOAO public time allocation process.” (Dieterich and collaborators)

13 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

3.2 KITT PEAK NATIONAL OBSERVATORY

FINDING GALAXY CLUSTERS IN BOÖTES (Excerpted from the March 2011 NOAO Newsletter article by A. Gonzalez, University of Florida) The Infrared Boötes Imaging Survey (IBIS) is an infrared imaging program conducted with NEWFIRM on the Kitt Peak National Observatory Mayall 4-m telescope, surveying the entire NOAO/Spitzer Deep Wide-Field region in J, H, and KS. This program is designed to facilitate diverse science programs by complementing existing optical (BW, R, I) and Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) surveys in the field. Examples include characterization of low-mass, brown dwarf candidates, star formation histories of high redshift ―dust-obscured‖ and ―sub-millimeter‖ galaxies, and UV- bright star-forming galaxies. The central scientific aim of IBIS, however, is detection of galaxy clusters and groups at z > 1.5 to enable direct studies of cluster galaxy evolution during an era of active star formation and cluster assembly. At this time, the survey has identified several hundred such galaxy clusters. A 4.5-μm-selected galaxy catalog with full photometric redshift probability distributions for the full sample serves as input for the over-density detection algorithm. This approach has been shown to yield cluster candidates at z > 1 with a less than 10% false positive rate, but it is predominantly restricted to z < 1.5—the region where photometric redshifts are robust. The combination of deep JHKS imaging from IBIS with the existing optical (NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey-NDWFS) and IRAC (Spitzer Deep Wide-Field Survey-SDWFS) data is designed to provide robust photometric redshifts for L* galaxies out to z ~ 3, enabling detection of the relatively low-mass, high-redshift systems that are the progenitors of present day clusters like Coma. The full analysis of the cluster sample is still underway, but to highlight the potential of the survey, Figure 3 shows images for two distant clusters for which Gonzalez and his team are obtaining Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera infrared grism observations.

Figure 3: The left image is a BW, I, 4.5-μm composite for the highest-redshift, spectroscopically confirmed cluster in a previous study (z = 1.49). Contours for the X-ray detection of this cluster are shown in green, spectroscopic members that lie within the field are marked with yellow squares, and the scale bar corresponds to 30ʺ. The image on the right (I, J, 4.5 μm) presents a new candidate at z ~ 1.8 detected using IBIS data in conjunction with NDWFS and SDWFS observations. Both clusters are detected at high significance in this new search. The field-of-view for each image is 2 .

14 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES & FINDINGS

This survey is also intended to serve as a resource to the community. All processed images from the survey have been publicly released through the NOAO Science Archive, and the survey team also has provided J-selected matched catalogs for each of the 52 tiles spanning the survey region.

STAR FORMATION IN UV-BRIGHT GALAXIES (Excerpted from September 2011 NOAO Newsletter article by Kyoung-Soo Lee, Yale University) Kyoung-Soo Lee and a team of collaborators that includes Arjun Dey (NOAO), Buell Jannuzi (NOAO), Naveen Reddy (NOAO), and Anthony Gonzalez (University of Florida) used broadband imagery obtained by the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) and the Infrared Boötes Imaging Survey (IBIS) to measure the rate of star formation in a sample of young galaxies in the early Universe. Using the strength of ultraviolet (UV) emission of the galaxies as a proxy for intensity of star formation, they conclude that the star formation rate in the galaxies is actually rising smoothly with time as the Universe ages. This result is important for understanding the mass growth and evolution of galaxies at early times. The average star formation history (SFH) constrains how galaxies assembled their mass over cosmic time, and thus is of fundamental importance to the theory of galaxy formation. While significant progress has been made in characterizing some of the general physical properties of the high- redshift galaxy population, major questions remain about the details of how these galaxies form their stars. We do not know yet whether their SFH is dominated by a series of short but intense bursts, perhaps driven by major mergers, or a long continuous accretion of gas converted into stars. Putting constraints on the SFH of galaxies also demonstrates how much fuel is available for star formation, and hence their gas accretion history. Such uncertainties pose challenges in our understanding of the evolutionary sequence of galaxies observed at different cosmic epochs and can lead to large systematic bias in stellar population parameters (e.g., ages and stellar mass). To improve our understanding of the SFH of young galaxies, Lee and collaborators studied the average physical properties of the most UV-luminous galaxies at z ~ 4. Their hypothesis was that if star formation is a smooth function of time, the observed star formation rates (SFRs) should correlate strongly with the existing stellar mass in these galaxies. Conversely, if galaxies grow mainly via intense starbursts, the same correlation would be much weaker or non-existent. Naturally, the most UV- luminous (and thus most actively star-forming) galaxies provide the best candidates to test these scenarios as intense starbursts imply high star formation rates. The sample was selected in the optical (BW, R, I) data of the NDWFS, sampling the rest-frame far-ultraviolet portion of the galaxy spectra. The galaxy sample, containing 1,906 galaxies in total, is then sorted according to their UV luminosity (I-band magnitude as proxy, which samples the rest-frame ~1700 Å), and the average spectral energy distribution is measured by combining the multi-wavelength data in the Boötes field. These include the IBIS data (J, H, and KS) taken with the NEWFIRM wide-field infrared imager on the Kitt Peak National Observatory, Spitzer Deep Wide-Field Survey data (3.6 m, 4.5 m, 5.8 m, and 8 m), and the Large Binocular Telescope U-band data. The combination of these data sets provides a wide wavelength baseline (out to the rest-frame 2 m) to robustly determine the stellar population properties such as age, stellar mass, star formation rates (SFRs), and the amount of internal dust. The average spectra of galaxies in six UV luminosity bins appear remarkably similar to one another except the overall normalization. In other words, more UV-luminous galaxies are, on average, also more luminous at longer wavelengths. Furthermore, galaxies in all UV bins have a relatively weak Balmer break (at ~4000 Å), which is an age indicator. When stellar population models are used to derive the average physical properties based on these stacked spectra, the physical implications are: (1) star formation rates (SFRs) scale closely with stellar mass and that more UV-luminous galaxies are also more massive, and (2) the median ages of the stellar populations are relatively young (<0.4 billion years) and show little correlation with UV luminosity. Intriguingly, the two main implications are at odds with each other as the former (the tight correlation between SFR and stellar mass) suggests that these galaxies have been assembling their mass smoothly over a long time while the latter implies that these galaxies started to form at the tail end of the time window of their sample

15 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

(zform = 4.2–4.5). Lee and collaborators argued that the only way to explain both phenomena using conventional SFHs, in which SFR either declines exponentially with time or remains constant, is by assuming a synchronized formation epoch for all the observed galaxies at z = 4.2–4.5. Such a scenario is unphysical not only because z = 4.2 is an arbitrary number of no particular significance, but also because it contradicts itself by further requiring that star formation in all galaxies at higher redshift (z > 4.5) must be turned off before the new epoch of synchronized formation begins (hence, star formation is not so continuous after all!). Lee and collaborators proposed that the average SFH of these galaxies rises with cosmic time on the contrary to the conventional assumptions. They argued that a smoothly rising SFH provides a more natural solution to explain the two main observations. The tight SFR-M correlation is preserved because all galaxies form smoothly over time, while the population ages appear young at all epochs because galaxies are always dominated by recently formed stars (Lee et al. 2011). A rising SFH has interesting implications for the fate of these UV-luminous galaxies. If the SFRs of these galaxies rise at the current rates, these galaxies will double their mass every 300 million 10 11 years. This means that galaxies with stellar mass 10 M will grow into 2.5  10 M by z = 2 (1.5 billion years later). It is not clear if such growth in the SFR is sustainable either by the fuel supply within a galaxy or by the physical mechanisms of star formation. More detailed studies of individual galaxies can shed light on the gas content and fueling of star formation and the feedback processes (due to activity from accretion into a nuclear black hole), which may play an important role in shut- ting down the star formation.

THE NEAR-INFRA RED LIGHT CURVE OF SN2011FE

In late August 2011, a Type Ia supernova was reported in the relatively nearby galaxy NGC 5457 (M101), at a phase estimated to be 17 days before B maximum. The follow-up of a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) at such close quarters, which in this instance has been as bright as V ~ 10 at peak brightness, provides a once-in-a-generation opportunity for study of the physical processes in such objects in ex- quisite detail. But in addition, the host galaxy is close enough that its distance can be gauged by other distance indicators, thus allowing a measurement of the absolute brightness of the supernova. Other determinations of SN Ia absolute brightness have either been for (a) host galaxies to which Cepheid distances can be reliably measured, but where historical records of the supernova light curve have been controversial; or (b) where the supernova records are very reliable, but the host galaxy is farther away where even the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data on Cepheids push the observational limits. There has been much debate about such distances that stand on procedural details and methodology. The supernova SN2011fe in M101 appears to be a normal SN Ia and in a galaxy where the distance uncertainties are muted, thus providing a fresh page for the calibration of the absolute brightness of an SN Ia and, in turn, the cosmological distance scale and the value of the Hubble constant. The infrared H-band light curves of Type Figure 4: Resulting light curves (pending the best zero- Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have been shown to be point determinations) in the J, H, and Ks bands of insensitive to other intrinsic variations in the SN2011fe obtained by WIYN-WHIRC on Kitt Peak.

16 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES & FINDINGS

properties of individual supernovae. In addition, the problem of extinction within the host galaxy is mitigated in this band, and Hubble diagrams using H-band brightness of SNe Ia show very little scat- ter (of only 0.12 mag rms). Thus, obtaining the near-infrared light curves for this object has been im- perative. The WIYN 3.5-m telescope at Kitt Peak has a near-infrared imager (WHIRC) mounted at all times and can be ―switched in,‖ irrespective of what other instrumentation is on the telescope. Thus, with minimal impact on other programs, WHIRC has been used on every night (weather permitting) to obtain the light curves in the J, H, and Ks bands. The resulting light curves (pending the best zero- point determinations) are shown in Figure 4. This data campaign and timely reduction has been made possible by the active participation of several KPNO staff members and with the cooperation of the WIYN partnership and all scheduled observers. Special mention is made of Dick Joyce and Lori Allen, KPNO scientists who support WHIRC.

3.3 GEMINI OBSERVATORY

A MYSTERIOUS LUMINOUS NOVA IN M99

Kasliwal et al. (2011, ApJ, 730, 134) used a large number of telescopes and instruments, including the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini South, to report the discovery of a mysterious nova-like object, with a luminosity placing it in the gap between novae and supernovae, in the spiral galaxy Messier 99. The discovery is of great interest, because ideas on how to produce such luminosity ―gap‖ events all require exotic scenarios, such as low-energy supernovae in which much of the ejecta fall back onto the stellar remnant, or accretion of critical amounts of helium in double white dwarf binary systems. The discovery is also a powerful demonstration of the ability of the System to deliver the clues needed to solve such mysteries. The team first discovered the unusual object, dubbed PTF 10fqs, with the Palomar 48-in telescope, which is part of the Palomar Transient Factory system. Within two days of the initial discovery, the team obtained a spectrum with GMOS (see Figure 5), using target-of-opportunity (TOO) time granted by NOAO on Gemini South. The spectrum, which featured a narrow H emission line consistent with membership in M99, ruled out the possibility that PTF 10fqs was a foreground Galac- tic variable star, and made it unlikely that it was a young supernova, and thus probably an event in the luminosity gap. Later, additional spectral observations with the Hobby- Eberly Telescope and with Keck-I, as well as light curves from the Palomar 60-in and the PAIRITEL telescope, established a strong link between PTF 10fqs and three Figure 5: Gemini GMOS spectrum of the unusual transient previously discovered unusual objects, all PTF 10fqs (Kasliwal et al. 2011), taken two days after the of which are thought to be nova-like events discovery image. in the luminosity gap. Finally, comparison of archival imaging from many telescopes, including HST, with the GMOS optical image established an upper limit on the mass of the progenitor of <4 Msun in the absence of significant dust, going some way to limiting the range of possible models. While the four known luminosity gap events remain mysterious, the fact that three of them were discovered in galaxies with unusually high supernova rates led Kasliwal et al. to suggest a link between them and supernovae, which, if established, could lead to an explanation for their cause.

17 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

A ROBUST MEASUREMENT OF THE MASS OF M87’S BLACK HOLE

Gebhardt et al. (2011, ApJ, 729, 119) used the Gemini North Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrometer (NIFS) and the Altair Laser Guide Star (LGS) adaptive optics system to make a robust measurement of the mass of the supermassive black hole at the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. The high spatial resolution provided by NIFS and Altair allowed Gebhardt et al. to observe into the region where the black hole dominates the kinematics, thus removing the otherwise strong degeneracy between the inferred mass of the black hole and the variation of the mass-to-light ratio (M/L) of the embedded stellar population. Previous studies had assumed a constant M/L ratio, whereas variations in M/L are expected due to stellar population gradients and the presence of a Figure 6: Velocity dispersion vs. radius in M87, where black dark matter halo. The 10-hour NIFS obser- points are measurements taken with Gemini NIFS+Altair. vation, which would have taken 90 hours if a The NIFS observations probe the region where the effect of similar instrument existed on the Hubble the black hole begins to dominate the kinematics. Space Telescope, yielded a measured black 9 hole mass of 6.6±0.3 × 10 Msun and demonstrated the effect of M87‘s dark halo on the measurement as well as the existence of anisotropy in the observed velocity dispersions.

GIANT GRAVITATIONAL LENS ARCS

Bayliss et al. (2011, ApJL, 727, L26) used the Gemini Multi Object Spectrograph on Gemini North (GMOS- N) to measure the redshift distribution of a sample of 28 giant gravitational lens arcs. The team used the nod-and-shuffle capability of GMOS-N, which allowed them to perform Poisson noise-limited sky subtraction and to tailor the slits to follow the shape of the lens arcs, both of which maximized the signal-to-noise of the resultant spectra (see Figure 7). The team found that the majority of the sources of the arcs reside at high redshift, with a median source redshift of z = 1.821. The result thus brings gravitational lens arc statistics into better agreement with our current concor- dance cosmology. The result also opens a path to using giant lens arcs to study the properties of galaxies at high redshift. Figure 7: An example field containing strong gravitational lens arcs observed with GMOS-N by Bayliss et al. (2011). The use of the nod-and- shuffle technique allowed for precise sky subtraction while tailoring the slits (red outlines) to the arc shapes and maintaining high observing efficiency by observing arcs in both nod positions (top and bottom panels).

18 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES & FINDINGS

THE TRANSPORT OF METALS IN GALAXY DISKS

Werk et al. (2011, ApJ, 735, 71) used the Gemini Multi Object Spectrograph on Gemini North (GMOS-N) to measure chemical abundances in H II regions in a sample of 13 dwarf galaxies from the HI Rogues catalog that have extended or disturbed HI morphologies. The abundance measurements were performed on H II regions both inside and far outside the optical extents of the galaxies, allowing for the possible observation of the transport of metals within the galaxies. Werk et al. found oxygen abundance gradients that were essentially flat out to twice the optical radius of the galaxies, independent of the mass of the galaxies or their dynamical state. Because the ratio of gas to stars is much higher in the outer regions than in the inner regions, these flat gradients imply a high chemical yield of oxygen in the outer regions as compared to the inner ones. Low oxygen yields in the inner regions of dwarf galaxies have previously been considered evidence that supernovae and stellar winds blow out metals from these galaxies. The discovery by Werk et al. of high yields in the outer regions of such galaxies indicates that these blown-out metals may be deposited out to larger radii in the same galaxies, rather than enriching the intergalactic medium as has previously been thought.

3.4 COMMUNITY ACCESS FACILITIES

A SUPER-EARTH-MASS PLANET IN THE HABITABLE ZONE OF GLIESE 581

Vogt et al. (2010, ApJ, 723, 954) used time on Keck I granted by NOAO and other sources to study the planetary system around the star Gliese 581. The team used data from the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), obtained over a period of 11 years, to confirm the existence of four planets discovered by others and to announce the exciting discovery of two new planets. The four previously known planets have noteworthy properties, in particular, one Neptune-mass (msini) planet orbiting close to the star, two on eccentric orbits with periods of 13 and 67 days and with minimum masses that categorize them as ―super-Earths,‖ and one short-period planet orbiting inside the Neptune- mass planet with minimum mass twice that of Earth. The newly discovered planets present even more exciting possibilities, as one has msini of 7 Earth masses in a period of 433 days, while the other, GJ 581g, has msini of 3.1 Earth masses and a period of 37 days. The period of GJ 581g places it in the middle of the predicted habitable zone of the parent star, making it the Figure 8: The radial velocity curves of the system of first Earth-mass planet with the potential for known planets around the star Gliese 581 (Vogt et al. liquid water and life. Moreover, Vogt et al. ar- 2010). The 3×Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of gue that the discovery of a potentially habitable the star is shown as the third panel from the bottom. planet early in the history of planet studies means that the fraction of stars with at least one habitable planet must be substantial, giving hope to the future prospect of discovering life on other planets.

19 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

THE MOST METAL-POOR DAMPED LY-α SYSTEMS

Cooke et al. (2011, MNRAS, 1329) used Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP) time granted through NOAO on the Keck I telescope with HIRES to study the chemical abundance patterns in a sample of very metal-poor damped Lyman α absorption systems (DLAs). These rare DLA systems, found at redshifts ~2 ≤ z ≤ ~3.75, have iron abundances −3.5 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ −2.0, placing them in the same metallicity range as the metal-poor stars of the Galactic halo. Cooke et al. found that in 20 DLAs, the oxygen-to-iron abundance ratio has the same value as is commonly seen in metal-poor Galactic stars, [] = +0.39±0.12, with a possible rise in the ratio at the lowest [Fe/H]. This result reinforces the picture in which early Type II supernovae enrich the interstellar medium with oxygen and iron in a tightly controlled ratio. Cooke et al. also found that the carbon-to-oxygen abundance ratio rises to values approaching solar ([C/O] ~ 0.0) in the most metal-poor DLAs, similar to what has recently been found in very metal-poor Galactic halo stars. Cooke et al. thus suggest that the observed DLAs will form Population II stars from their gas and speculate that the discovery of still more metal-poor DLAs could identify gas from which the as-yet unidentified Population III would form.

4 GROUND-BASED O/IR OBSERVING SYSTEM OPERATIONS

4.1 NOAO SOUTH

4.1.1 CTIO

FY11 Program Review At CTIO, the focus during FY11 was preparations for the integration, installation, and commissioning of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam). This 520-megapixel camera will be used for both community science and to carry out the Dark Energy Survey (DES), a five-year project that will use 525 nights of observing to develop improved constraints on dark energy. While the system was originally scheduled to arrive by June 2011, the schedule has slipped such that the final components should arrive in Chile in November 2011 and be installed from January through August 2012.

Blanco 4-m Telescope & DECam Preparations The fiscal year began with the arrival in October of the first major pieces of the DECam system, the ƒ/8 handling system. This was one of the larger shipments, containing the large metal structural pieces that form a stable platform for mounting and dismounting the delicate ƒ/8 mirror from the Blanco 4-m telescope once DECam is installed. Assembly of the ƒ/8 platform was completed in January by a visiting team from Fermilab with support from CTIO staff. In parallel, significant work was accomplished on the infrastructure to support DECam. Perhaps the most visible to visiting astronomers is the new Blanco control room (see Figure 9) and associated computer room. The previous facilities needed to be refurbished to provide both the work space and the computer room support for the computers and screens needed to operate DECam and future Blan- co instruments.

Figure 9: The before (left) and after (right) photos of the Blanco control room, which includes the eight- screen computer display for the DECam user console.

Work also continued in less visible aspects of the Blanco infrastructure, including upgrades to both the Blanco cooling systems and the Blanco telescope control system (TCS). The cooling system required the purchase and installation of a new 40-ton compressor to provide much needed additional cooling capacity, as well as extensive work on the glycol lines throughout the 4-m building. This work experienced setbacks due to both delays in delivery of the new compressor and installation problems, but the new compressor was installed during the fourth quarter (Q4) of FY11 and is func- tioning well. Also in Q4 various DECam-specific cooling components were installed by Fermilab and CTIO staff. The TCS work required careful test cycles in order not to seriously impair the ongoing use of the telescope and, therefore, progressed slowly with a mix of regular daytime testing and occa-

21 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

sional engineering nights for full-scale telescope operations testing on the sky. Initial problems with the new hardware were overcome (hardware was sent back to the manufacturer for repair), but thorough testing done in Q4 showed that the new hardware cannot meet the manufacturer specifications, and thus cannot meet the needs of the new TCS system. At the end of FY11, the TCS upgrade was re-evaluated and new hardware was selected to allow the project to move forward in the first half of FY12. The Blanco 4-m telescope itself also received significant attention during FY11. In March, the Blanco was shut down for realuminization of the primary mirror. This was the first realuminization of the mirror in more than five years. In preparation for this event, key components of the aluminization chamber were replaced using funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). For the first time in the lifetime of the telescope, no broken radial supports were discovered when the mirror was removed, demonstrating that the FY10 project/milestone of redesigning and replacing the mirror support system was a solid success. The newly refurbished aluminization chamber performed well, resulting in a 100-nm-thick aluminum coating as near to perfect as could be expected (optimal is between 70 and 120 nm), providing reflectivity closely matching that of pure aluminum. During this shutdown, redesigned mirror cooling ducting around the primary mirror also was installed as the key component to the Blanco Environmental Control System. DECam preparations progressed at a rapid pace at other sites. In Stanford, a new, infrared (IR) all- sky camera (RASICAM) was completed and shipped to Chile. It was installed on a newly prepared platform on Cerro Tololo in June by two Stanford staff with support from CTIO staff. There also was im- pressive progress in Japan on the DECam filters, despite the recent disasters there. As of September 2011, four of the five filters had been accepted and shipped to Chile, and one side of the fifth and final filter had been successfully coated. While the DECam optics suffered delays in coatings, by the end of FY11, all were at University College London where they were being mounted and aligned. It is hoped that shipment to CTIO will be by late October. Finally, the cage and imager were thoroughly tested at Fermilab on a telescope simulator (Figure 10, left) in advance of shipping. At the end of the third quarter (Q3) of FY11, the science grade CCDs were successfully installed in the DECam camera vessel (Figure 10, right), and final testing was completed. The cage was shipped to Chile, and the imager is expected to be shipped in November 2011.

Figure 10: (left) DECam optics cage and imager being tested at Fermilab. (right) Science grade CCDs installed in the DECam camera vessel.

Scientific preparations for DECam and DES also continued in parallel with all of the technical work described above. Tucson staff from the Science Data Management group participated in testing of the initial development runs of the DECam Community Pipeline and collaborated on identifying areas for improvements. The DES consortium also ran pipeline reductions on simulated data, and the science working groups analyzed those data to provide feedback on the development of the DES Data Management (DESDM) system. Finally, NOAO sponsored a very successful workshop in Tucson for the astronomical community to discuss and develop the science interest in using DECam and provide input into the operational planning. The workshop agenda and presentations are available at http://www.noao.edu/meetings/decam.

22 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Blanco Instrumentation  Mosaic-2: The Mosaic-2 imager, the widest-field optical imager currently offered at CTIO, was the second-most popular instrument on the Blanco, after NEWFIRM. The Mosaic-2 camera continued to be operated with one bad amplifier, providing full coverage with eight amplifiers and slow readout or fast readout with only 15 of the 16 amplifiers and a resulting gap in the images. Mosaic-2 was set for retirement in late FY11, but slips in the DECam schedule will lead to the use of Mosaic-2 at least through the first quarter (Q1) of calendar year 2012.  NEWFIRM: NEWFIRM was in high demand throughout FY11, raising oversubscription rates well above two for most of the semesters it was on the Blanco and being scheduled for between 48% and 61% of the available science time in each of the semesters after its installation. After this successful period at CTIO, it will return to Kitt Peak in November 2011.  ISPI: While NEWFIRM has replaced ISPI for infrared (IR) imaging applications during its 18-month stay, ISPI will return to regular use when NEWFIRM is returned to Kitt Peak and will continue to fill an important role in Blanco‘s instrument complement.  Hydra-CTIO: Hydra is the third component of the Blanco wide-field instrument complement, with more than a hundred fibers that can cover a field of view (FOV) of 40 arcmin in diameter. It can be installed on the telescope concurrently with Mosaic-2 and ISPI. Although Hydra continued to require careful maintenance and upkeep, it performed reliably during FY11. A plan was developed to upgrade this instrument with new detectors and controllers with funding from the Renewing Small Telescopes for Astronomical Research (ReSTAR) program, but this work is scheduled to begin after the arrival of DECam due to the load on available technical staff.  RC Spectrograph: The Ritchey-Chrétien (RC) Spectrograph, a medium-dispersion long-slit spectrograph, continued to be offered in FY11 in parallel with the Goodman spectrograph on the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope. The limited amount of time available on SOAR to the US community (30%) has not allowed for the Goodman to meet the community‘s demand for the workhorse capability of long-slit spectroscopy on 4-m-class facilities in the Southern Hemisphere. As a result, plans were developed to build its replacement, a copy of the Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (OSMOS) that is also being copied for the Mayall telescope using ReSTAR funding. The CTIO version of this spectrograph, called Cerro Tololo Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (COSMOS), is expected to arrive at CTIO in mid 2012.

Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope NOAO‘s most substantial contribution to SOAR during FY11 was the ongoing development of the SOAR Adaptive-optics Module (SAM). Progress continued to be made toward commissioning SAM in FY11, but the commissioning was delayed by problems with the laser launch telescope (LLT). Work in the laboratories on the main module was completed in October, and the module and new SAM optical imager (SAMI) were delivered to the SOAR telescope in November while lab work continued on the laser guide star (LGS) systems. In November and December, commissioning of the SAM Natural Guide Star (NGS) mode was completed. While SAM will not be offered to the astronomical community in NGS mode, these tests were critical to confirm the performance of the system. In late Q1, integration, alignment, and testing of the components of the SAM LGS system were completed in the optics laboratory in the CTIO La Serena facilities, and the system was installed on the telescope at the end of January. The LGS system consists of a laser box, beam transfer optics, and the LLT. The documents on laser safety were soon finalized and permission from the Laser Clearing House (ex-US Space Command) to launch the laser was obtained for the March engineering run. On 15 March 2011, the SAM ultraviolet laser was propagated for the first time on the sky. The next night, March 16, the pointing of the LLT was fine-tuned, and the first images of laser spots produced

23 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

by a laser guide star on the SAM wave front sensor were obtained. During the next engineering run, on April 14, the SAM team closed the loop with SAM, firing the laser to create an artificial star that was then captured on the wave front sensor and used to calculate the distortion caused by the first 7 km of atmosphere above the SOAR telescope. However, analysis of the images showed that the LLT optics were not producing good images, and, therefore, a significant re-engineering was necessary in this part of the LGS system. Work on the redesign and fabrication is pending resource availability as soon as efforts on DECam allow.

SOAR Telescope Instrumentation  SOI: The SOAR Optical Imager, built at CTIO, has been used regularly on SOAR since the telescope commissioning. The instrument performed reliably during the whole of FY11. While some of the imaging load was transferred to the imaging mode of the Goodman Spec- trograph, SOI continued to be in demand for its high image quality and stability.  OSIRIS: The Ohio State Infrared Imager and Spectrometer, which is fitted with a CTIO 1K  1K Rockwell HgCdTe array, was moved to SOAR after several years of use on the Blanco 4-m telescope and was successfully commissioned in FY05. Although the instrument is getting rather old, it continues to reliably provide both an imaging and a modest-resolution, near-infrared spectroscopy capability (up to R = 3000) for the NOAO and SOAR communities.  Goodman Spectrograph: Improvements to the Goodman Spectrograph continued during FY11. It currently is operated in only two of its planned three modes: optical imaging and single-slit spectroscopy. During FY11, additional work went into improving the performance and efficiency of the single-slit mode, including replacement of key optical elements leading to up to 50% improvement in throughput. SOAR continues to develop plans for the implementation of multi-slit spectroscopy with this instrument. The laser-cutting machine, which allows cutting of masks for the Goodman Spectrograph multi-object mode and also for the Gemini Multi Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini South, was purchased in FY08 and has been in full operation since FY09 for GMOS. Software to operate the multi-slit mode of Goodman is under development, and it is anticipated that commissioning of the multi-slit mode will take place during FY12.  Spartan Infrared Imager: As of late FY10, Spartan was in regular use by visiting astronomers, providing two different scales: an ƒ/21 channel with an FOV of 3.0  3.0 arcmin and a scale of 0.043 arcsec/pixel chosen to resolve the diffraction-limited core of Tip-Tilt-corrected images in the H and K bands, and an ƒ/12 channel with an FOV of 5.0  5.0 arcmin at 0.073 arcsec/pixel. In early FY11, the instrument developed multiple vacuum leak problems that took it out of service through July; however, it is back on the telescope now and in use for visiting astronomers.  Other SOAR Instruments: The Brazilian-built SOAR Integral Field Unit Spectrograph (SIFS) was delivered to SOAR in December 2009 and achieved its first spectrum on 29 April 2010. However, problems with the fiber bundle developed soon after this first light (apparently due to issues during shipping), and the bundle was returned to Brazil for repair. Com- missioning of SIFS was resumed in mid 2011. Brazil also delivered the Brazilian Tunable Filter Imager (BTFI), although currently this is considered to be a facility instrument for SOAR. The high-resolution SOAR Telescope Echelle Spectrograph (STELES) is expected to arrive from Brazil in mid 2012.

CTIO Small Telescopes and SMARTS The Small and Moderate Aperture Telescope Research System (SMARTS) Consortium continued to operate four small telescopes at CTIO in FY11. The Consortium was sound financially in 2011, although the membership regularly changes as specific projects (and funding) are finished and new

24 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

projects enter the group. The instrumentation and operational modes remain an attractive complement of imagers and spectrographs with classical, service, and queue operational modes available.

SMARTS Telescopes Instrumentation  CTIO 1.5-m: The CTIO 1.5-m telescope has been designated as the SMARTS spectroscopic facility, hosting two complementary spectrographs. The fiber-fed Echelle spectrograph provides high-resolution spectroscopy for bright targets. In early FY11, the older Echelle spectrograph was replaced by the CTIO high-resolution spectrometer CHIRON, including upgrades to both the spectrograph optics and detector system that provide a ten-fold improvement in throughput. The CHIRON project is led by Debra Fischer with NSF grant funding in collaboration with Andrei Tokovinin and technical staff at CTIO. The 1.5-m Cassegrain spectrograph continues to be available, and it is possible to switch between the two spectrographs in less than 30 minutes. Both instruments are available only in service mode observing.  CTIO 1.3-m: The ―A Novel Double-Imaging Camera‖ (ANDICAM) instrument on the CTIO 1.3-m provides simultaneous optical and near-IR imaging in full service, limited queue mode. The optical imager relies upon a 2K  2K CCD, and the IR capability is based upon a 1K  1K detector. The maximum time per night per project is set at three hours in order to support the wide range of astronomical monitoring projects that can utilize this productive combination of telescope, instrument, and observing mode.

 CTIO 0.9-m: The CTIO 0.9-m telescope continues to support a fixed 2K  2K optical imager, with observations scheduled alternately in one week of classical mode and one week of service. This facility is the cornerstone of a major astrometric project, led by Todd Henry of Georgia State University, which relies upon the long-term stability of the instrument and telescope.  Yale 1.0-m: The 1.0-m telescope at CTIO belongs to Yale University and is operated by the SMARTS Consortium. This telescope supports a 4K  4K optical imager used only in classical mode. It is a popular platform for student training and observing runs.

Tenant Observatories and Projects CTIO continues to offer a unique platform providing US scientists and institutions access to the skies of the Southern Hemisphere. CTIO hosts a total of 15 telescopes and several additional projects studying a wide range of phenomena, from the Earth‘s own atmosphere to distant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In FY11, construction continued on two new facilities, PROMPT7 and the LCOGTN (described below). Following its refurbishment by Southeastern Association for Research in Astronomy (SARA), the Lowell 0.6-m telescope has had a year of stable remote observation operations on Cerro Tololo. As- tronomers from the SARA consortium now use the facility remotely on a nightly basis. The Wiscon- sin H-alpha Mapper (WHAM) project (lead institution: University of Wisconsin) successfully completed a significant portion of its survey of the southern sky after the move from Kitt Peak in FY09. The University of North Carolina Panchromatic Robotic Optical Monitoring and Polarimetry Telescopes (PROMPT) project consists of six small telescopes that rapidly follow up GRBs discovered by the Swift satellite and subsequently trigger a target-of-opportunity interrupt at SOAR. At other times, the telescopes will make observations as part of an extensive education and outreach program in North Carolina. Full science operations for four of the telescopes began at the start of FY06, and the facility has successfully made GRB follow-up observations since then. During FY11, a seventh dome was constructed for a new 0.8-m telescope (PROMPT7) to be added to the PROMPT group in 2012. In addition, the University of Michigan operates the 0.6/0.9-m Curtis Schmidt telescope, which is used part-time in a NASA-funded project to catalog space debris in geosynchronous orbits. During FY10, the DES consortium reached an agreement with Michigan to utilize the telescope for pre-

25 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

survey calibration observations with a prototype camera using the same detectors as those in the DE- Cam. Observations began in August 2010 and continued in early 2011. CTIO also continues to host a Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG) station; the Portable Ionospheric Camera and Small-Scale Observatory (PICASSO) imager project, operated by the Uni- versity of Illinois to study the Earth‘s upper atmosphere and ionosphere; and a lunar scintillometer and transient camera belonging to the Advanced Liquid-mirror Probe for Astrophysics, Cosmology and Asteroids (ALPACA) project (lead institution: Columbia University).

Status of FY11 Milestones  Complete commissioning of the Blanco telescope control system (TCS) upgrade, which provides for faster and more reliable operations of the telescope and allows for more effective use of all of the new instrumentation that is arriving over the next few years. STATUS: Although some commissioning of the system was carried out, in late FY11, problems were identified with key hardware components not meeting manufacturer specifications. This forced a re-evaluation of the hardware plan and identification of new hardware components accompanied by some changes in the communications structure. Completion of this project has been pushed into FY12.

 Complete the infrastructure improvements necessary for installation and operations of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), including expansion of the control and computer rooms in the Blanco building, and the upgrade and modernization of the Blanco Environmental Con- trol System. STATUS: The new Blanco control room was completed in February, providing both ample desktop space and screen real estate for operating the next generation of Blanco instrumentation. The work on the Blanco computer room was completed in April, including new cooling systems to handle the many computer systems required for NEWFIRM, DECam, and future instruments. The central component of the Blanco Environmental Control System, the air duct system for cooling the 4-m primary mirror, was installed during the March telescope shutdown, and work continues during Q4 to upgrade the associated airflow control systems.

 Assemble and install the DECam and associated structures, including a new /8 handling station, a new filter changing station, and a large-scale cooling system to cool the camera. STATUS: The first major DECam component to arrive in Chile was the f/8 handling station, which arrived in October and was installed in January by a team visiting from Fermilab with CTIO staff support. Work on the Blanco cooling system ramped up in Q2 with a contract to refurbish the glycol lines with new valves and purchase a new 40-ton cooling compressor. Although problems were encountered with the new compressor, they were solved with support from the manufacturer, and the system went online in early Q4. The DECam-specific cooling system components arrived from Fermilab in late Q3, and a joint team of Fermilab and CTIO staff installed them in Q4. The new filter changing station was eventually dropped in favor of an operational plan using manlifts.

 Complete commissioning of the Natural Guide Star mode of the SOAR Adaptive Module (SAM) on the SOAR 4.1-m telescope, including commissioning of the SAM Imager (SAMI). STATUS: SAM was reinstalled on the SOAR telescope in November, together with the SAM Imager (SAMI). The Natural Guide Star (NGS) mode and SAMI were tested extensively during on-the-sky engineering nights in both November and December. The NGS commissioning was completed at that point. While SAMI performed well, some final tuning of electronics and software was done, and further on-sky tests are needed before the imager’s commissioning is considered complete.

26 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

 Install the laser guide star (LGS) system on the SOAR telescope, achieve a laser guide star, and commission the LGS mode of SAM. The LGS mode is the only mode to be offered to visiting astronomers, thus, commissioning of this mode will include testing the system under a variety of observing conditions and ensuring that the user interface is ready to be used by visiting astronomers. STATUS: The SAM LGS system was installed on the SOAR telescope in January. After extensive work in the dome and coordination with the Laser Clearing House (ex-Space Com- mand) to ensure safety of satellites, the laser was first launched out of the dome on 15 March 2011, and on March 16, laser spots on the SAM wave front sensor were obtained for the first time. On April 14, the SAM team closed the adaptive optics (AO) loop, obtaining significant image quality improvements even in suboptimal conditions for AO work, e.g., FWHM of 0.63ʺ and 0.47ʺ in closed-loop for the y and I band, respectively, compared to 1.03ʺ and 0.85ʺ in open-loop. However, image quality problems with the laser launch telescope (LLT) require re-engineering of this critical piece of the system before it can move forward with commissioning. The design, fabrication, and integration of the LLT improvements await the availability of resources now dedicated to DECam.

 Provide support for the commissioning of the three 1-m telescopes of the Las Cumbres Ob- servatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGTN) and possibly other new tenant facilities. STATUS: The LCOGTN telescope arrival was postponed in order to provide additional time for testing the LCOGTN system at the Las Cumbres Observatory headquarters in San- ta Barbara, California. The platforms were prepared and ready in early FY11. The ―snap- together‖ enclosures arrived in Q4, and NOAO South staff supported and provided oversight for contract workers performing the construction of the enclosures, installation of the domes, and connections to utilities and other infrastructure.

 Ship NEWFIRM back to Kitt Peak for re-installation on the Mayall 4-m telescope. STATUS: Planning for removing NEWFIRM from the Blanco 4-m telescope, packing it, and shipping it to Tucson has been finalized. The instrument scientist prepared a plan and schedule that ensures the maximum availability of NEWFIRM on the Blanco in 2011 and the arrival of NEWFIRM in Tucson with enough time to do thorough maintenance, repairs, and testing before making it available to visiting astronomers on the Mayall 4-m by February 2011, the beginning of semester 2012A. Due to slippage in the schedule for installation of DECam and the development of this packing and shipping schedule, NOAO was able to schedule NEWFIRM on the Blanco 4-m telescope for two more months, through mid- October. Therefore, the actual shipment will not take place in FY11, but rather in early No- vember 2011.

4.1.2 NOAO South Facility Operations

4.1.2.1. NOAO South Facilities Operations

FY11 Program Review The first quarter of FY11 was highlighted by extensive work on contracts for two infrastructure repair and modernization projects funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA): Cerro Pachón kitchen/dining room facility and Cerro Tololo dormitories repair/renovation. Final plans for the new Pachón kitchen/dining room facility ARRA project were completed and sent out for bid. Bids and contract negotiations within the limited project budgets were complicated by Chile‘s extremely favorable economic landscape, which includes rising copper prices, a falling dollar against the peso, and the significant impact of reconstruction necessitated by the February 2010 earthquake. An agreement on the contract for the Pachón kitchen/dining room was reached in late De-

27 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

cember and construction began in January. Elements of the work on the Tololo dormitories ARRA project were begun in February, including repairs to the roofs of all three dormitories. Extensive construction and repair work on Tololo dormitories must wait, since they are needed to house Pachón staff until the Pachón facilities are completed. The Facilities group completed the installation of the electric backup generator (an ARRA-funded project) for the shared facilities (e.g., dormitory, kitchen, and support facilities) on Cerro Pachón. This new generator will provide much needed power during commercial power outages, particularly a concern during the winter months when staff must stay in the dormitories in adverse conditions. The Facilities group also reinstalled the rebuilt frequency converter (also an ARRA-funded project) in the Cerro Tololo power house. This is one of the most critical components of the CTIO electric grid, one which was damaged in August 2009 and had required operations using the backup converter, and oc- casionally the generator, for more than a year. Another major accomplishment in Q2 was the ―first blast‖ on the future site for LSST. Prior to the event, contracts for the preservation of flora and fauna were executed in compliance with the plans described in the Environmental Impact Assessment filed on behalf of LSST. Significant effort was also invested in ensuring that the blasting would not have a deleterious impact on the operations of nearby telescopes (Gemini and SOAR). On March 8, at 12:56 Chilean time, the first large explosion officially marked the beginning of site leveling. The blast broke up ~320 cubic meters of material. Blasting continued through June and at the end of FY11, it was almost completed. Most of this work was halted in late Q3, when the site was hit by one of the worst storms in over ten years. Three storms in less than two weeks left snow drifts of over 1 m on Cerro Pachón, extensive road damage, downed electric lines, and failed pumps in both water systems and emergency diesel generator systems. Several sections of the road were washed away, significantly eroded, or partially blocked by fallen rocks and landslides. The mountain water supply was exhausted during this period, leaving facilities on both Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón without water for roughly 24 hours before a Facilities team could replenish supplies by trucking water up from the valley. Both mountaintops had to rely on emergency generators for electricity for much of the second half of June. The Facilities group worked overtime to make emergency repairs to many systems and spent most of Q4 repairing the damages and replacing critical damaged equipment. Repairs will continue into FY12.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Complete phase 3 of the Cerro Pachón dormitory and dining facility. This third phase includes a kitchen, dining area, and multi-purpose area that can be used for meetings as well as to meet future needs such as expanded dining facilities. This project is fully funded from ARRA funds. STATUS: Commencement of this project was delayed by three months due to higher than expected cost and funding limitations. Complex negotiations for the contract for phase 3 were completed in December, and construction began in January. The construction was scheduled to last for six to seven months, to be completed in late June or early July. The extremely bad mountain conditions noted above forced work to stop during June. Work resumed in late Au- gust 2011 and will last through December 2011.

 Complete refurbishment of the dormitory and dining facilities on Cerro Tololo, including major repair efforts at two of the three dormitory buildings and upgrades to the third dining/dorm facility. This is an ARRA-funded project. STATUS: The first phase of refurbishment involved repair and recoating of the roofs of all three of the dorm facilities as well as the Round Office Building. This phase was completed in Q2. Bidding documents for interior repairs and refurbishment were prepared in Q3. Ac- tual work on the interior spaces must wait until the Pachón dorm facilities are usable (now planned for October 2011).

28 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

 Begin the refurbishment of the water system that brings water up to Cerro Tololo and supplies water to the facilities on Cerro Pachón. STATUS: Work on the pumping systems began in Q2, but received a setback due to the harsh conditions and failures of key pumps during the bad weather of June. Simply recovering from these failures took most of Q2 and Q3. Refurbishment was restarted in Q4. In parallel, 14,000 feet of epoxy-lined steel pipe arrived from the US to replace the old and leaking pipes that currently carry water from the valley floor to the top of Cerro Tololo. Bidding documentation for installation of these pipes was carried out in Q4, and work on the pipes is planned to be complete by April 2012.

 Remove the gasoline pump facility in La Serena; replace the gas and diesel pump station on Cerro Tololo to meet new safety and environmental regulations. STATUS: The gasoline pump station facility in La Serena has been completely phased out and is being prepared for removal. The installation of the new gas and diesel pump station on Cerro Tololo, which supports operations on both Tololo and Cerro Pachón began in early Q1, with the two 22,000-liter tanks buried and ready for the connections into the Tololo power house. However, due to conflicting certification requirements represented by Chilean government inspectors, the final phase of the work was halted to seek clarification about outstanding requirements. The clarification was issued in late Q2, and the installation was completed, pending the final certification formalities.

 Begin operations of an upgraded network connection of 1 Gbps to Santiago and to the conti- nental US network infrastructure (Internet2 and National Lambda Rail systems). STATUS: Refer to section 4.1.2.2 for status of this milestone.

 Support pre-construction activities for LSST, including removal of approximately 10 meters off of the top of the site, and preparation of the site for construction. STATUS: The LSST Site Preparation Contract started in January for the site leveling and platform preparation, removal of rock, and construction of summit roads for LSST on El Peñón, a part of the ridge of Cerro Pachón next to the Gemini South and SOAR telescopes. As of the end of FY11, the work is near completion pending some final leveling work.

 Review all AURA program and tenant agreements, replacing references to AOSS with references to the NOAO South Administrative Services and Facilities Operations groups and more clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of AURA-O, NOAO South, and the programs and/or tenants themselves. STATUS: Refer to section 5.1 for status of this milestone.

4.1.2.2. NOAO South Computer Infrastructure Services

FY11 Program Review The NOAO South Computer Infrastructure Services (NS CIS) group continued to provide day-to-day support for users at NOAO as well as support for the Las Campanas Observatory (under contract) and to manage the full AURA international network backbone to the US mainland. In addition, the NS CIS team led the planning and execution of the upgrades to the Blanco control room and Blanco computer room (mentioned in section 4.1.1). The rationale was to make room and increase cooling capacity for the increased machine load imposed by the DECam computers and to provide a modern control room with more efficient and comfortable working conditions. During this process, the cabling and wiring configuration from the above areas to other locations in the telescope was reviewed and reorganized for improved supportability. Prior to this change, there existed a single point failure if the air conditioning unit failed. There is now a redundant unit to remove that failure mode. Members of

29 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

the NS CIS team assembled all of the DECam support and control computers on site, carried out burn-in tests, and installed the systems in the new Blanco computer room, allowing the DECam software group to work remotely from that point forward on completion of the controls and graphical user interfaces for DECam. NS CIS underwent an internal cyber-security audit, receiving an overall good review. The resulting report pointed out various areas for improvements in security that are now being resolved. Several of the suggestions that involved additional expenditures of funds and manpower are being studied for implementation in future fiscal year budgets. The external router for the international AURA backbone was upgraded to a switch/router, which enables taking advantage of a redundant path from La Serena to Santiago and, hence, increasing the mean time between failures (MTBF). Completion of this upgrade is pending installation of a daughter board to enable monitoring of individual vlans ingressing/egressing the network.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Begin operations of an upgraded network connection of 1 Gbps to Santiago and to the conti- nental US network infrastructure (Internet2 and National Lambda Rail systems). STATUS: The infrastructure for the La Serena-to-Santiago segment of the new 1-Gbps link was completed during Q1. This link is provided by REUNA (the Chilean equivalent of Inter- net2). The infrastructure included the purchase of network equipment by AURA/NOAO to be used in completing the network connections. During Q2, the new national link was tested, and it is now operational. The international segment from Santiago to Miami was delayed by problems in completing connections in Argentina and Brazil. An improved link at 155 Mbps (up from 50 Mbps) was provided (at no additional cost) in Q3, while CTIO’s networking partners complete the international upgrade, which should be in place by November 2011. In the mean time, an agreement was completed with National Radio Astronomy Observato- ry/Associated Universities Inc. for their use of this link in support of the Atacama Large Mil- limeter Array data distribution and archive operations.

4.2 NOAO NORTH

4.2.1 KPNO

FY11 Program Review Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) operates the Mayall 4-m and 2.1-m telescopes. Additionally, KPNO operates the WIYN 3.5-m telescope in partnership with the University of Wisconsin, Indiana University, and Yale University. The Kitt Peak telescopes of the National Solar Observatory (NSO) and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO Very Long Baseline Array) receive direct operational support or maintenance services from KPNO in addition to the shared mountain facilities provided for all of the tenant observatories on the mountain. In 2008, KPNO began a five-year program to modernize and improve its facilities. The process of addressing issues of deferred maintenance for the entire site also was begun. FY11 saw continued effort to keep KPNO telescopes equipped with forefront instruments, to broaden the involvement of young astronomers in the use and development of new instruments, and to support exciting and world-class research activities. The Mosaic-1 imager was upgraded with new CCD detectors and is operated using MONSOON controllers developed at NOAO. The upgrade was completed early in FY11. The refurbished instrument, designated Mosaic-1.1, has better efficiency at all wavelengths, a significantly larger dynamic range, and nearly an order of magnitude faster read-out time. Work began on the Kitt Peak Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (KOSMOS), which is based on the design of OSMOS, a spectrograph built by The Ohio State University that uses Volume-Phase Holographic grisms and is operated at the MDM telescope on Kitt Peak. Deployment of KOSMOS, an instrument funded by the ReSTAR supplement to SPO-1 (AST-0244680), is expected in early FY12.

30 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

In December 2009, a call for proposals was issued for a Large Science Program with the Mayall telescope. The concept is for a research group to bring a capability to the Mayall that would enable their own high-impact science project, as well as enable science by others using this new capability. To the latter end, the project is expected to provide data processing software for community use. The capability would be expected to address needs of the US Ground-Based Optical/Infrared (O/IR) Sys- tem. One proposal was received and was given a non-advocate review in early FY11. The proposal is by an international collaboration, through the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), to build a fiber-fed multi-object spectrograph with a 3-degree field of view, with 5000 channels, and providing a resolution of R ~ 5000. The instrument will go on a modified prime focus at the Mayall 4-m telescope and maximally exploit the wide field capability of the telescope. The proposing collaboration will do a spectroscopic redshift survey of galaxies and quasi-stellar objects over 14,000 square degrees of sky, with the primary purpose of studying cosmology using Baryon oscillations as the probe. The instrument and its data processing pipeline will be available to the astronomical community at large. The review committee, chaired by Dr. Brian Schmidt, recommended the proposal highly. During FY10, NEWFIRM, the wide-field near-IR imager on the Mayall 4-m telescope, was temporarily reassigned for use in the Southern Hemisphere on the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope. It is expected to return in the late fall (northern) of 2011 and will be recommissioned on the Mayall. The combined down time due to technical problems for the WIYN 3.5-m and 2.1-m telescopes (including instruments) was 2% in FY11, which is favorable compared to past years. However, structural damage to the 4-m building required it to be out of service for a month, creating a net down time over the year of 10%. Time lost due to poor weather was 30%, close to the historical average.

Mayall 4-m Telescope The major event in FY11 was the damage to and subsequent repair of the Mayall 4-m building. On February 5, immediately following a record freeze at the observatory that sent temperatures plummeting to -18° C, a very large crack appeared on one of the main support columns of the Mayall 4-m exoskeleton. The building was immediately evacuated, and thermal imaging of the columns done by observatory staff soon after the crack was discovered showed columns of ice inside four of the struts, one of Figure 11: Resultant damage from water freezing inside a main which was cracked (see Figure 11). support column of the Mayall 4-m telescope. (left) The 20-foot ex- Structural counsel from engineers at tent of the crack. (right) Some detail of the support column crack M3 confirmed the general stability of and damage to a cross strut. the Mayall exoskeletal structure, and through a conservative structural model, showed that the building would be safe in up to 120-mph winds, even if the cracked column were entirely removed. Following the advice and directions of M3 engineers, weep holes were drilled in the columns and warming measures were put in place to thaw the ice and drain the water so other columns would not crack. Detailed inspection of the crack showed that it was extensive and extended into the face that is inside the building and covered in asbestos. Removing the asbestos involved hazard mitigation and was time and effort consuming. As the full extent of the crack was revealed, it defined the repair task: mainly, removal of the painted surfaces, welding to fill the cracks, and then ―jacketing‖ the length of the column over which the crack runs by welding on semi-cylindrical caps. To do this, the sidings that attach to the columns had to be removed and lead primer (more hazard mitigation) scraped.

31 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Even though there was no imminent structural risk to the building, telescope operations were suspended because of dome motion-induced stresses that could widen or extend the cracks. The first steps in the welding job were to stabilize the cracks by attaching strong-backs—band-aid-like strips across the cracks to hold things in position until the full welding job could take place (see Figure 12). Following the installation of the strong-backs, the telescope was returned to service on March 9, while the more extensive welding repairs continued during the daytime. The repair was completed in early May. To address the concern that there may be water in other areas of the structure, possibly trapped in some of the cross members higher up, holes were drilled to drain water. With any impending threat thus contained, a more thorough examination of the structure will be carried out over FY12. This extensive, unplanned work on the Mayall building Figure 12: Support column on Mayall was a severe resource draw and slowed down some planned 4-m telescope with temporary strong- maintenance tasks. Nevertheless, during the summer shutdown, backs in place to stabilize the column the repair of the dome rails was completed. Telescope pointing cracks. and alignment issues were addressed, which led to a marked improvement in performance: sub-arcsecond image quality at the Mayall was reported for several nights in September.

Mayall Instrumentation  Mosaic-1: The Mosaic-1 imager, the widest-field optical imager currently offered at KPNO, was used at the prime focus of the Mayall until June 2010 when it was decommissioned for its upgrade to Mosaic-1.1, which used funding from ReSTAR. Mosaic-1 continued to be in high demand at both the Mayall 4-m and the WIYN 0.9-m telescopes, and the refurbished Mosaic-1.1 will be offered at both locations pending commissioning.  NEWFIRM: NEWFIRM was offered at the Mayall to heavy demand until its transfer to the Blanco 4-m telescope at CTIO in early 2010. NEWFIRM will return to KPNO in late 2011.  Simultaneous Quad IR Imaging Device (SQIID): This near-IR imager allows simultaneous J, H, and K-pass band imaging and is a favorite of proposers who need multiband data over a modest field of view. This instrument is available at both the Mayall and 2.1-m telescopes.  FLAMINGOS IR Imaging Spectrometer: FLAMINGOS is a cryogenic, multi-slit, near-IR imaging spectrograph (the first of its kind) built at the University of Florida in collaboration with NOAO/KPNO. An integral field unit has been added to expand its capabilities, and it continues to break new ground.  InfraRed Multi-Object Spectrograph (IRMOS): IRMOS is a near-IR spectrograph from Goddard Space Flight Center. This instrument uses micromirror technology instead of cold slit masks for cryogenic near-IR spectroscopy. IRMOS is currently a visitor instrument; prospective users must arrange a collaboration with the instrument principal investigator (PI), Dr. John Mackenty of STScI and propose for time through the NOAO time allocation process.  Multi-Aperture Red Spectrometer (MARS) and RC Spectrograph: These two low to moderate optical spectrographs continue in service, although upgrades to the guiders, detectors, and controllers are desirable. The MARS nod-and-shuffle observing mode, which allows improved sky-background subtraction, continues to be offered.

32 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

 Echelle: The Echelle Spectrograph continues to be offered. Over the past years, several of the highest ranked proposals by the NOAO Time Allocation Committees (TAC) have requested this instrument.  Visitor Instruments: Scientists continue to bring visitor instruments to test innovative technologies and observing modes (e.g., visiting Speckle Camera, EXP).

2.1-m Telescope In addition to supporting general observing programs, the 2.1-m telescope continues to be a test-bed for new instruments. There is a rich history of this: IRMOS and FLAMINGOS were extensively commissioned and tested at the 2.1-m. A. Szymkowiak and his colleagues at Yale used the 2.1-m to commission a new, high-throughput optical spectrograph. While developing new technologies for astronomy, these groups have been able to use the 2.1-m to undertake astronomical research and involve students in the process of developing the next generation of astronomical instrumentation. J. Ge and his University of Florida colleagues used the 2.1-m as a test-bed for the development of new instruments. They had multiple, successful science runs with their innovative, high-precision, radial velocity, fiber-fed, bench spectrograph called the Exoplanet Tracker (ET), which produces a fringe pattern from a Michelson interferometer at nearly right angles to the absorption features on the widened stellar spectrum. The recorded phase of the interference fringes is then extremely sensitive to small velocity shifts. Ge and his colleagues are currently working with the successor to ET, called EXPERT, which has now achieved velocity stability of 1–2 m/sec, and is making measurements of stars at the 8th or 9th magnitude. Work on ET and EXPERT has also been the core of three PhD dis- sertations to date. A specific benefit has been grooming PhD students with instrumentation skills.

2.1-m Instrumentation  CCD Imager  Simultaneous Quad IR Imaging Device (SQIID): See description under Mayall Instrumen- tation  FLAMINGOS IR Imaging Spectrometer: See description under Mayall Instrumentation  GoldCam CCD Spectrograph: An optical spectrograph with continued demand from KPNO users.  EXPERT: This is a visitor instrument (PI: J. Ge, University of Florida) for precision radial velocity measurement stable to 1–2 m/s. This instrument is available to the community through proposals to the NOAO TAC under an agreement with J. Ge and the University of Florida.

WIYN 3.5-m Telescope The WIYN Observatory consists of the WIYN 3.5-m and 0.9-m telescopes. NOAO is a partner in the consortium (including University of Wisconsin, Indiana University, and Yale University) that operates the WIYN 3.5-m, the most modern of the telescopes operated on Kitt Peak. Work continued in FY11 on the One Degree Imager (ODI) for the 3.5-m. However, problems with the manufacture of OTAs (orthogonal charge transfer CCDs) have delayed delivery of the focal plane with an adverse impact on project cost. A project review in early FY11 made multi-faceted recommendations: most importantly to first retire the detector risk, and then to proceed (at least initially) toward de-scoped functionality, specifically with only common-mode guiding. The review also suggested initially deploying only a partially filled focal plane. Since then, a new foundry run has produced OTAs that are acceptable for populating a partial focal plane, and issues related to the Dewar, the electronics, and the overall development schedule have been resolved. The goal is to have first light with this descoped instrument by late FY12 and to subsequently commission and use it for science while further

33 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

improvements to the OTAs are investigated. In parallel with the ODI instrument development, work has proceeded on an integrated software system—the ODI Pipeline, Portal, and Archive (ODI PPA)—which will provide reduced data and analysis tools for ODI users and archival researchers.

WIYN 3.5-m Instrumentation  Hydra + Bench Spectrograph: This multi-fiber spectroscopic capability remains very popular with the university partners of the WIYN Observatory and also is sought by members of the NOAO community.  SparsePak3 + Bench Spectrograph: This is an integral-field fiber-feed alternative to the Hydra multi-object spectrograph.  MiniMosaic Imager (MIMO): This aging facility instrument remains the main optical imager available at WIYN.  WIYN High Resolution Infrared Camera (WHIRC): Built by Margaret Meixner of Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Ed Churchwell (University of Wisconsin) and colleagues at Johns Hopkins University, STScI, WIYN Observatory, and NOAO/KPNO, this near-IR imager provides very high spatial resolution, near-IR imaging over a 3.3′  3.3′ field of view. During FY09, instrument scientist R. Joyce (NOAO) and colleagues successfully commissioned the use of the WIYN Tip-Tilt Module (WTTM) with this instrument. When used together, WTTM and WHIRC have yielded 0.3ʺ FWHM images.

Infrastructure Modernization A major ARRA-funded project to replace the water plant infrastructure on Kitt Peak was contracted in FY11. Work is slated to begin in early FY12 and to be completed by Q3 of FY12.

Kitt Peak Visitor Center Usage The Kitt Peak Visitor Center (KPVC) is administered as Kitt Peak Visitor Center part of Kitt Peak National Observatory. The KPVC activ- Summary of Visitors (October 2010 through September 2011) ities are largely funded by revenue generated by visitor programs and shop sales. In addition to the operations of Group/Program # of Visitors the mountaintop visitor center and gift store, KPVC runs the Nightly Observing Program (NOP) and Advanced General public tours 8,474 Observing Program (AOP). These internationally known School groups K-12 342 programs allow public visitors to the mountain to expe- Special tours 532 rience observing the wonders of the Universe with modern, small telescopes at one of the world‘s best sites, sur- Nightly Obs. Program 6,953 rounded by working research observatories. This is a Advanced Obs. Program 122 unique experience for those who participate, and it com- Total Visitors for municates the excitement of astronomy to the general 16,423 public. The table at the right provides FY11 usage statis- All Paid Programs tics for the KPVC.

Site Protection The KPNO Director‘s Office continues to raise awareness regarding community actions that protect the quality of our skies for astronomical research. KPNO staff have served on the Pima County and City of Tucson outdoor lighting code committee and as chair of the subcommittee revising and updating the code to address the new generation of lighting, most notably blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The towns of Oro Valley and Sahuarita have consulted with astronomy representatives as they update their sign codes to help businesses. Representatives of Arizona‘s astronomy community

34 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

(including active representation from Kitt Peak) worked with city planners and government staffers from the Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) to develop a pattern outdoor lighting code that can be used by all the MAG communities. The assistant to the KPNO director represented KPNO and NOAO at numerous general, public, governmental, and professional meetings promoting the protection of dark skies for astronomical research and education.

Relations with the Tohono O’odham Nation Maintaining good communication between the Tohono O‘odham Nation and the observatory remains a priority of the KPNO Director‘s Office with support from the EPO program. KPNO continues to support tours and nighttime observing sessions of school children and adults from the Nation; this year‘s efforts included special overnight programs combined with O‘odham-led cultural awareness activities for their youth. KPNO participated at Schuk Toak District Days and at the Tohono O‘odham rodeo. KPNO hosted and supported the 2011 summer Horse Camp, hosted the camp for the Tohono O‘odham Community Action‘s Young O‘odham United through Health program, and supported numerous educational programs by NOAO‘s EPO. Relationships continue to develop as various groups (e.g., Planning & Economic Development Department) within the Tohono O‘odham Nation contact KPNO to improve networking and learn about the observatory. The KPNO Director‘s Office was contacted by the Bureau of Indian Affairs about upgrading their radio transmission tower, which was installed in the 1960s, to assist the Indian Health Services. Requests to install new radio transmitters on observatory grounds have been received from the Department of Homeland Security and the Pima County Wireless Integrated Network. Meetings with these parties appear to have deterred them from installing more powerful transmitters on the observatory grounds.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Complete the upgrade of the Mosaic-1 optical imager for the Mayall 4-m telescope, including commissioning tests. Status: Completed. The refurbished instrument, named Mosaic-1.1, was commissioned and delivers better response than the original in all applicable passbands, especially in the blue. Read-out times for the CCDs were reduced by more than a factor of 5.

 Conduct and complete a proposal review for a Large Science Project for the Mayall 4-m telescope. Status: Completed. A single proposal was received: to build and install BigBOSS, a wide- field multi-object spectrograph at the Mayall prime focus, and use it to conduct a stage IV Dark Energy experiment using BaO analysis.

 Finalize the design of an Instrument Handling Facility on the Kitt Peak observatory premises, and prepare for (and possibly begin) construction. Status: The design was completed; KPNO is awaiting permission from NSF to build, pending clarification with Tohono O’odham Nation.

 Successfully hold the KPNO summer education programs, which include the Tohono O‘odham Horse Camp (organized and run by Si Johnson of the Tohono O‘odham Nation) and the Astronomy Camps (organized and run in collaboration with the University of Arizo- na Alumni Association and Don McCarthy of the University of Arizona). Status: Completed. The Horse Camp and the Astronomy Camps were a success and have begun to be regarded as regular annual activities at Kitt Peak.

 Finalize plans for expanding the data bandwidth to and from Kitt Peak, consolidating the requirements and contributions from other tenants on the facility.

35 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Status: The plans were completed. The data bandwidth will be expanded from 45 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s using a fiber link upgrade with a less than 50% increase from the current rate. Im- plementation is in progress and is expected to be functional by the first quarter of FY12.

 Receive NEWFIRM when it returns to KPNO from CTIO. Install and re-commission it on the Mayall 4-m telescope. Status: Return of NEWFIRM has been rescheduled to the first quarter of FY12.

4.2.2 NOAO North Facility Operations The primary function of NOAO North Facility Operations is to provide facility and computer network support for NOAO North in Tucson and additional support to Kitt Peak. This support includes providing facility and computer network maintenance and support services to all of the occupants of the Tucson facilities, including the National Solar Observatory (NSO), Advanced Technology Solar Tele- scope (ATST) Project, the WIYN partnership, and Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation (LSSTC).

4.2.2.1. NOAO North Central Facilities Operations

FY11 Program Review In addition to the basic facility‘s operational support, the NOAO North Central Facilities Operations (CFO) staff were actively involved in major infrastructure and facility renovation projects during FY11. Other efforts included significant staff support in developing the contract bid documentation and oversight of the ARRA projects for the Tucson and Kitt Peak facilities. Staff efforts on specific activities during FY11 include the following:  development of technical documentation to obtain engineering design services for major electrical service changes to the facility and a major renovation to the computer room cooling system,  development and oversight of a contracted project to revise piping and install a new 120- ton primary building chiller,  management and technical support to revise the scope of work and rebid the ARRA- funded renovation to the Kitt Peak water plant,  design and development of a contract for the ARRA-funded replacement of the building energy management system,  targeted renovation efforts to refurbish meeting areas and offices within the main facility,  scheduled replacement of HVAC rooftop units, and  maintenance of the building infrastructure systems. Several of these projects required extensive involvement by staff to support off-hours system shutdowns in an effort to minimize impacts to ongoing NOAO Tucson operations. Efforts also were provided by staff in support of Kitt Peak efforts through the preparation of scheduled-project draw- ings and major repairs to the Mayall 4-m telescope support column.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Pursue replacement of an approximately 30-year-old primary building chiller to reduce costs and maintain building cooling requirements. Status: The basic project was completed and the new chiller placed into operation. Staff are working on minor details with the vendor to define operational issues and establish the system’s future maintenance requirements. The revised piping resulted in significant improvements to the chilled water system and should result in reduced water consumption and energy costs.

36 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

 Complete renovations to La Quinta Conference room, begun in FY10, to provide restroom and kitchen areas compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). Status: This project was completed, and the renovated area has had frequent use.

 Initiate a program to replace the outdated PBX phone system with a new Voice-over-IP (VoIP) telephone system. Status: Due to the high bid proposal costs, the project was placed on hold pending future availability of sufficient funds. Options for the project will continue to be evaluated.

 Continue the program to update meeting spaces and video conferencing systems. Status: During FY11, several updates were completed for both the meeting spaces and video conferencing systems. Renovations to the main conference room that involved refurbishment of the interior space were completed recently in September. New video-conferencing systems were installed in several of the higher-usage meeting spaces, and the replaced units were re- located and used to replace some older, outdated units. New high-definition projectors were purchased for installation in key meeting spaces to improve the projection quality of scientific images in meetings.

 Continue to support the implementation of the projects at KPNO and Tucson facilities funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). Status: Throughout the year, staff provided significant efforts in support of the Tucson and KPNO ARRA projects. Bid documentation was created and contracts were completed on several major projects. As a result, the first phase of effort was completed for a major electrical system renovation and for improvements to the HVAC system for the main computer room in Tucson during FY11. Staff also obtained other bids and engineering services for the second phase of these projects that will complete the efforts in FY12. Other contracts were awarded for a major renovation to the KPNO water plant and the replacement of the Tucson building energy management system with onsite efforts scheduled to start within the first quarter of FY12.

 Continue to make targeted renovation and building modifications at NOAO North to address building and meeting space needs. Status: Staff completed a recent renovation to the employee kitchen facility to enhance the space usage. Other targeted activities during FY11 included building space and meeting area renovations as highlighted above. Numerous offices also were renovated to accommodate staff needs.

4.2.2.2. NOAO North Computer Infrastructure Services

FY11 Program Review The multi-year effort by NOAO North Computer Infrastructure Services (NN CIS) to improve the environment in the NOAO Tucson Computer Lab continued in FY11. During the year, a third Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC) unit was installed in the lab providing a stand-alone cooling capacity that is isolated from the rest of the building. This stand-alone capability will make it possible for a future back-up generator to keep the lab cool. Also during FY11, the ―building‖ air conditioner cooling the lab was replaced with a unit that is integrated with the three in-lab CRAC units. The combination of these two systems will allow cooling system maintenance without impacting the environment in the lab. Planning for a back-up generator took place in FY11 and should lead to an installation in FY12. A large effort was undertaken and completed to rewire the rack holding the NOAO Tucson backbone Ethernet switch in order to make expansion possible and to vastly improve maintenance efforts. Other improvements to the NOAO Tucson network included the installation of new, quieter, Ethernet

37 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

switches in the modular structures atop the NOAO North headquarters building to provide a better working environment with no loss of performance and the installation of new Ethernet switches and new wireless access points in the Central Administrative Services (CAS) building to complete the wireless coverage there. On Kitt Peak, a new backbone Ethernet switch was installed, and links from this switch to the Mayall 4-m, 2.1-m, and WIYN telescope domes were upgraded from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. Later in the fiscal year, Gigabit links were established to the Solis and McMath-Pierce telescope installations operated by NSO. These improvements will make possible the full utilization of a new, higher speed link between Tucson and Kitt Peak, which is expected early in FY12. A cyber-security assessment of NOAO North was arranged by AURA and took place during March 2011. A report was presented to NN CIS in April and a response to this report was written by NN CIS staff in May. The response included a list of tasks for NN CIS to accomplish in the remainder of FY11 and into FY12. These tasks include the following:  Provide a network ―DMZ‖ (de-militarized zone) to isolate Internet-facing network servers from the rest of the internal network  Provide a radius server to give a secure, single-sign-on system for users to access network systems such as the virtual private network (VPN), ssh, and the secure wireless system  Split the wireless system to isolate inside (staff) and outside (non-staff) users of our wireless system

Status of FY11 Milestones  Continue the effort to improve the cooling and power systems in the NOAO North computer lab. Status: The cooling system upgrades were completed. Work to tie the cooling system into the new, building management system continues as does planning for a backup power system.

 Upgrade the NOAO North Web server to improve speed and reliability. Status: Work continued on this project and will continue into FY12.

4.3 NOAO SYSTEM SCIENCE CENTER The existing and planned US Ground-Based Opti- cal/Infrared System facilities constitute an extended and powerful network of observational capabilities. A key mission for NOAO is to deliver community access to the world-class instruments and telescopes within the System. NSSC forms NOAO‘s interface with the System, with the primary aims to strengthen the contributions of NOAO‘s directly managed facilities to the System, to provide user support for System facilities not directly managed by NOAO, and to anticipate and advocate for the future development of the System. The NSSC mission thus incorporates a wide range of responsibilities, many of which focus on present-day facilities, while others deal with the evolution toward a future system, such as organizing and leading community input for the LSST and Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT) projects. NSSC consists of three major programs: System User Support (SUS), Science Data Management (SDM), and System Community Development (SCD). SUS provides end-to-end support for users of

38 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

System facilities, from handling the process of proposal preparation and submission (including for NOAO‘s directly managed facilities), to preparation and execution of observations, to post-observing data questions. SDM supports the community‘s data management needs by archiving all raw data from NOAO facilities, providing pipeline processing for selected instruments, and developing tools and pipelines for future projects and instruments such as DECam, ODI, and KOSMOS. SCD leads the development of the System by engaging the community through the LSST science collaborations, working on tools that will help the community make effective use of LSST‘s planned data products, planning a roadmap for the development of the System, and maintaining involvement with ground- based optical interferometry facilities.

4.3.1 System User Support

FY11 Program Review System User Support (SUS) aims to help users make excellent use of the System capabilities to which NOAO provides access. In FY11, these facilities included the Gemini Observatory‘s twin 8.1-m telescopes, the Subaru 8.2-m through a Gemini-Subaru exchange program, the 10-m Keck I and II telescopes, the two Magellan 6.5-m telescopes, the 6.5-m MMT, the 200-inch Hale Tele- scope at Palomar Observatory, and the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) optical interferometer. While none of these facilities are directly operated by NOAO, SUS staff did critical work to ensure that the US community made excellent use of them. In particular, SUS staff advertised the System capabilities available to the US community, maintained a regular presence at the winter and summer AAS meetings, managed the NOAO proposal submission process, fielded technical questions and provided proposal technical reviews for the large majority of System capabilities, helped users of all System facilities prepare for their observing runs, provided support to users seeking help with their data reduction and analysis, and represented the US community‘s interests to the partner observatories. NSSC/SUS managed the NOAO Time Allocation Committee (TAC) process in FY11. NOAO received 444 standard proposals and 13 NOAO Survey proposals for telescope time during semester 2011A and 437 standard proposals in 2011B (see Figure 13). The proposals were judged by eight panels of expert reviewers selected from the community-at-large, who met at the NOAO offices in Tuc- son. The rankings of the proposals by the individual panels were merged in- to single priority-ranked lists for each available telescope; these final lists were discussed by the TAC panel Chairs during the last day of the TAC meeting. After review by the NOAO director, Figure 13: Proposal statistics for 2011A/B. Oversubscription rates the ranked lists of proposals were for- are shown in the black circles. warded to the managers of the individual telescopes for scheduling. In the case of Gemini, SUS staff aided in the scheduling process by representing the US interest at the Ge- mini International TAC. Several improvements to the NOAO TAC process were made in FY11. The proposal merging process was reviewed, documented, and explained to the TAC panelists; the process of creating the ranked proposal list for the queue-based Gemini telescopes was simplified

39 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

through greater automation; and the grading system used by TAC panelists was simplified, with the aim of encouraging panelists to use the full grade scale. The largest share of US public-access time to large telescopes was on Gemini, and SUS staff continued to be integrally involved in support of this access in FY11. SUS staff provided detailed technical reviews of every Gemini proposal submitted to the NOAO TAC. For accepted proposals, the Gemini observing process requires the submission of a Phase II file, which describes the detailed observations to be made. SUS staff guided US users through the process of creating the Phase II files, helped users optimally design their programs, and checked them for errors. Because Phase II files are used directly to operate the telescope and instruments, errors in Phase II files translate to lost telescope time. SUS staff iterated several times with the PIs and with Gemini support staff, who provided backup checking, to ensure that the Phase II files were well designed. SUS recognizes that maintaining or improving the demand for Gemini depends on continuing to develop a strong base of users who see Gemini as critical to their research, as well as providing excellent support for all users. Thus, SUS actively encouraged classical observing on Gemini in FY11, with 20 programs scheduled as classical observing runs funded by NOAO in semesters 2011A and 2011B. SUS staff also conducted several visits to the Gemini sites during FY11. These staff visits, coupled with the support of classical observing, are part of a strategy of building and maintaining relationships with both the US community and the Gemini Observatory. The Gemini Observatory is currently preparing itself for the UK withdrawal from the Gemini partnership. SUS was actively involved in trying to make the transition as smooth as possible for the US user community in FY11. As a major part of Gemini‘s ―Transition Plan,‖ software improvements to the Phase I and Phase II tools are being implemented, with the intention of reducing staff support effort and improving the user experience. SUS staff were involved in the planning discussions, representing both the views of US users and the needs of SUS. SUS also represented the US community through the Operations Working Group, the Data Reduction Working Group, and other committees, and met regularly with Gemini and other partner staff in biweekly video meetings. SUS continued its support for the System facilities other than Gemini in FY11 with one or two SUS staff members assigned to serve as the NOAO contacts for each of the Keck, Magellan, MMT, Palomar, and CHARA facilities. SUS staff also participated in the Keck Science Meeting, which allowed them to observe how the Keck Observatory connects with its users. During preparations for the 2011A/B observing semesters, SUS performed technical reviews of proposals for Keck HIRES, Ma- gellan MIKE, Hale DoubleSpec and TripleSpec, and CHARA.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Expand the level of expertise and user support within NSSC/SUS for an increasingly broad and varied array of non-NOAO/non-Gemini facilities. Status: The 3.1 FTE of effort dedicated to System Operations Support in FY11 spanned a large range in scientific and technical expertise. SUS is well positioned to handle user support for the evolving System.

 A shared mission with NSSC/SCD is to work with the user community to advertise, advocate, and advise for the continuing evolution of the System. Status: NSSC/SUS issued Calls for Proposals for the use of System facilities in FY11. SUS also advertised the capabilities of the System at the winter and summer AAS meetings in FY11. SUS staff served on various Gemini Observatory committees and organized the Gemi- ni Caucus of the US members of the Gemini Board, Science Committee, and NSF representatives. SUS staff also served as members and leaders of LSST science collaborations and led and contributed to NOAO’s internal LSST efforts.

 Foster close communications and a close working relationship with the Gemini Observatory as they pursue their FY11 efforts to investigate and then establish a new operations model,

40 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

which is driven by the need to account for the upcoming withdrawal of the UK from the partnership. Status: NSSC/SUS is working with the Gemini Observatory on software aspects of the Gemi- ni Transition Plan. The NSSC director and SUS head of program continued to communicate regularly with Gemini’s deputy director and associate director of Science Operations to manage the impact of the evolution of Gemini’s operations. SUS staff regularly attended the biweekly joint Gemini scientific staff/National Gemini Office staff meetings, which featured discussions of Gemini operations. SUS also continues to promote visits to the Gemini sites, which help to foster communication between NOAO and Gemini. The SUS head of program joined the Gemini Operations Working Group.

 Expand the role of NSSC/SUS in the NOAO TAC system by helping to define a more uni- form and streamlined proposal and TAC process, which encompasses the entire NOAO- managed system of telescope access time. Status: As described above, SUS assumed management of the NOAO TAC in FY11. A number of improvements were made to the process, including simplifying the creation of the ranked list of Gemini queue and classical proposals and simplifying the TAC panel grading system.

 Work with the community and the relevant committees in supporting the process to procure the next set of new instruments for Gemini. Status: NSSC participated in the proposal process for the Gemini high-resolution optical spectrograph. Unfortunately, the proposal, which was a joint collaboration with Brazil’s La- boratório Nacional de Astrofísica, was not accepted. NSSC continued to be engaged with Gemini’s future through the NOAO Users Committee and through the newly formed Gemini Science and Technology Advisory Committee.

 Continue support for US Gemini programs, with the possibility that the US share of Gemini may increase in the next few years. Status: SUS staff continued to provide support for US Gemini programs through proposal technical reviews, Phase II support, and HelpDesk support. US demand for Gemini time remained healthy with oversubscription factors of ~4/~2 (Gemini North/South) for semesters 2011A+B. SUS recognizes that maintaining or improving the demand for Gemini depends on continuing to develop a strong base of users who see Gemini as critical to their research as well as providing excellent support for all users. SUS thus continues to encourage classical observing on Gemini.

4.3.2 Science Data Management

FY11 Program Review The Science Data Management (SDM) group focused its efforts in FY11 on meeting the immediate data management needs of NOAO and its user community. SDM made progress in several key areas, which included upgrades to the archive and portal components of the End-to-End (E2E) system, improvements to Mosaic and NEWFIRM pipelines, and developing pipelines for new instrumentation. Not only did SDM archive all NOAO data observed in FY11 and pipeline process the Mosaic and NEWFIRM data, it also archived the iDCI backlog of Mosaic data (semesters 2004B through 2007B), as well as pipeline-processed and archived the reduced data products. A median seeing analysis was made for Mosaic data from KPNO from September 2004 through June 2011 and CTIO from January 2005 through July 2011 (see Figure 14).

41 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Figure 14: Median seeing analysis for Mosaic data from KPNO and CTIO.

SDM staff were involved in organizing an external review of the BigBOSS proposal for a Large Science Program with the Mayall 4-m telescope, discussions with BigBOSS consortium members regarding data management and pipeline software development, the BigBOSS team‘s response to the review committee‘s report, and gathering input on community requirements for pipeline processing and related data management issues. Staff also attended two consortium meetings and gave presentations about SDM and the NOAO perspective on data management and community requirements. SDM provided support for near-term new instrumentation including DECam, KOSMOS, and ODI. The Data Transport System (DTS) developed by SDM will be used to transport DECam data from CTIO to the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and Tucson and ODI data from WIYN to Tucson and Indiana. The DTS is also being evaluated for transport of LSST data. SDM purchased and is deploying a computer system to operate the DECam Community Pipeline that will be delivered by the Dark Energy Survey (DES). SDM worked on development of a pipeline for ODI to be deployed at Indiana University. In addition, SDM provided Data Handling Systems for NEWFIRM, Mosaic-1.1, and KOSMOS. During FY11, a major and two minor releases of the E2E system were deployed by SDM. These releases supported Simple Image Access (SIA) and image cutout services, functionality to allow the principal investigator (PI) to grant data access to his or her co-investigators (see Figure 15), and more streamlined and simplified Portal Web pages to promote ease of use. Numerous third party software upgrades were also made. A major release of IRAF (v2.15) was made in October 2010, which provided support for 64-bit Linux and OSX systems and changed the distribution model for IRAF to simplify installation of the core system and external packages. Two patches for IRAF v2.15 were also released to address bugs uncovered after the initial release and to address licensing issues in the core system. Work began on the IRAF v2.16 release, which adds Virtual Observatory (VO) features to all tasks. These include the ability to use native VO data formats and URL paths to data in all tasks, interoperability with other applications using a VO messaging protocol, access to remote data and computer services, and applications built on these new capabilities. The expected release date for IRAF v2.16 is October 2011. SDM participated in several areas of the Virtual Astronomical Observatory (VAO). The majority of the effort was allocated to User Support including the task and deputy task lead. User Support developed Documentation and Testing Plans and created Quality Assurance and Testing teams for each of the VAO year-1 science initiatives. User Support also hosted a very successful VAO exhibit at the Seattle AAS meeting. Other areas in which SDM contributed include: Product Development, Stan- dards and Protocols, and Operations. Members of SDM serve on several international committees including the IAU FITS Working Group, the North American FITS Group, the Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems (ADASS) Conference Program Executive Council, and the chairmanship of the IVOA Data Access Layer and VOEvent Working Groups. Members of SDM supported the International Virtual Observa- tory Alliance (IVOA) Interoperation meetings in December 2010 and May 2011.

42 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Figure 15: New E2E capability to let PIs grant authorized co-investigators access to their proprietary data.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Continued operation of a functionally complete version of the SDM End-to-End (E2E) data management system, including data capture, transport, archiving, pipeline processing (Mo- saic and NEWFIRM data), and user access. Status: Ongoing. The E2E v1.6 system was deployed in early July 2011. Its most significant features are the addition of VO services registered with the VAO, including an SIA service and an image cut-out service. A much improved user interface for the archive Portal was also delivered. The system functions well capturing, transporting, and archiving data from all NOAO telescopes. Enhanced versions of the Mosaic and NEWFIRM pipelines continued to deliver reduced single and stacked images to the archive. PIs are automatically notified when their pipeline-reduced data are available from the archive.

 Purchase and deploy the DECam Community Pipeline computer system needed to incorporate and test the DECam Community Pipeline software within the E2E system. Status: Ongoing. A DECam Community Pipeline (CP) test system was deployed with the CP1 release of the DECam Community Pipeline. Tests were run to evaluate the appropriate hardware required to operate the pipeline and satisfy the performance requirements as spe- cified in the document, ―DECam Community Pipeline Software Requirements and Technical Specifications.‖ SDM ordered the DECam pipeline hardware from the best of the three received bids with delivery scheduled in mid-October 2011.

 Participate in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Data Challenge 6x. Status: Completed. The DECam Community Pipeline scientist reviewed the results produced by the DECam CP group at NCSA and gave feedback to the NCSA pipeline group. Several change requests for the pipeline were identified from his observations and discussions with personnel at NCSA. These change requests have been evaluated and prioritized for CP2.

43 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

 Provide support for the SDM Data Transport System that will be used for transporting DECam data from CTIO to NCSA and Tucson. Status: Ongoing. The Data Transport System (DTS) was installed at CTIO, Fermilab, and NCSA. Data from the Mock Observing Run early this year were successfully submitted to the DTS from the DECam Survey Image System Process Integration (SISPI) system and trans- ported to NCSA to simulate the observing data flow. Enhancements to the DTS were completed for the DECam Integration Workshop in April. In September, a detailed list of milestones for the final system and a schedule for completion by early 2012 were agreed upon by all parties.

 Continue support for the current NOAO science pipelines (Mosaic and NEWFIRM). Modify the Mosaic science pipeline as needed to adapt to changes that result from the Mosaic instrument upgrade to Mosaic 1.1. Status: Completed. The Mosaic Science Pipeline was updated to support the new Mosaic-1.1 instrument, and the NEWFIRM Science Pipeline was improved with enhancements to the sky subtraction and a new Web-based operator interface similar to the interface created for the Mosaic pipeline.

 Continue ongoing work to streamline the process of search and retrieval of NOAO Science Archive data holdings, including improved filtering of archive search results. Introduce a mechanism by which principal investigators (PIs) of NOAO observing programs may grant permission for co-investigators (Co-Is) to access and retrieve proprietary data. To provide the PI with control of that Co-I data access, develop a new ―PI home page‖ Portal interface for registered users who are PIs for NOAO observing programs and provide a convenient overview of their data holdings with an improved route to accessing them. Status: Ongoing. The process of data search and retrieval using the NOAO Archive Portal was significantly improved and simplified. A new, simpler query form was introduced in August 2010. With the deployment of E2E v1.6 in FY11, the layout and functionality of the Search Results page were improved and the process of staging data for user retrieval was greatly streamlined. The intermediate stage that required manual interaction, the ―Access Cart,‖ was eliminated, and the staging process was greatly accelerated. Functionality that will allow PIs of NOAO programs to grant authorized co-investigators access to their archived data was completed for deployment in October 2011.

 Develop a science pipeline for the WIYN One Degree Imager (ODI) to operate within the Open Grid Computing Environment (OGCE) on the Teragrid. Status: Ongoing. The SDM head of program and two SDM staff supported several ODI Pipe- line, Portal, and Archive (PPA) use case workshops to better understand the software needs of the ODI user community. A prototype pipeline of limited scope was developed for testing in the Pervasive Technology Institute (PTI) OGCE environment. The two SDM staff continued to work with PTI personnel in deploying the pipeline in the OGCE. The SDM head of program serves on the ODI PPA Executive Group with NOAO, WIYN, and PTI personnel to organize and coordinate the project. All are contributing to the development of the required deliverables (documents) in preparation for the ODI PPA Critical Design Review at the end of October 2011.

 Ingest and pipeline-process the Data Capture Initiative (DCI) backlog of raw Mosaic data (semesters 2004B–2007B) and archive the reduced data products. Develop a plan to read and recover Mosaic data from the Save-the-Bits tape holdings for archive and potential pipeline processing.

44 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Status: Completed. All raw Mosaic data from the 2004B through 2007B semesters was archived and ingested. The pipeline-reduced data products from these data were archived and ingested.

 Develop improved data delivery mechanisms to the end user. Current methods utilized by the E2E system do not scale to the high data rates of DECam and ODI data. SDM will develop alternatives to the current transfer mechanisms. Status: Ongoing. An SDM staff is developing a multi-threaded download client for the VAO VO/IRAF Integration Project. SDM will investigate its possible use as an improved download client for the E2E system in FY12.

 Implement a new FITS image kernel in IRAF based on the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) CFITSIO package to improve its robustness and usabil- ity, and incorporate new features, particularly native support for tile-compressed data. Status: Ongoing. Work continues on the development of a new FITS image kernel with native support for tile-compressed images in IRAF layered on the HEASARC CFITSIO package. Some difficulties in scheduling this activity caused delays in the project. These problems were resolved and the anticipated deployment date is mid 2012.

 Develop and publish the standards and guidelines for the Virtual Astronomical Observatory (VAO) software testing and documentation. Deploy an operational help desk and ticket tracking system. Work with the VAO community and members of the International Virtual Observa- tory Alliance (IVOA) to adopt the VOEvent 2.0 standard. (Supported by VAO grant.) Status: Completed. The VAO Standards and Guidelines for Testing and the VAO Documen- tation Plan were completed on schedule. An unlimited license for JIRA was purchased, and the VAO help and ticket tracking system was deployed. The VOEvent 2.0 standard was approved by the IVOA in July.

 Develop a natural integration of IRAF with Virtual Observatory (VO) data and services. (In- kind effort for Virtual Astronomical Observatory.) Status: Ongoing. An SDM staff continued the development of the VO-IRAF Integration and the VOClient Extensions projects as part of the Product Development Group. The first phase of the project provides support for VOTable input files in all IRAF tasks as well as general support for URL-access to remote data. Also in development are improvements to the VOTa- ble parser library and a restructuring of the package applications to provide a high-level interface to the command-line applications. These enhancements will be available to the community with the release of IRAF v2.16 in October 2011.

4.3.3 System Community Development

FY11 Program Review SCD‘s efforts focused most heavily on LSST science-related activities in FY11; highlights of those activities are described below. At a much lower level of effort, SCD staff worked with members of the optical interferometry community to secure some public access to the CHARA array and to plan for future developments in optical interferometry. SCD also formed the System Roadmap Committee, which is chaired by Tom Soifer (Caltech) and co-chaired by Buell Jannuzi (NOAO). The goal of this committee is to provide short- and long-term planning of the System. The committee plans to establish communication with the stakeholders in the US O/IR System and obtain their input and advice, prepare a description of the current and desired state of the System on both the short (~2 years) and long term (5–10 years), and, finally, provide recommendations and examples for how the System may be developed and sustained in the future.

45 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

LSST Science NOAO scientists have been engaged in a wide range of activities providing input to the LSST Project as well as paving the path to connect the LSST Project to the wider research community. NOAO organized and managed the process for selection of new LSST science collaborations and admission of new members to existing collaborations. A panel of experts convened by NOAO evaluated the applications in December 2010. There were no proposals for new collaborations. Fourteen out of twenty- eight applicants were accepted as new members of existing collaborations. A new call will be issued for review of proposals in early FY12. The LSST Transient and Variable Stars collaboration was hosted by NOAO in Tucson in March 2011. Members of the collaboration generated light curves for many types of transient and variable objects for inclusion in the LSST data simulator. NOAO scientists participated in and contributed to the discussions. Following this meeting, NOAO scientists provided input on variable characteristics for the collaboration‘s simulations of variable sky content. The LSST Solar System collaboration met in Tucson in July 2011, again with NOAO scientists participating. NOAO scientists were key participants in the continued development of the LSST calibration plan. Data taken with the Mayall 4-m telescope were used to evaluate band-pass characteristics for the LSST y filter, and a calibration memo with recommendations was delivered to the LSST Project. The LSST Operations Simulator group continued working with NOAO scientists in the definition and implementation of merit functions and metrics for characterization of simulated LSST observing schedules. The first six groups of merit functions were delivered to LSST science collaborations for review. A draft cadence requirements document was delivered by NOAO scientists to the LSST Project. The document will be reviewed by the LSST system scientist. The NOAO variable sky project continued to develop tools to characterize the number and distribution of variable objects that will be discovered by time-domain experiments. Predictions of solar system objects are already available from a solar system model. Galaxy models are being used to evaluate stellar distributions that can be used to predict variables of some types. Stellar variability studies from Kepler and the Hungarian Automated Telescope Network (HATNet) project have been used to calibrate the fraction of stars in each stellar class that can be detected in time-domain surveys, with an emphasis on LSST detection levels. These results were presented by NOAO scientists at the Interna- tional Astronomical Union (IAU) Symposium 285, New Horizons in Time-Domain Astronomy, in September 2011. Further classes of variable objects continue to be added. In addition, NOAO scientists continued to develop plans for a broker to assist the community in sorting transient alerts from time-domain surveys. The broker would aggregate information from other sources and provide a system for users to filter the alerts to find the specific kinds of objects that interest them.

GSMT/ELT Science Following the release of the Astro2010 report, the NSF instructed AURA and NOAO to withdraw from any official interactions with the Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT) projects.

Interferometry Science The NOAO Interferometry Science (IS) group worked with the NOAO Time Allocation Committee (TAC) and Georgia State University to support review of proposals for community-access time on the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Interferometric Array. Three proposals were recommended for approval and accepted; the oversubscription rate for the CHARA Array was 4.5. The IS group prepared a lessons-learned paper based on experience in reviewing, scheduling, and partially supporting access to the CHARA Array through the NOAO TAC for calendar year 2010. During FY11, IS staff consulted with staff at the United States Naval Observatory (USNO), the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and Flagstaff on the preparation of a plan for the Navy Proto-

46 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

type Optical Interferometer (NPOI) to offer a trial community access program. This proposal is currently pending development of an NOAO/NPOI Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. NSSC staff participated in a steering committee for, attended, and contributed to the Magdalena Ridge Observatory workshop ―Resolving the Future of Astronomy with Long-Baseline Interferome- try,‖ held March 28–31, in Socorro, New Mexico, on the campus of New Mexico Tech. This meeting attracted strong participation by scientists outside the interferometry community and featured discussion of future science directions and community access to facilities. An IS staff member participated in the CHARA 2011 Science Review in Atlanta, February 28– March 2, which included discussion of lessons learned during the CHARA program for community access and plans to seek funding to increase the program in the future. He worked with CHARA staff in preparation of a Georgia State University proposal for participation in the NOAO ReSTAR program and in planning and design of an adaptive optics capability for the six Array telescopes. He continued his service as president of International Astronomical Union Commission 54, Optical and Infrared Interferometry.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Solicit and conduct the review of proposals for membership in the LSST Science Collabora- tion groups and for the forming of new LSST Science Collaboration groups. Status: Completed. For details, see the LSST Science section above.

 Host working meetings of each of the LSST Science Collaboration groups. Help the chairs organize these meetings and ensure that results are effectively communicated to the LSST Project. Status: Completed. The Transient and Variable Stars collaboration met in Tucson in March 2011, and the Solar System collaboration met in Tucson in July 2011.

 Continue to develop figures of merit for evaluating the effectiveness of different observing strategies for achieving key LSST science goals. This evaluation will utilize the Operations Simulator tool and integrate merit functions into simulation reports. Status: On-going. Six groups of merit functions (measuring 29 science-based performance parameters) have been developed and integrated into topical reports.

 Deliver a draft LSST Cadence Requirements document. Status: Completed. The draft was delivered for review by the LSST system scientist.

 Develop strategies for providing estimates of time-domain discoveries based on past surveys. Status: Ongoing. The prediction of solar system objects is essentially complete. Galactic variables are certain types represented in the predictions.

 Form a new GSMT Science Working Group intended to provide advice and leadership on engagement with the community, TMT, and GMT. The working group should meet at least once in person to plan its activities in response to the Astro2010 recommendations and guidance from the NSF. Status: This milestone is on indefinite hold until the NSF Division of Astronomical Sciences (AST) determines its strategy for federal investments in GSMT/ELT projects.

 Develop a white paper defining a path toward increased community access to ground-based interferometry, reflecting demonstrated community demand, and consistent with guidance from the Astro2010 decadal review and with needs and objectives of optical array facilities. Status: Completed in the first quarter of FY11.

47 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

 Participate in the Steering Committee for the Magdalena Ridge Observatory (MRO) interferometry workshop, tentatively scheduled for March 2011. Status: Completed in the second quarter of FY11.

 Continue efforts to initiate development of a roadmap for the ground-based optical/infrared system with community input and participation. Status: A System Roadmap Committee with the goal of providing short- and long-term planning of the System was formed. Tom Soifer (Caltech) is the Chair of the committee, while Buell Jannuzi (NOAO) is co-Chair. The other members are Kelle Cruz (Hunter College-City University of New York and the American Museum of Natural History), Suzanne Hawley (University of Washington), Craig Hogan (Fermilab), Elizabeth Lada (University of Florida) Nancy Levenson (Gemini Observatory), Michael Liu (Institute for Astronomy/University of Hawaii), Suvrath Mahadevan (Penn State), Catherine Pilachowski (Indiana University), Josh Simon (Carnegie Observatories), Nathan Smith (University of Arizona), Michael Strauss (Princeton University), and Jeff Valenti (STScI). The Committee had two teleconferences and one face-to-face meeting and started its work of establishing communication with the stakeholders in the US O/IR System and preparing a description of the current and desired states of the System. The Committee aims to provide its first written report in early 2012, including its recommendations for how the System should be developed and sustained, in advance of the upcoming NSF Portfolio Review.

 Complete the development of a proposal for Phase 2 of the NOAO program to address the recommendations of the ReSTAR committee. This will include soliciting community involvement and selecting partners for the proposal. Status: NOAO held an open-invitation informational meeting in November 2010 with prospective partners to discuss the ReSTAR-2 solicitation proposals, the partnership selection process, and how the funding proposal for the NSF would be created. A formal, open solicitation for proposals was released shortly after this meeting. In February 2011, NOAO accepted proposals for partnerships in the following areas: infrastructure improvement, new instrumental and observing capabilities, increased access, and studies for future activities. These proposals covered activities at both NOAO and non-NOAO facilities. A review team consisting of NOAO and non-NOAO personnel evaluated these proposals and made recommendations to the NOAO director on which collaborations should be pursued in a pending proposal to the NSF.

48 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

4.4 NOAO SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY CENTER The NOAO System Technology Center (NSTC) is responsible for coordinating technological enhancements to the US Ground-Based Optical/Infrared System (System) by NOAO directly, in collaboration with various partner institutions, or through the Telescope System Instrumentation Program. As such, it takes the leadership role on technical activities within NOAO needed to realize new telescope projects or to enhance the instrument complements on existing System telescopes operated by NOAO or other entities. NSTC incorporates five programs serving these goals: (1) the System Instrumentation (SI) program, which oversees the direct efforts of NOAO to build new instruments or enhance the performance of existing instruments for its own telescopes, for the Gemini telescopes, and for other telescopes participating in the System; (2) the ReSTAR Instrumenta- tion Program, which manages the implementation of NSF-funded projects for the 4-m System; (3) the Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), which provides funding to other observatories for new instrumentation in return for time on their telescopes being made available to the US community through the NOAO TAC; (4) the LSST Technology program, which provides scientific, engineering, and management support to the LSST Project and is responsible for telescope mount, enclosure design, and site work within the LSST partnership; and (5) the GSMT/ELT Technology program, which provides engineering assistance to the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and the Thirty Meter Tele- scope (TMT) projects upon request and on a cost-recovery basis as well as oversight of the design development funding provided to the two projects under the NSF SPO-10 award (AST-0443999). In prior years, NSTC also supported the shop and laboratory facilities in Tucson, which serve all the NOAO and NSO programs and activities based in Tucson or on Kitt Peak. This support consisted of providing a home department and supervision for some of the engineering and technical employees working in Tucson, as well as budgeting for the overhead costs of maintaining the shops and laboratories. Over the past several years, due to attrition and program cutbacks, the engineering and technical group within NSTC had shrunk to a level where it no longer included all the skills needed for NSTC projects. A similar contraction, but affecting different people and skills, had occurred within the KPNO engineering group. During the second half of FY11, KPNO and NSTC reorganized their engineering and technical groups into one coordinated group called NOAO North Engineering and Tech- nical Services (NN ETS). This combined group will provide a complete set of skills needed by both KPNO and NSTC and ensure better coordination of their work through the unified management structure. NN ETS will be within KPNO for administrative purposes, but its personnel will work for both programs and charge their time accordingly. In FY12 and future years, NN ETS will also assume responsibility for maintenance and support of the Tucson shops and laboratories. This reorganization will have no effect on budgeting or reporting for FY11, but will be reflected in budgets and reports for FY12 and forward.

4.4.1 System Instrumentation

FY11 Program Review During FY11, System Instrumentation (SI) focused on bringing new capabilities to the 4-m-class telescopes that NOAO operates and on enhancing the performance and reliability of existing instruments at those telescopes. This section describes activities funded primarily through NOAO‘s base budget, as well as one smaller project supported through outside funds via a contract with San Francisco State University.

49 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

The status of the principal base budget activities is described below in the System Instrumenta- tion Status of FY11 Milestones section. The one minor base-budget work package, 4CES Design De- velopment, consisted primarily of the investigation of alternative grating technologies useful for the 4-Meter Cryogenic Echelle Spectrograph (4CES), a high-resolution, near-infrared spectrograph. The investigation succeeded in revealing two additional methods for fabricating reflection gratings with the necessary small grooves per millimeter needed for this near-infrared application and identifying vendors using both techniques that are willing to supply a grating of the required size. The non-base- budget work package, CHIRON/Dewar Support, consisted of fabrication and integration services provided to a project led by Debra Fischer (Yale University) to build a high-resolution optical spectrograph called CHIRON for installation at the CTIO 1.5-m telescope. The project was completed, and the instrument began scientific use during FY11. No students or postdocs were associated with the SI programs during FY11.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Complete on-telescope integration and testing of the entire SOAR Adaptive Optics Module (SAM) system, including the Main Module, the Laser Guide Star system, and the integrated CCD imager. Status: Underway but not completed. During FY11, the complete SAM system was installed on the SOAR telescope, the adaptive optics loop was closed on both natural guide stars and the artificial Laser Guide Star (LGS) system (see Figure 16), and operation of the CCD im-

Figure 16: Images of bright stars with the adaptive optics (AO) loop open (right image of each pair) and closed (left) on the LGS laser spot. The Images were taken during the April 2011 engineering run.

ager was successfully demonstrated. However, due to delays in completing the on-telescope installation, bad weather during many of the engineering nights, and, most seriously, unexpected problems with the image quality of the projected LGS spots, the team was not able to complete many of the integration and testing tasks. As FY11 ended, the Laser Launch Tele- scope was off the telescope and back in the La Serena shop for changes to the materials and design of the primary mirror mount to reduce the thermally caused distortions in the mirror surface.

 Complete on-sky commissioning and science verification of the entire SOAR Adaptive Optics Module (SAM) system, including development of all science user software and training for SOAR observatory support staff. Status: Not started. Delays in completing the on-telescope integration and test phase pre- vented the team from starting the scientific commissioning of SAM.

50 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

 Fabricate, test, and deliver the TORRENT version of the MONSOON controller for all ReSTAR instrument development programs and external instrument collaborators as appropriate. Status: Underway but not completed. As FY11 ended, the TORRENT team was still working to resolve the last remaining issues with performance of the prototype systems: reducing the controller contribution to readout noise below 2.5 electrons rms and resolving a startup glitch at cold am- bient temperatures. The team is confident of resolving both problems in early October 2011, and production of the initial lot of twenty controllers will launch immediately Figure 17: The prototype TORRENT controller under- thereafter. First units from the production going final verification testing in the Tucson electronics run are expected to be available in early lab while attached atop a standard KPNO “universal” December 2011. (Figure 17 shows the pro- CCD Dewar holding an engineering-grade e2v CCD. totype.) The small black “brick” in the background (to left) is the TORRENT power supply.  Oversee the return of the NEWFIRM wide- field infrared imager from CTIO to the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope, including support of CTIO and KPNO staffs in disassembling and packing the instrument at Cerro Tololo, reas- sembling it at Kitt Peak, and reintegrating it on the Mayall telescope. Status: Postponed until early FY12 due to delays in DECam integration at CTIO. Because the integration of DECam with the Blanco 4-m telescope was delayed by several months, NEWFIRM remained on the Blanco to allow some additional time observing the Southern Hemisphere skies and to enable further progress on several large survey projects. The current schedule calls for NEWFIRM to be removed from the Blanco in October 2011, shipped from Chile in November 2011, and re-installed on the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope in late January 2012 after a filter change and a thorough checkout.

4.4.2 ReSTAR Instrumentation

FY11 Program Review The Renewing Small Telescopes for Astronomical Research (ReSTAR) committee was commissioned by NOAO in FY07 to report on expected future science use of the national system of 2-m to 4-m telescopes. The committee released its report in January 2008, and since then, the SI group has been working with other NOAO staff and various instrument building groups throughout the community to develop implementation plans that address those parts of the committee report that called for new instrumentation. In November 2008, NOAO submitted an unsolicited proposal to the NSF for supplemental funding to cover the costs of implementing the recommendations of the ReSTAR Committee. Late in FY09, NOAO was awarded NSF funding for some of the items requested in the proposal. Three instrument-related projects were initiated in FY10 using this first year of ReSTAR funding issued under SPO-1 (AST-0244680): the Kitt Peak Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (KOSMOS), an optical spectrograph for the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope; a detector and controller upgrade for the Mosaic-1 prime-focus camera on the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope; and a detector and controller upgrade for the Hydra spectrograph on the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope. Late in FY10, NOAO was formally advised that NSF would provide additional funding under CSA (4) AST-0936648 for a second year of ReSTAR implementation work, and that this funding

51 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

would be targeted toward building two instruments for the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope: COSMOS, a duplicate of KOSMOS; and TripleSpec, a near-infrared, moderate-resolution spectrograph.

Status of FY11 Milestones  KOSMOS: Deliver the assembled instrument to KPNO and begin integration and commissioning on the Mayall 4-m telescope. Status: Not delivered yet. Due to delays in obtaining suitable anti-reflection coatings on the lenses, the delivery of KOSMOS has been delayed by about four months. Mechanical assembly is almost complete (see Figure 18) at the laboratory of The Ohio State University (OSU) astronomy department instrumentation group, but lab integration and acceptance cannot be completed until the assembled lens barrels are delivered from the vendor. The current schedule calls for delivery of the lens barrels in the second half of October 2011. If the vendor delivers on time, OSU could deliver the integrated instrument in late November 2011, and KOSMOS could see first light on the Mayall telescope in early December 2011.

Figure 18: KOSMOS and COSMOS assembled on their handling carts in the OSU instrument lab, in a zenith-pointing position. Access covers are removed to expose the slit, disperser, and filter wheel mechanisms. The large box on the right side of each instrument houses the motor control and housekeeping electronics.

 Mosaic-1 CCD and Controller Upgrade: Complete commissioning of the upgraded instrument on the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope. Status: Completed. On-sky commissioning was carried out during October 2010, and the upgraded Mosaic camera was returned to scheduled science observations as planned in early November 2010. The instrument has been working normally since then.

 CTIO-Hydra CCD and Controller Upgrade: purchase a new CCD and the components for a new TORRENT controller. Status: Essentially complete as to CCD purchase, not complete as to TORRENT controller components. The CCD is being purchased from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) as part of a set of three identical devices for CTIO-Hydra, KOSMOS, and COSMOS.

52 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

LBNL completed testing and packaging of two of the devices and was nearing completion on the third as FY11 ended. Delivery of all three is expected early in FY12. Purchase of the TORRENT components was delayed pending resolution of the final performance issues with the TORRENT prototypes as noted in section 4.4.1 above.

 COSMOS: Execute amendment to partnership agreement with The Ohio State University (OSU) to cover construction of COSMOS. Status: Completed. The partnership agreement with OSU, which originally covered only the development of KOSMOS, was amended in the second quarter of FY11 to include the construction, integration, and commissioning of COSMOS as well. OSU and NOAO have been proceeding with development of both instruments in parallel as much as possible.

 COSMOS: Complete fabrication or purchase of all components and begin assembly in The Ohio State University (OSU) instrument lab. Status: Completed except as to lens barrels and CCD systems. By the end of FY11, NOAO had shipped all the mechanical components to OSU, and OSU had completed the mechanical assembly of COSMOS in their lab. OSU also had completed the assembly and integration of the instrument electronics box, which houses the motor control electronics and the electrical and electronic interfaces to the instrument (see Figure 18). OSU had received the “blue” Volume-Phase Holographic grism disperser, and receipt of the “red” disperser was expected in October 2011. The collimator and camera lens barrels are being built in parallel with those for KOSMOS, by the same vendor. Acceptance testing of the barrels is currently scheduled for late October 2011. NOAO is building the CCD Dewars (one for the e2v CCD, which is already in hand, and one for the LBNL CCD, which is expected in Octo- ber 2011). NOAO will integrate the Dewars, detectors, and controllers starting in February 2012, with delivery to OSU scheduled for late April 2012. OSU will then proceed with final integration and laboratory acceptance testing.

 TripleSpec: Execute a formal partnership agreement with Cornell University (Cornell) for construction of TripleSpec. Status: Well underway but not completed. NOAO and Cornell agreed to divide the development of TripleSpec into two phases, a redesign phase and a construction phase, with the initial contract covering only the first phase. This allows the partners to develop detailed, up- to-date, construction costs and schedules, while allowing a chance to confirm that the total cost and schedule are compatible with their combined resources before committing to proceed with construction. NOAO and Cornell completed negotiation of all essential terms of the contract for the redesign phase, and the contract language is awaiting final approval from the Cornell contracts office as of the end of FY11. Cornell and NOAO initiated the redesign work itself.

 TripleSpec: Establish a detailed plan for instrument construction and order long-lead-time items. Status: Under development but not complete. The development of the detailed plan is a key task of the redesign phase for TripleSpec. The redesign phase got underway in July 2011 with completion expected in January 2012. The completed detailed plan will form the basis of the partners’ decision to proceed with construction of the instrument.

53 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

4.4.3 Telescope System Instrumentation Program

FY11 Program Review TSIP has the goal of strengthening the system of public and private optical/IR facilities by funding the development of facility instruments for large private telescopes, and thereby broadening community access to these telescopes. For semesters A and B of 2011, the two Keck telescopes, the MMT, and the Magellan (only semester A) telescopes were available for community access. The program was established in FY02 as a $4M-per-year program, and it is administered and coordinated by NOAO for NSF under SPO-5 AST-0335461. NOAO, on behalf of NSF, has allocated $30M through FY11 to TSIP projects. A summary of the projects funded thus far is provided at: http://ast.noao.edu/system/tsip/more-info/funding-summary. NSF informed NOAO in FY11 that the TSIP program would not be funded in FY12. However, $2M in new funds were allocated in FY11 and will be awarded in FY12. A call for proposals was issued in June 2011 and four letters of intent were received in August. In FY10, a call for proposals was issued in June and NOAO received five letters of intent for new projects. The proposal review took place on 26–27 October 2010 and NSF approved two new projects based on the panel review: detailed design of the Keck Cosmic Web Imager and fabrication of the MMT Binospec, a dual beam, optical multi-object spectrograph. NOAO continued oversight of on-going TSIP projects in FY11. These include the WIYN One Degree Imager, Keck MOSFIRE near infrared multi-object spectrograph, the LBT MODS2 optical multi-object spectrograph, the Keck Next Generation Adaptive Optics (NGAO) system, the Keck Cosmic Web Imager integral field optical spectrograph, the Magellan Adaptive Secondary, and the Magellan IMACS camera CCD upgrade. MOSFIRE was completed in FY11 but is awaiting final shipping to Keck due to a rotator bearing issue for the telescope interface. The IMACS upgrade was completed and shipped in September 2011 and is to be commissioned later in FY12. The Magellan adaptive optics secondary began testing in the Arcetri solar tower, and MODS2 continued integration in Columbus. The WIYN ODI is under reorganization. Keck NGAO preliminary design and development closed out and now awaits funding to continue into detailed design and fabrication.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Complete an external review of FY10 TSIP proposals and negotiate sub-awards with successful proposers. Status: Completed. The review for FY10 TSIP proposals was held in Tucson on 26–27 Octo- ber 2011. Following the panel report, two instrument projects were approved by the NSF for TSIP funding. By the end of FY11, a sub-award was completed and executed for one of the projects and another sub-award was completed and awaiting execution for the other project.

 Establish an oversight process for FY10 TSIP sub-awards. Status: Completed. Two projects received FY10 TSIP sub-awards. As noted above, a sub- award was completed and executed with one. This was a new project, and a standard oversight process involving monthly reports and teleconferences was in place with this project in the third quarter of FY11. The other project, which has an FY10 sub-award completed but not executed, was a continuation of a project funded under an FY09 sub-award. The standard oversight process already in place for that project will be continued under the new sub- award.

 Organize a call for proposals for FY11 and organize a review. Status: In progress. The call for proposals was published on 29 July 2011. Proposals are due on 4 November 2011, and the review is scheduled for 19–20 January 2012. Panelists and a panel chair were selected.

54 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

 Conclude the remaining sub-awards under the Adaptive Optics Development Program (AODP) and close out the program. Status: In progress. Two of the three outstanding projects were completed this fiscal year. The final project is expected to be completed during the first half of FY12.

4.4.4 LSST Technology Program

FY11 Program Review The LSST Technology program at NOAO was very active and productive this year. Efforts in all work packages progressed with a strong focus on the LSST preliminary design. In August 2011, NSF conducted a comprehensive LSST Preliminary Design Review. The review panel‘s very positive con- clusion was that LSST had met or exceeded all NSF-mandated requirements for this stage of LSST design and development. Every aspect of the LSST Technology program was included in the review and received high praise and good feedback from the committee. The Telescope and Site subsystem ost estimate and schedule were updated, and the full design was captured in a series of preliminary design summaries to support the review. Technical progress this year centered on the development of the summit facility design. Detailed reviews of the architectural work were conducted by the team, and interface requirements and system designs that interface with the summit facility were a significant focus of activity. Dome, telescope mount, handling equipment, and other operational systems were developed to keep pace with the architect‘s progress with the building. The Dome design was advanced significantly by NOAO engineers to include details of a light and wind screen and the corresponding changes in the dome configuration to accommodate this important system element. NOAO‘s LSST Technology program activities are funded under more than one cooperative support agreement (CSA) between AURA and NSF. FY11 base funds are awarded under CSA (1) AST- 0950945 and additional funding is received under CSA (3) AST-1036980. The latter award is for the completion of the design and project development phases of the construction readiness for the LSST. The NOAO LSST effort funded by the two CSAs is accounted for separately but managed as a single project to be consistent and efficient.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Facility and Site:  support the completion of the phase 1 summit support design effort, which is contracted with ARCADIS in Santiago;  conduct a review of the 90% completion Summit Facility design package;  complete the configuration design of the Vertical Reciprocating Lift, an 80-ton equipment lift, with support of contracted effort; and  complete the initial site leveling design and procurement package, and support any early leveling activity pursued with non-federal funds by AURA and LSST Corporation (LSSTC).

Status: Very good progress was made in the Facility and Site work package (see Figure 19). The architecture contract with ARCADIS Chile progressed yielding the 50% submittal in Q2 of FY11 and a nearly complete 90% submittal in August. The project team provided detailed review and feedback on both submittals and conducted an external review of the design status at the 50% level. The final deliverable for the first phase of the contract is the 90% package; it is now due in November 2011. The architecture work included biweekly meetings with ARCADIS and joint meetings with PFLOW to complete the design integration of the vertical reciprocating conveyor—the 80- ton equipment lift that is an integral part of the summit support facility.

55 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

The site leveling design was completed, and progress of the non-federally funded work by LSST Corporation to do the initial leveling of the site was monitored to insure technical compliance with the design.

Figure 19: This updated rendering of the LSST Observatory shows the summit facility design with the new dome, the site layout, and the calibration telescope on the far right.

 Dome Development:  complete the Preliminary Design Package including a requirements document and interface details, and  complete the second phase of computational fluid dynamic analysis to support design details.

Status: The NOAO engineering team completed the dome preliminary design with a focus on several important elements. The light/wind screen system design was developed, and the configuration of the dome and facility layout was adjusted for efficiency. The interface details to the lower enclosure were developed along with the preliminary structural design of the enclosure. The computational fluid dynamics analysis of the dome and support facility was completed and helped guide the design of the summit facility and dome (Figure 20). The final report is due in December Figure 20: LSST dome with bi-parting shutters open. A cut-away front reveals the telescope 2011. and some of the dome structural design.  Telescope Mount:  complete the Preliminary Design Package for the telescope mount, including a requirements document and interface details;  complete the procurement package for the Design and Build contract; and  conduct a Design Conference for interested contractors to review the details of the Tele- scope Mount design and acquisition plans.

56 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Status: Significant progress was made in the design of the telescope mount this year (see Figure 21). The baffle system was updated in concert with the dome design for improved performance, the pier interface and design details were completed to support interface definition with the summit facility, and the cable/utility layout was completed, including preliminary designs for the camera cable wrap on the telescope top end. The fi- nite element model of the structure was completed, and the entire solid model is almost completely updated to be consistent. The requirements document for the telescope mount was completed, but the full procurement package and bid conference were postponed one year to be consistent with revised expectations for the timing of potential Major Research Equipment and Facility Figure 21: This model of the LSST telescope Construction (MREFC) funding. shows the updated baffle rings, joint designs, and azimuth structure details.  Reflective Optics:  collaborate with the LSST primary mirror vendor to evaluate the metrology system and ongoing polishing performance;  monitor and evaluate the technical interfaces and fabrication progress of the primary mirror shipping container, which is under construction by LSST Corporation (LSSTC) with non-federal funds; and  complete the preliminary design of the secondary mirror support system. Status: Efforts to support the reflective optics design and development made good progress in collaboration with Steward Observatory Mirror Lab (SOML). Two project reviews were held this period to continue the evaluation of the metrology necessary to measure the LSST primary mirror surfaces to the necessary requirements. The SOML team completed the loose abrasive grinding and initial polish of the M1 surface and, by the end of September 2011, had started the loose abrasive grinding of the M3 surface. The fabrication work of the primary mirror at SOML and the development of the shipping container are pursued by LSST Corporation with non-federal funding. The NOAO engineering team continued to monitor and evaluate the requirements and technical interfaces with LSST designs and fabrication efforts. During this year, the secondary mirror support system was also addressed, and the preliminary design was completed for that mirror system. The designs are now sufficiently complete to pursue additional actuator prototype development and final detailed specifications for the procurement package.

 Wavefront Alignment and Calibration:  support calibration observing runs to validate calibration plans and filter choices;  operate LSST telescope assets to conduct calibration validation experiments;  complete the preliminary design of the Calypso telescope overhaul for the construction effort to move the telescope to Chile;  select the calibration screen projector design through review of prototype performance results, and consult on the development and testing completed by LSST; and

57 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

 deploy the prototype active optics system (AOS) curvature algorithm pipeline for hardware testing. Status: Efforts to support the design and validation of the LSST calibration system continued this year. A final run on Calypso was supported early in the year while the camera with the LSST prototype sensor was still available. During these runs, final engineering data on the structural performance of Calypso also was completed. Calypso is now in a shut-down state awaiting further calibration experimentation or full refurbishment. The plans for the Calypso overhaul and refurbishment were further developed this year. Plans were established for the refurbishment to be supported from the NOAO high-bay area in Tucson. Modeling of the current telescope progressed toward full development of the system in the SolidWorks® mechanical design program. A contracted effort for design and prototyping of an engineered diffuser was completed at RPC Photonics. The prototypes were delivered and are being tested at Harvard University. Further optical analysis also was completed to establish the base performance values for different calibration screen approaches. The testing and the performance values will be used with the updated LSST calibration plan to determine the final approach to instrument calibration in the Dome on the summit. The NOAO wavefront analysis team worked with the Purdue University team to advance the active optics system (AOS) curvature algorithm work. Further detailed algorithm testing and full pipeline prototyping was determined to be a more efficient path for development, so hardware testing was postponed to early 2012. Excellent progress with the system continued, and plans for hardware tests at Purdue are in an advanced state.

 Software and Controls:  develop the Facility environmental control system design and contracting strategy, and  develop the Scheduler preliminary design.

Status: Good progress continued this year with the development of the software and control aspects of the LSST observatory and telescope control systems. A complete Observation Con- trol System (OCS) requirements document was developed this year to capture the full extent of the system necessary to orchestrate the safe execution of observing on the summit. The scheduler preliminary design is now fully incorporated into the OCS requirements document recognizing the separate scope for the necessary observation planning tools to be developed under the LSST systems engineering group. Both the scheduler and observation planning tools will be coordinated and will form from the current Operations Simulator effort led by NOAO. Two contractors were identified and are engaged in discussion on the approaches and scope of the summit facility environmental control system. The interface with the summit facility has been established and folded into the system design and requirements.

 Utility Systems:  finalize the preliminary design for the electrical distribution, grounding, and utility services for the summit facility; and  complete the designs for the utility systems for the base facility in La Serena. Status: The preliminary design for the summit facility electrical system was completed this period. Extensive interactions with the summit facility architect led to a design being implemented for the basic electrical infrastructure and distribution system.

58 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Base facility designs were laid out that focus on options for upgrading the incoming electrical service and recinto-wide electrical back-up system. The full utility system work breakdown structure (WBS) was reviewed and baselines created for the preliminary design of the system. The utility assets were adjusted to be consistent with the latest subsystem needs and the developing facility design.

 Systems Engineering:  Coordinate and complete the development of level 1 telescope and site interface documents;  complete the requirements modeling for the telescope and site, as well as the observation control systems; and  finalize the hazard analysis and risk analysis of the telescope and site system.

Status: Significant progress was made in the development of the requirements and interface documents for the Telescope and Site system. The project SysMl Model was updated to include all telescope and site requirements that are under change control. Each of the level 1 interface documents is in final form with nearly all parameters confirmed and under change control. The Telescope and Site team completed the LSST Hazard Analysis Plan as adopted by the project. The group also continued with a standard hazard analysis meeting held nearly every week. The system engineer, safety officer, and appropriate engineering staff continued meetings to methodically address each subsystem design and operations procedure to identify and address hazards. The project hazard analysis register is maintained and tracked by the Tele- scope and Site system engineer in accordance with the plan.

 Project Management:  support the project with participation as the Deputy Project Manager and as an LSST Board member,  support the project with oversight of the image simulation efforts,  complete the 2010 inputs for the Project Management Control System, and  support and participate in project-wide reviews. Status: Each of the milestones and objectives for the project management work package were met this year. The NOAO director was an active member of the LSST Board providing oversight and strategic advice to the project. NOAO’s Telescope and Site project manager continued to support the LSST Project office in the role of deputy project manager and manager of the Image Simulation effort. The Project Management Control System was completely updated this year. The work breakdown structure, task activities, resource loading, and risk scoring were reviewed and updated to correspond with the MREFC plans and revised cost estimates. The schedule was developed for a new budget profile that minimizes the first year spending/commitment profile. NOAO’s LSST team fully supported the project-wide reviews and meetings. NOAO South hosted the April 2011 LSST Board meeting in La Serena. Reviews at SLAC were supported, and the entire Telescope and Site team was on hand to support the LSST Director Review in July as well as the formal NSF Preliminary Design Review in August. Effort in this work package also supported the development of the revised MREFC proposal submitted by LSST in January 2011.

59 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

LSST Technology program efforts supported the initial meetings of the LSST Safety Council, the revision of the LSST Safety Plan, as well as the development of the Hazard Analysis Plan and Decommissioning Plan.

 Science Mission and Requirements: provide inputs for Chilean operations into the LSST Op- erations Plan. Status: NOAO South completed a review of the draft operations plan for activities in Chile. This effort included an independent assessment of the costs and manpower rates to support LSST’s operation of the summit and base facilities.

 Operations Simulator:  lead the operation simulation group,  develop scientific metrics for analysis operation simulation output, and  complete the preliminary design for the Operation Simulation tool set to be developed during construction that includes the framework and requirements documents. Status: NOAO continued to be the lead organization for the LSST Operations Simulator. Version 2.5 of the simulator code was released; it addresses performance increases, better handling of system downtime, and better fidelity of the simulations. A Simulator and Data Analysis Handbook was drafted and a new Near-Earth Object sweet spot proposal was developed. Metrics for six groups of merit functions were completed: Airmass, Astrometry, Early Good Images, Randomization, Solar System, and Variables & Transients and Uniformity. The Me- trics team worked with the LSST science collaborations, the NOAO LSST Science Working Group, and the Operations Simulation team to develop the metrics for evaluating the performance of simulated survey runs. Requirements and conceptual designs were established for a new operations simulation post- processing framework. Several approaches were proposed and a formal process for evaluation and development is being drafted. The requirements document for the next revision of the operations simulation code to address several critical scheduling and look-ahead features also was completed.

 Education and Public Outreach: support LSST graphic design tasks and Web site development. Status: The NOAO-based graphic designer successfully completed all Web, poster, and proposal development efforts. Posters for the 2011 AAS meeting, the LSST Board meeting in Chile, and the Preliminary Design Review were major efforts. Revisions to the Web site were completed and a new set of Safety Web pages were drafted.

4.4.5 GSMT/ELT Technology Program

FY11 Program Review In October 2010, NSF issued guidance to AURA stating that NSF would take direct responsibility for formal oversight of the two US-based extremely large telescope (ELT) programs: Thirty Meter Tele- scope (TMT) and Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). This action was taken to avoid conflicts of interest—or the appearance thereof—and to ensure that it will be possible for NOAO to have the option of participating in such an ELT project. The NSF is considering a solicitation for design and development funding for which the projects could propose. This solicitation, if issued, should define the schedule for funding and may define milestones for other NSF decisions related to federal participation in an ELT project.

60 O/IR SYSTEM OPERATIONS

The GSMT Program Office was eliminated as a separate subdivision of NSTC, and its personnel were absorbed within a more integrated design and development group effective April 2011.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Prepare a technology development action plan in response to Astro2010 recommendations on GSMT. This activity likely requires guidance from the NSF. Status: As indicated above, the NSF decided to assume a direct oversight role and did not ask NOAO to prepare a development plan. Consequently, no activities took place during the fiscal year.

 Complete the close-out of the TMT/AURA site survey in Chile. Status: Equipment was removed from the LSST site in December 2010. Maintenance took place during the remainder of the fiscal year, as resources permitted, and return of the equipment to the US was scheduled for late September/early October 2011. Once the equipment is shipped to the US, this activity will be complete. This task used very limited resources during the year.

61 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

5 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

5.1 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

FY11 Program Review During the first quarter of FY11, Central Administrative Services (CAS) engaged in the annual year- end process, which includes oversight and closeout of NOAO activities as well as those of other entities for which CAS provides business services: AURA Corporate, WIYN, SOAR, and LSST Corpora- tion. CAS staff also prepared annual reports required by NSF and other federal and state agencies. This quarter also included preparations for the upcoming calendar year-end processes, such as tax and benefit reporting due in the second quarter. In the second quarter, CAS focused on the calendar year-end process, which included preparing audited financial statements and tax reports for AURA, WIYN, SOAR, and LSSTC. To help handle increased workload, a vacant accountant position was filled. During the annual AURA Board meeting in April, AURA announced plans to centralize the business functions for its three NSF-funded centers (NOAO, NSO, and Gemini) at the start of FY13. The NOAO CAS Controller was named Senior Manager of the new AURA CAS group and officially moves into his new position at the start of FY12. NOAO CAS members started working on plans for the transition during the last half of FY11. As part of this planning process, CAS hosted separate meetings in Tucson for representatives from the three centers‘ procurement and accounting departments to get input on how to best implement the changes. In preparation for the Business Service Review (BSR) planned for FY12, departments throughout CAS began the process of reviewing and updating policies and procedures. During September, members of CAS met with representatives from NSF to discuss the review process and determine time- lines. The accounting staff in both the North and South finalized efforts on the software conversion as NOAO South migrates to the applications used at NOAO North. NOAO South goes ―live‖ with the accounting and online requisitioning systems 1 Oc- tober 2011. As illustrated in Figure 22, the average monthly exchange rate of the US dollar relative to the Chilean peso varied widely during the year. The NOAO Annual Program Plan FY 2011 assumed an exchange rate

of 500, while the average rate for Figure 22: Chart courtesy of exchange-rates.org. the year was approximately 475.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Program Management will continue to refine monthly reports distributed to the Executive Council to assist in their financial oversight of NOAO activity. Status: Some changes were implemented, and more refinements will be made as requested.

 Program Management will work with Business Information Technology (IT) staff to update the Web interface used by principal investigators (PIs) to track their proposals and grants. This will require updating the current grant-tracking database.

62 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

Status: In progress.

 Accounting will continue working with NOAO South to help finalize the transition to their new accounting software. Status: Completed.

 Human Resources will undertake a review of Human Resources systems, processes, procedures, and policies. Status: In progress. Consolidation of HR Services at AURA NSF Centers will begin in Octo- ber 2011.

 Human Resources will develop and deliver training programs for staff and managers. It will also promote the health and welfare of the NOAO workforce and establish programs to enhance employee services. Status: Executive staff completed ―Effective Leadership Skills‖ and ―Team Building, Men- toring & Coaching Skills‖ seminars at both NOAO North and South. Employees at NOAO North and South completed anti-harassment training. Workplace wellness programs were put in place at NOAO North locations. The NOAO/NSO wellness program, ―Keep it Fresh,‖ received the 2011 Process and Leadership in Worksite Health Promotion Award from the Wellness Council of Arizona.

 Procurement will continue editing, updating, and posting on the Web the NOAO Purchasing Policy & Procedures; including the policies related to both domestic and international shipping and receiving. Status: Completed.

 Business Information Technology (IT) will focus on refreshing the technology and architecture supporting the various administrative Web-based applications, such as: the requisition system (Reqless), the budget system (WEBUD), timesheets (WTS), and a new credit card re- conciliation system. Status: Progress was made, and work will continue into FY12.

 Contracts, working with NOAO South, will review and revise policies and procedures to ensure they comply with newly released AURA procurement policies. Status: Completed.

5.2 OFFICE OF SCIENCE

FY11 Program Review The Office of Science (OS) works to enhance the scientific environment at NOAO and ties to the local academic astronomy community. The OS also works to engage the US community of astronomers in various aspects of the NOAO mission.

63 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

To accomplish these goals, OS supports and encourages research by the NOAO scientific staff by providing resources (e.g., equipment, funding, and mentoring) and supporting programs (e.g., the NOAO North and South colloquium series, science workshops, coffees and teas, and the Goldberg Fellowship program) that foster a scientifically productive environment. OS schedules and manages promotion, tenure, and post-tenure reviews of the NOAO scientific staff and is responsible for policies and training related to the responsible conduct of research. The OS head of program represents the NOAO scientific staff to the NOAO director. OS also sponsors and supports community workshops aimed at engaging the community in the NOAO mission. In addition to work toward the specific milestones described below, OS sponsored an Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Community Day (in collaboration with Steward Observatory) for the benefit of the regional astronomical community. National Radio Astronomy Observatory staff presented and demonstrated software tools needed to prepare proposals for ALMA Early Science operations. It was a successful event with participation from all parts of Arizona and from Mexico. OS sponsored and helped to plan two community workshops on DECam and BigBOSS, instruments that are coming to the Blanco and Mayall 4-m telescopes as part of their respective Large Science Programs. The workshops were opportunities for interested NOAO community members to provide input to NOAO on community aspirations for science with these instruments and their priorities for instrument capabilities and data pipelines. The events were highly successful in engaging the community. OS assisted in putting in place the NOAO Responsible Conduct in Research (RCR) training program. Training materials were purchased, and the testing of staff retraining exercises was begun in the North in the form of Science Coffee discussions on topics in RCR.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Develop a program for staff career development. Status: This program was rescoped to address the needs of the most interested staff members. NOAO South staff who participated in the Gemini mentoring training were invited to continue their participation in that program.

 Recruit a Goldberg Fellow postdoc for an FY11 start. Status: Completed. The new Goldberg Fellow, Colette Salyk, will start in October 2011. A graduate of the Caltech Planetary Sciences program, Salyk uses infrared spectroscopic techniques to tackle fundamental unsolved questions about the nature of protoplanetary disks and the formation of planetary systems.

 Create a scientific visitor program. Status: Completed. Funding was allocated for the program. OS hosted several scientific visitors on sabbatical this year (Sally Oey, Paula Szkody). OS also developed protocols to anticipate the needs of such longer-term visitors.

 Enhance the interaction between scientific staffs at NOAO North and South Status: Funds were made available to encourage staff members who are visiting the other hemisphere for some purpose to either extend their stay in Tucson or La Serena or make a stop there in order to interact with their colleagues. Staff members are aware of these funds and have taken advantage of the program. OS is investigating other opportunities for closer interaction between the South and North scientific staffs.

64 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

5.3 EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH

FY11 Program Review FY11 was a productive period for the NOAO Education and Public Outreach (EPO) groups at NOAO North and NOAO South. The following are highlights of the various programs and activities that took place this period. Project ASTRO NOAO, in its sixteenth year of running Project ASTRO, currently has over 200 active teachers and 120 active astronomers with 50 new partnerships formed in the last two years. Nearly 45,000 students have been engaged in Tucson and southern Arizona since the project‘s inception. NOAO hosted the Project ASTRO Annual National Site Leaders Meeting in Tucson on May 12–14 with most of the 14 sites sending representatives to review the past year with the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP) and plan updates for next year‘s ASTRO workshops and activities. In addition, the Galileo Educators Network (GEN) met in conjunction with the Site Leaders Meeting. Project ASTRO-Tucson held its spring professional development workshop for 50 teachers and astronomer partners in early March. The Project ASTRO Workshop was held 9–10 September 2011 in Tucson. Workshop atten- dees received the ―Universe at Your Fingertips‖ guide with more than fifty lesson plans, and they took a trip to KPNO to participate in the Nightly Observing Program. It is estimated that an additional 20 teacher/astronomer teams from Arizona will form partnerships to bring astronomy and science education to the classroom over the next academic year (2012-2013). AstroBITS In FY11, AstroBITS, funded by Science Founda- tion Arizona (SFAz), completed its four-year program of high school teacher professional development. During the program, 61 Arizona high school teachers took the online technology class (Figure 23) and brought new tools back to their classrooms. All of the material is online at the NOAO site for use by any teacher. SFAz: Expanding Hands-On Optics in Arizona NOAO finished the fourth and final year of this program, which is funded by SFAz to bring the

NSF-developed Hands-On Optics program to 10 Figure 23: High school teacher William Golden observing at the 0.9-m telescope on Kitt Peak as the Boys & Girls Clubs across Arizona, including culmination of his AstroBITS teacher training. Bisbee, Safford, Prescott, Sierra Vista, and Yuma. In FY11, EPO staff visited the Jim and Vicki Click Boys & Girls Club in Tucson 27 times. Each visit averaged 1.5 hours with, on average, 15 children present. Two or three of the trained NOAO undergraduate assistants led the optics, physics, or astronomy activities and projects done with the 7- to 12-year-old boys and girls, with the activity time total- ing 37.5 hours, not including preparation time. A weeklong summer camp and culminating star party was held at the Sells Recreation Center in June. Astronomy From the Ground Up NOAO continued its partnership with the ASP and the Association of Science and Technology Cen- ters in the Astronomy From the Ground Up program originally funded by NSF Informal Science Edu- cation. The project has directly trained over 400 small and medium science and nature center educators in doing better astronomy outreach using three-week online and two-day on-site workshops. In FY11, EPO continued its partnership with the ASP to support these educators as well as those in the Sky Rangers program. Sky Rangers trains National Park Service staff and volunteers to do astronomy outreach and star parties in national parks. Workshops were held at Yosemite National Park on 8–12 October 2010 and 25–29 September 2011.

65 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Arizona Galileoscope Star Parties To excite students about astronomy, EPO organized large star parties, called Arizona Galileoscope Star Parties, across Arizona with sponsorship from SFAz. The model designed and implemented concentrates on one city at a time. Every fifth-grade teacher is trained using high- quality professional development activities centered on NOAO‘s NSF-funded Hands-On Optics kits and receives an optics and Gali- leoscope classroom teaching kit. NOAO staff assist the classes of these teachers in building Galileoscopes; then the students use the telescopes at star parties (see Figure 24). In FY11, nearly all fifth-grade students in Flagstaff and Yuma were reached in October and April, re-

spectively. A typical star party has over 500 Figure 24: Fifth grade students enjoying the star party at participants from the public schools, adminis- Flagstaff, Arizona. tration, and families. Social Media NOAO is becoming more active in social media. Once a month, NOAO produces a podcast for the 365 Days of Astronomy podcast. The podcasts feature interviews with NOAO astronomers highlighting their research. Several podcasts were produced to promote Dark Skies Awareness in addition to the monthly podcast. NOAO started pages on Facebook (see Figure 25) and a Twitter feed to reach out to new au- diences. Dark Skies Education/GLOBE at Night NOAO‘s GLOBE at Night program had worldwide citizen-science campaigns this year: February 21–March 6 and March 22–April 6. NOAO developed new materials (translations, online interactive tools, star charts, and other resources) for two new target constellations and started receiving all GLOBE at Night data submissions for the campaigns. One key de- Figure 25: New NOAO Facebook page. velopment was the creation in-house of a Web application for smart mobile devices. Over 14,200 measurements were contributed to the GLOBE at Night campaign by the end of the second 2011 campaign. Over 66,000 measurements from 115 coun- tries have been taken during the seven two-week campaigns in the last six years. The teacher professional development program at the Tucson Cooper Center for Environmental Learning (CCEL) held 24 sessions with two classes in each session. The Chilean component of dark skies education utilized 100 Dark Skies Education Kits. There were three AAS poster sessions, a radio show, and sessions at the National Science Teachers Association meetings (e.g., for GLOBE at Night and the National Earth Science Teachers Association) and for the ASP/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Night Sky Network. Professional development workshops on dark skies education were also provided for the Arizona Science Teachers Association, Project ASTRO teachers, Sahuaro Girl Scout Volunteers, ASP‘s As- tronomy From the Ground Up members (from museums and science and nature centers), and the Tuc- son Amateur Astronomy Association. The 365DaysOfAstronomy.org site aired three podcasts featur-

66 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

ing the Dark Skies Crusader teaching about light pollution and its effects on energy usage, health, and wildlife. Undergraduate Student Outreach In FY11, the EPO student cadre supported most of the nearly 200 educational events, including 24 sessions with Boys and Girls Clubs in Tucson and the Sells Recreation Center. The six undergraduate outreach students played a key role in building educational kits to support the EPO program at NOAO North and South and in presenting activities to support Dark Skies Rangers, GLOBE at Night, Hands- on Optics, Teaching with Telescopes, Family ASTRO, and Project ASTRO. Teaching with Telescopes and Hands-On Optics The Teaching with Telescopes program held numerous workshops at meetings, including the ASP, the Galileo Teacher Training Program, the Flagstaff Unified School District, the Sky Rangers workshop in Yosemite, the Arizona Science Teachers Association, the Arizona Association of Physics Teachers, the National Science Teachers Association regional meeting in Nashville and national meeting in San Francisco, and the Yuma School District. There were two more local Galileoscope builds: one at a local teacher training at Biosphere 2 and another for students of the Native American Science and Engineering program and their families. Another major event was the Math Moves You Event where 350 students built Galileoscopes at the University of Arizona Student Union. Hands-On Optics activities were presented at a variety of venues this year including Fun Fest, St. Michael‘s Op- tics Festival, and Ventana Vista Family Science Night. Workshops were presented on the Hit the Tar- get activity at the SPIE Optics and Photonics meeting and the SPIE Photonics West meeting. EPO is developing a new course for future SPIE meetings and for SPIE student chapters that emphasizes lu- minescence and glow-in-the-dark materials. Newsletter The NOAO Newsletter continued to be edited by an EPO staff member and produced twice a year for the professional astronomical community. This newsletter addresses the needs of astronomers apply- ing for time on any of the national facilities, as well as providing timely updates on new instruments and programs. It is made available in print to libraries and professional astronomers and electronically to everyone via the NOAO Web site. Public Outreach Information Requests & Inquiries Public Information and Web Site (October 2010 through September 2011) In the last quarter of FY11, a change in how NOAO press releases are handled was implemented resulting in the Type/Origin of Request Number number of such releases, and related joint releases, increas- Information requests/inquiries ing substantially. Images on the NOAO Homepage are re- about astronomy/science placed approximately every five to six weeks, to reflect (phone calls, e-mails, and 1,461 current activities and programs. All past images are availa- walk-ins/requests for posters, ble as well. bookmarks, brochures, etc.) The table to the right provides tallies of the requests Requests and inquiries for use 944 and inquiries from the public for astronomy- and science- of NOAO images related information as well as the use of NOAO images, including those from the Image Gallery. Total 2,405 Media Releases There were five media releases in FY11:  27 October 2010: ―Buckyballs Discovered in another Galaxy‖  3 February 2011: ―BigBOSS Receives Favorable Review from the National Optical Astron- omy Observatory‖  17 March 2011: ―Wasted Lights and Wasted Nights: GLOBE at Night Tracks Light Pollu- tion‖

67 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

 21 June 2011: ―Astronomers Discover that Galaxies Are Either Asleep or Awake‖  31 August 2011: ―Reflection Nebula NGC 1999‖ EPO at NOAO South The EPO South (EPO-S) team carried out a series of education and integration sessions for the NOAO South staff and their families as part of the program ―Teaching with the Galileoscope,‖ achieving the very active participation of more than 250 people in the NOAO South facilities. In November, the team co-organized and sponsored the ―XIII International Congress of Amateur As- tronomers,‖ held this year in Vicuña. This annual conference included the participation of more than 200 enthu- siastic amateur astronomers from all regions of Chile and neighbor coun- tries. In addition, the members of the EPO-S team participated in many community events in collaboration with Explora-CONICYT, a program of the Chilean equivalent of the NSF, as part of the national effort to promote Figure 26: Project presentation in the Antofagasta town square by science, and as part of our effort to students participating in the Chilean Congress of Astronomy in promote both astronomy and the pro- Schools, October 2010. (Image credit: S. Pompea.) tection of the region‘s dark skies (Figure 26). In Q2, our southern summer, members of the EPO-S team participated as trainers in the First Training in As- CTIO Visitor Center & EPO-S tronomy for School Teachers organized by the Astronomy Summary of Participants Department of the University of Chile, with the participa- (October 2010 through September 2011) tion of 40 teachers from all of Chile. In March, the Chilean environmental Minister, among other important regional Group/Program # of Participants authorities, visited the Observatory in the context of the CADIAS Center 3,144 review of the new light pollution norm proposal. On this CADIAS Outreach 8,393 occasion, an EPO team member presented to the authorities the Dark Sky Education program developed and im- Tololo Guided Tours 1,159 plemented by NOAO North and South. During March, the School Groups K-12 1,963 team actively participated in the 2011 GLOBE at Night 360 campaign, training teachers in the Centro de Apoyo a la Special Tours Didáctica de la Astronomía (CADIAS) facility, promoting Total Public 15,019 the light pollution measurements among students of all the regions, and also doing measurements themselves. In Q4, the EPO-S team carried on with its efforts toward bringing science and astronomy to every rural community of the IV Región de Coquimbo, continuing with the implementation of 10 workshops of the Teaching with the Galileoscope program, which included the distribution of more than 200 Galileoscopes. In this same period, the president of CONICYT (the Chilean organization similar to NSF) and the president of the Chilean Senate visited CTIO and participated in a stargazing opportunity organized by the EPO-S team. During FY11, the team continued to add partners to their science and astronomy promotion efforts, adding the University Pedro de Valdivia, University INACAP, and mining company Minera Carmen de Andacollo, with whom the team is developing collaboration programs for FY12.

68 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

Research Experiences for Undergraduates The NOAO NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site programs at KPNO and CTIO offer undergraduate students the opportunity to engage in challenging research activities with scientists working at the forefront of astronomy and astrophysics. Students are hired as full-time research assistants to work with NOAO staff members on selected research projects for a period of ten to twelve weeks during the summer in the respective hemispheres. As part of their research activities, REU students gain firsthand experience with state-of-the art telescopes and instrumentation and develop expertise in the data analysis tools specific to astronomical research. In Q2, summertime in Chile, CTIO held its annual undergraduate astronomy student program. This year, CTIO welcomed three NSF-funded REU students from Middlebury College, Wesleyan University, and Tennessee State University. This group was boosted in number by the addition of two Chilean students, one from Universidad de Católica and one from Universidad de Concepcion, as well as several summer research interns funded through various external agencies (e.g., the Fulbright Commission and collaborator research funds). The student activities program was spear-headed by ri- gorous research studies using several facility-class instruments on 4-m-class and 8-m-class telescopes in Chile and in the United States. Julia O‘Connell (Tennessee State) obtained her own HYDRA spectroscopic data on the CTIO Blanco telescope to study metallicity segregation for disparate stellar populations in several globular clusters. Derrick Rohl (Wesleyan) used archival near-IR data from Gemini North (NIRI) and the Blanco telescope (SPI) to categorize stellar populations in the Abell 562 galaxy cluster. Finally, Brett Basarab (Middlebury) analyzed archival Gemini South (GMOS) and VLT-2 (FLAMES-GIRAFFE) spectra to cross-calibrate spectra of stars on the Lick Standard Index system. Supplemental activities in the REU program included weekly science seminars by CTIO and/or Gemini South astronomers and scientists, a one-week observing run on the CTIO 1-m telescope, using the Y4Kcam imager, as well as several fun-filled field trips to Gemini South, the SOAR observatory, and ESO‘s La Silla Paranal Observatory. Listed below are the six participating KPNO REU students, their mentors, and summer projects:

KPNO REU Student Mentor Project Institution Vivienne Baldassare Jeyhan Kartaltepe ―Studying Star Formation and AGN Activity in Ultraluminous Hunter College Infrared Galaxies at z > 1.15‖ Alisa Fersch Constance Walker ―Light Pollution around Tucson, AZ and Its Effect on the Spatial Wesleyan University Distribution of Lesser Long-Nosed Bats‖ Nicholas J. Jimenez Kenneth Mighell ―An Analysis of Known Variable Stars in the Kepler Field‖ Alfred University Morgan Rehnberg Mark Trueblood & ―PhAst: A Flexible IDL Astronomical Image Viewer‖ Beloit College Kenneth Mighell Joanna Taylor Dara Norman ―X-ray Selected AGN in A Merging Cluster‖ Indiana University Christine Welling Stephen Pompea & ―Alternative Mounting Systems for the Galileoscope‖ Dickinson College Robert Sparks

In addition to working on their projects, KPNO REU students took a field trip to the NSO Sacramento Peak facilities where they visited the National Radio Astronomy Observatory‘s Very Large Array (VLA) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Telescope. The students observed at the KPNO 2.1-m telescope with the GoldCam CCD spectrograph and the FLAMINGOS IR imaging spectrometer. KPNO REU students from the summer of 2010 attended and presented posters at the January 2011 AAS meeting in Seattle. Both the 2011 KPNO REU and CTIO REU students will be attending and presenting posters at the January 2012 AAS meeting in Austin, Texas.

69 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

NOAO is enhancing diversity in astronomy and astrophysics as a participating partner in two NSF-funded, five year Partnerships in Astronomy & Astrophysics Research and Education (PAARE) programs. One PAARE partnership (A Partnership in Observational and Computational As- tronomy, POCA) is with Professor Don Walter of South Carolina State University (SCSU), a Historical- ly Black College/University (HBCU). The other PAARE partnership (Graduate Opportunities at Fisk in Astronomy and Astrophysics Research, GO-FAAR) is with Professor Keivan Stassun of Fisk University (an HCBU) and Vanderbilt University. PAARE students work side-by-side with NOAO REU undergraduate students and their mentors, under the guidance and supervision of the NOAO REU Site Directors. No students participated during FY11. Awards to EPO NOAO EPO staff collectively and individually received a number of awards this past year for their professional contributions to science education locally and internationally. Most noteworthy were the Metropolitan Education Commission‘s Crystal Apple Corporate Award to NOAO, the Optical Society Esther Hoffman Beller Medal, and the AURA Service Award.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Lead national efforts related to the Teaching with Telescopes professional development support program, regarding maximizing the educational value of the Galileoscope telescope kit (with over 200,000 Galileoscopes now in circulation). Status: Completed for this year. Many national efforts were made in collaboration with a variety of professional societies and other partners such as Raytheon, Biosphere2, and Science Foundation Arizona (see FY11 Program Review above for details).

 Conduct workshops/programs in coordination with the National Science Teachers Associa- tion (NSTA), the American Astronomical Society (AAS), Astronomical Society of the Pacif- ic (ASP), and the Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC). Status: Completed for this year. EPO had programs and workshops at these meetings and at a variety of other meetings (see FY11 Program Review above for details).

 Support a wide-ranging, dark skies awareness program for southern Arizona and Chile, with particular emphasis on the March GLOBE at Night program. Status: Completed for this year. A very wide-ranging program was implemented locally, regionally, and nationally. A Chilean-based program also was put in place (see FY11 Program Review above for details).

 Continue to seek every opportunity to work with the Tohono O‘odham schools, community centers, and the Department of Education on the reservation to bring science, especially astronomy, to their students. Status: EPO interactions with reservation organizations included schools (numerous star parties and back-to-school events, as well as an organized, long-term collaboration with the four fifth-grade classes at the elementary school) and the Recreation Center at Sells, also a long-term involvement. EPO worked with the KPNO office to plan a major open house to be held 8 October 2011 for the entire Tohono O’odham Nation; a very positive article about this upcoming event appeared in the Runner, the reservation newspaper. EPO hired a student worker from the University of Arizona who is a member of the Tohono O’odham Nation and graduated from the reservation high school.

 Support the small nature and science centers in the successful NSF-funded Astronomy From the Ground Up program, which trained educators at hundreds of small science and nature centers nationwide.

70 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

Status: Completed.

 Assist in the support of the teacher researcher participants of the NOAO/NASA Spitzer Teacher and Student Research program and its follow-on program the NASA IPAC Teacher Archive Research Program (NITARP) and the University of California Berkeley WISE Teacher Research program. Status: Completed. These NOAO-designed programs are now run by the NASA Jet Propul- sion Laboratory and University of California Berkeley Space Sciences Lab.

 Continue support for the Hands-On Optics teaching centers in Arizona and at science centers established under the original NSF informal science grant. Status: Both programs were supported using core and Science Foundation Arizona funding (see FY11 Program Review above for details).

 Create a cohesive vision and strategic plan for CTIO outreach and the Centro de Apoyo a la Didáctica de la Astronomía (CADIAS) astronomy teaching center in Chile. Status: The CTIO EPO manager and CADIAS head worked with staff to define a strategic plan for CADIAS that circumscribes the core mission. This plan was presented as part of the EPO review that took place in April. The plan is now being formalized.

 Support the training of guides and provide support for astronomy programs for the public at the tourist observatories in Northern Chile. Status: An NOAO South EPO staff member teaches the guide training class at the University of La Serena. The EPO manager and two NOAO South EPO staff worked to form a closer relationship with the municipal/tourist observatories. A memorandum of understanding and collaboration was signed with the Observatorio Cruz del Sur in Combarbalá.

5.4 NOAO DIRECTOR’S OFFICE

FY11 Program Review The NOAO Director‘s Office (NDO) delivered the following major planning documents and/or reports during this period, as required by the AURA/NSF cooperative agreement for the management of NOAO: Annual Program Plan for FY 2011 (APP-11), Long-Range Plan: FY 2011–2015 (LRP-11), and Fiscal Year Annual Report for FY 2010 (AFR-10). All three reports are available from the public NOAO Web site. Budget and program planning for FY12 began in May 2011. The Annual Program Plan for FY 2012 (APP-12) was developed, but was still going through the NSF-mandated review process by the end of the fiscal year. The deputy director led the effort for FY12 planning. Various contingency plans were developed in anticipation of a possible federal government shutdown that, fortunately, did not occur. At fiscal mid year, the FY11 program described in APP-11 was descoped in anticipation of lower-than-planned NSF funding. In the end, actual FY11 base funding was $27.5M, $0.8M less than the planned $28.3M. The NOAO director presented at and/or participated in the following face-to-face meetings: WIYN Board of Directors (October, May, September), LSST Board of Directors (November, April), AURA Board of Directors (February, April, September), AURA Annual Member Representatives (April), AURA Observatory Council (March, September), NSF Program Review Panel (October), NOAO Users Committee (June), ReSTAR-2 Pre-Solicitation (November), DECam Community Science Workshop (August), BigBOSS Community Workshop (September), and NSF LSST Prelimi- nary Design Review (August). The deputy director presented at and/or participated in the AURA Ob- servatory Council, NOAO Users Committee, AURA Annual Member Representatives, and NSF Pro-

71 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

gram Review Panel meetings. The deputy director also participated in the April EPO advisory council meeting, the May SOAR Science Symposium in Brazil (chair, Science Organizing Committee), and the SOAR scientific advisory committee meetings in La Serena (December) and Chapel Hill (Au- gust). Weekly videoconference or teleconference meetings continued between the director and all NOAO associate directors (one-on-one) as well as the director and the NSF program officer for NOAO. The director met bi-weekly with the NOAO executive council as well as the heads of the Of- fice of Science, System Community Development, Central Administrative Services, and Human Re- sources programs. The director visited the NOAO South offices in La Serena three times. The first trip was organized around the visit of the senior NSF Directorate of Mathematical and Physical Sciences personnel (Seidel, van Citters, and Ulvestad) to AURA-managed facilities. The second trip was organized around budget review and planning meetings with NOAO South personnel (the deputy director also participated in this trip). The third trip focused on a range of program planning meetings for FY12. On the side of community outreach, the annual NOAO Town Hall was held at the January 2011 AAS meeting in Seattle. A presentation from the director was followed by a vigorous discussion session. The director participated in two BigBOSS collaboration meetings at the Lawrence Berkeley Na- tional Laboratory (February 2011) and in Tucson (September 2011). The director made presentations about NOAO and the US O/IR System at Australian National University (ANU/Canberra), Australia Astronomical Observatory (AAO/Sydney), University of Michigan, and Swinburne University (Mel- bourne, Australia) as well as at the headquarters of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO/Charlottesville, Virginia). At the request of a group of New York State (NYS) astronomers, the director participated in several discussions of concepts for new, major astronomical facilities in Chile sponsored by NYS. The NOAO diversity advocates participated in the AURA Workplace & Diversity Committee meeting at Hilo in December 2011. Prior to the meeting, the participants toured Mauna Kea, which included a very interesting presentation by a representative of the local native Hawaiian community. At the request of AURA, two NOAO scientists attended the National American Indian Education As- sociation meeting in San Diego in October. NOAO presented material about its several educational outreach tools including Hands-On Optics, the informal science education tool. Perhaps the most val- uable aspect of the meeting was the opportunity to engage in meaningful conversations with teachers and educational administrators from tribal schools throughout the nation. A summary of this event was published in SPECTRUM, the newsletter of the AAS Committee on the Status of Minorities in Astronomy. Four candidates were interviewed for the open position of Associate Director of KPNO. This process concluded successfully when Dr. Timothy Beers accepted the offer to become the next Asso- ciate Director for KPNO, effective in early October 2011.

Office of Compliance This is the second year of operations for the Office of Compliance (OC), which was created within NDO to assure that NOAO meets all current regulatory compliance. Much of the OC activity in FY11 continued to focus on three areas. First, the OC completed the initial development of the Office of Compliance Web site. The Web site was successfully implemented and provides a portal for staff to access information in the areas of Conflict of Interest, Responsible Conduct in Research, Procurement, and Allowable Costs. The Web site is also a one-stop portal for compliance regulations and procedures and access to Web-based training and PowerPoint presentations. By the end of FY11, all currently required undergraduates, graduates, and postdocs received training in Responsible Conduct in Research per NSF requirements. Second, the Conflict of Interest (COI) policy and its disclosure process were updated to include a new electronic disclosure form. The process is available in both English and Spanish with a review and approval system for possible conflicts of interest. Furthermore, COI staff training was provided to NOAO North and NSO. Combined with last year‘s training of NOAO South staff, the new procedure has had an impact on the reduction of conflicts and has increased communications with the OC so any

72 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

possible conflicts can be managed. Therefore, there were no conflicts significant enough for management review by the Conflict Resolution Committee. Third, after extensive research, the OC developed an AURA policy and procedure for a cost book manual for construction projects. The manual provides a consistent approach to cost estimating policies and procedures including price and cost analysis, documentation, communication, and review with respect to cost book/construction proposals. In conjunction with the AURA corporate office, the chief compliance officer assisted the AURA risk manager in an audit, which was ongoing at the end of FY11.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Deliver a revised Long-Range Plan by the end of the second quarter in FY11. Status: A draft of the Long-Range Plan (LRP) was reviewed and approved by the AURA Ob- servatory Council in March 2011. Final delivery to NSF was delayed at their initiative to allow time for review by the NSF NOAO Program Review Panel (PRP) in late April 2011. Af- ter the PRP report was received in late May, the LRP was finalized and submitted 1 August 2011.

 As necessary, prepare an action plan in response to recommendations from the Astro2010 decadal survey that affect NOAO. Status: The decadal survey report did not make NOAO-specific recommendations that require a formal response and action plan. However, several decadal survey recommendations touch on NOAO indirectly. As necessary, the NOAO Long-Range Plan (see above) was revised to cover such indirect recommendations.

 Facilitate on-going management training for the NOAO senior management team. Status: A two-day, on-site, management training workshop in La Serena was attended by NOAO South senior and middle managers in May 2011. This course covered the same topics discussed by NOAO North senior and middle managers during their courses in 2010.

 Continue, in coordination with AURA, to work on broadening participation in the NSF science enterprise by engaging individuals, institutions, and geographical areas ―…that do not participate in NSF research programs at rates comparable to others.‖ (Quote from the Ex- ecutive Summary of Broadening Participation at the National Science Foundation: A Frame- work for Action, August 2008). Status: The work by the Diversity Advocates (DAs) to broaden participation in FY11 is summarized in Appendix H.

 Review family-friendly policies, particularly maternity/paternity-leave policy, and develop possible alternatives and/or modifications that also include the impacts of Chilean law. Status: Completed. A new family-friendly policy was adopted, effective January 1. Employee benefits were enhanced to include a short-term disability program to provide income protection for temporarily disabled employees

 Address NOAO-specific issues brought up in the Climate Survey (e.g., management communication and performance rewards). Status: The DAs held discussions with representatives from different departments to develop a list of ways to enhance communication (to follow up on the Climate Survey). The DAs implemented and encouraged note taking by scientific staff at the monthly scientific staff meetings. These notes are posted on the NOAO Intranet. In cooperation with the head of program for the Office of Science and the manager of Human Resources, the DAs are developing a book of guidelines to be used during the process of searching for new scientific staff.

73 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

 Work to develop internships at NOAO for minority students, with a particular emphasis on the area of engineering. Status: No resources (payroll or non-payroll) could be identified for this project during FY11.

 Maintain outreach to schools and programs in southern Arizona and IV Región de Coquimbo (Chile) that serve groups whose representation in science and engineering is less than their representation in the general population, funding permitting. Status: The DAs continued to make all such overtures to groups on the Tohono O’odham Na- tion, including schools, recreation centers, and the community college there. A number of programs resulted from these overtures. A major open house at Kitt Peak is planned for Oc- tober 2011, and there has been a lot in interest in this. See Appendix H for more information.

 Continue to develop the Office of Compliance Web site to provide a one-stop portal for policy information and training for staff. Status: The purpose of the Office of Compliance Web site is to familiarize the NOAO community with policies, procedures, and resources that NOAO and AURA have in place or, in some instances, are in the process of developing to support compliance. It is important that each employee understands his or her role in making compliance a part of everyday NOAO activities. The portal gives access to the electronic Conflict of Interest disclosure form, Re- sponsible Conduct in Research training, and ARRA and various other pertinent policies and procedures including allowable costs. The Web site is a dynamic site and is updated when there are new regulations or when new or modified policies and procedures are implemented. It can be found at http://www.noao.edu/oc.

 Develop and provide policy and procedural training to NOAO and other AURA Centers in the areas of federal agency grant and agreement policies, procurement, conflict of interest, in- tegrity in research, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) and other pertinent policies or program regulations. Status: In 2011, training was given to NOAO North and NSO in the areas of conflict of interest and allowable costs; procurement training will occur in the first quarter of FY12. Collabora- tion with CAS Contracts and NOAO South staff has produced ARRA procedures for the procurement manual.

 Work with the Office of Science to strengthen the Responsible Conduct in Research (RCR) training. Status: The RCR training was instituted in 2011, and all current undergraduate, graduate, and postdocs have been trained. The Office of Science began a series of talks for the scientific staff. The first talk, titled ―Three Deadly Sins of Responsible Conduct in Research: Fabri- cation, Falsification, and Plagiarism,‖ was held in September 2011. These talks will be continued throughout FY12.

 With the AURA risk review manager, ensure that AURA Center procedures are in compliance with AURA and other federal policies and regulations. Work with Central Adminis- trative Services and their affiliates to update procedures to meet new AURA and agency policies. Status: During this fiscal year, a draft policy on cost and price analysis for construction projects was developed. The final draft is under review to be implemented in FY12. Also a review of the current procurement policy manual was begun in preparation for the 2012 Business Service Review.

74 NOAO-WIDE PROGRAMS

 Review and approve conflict-of-interest (COI) management plans as needed and implement updated AURA COI policies. Status: The AURA COI policy was revised to include a new COI electronic disclosure form. As of September 2011, 95% of the employees have completed a new electronic form. The Spanish-language form and instructions for submission were updated and are now available for use by NOAO South. Training for NOAO North and NSO was done in April 2011.

5.5 ARRA INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL

FY11 Program Review In August 2009, NSF awarded NOAO a three-year $5.6M grant (SPO-16 AST-0947035) funded by the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA). FY11 was year 2 of the program execution. More specific details of the activities funded by this award can be found in the reports submitted to NSF under AST-0947035.

Status of FY11 Milestones  Begin to perform the work required to complete the major sub-contracted projects funded by the ARRA at Cerro Tololo, Cerro Pachón, La Serena Base Facility, Kitt Peak, and Tucson Headquarters. Status: In progress. All major subcontracts have been bid. In FY11, the following projects were completed: Cerro Tololo frequency converter and backup generator, Tucson computer room renovations, and the Tucson electrical supply equipment renovation. Construction on the Cerro Pachón kitchen and dining facility began in FY11.

 Begin repairs and renovations at NOAO South to be completed with NOAO South labor, and which include La Serena and CTIO meeting room renovations, and the Blanco instrument handling facilities and cooling system. Status: In progress. Major roof repairs were completed on the Cerro Tololo dormitories in FY11. The Blanco instrument handling facility also was completed in this period, and a new chiller for the Blanco cooling system was put in operation. The mountain meeting room renovations were in progress at the end of FY11.

75 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

APPENDICES

A FY11 BUDGET BY PROGRAM

A.1 FY11 EXPENDITURES

Reserve NDO Fee The Figure A-1 pie chart shows the 0% 3% 2% breakdown of the NOAO base fund ex- EPO CTIO 3% 16% penditures by major program on a per- CAS centage basis. 4% Table A-1 shows the actual gross OS 2% expense figures as of the end of FY11 for each work package as well as the NS carry-forward funds. The left-hand col- 16% umn provides a comparison with the NSTC FY11 budgeted spend plan (which in- 18% cludes NSF base funding and revenue from other sources). The key for Table NSSC A-1 provides descriptions of the work 9% KPNO NNFO breakdown structure shown in the table. 21% (See section 0 for a breakdown of the 6% funds carried forward from FY11 to Figure A-1: NOAO FY11 base fund expenditures by program FY12.) as a percentage of the total.

Table A-1: FY11 Planned vs. Actual Expenditures.

Expenses to Work Breakdown Structure Total Budget Date

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Director's Office 357,850 378,851 Telescope Operations 3,384,729 3,532,057 Tele Improvements/Inst Development 1,927,219 2,002,363 Science Research 424,913 512,565 User Support 185,255 161,823 Subtotal 6,279,965 6,587,659 NOAO South Administrative Services 1,757,615 1,886,722 Facilities Operations 1,462,678 1,309,951 Mountain Operations 2,109,697 1,961,690 Computer Infrastructure Services 759,566 853,536 Directors Office 611,569 676,950 Subtotal 6,701,125 6,688,849 Kitt Peak National Observatory Director's Office 426,057 442,210 Telescope Operations 4,489,328 4,189,668 Tele Improvements/Inst Development 788,157 1,144,808 Science Research 138,751 145,957 User Support 156,713 96,895 Mountain Operations 2,212,162 1,998,560 Outreach & Education 42,000 49,721 Visitor Center 851,316 863,296 Subtotal 9,104,485 8,931,115 (Table A-1 is continued on the next page.)

77 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Table A-1: FY11 Planned vs. Actual Expenditures (Continued).

Expenses to Work Breakdown Structure Total Budget Date

NOAO North Facilities Operations Central Facilities Operations 1,810,162 1,711,642 Computer Infrastructure Services 675,811 706,258 Subtotal 2,485,973 2,417,900 NOAO System Science Center Science Data Management 1,890,684 1,816,526 ReSTAR Palomar Nights Support 74,439 - ReSTAR Palomar Nights Supplement 269,240 269,240 System User Support 1,452,540 1,287,541 System Community Development 624,384 397,459 Subtotal 4,311,287 3,770,766 NOAO System Technology Center System Instrumentation 2,353,387 3,000,362 ReSTAR 570,328 91,081 ReSTAR Suppplement 2,201,936 1,860,086 GSMT/ELT 268,023 198,285 LSST 1,488,672 1,134,927 LSST Supplement 1,499,401 1,553,632 Subtotal 8,381,747 7,838,372 Office of Science Science Staff 746,277 588,423 SPRFs 288,370 179,803 Subtotal 1,034,647 768,226 Central Administrative Services 2,036,330 1,790,947 Education and Public Outreach 1,167,357 1,133,793 NOAO Director's Office 1,897,902 1,496,408 Reserve 928,481 1,097 AURA F&A and Management Fee 852,460 891,074 Total Base Funds 45,181,759 42,316,207

Other NSF Funding ARRA Stimulus Funding North 2,395,147 1,352,596 ARRA Stimulus Funding South 1,828,153 877,354 ReSTAR Palomar Nights 285,849 - ReSTAR Instrument Fabrication 2,799,473 - LSST Supplement 1,019,000 - TSIP 6,043,082 3,038,402 Total Other NSF Funding 14,370,704 5,268,353

Total NOAO Expenditures 47,584,560

FY11 Base Funding (27,486,023) FY10 Carry-Forward Applied to NOAO Base Programs (1,999,900) FY11 Program Outside Revenue (11,725,257) Supplemental Support Expenditure (8,951,311) FY11 Carry-Forward without Supplemental Funds (2,577,931)

FY11 Supplemental Carry-Forward (9,389,971) FY11 Total Carry-Forward (11,967,902)

78 FY11 BUDGET BY PROGRAM

Key to Table A-1 FY11 Planned vs. Actual Expenditures

Cerro Tololo Inter- This work package includes the operational and mountain facilities support costs for CTIO. American Observatory It does not include NOAO-wide administrative costs. (CTIO)

Director‘s Office This work package includes the director, deputy director, assistant/business manager, and administrative assistant and focuses on the daily operations of CTIO, support to the CTIO community, and site protection.

Telescope Operations This work package includes all of the NOAO costs associated with the operations and maintenance of the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope and partner (SOAR, SMARTS) telescopes and instruments. The costs and effort for all operations and support staff, including both technical and scientific support, are included.

Tele Improvements/Inst De- This work package includes all costs associated with the improvement of the CTIO Blanco velopment 4-m and partner (SOAR, SMARTS) telescopes and the development of new instruments for these telescopes.

User Support This work package covers interface, scheduling, logistics, and assistance for visiting observers at all telescopes in Chile to which astronomers have access via NOAO. It does not include support for observations at the telescope. That support is covered under Telescope Operations, above.

NOAO South (NS) This NOAO division focuses on the administration, facilities, and IT support services for NOAO activities based in La Serena, Chile.

Administrative Services This work package includes the costs of administrative support to all programs on the AURA site in Chile, which include personnel and payroll, procurement, budget and accounting, reception, and general management of the site.

Facilities Operations This work package includes the shared costs of operations of all of the AURA La Serena facilities, including warehouse, shipping/receiving, inventory control, security, water and sewer facilities, garage and transport, and the La Serena motel, as well as general maintenance and janitorial services.

Mountain Operations Included in this work package are the costs of CTIO‘s share of metered facilities support, including utilities such as electricity, telephone, and water services, as well as liquid nitro- gen for the instrumentation. Also included are the payments required by Chilean law and the AURA labor contract to Chilean employees when they end their employment with the organization, whether through resignation, retirement, or by being laid off.

Computer Infrastructure Ser- This work package includes computer system support for NOAO South including network vices maintenance and software support. It includes system security and access.

Director‘s Office All activities related to the management of general NOAO activities in La Serena are contained in this work package.

Kitt Peak National Observa- This work package contains the operational and mountain support costs for KPNO includ- tory (KPNO) ing personnel, travel, miscellaneous equipment, tenant support, Site Director‘s office, user support, NSO support, instrumentation and modernization upgrades, and other mountain facilities costs. It includes costs of telescope operation and maintenance and partnerships. It does not include NOAO-wide administrative costs.

79 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Key to Table A-1 FY11 Planned vs. Actual Expenditures

Director‘s Office This work package includes the cost of the KPNO director, the assistant to the director, assistance from a program/budget manager, part of the time of an administrative assistant, and their support of KPNO operations and the KPNO community. It also includes site protection costs.

Telescope Operations This work package includes all of the NOAO costs directly associated with the operations and maintenance of the KPNO (Mayall 4-m and 2.1-m) and partner (WIYN, NSO, NRAO) telescopes and instruments.

Tele Improvements/Inst De- This work package includes all of the NOAO costs directly associated with the improve- velopment ment of the KPNO (Mayall 4-m and 2.1-m) and partner (WIYN, NSO, NRAO) telescopes and the development of new instruments for these telescopes.

Science Research This work package includes the scientific staff time associated with their allocation for scientific and/or technical research, professional development activities, and external service (e.g., membership on committees whose activities benefit the astronomical community). Also included are the non-NSF grant funds awarded to KPNO staff who are partially committed/assigned to work on a project that does not fall within one of the other work packages. Some non-scientific staff supported on non-NSF research grants also are included in this package.

User Support This work packages refers to support of observers when they are not directly engaged in observing. Observing run preparation, advice on observatory performance for use in proposals, occasional service observing, and the KPNO Observing Support Office activities are included here.

Mountain Operations This work package includes support of the mountain physical plant, external to the telescope domes. This package also includes all tenant support.

Outreach and Education This work package includes the cost of efforts to educate the people and governments of Arizona on the protection of surrounding area night skies for the cultural legacy of the local community and for scientific research.

Visitor Center This work package includes the Kitt Peak Visitor Center (KPVC) and the other KPNO public outreach/press/education activities.

NOAO North Facility Oper- This NOAO division focuses on providing facility maintenance/support and comput- ations er/network services to all of the occupants of the Tucson facilities, including NSO, ATST, WIYN, and LSST Corporation (LSSTC).

Central Facilities Operations This work package includes the NOAO North facilities operation costs of non-mountaintop building maintenance, roads and grounds, utilities, vehicles, security, and janitorial services in Tucson.

Computer Infrastructure Ser- Included in this work package is computer system support for NOAO North, NSO, SOAR, vices and WIYN including network maintenance and software support. It also includes system security and access.

NOAO System Science Cen- This NOAO division is a combination of the Science Data Management, Science User ter Support, and System Community Development programs. It includes personnel, travel, support, and equipment for NSSC to provide US community access and user support to the two Gemini telescopes. Support activity occurs at both NOAO North and South. Science research time for scientific staff that have NSSC functional responsibilities and NSSC postdoc support is also included.

Science Data Management This work package contains the planning and management of SDM North and South, development and operation of the End-to-End Data Management System, user support, and data management for other initiatives. It includes community involvement and data in the VAO.

ReSTAR Palomar Nights This work package contains a small amount of NOAO staff time for community user sup- Support port.

80 FY11 BUDGET BY PROGRAM

Key to Table A-1 FY11 Planned vs. Actual Expenditures

ReSTAR Palomar Nights This work package contains funds from AST-0244680 supplement to be paid to Caltech for Supplement access to the Mt. Palomar 200-inch Hale Telescope.

System User Support This work package includes management of US community access to Gemini and other System telescopes, including periodic meetings of NOAO user constituencies, other informational workshops and committees, and the annual meeting of the survey teams. It also includes user support for observing proposal preparation and submission (Phase I) and observing program preparation for approved programs (Phase II) for all System facilities, as well as post-observing data processing.

System Community Devel- This work package focuses on connecting the US community-at-large with the new science opment capabilities under development such as LSST, GMT, TMT, LCOGTN, and various emerging facilities for optical interferometry. It also includes support for the System Roadmap Committee and community engagement intended to support science collaborations in developing the science missions and input into the LSST.

NOAO System Technology This NOAO division is responsible for coordinating technological enhancements to the US Center O/IR ground-based observing system. It incorporates System Instrumentation, Telescope System Instrumentation Program, Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope/ELT Technology, the NOAO LSST Project Office, and the NOAO portion of the ReSTAR supplement program.

System Instrumentation This work package contains the operations and management of the instrumentation program supporting NOAO, the System, and the community. It also includes TORRENT and other instrumentation support.

ReSTAR This work package is NOAO base funding support for the ReSTAR program (see ReSTAR Supplement below).

ReSTAR Supplement This work package includes activities funded through the NSF ReSTAR proposal (AST- 0244680 supplement and AST-0936648) including two new instruments for the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope (COSMOS and TripleSpec), one new instrument for the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope (KOSMOS), and detector upgrades to one existing instrument each at KPNO and CTIO (Mosaic and Hydra-South, respectively).

GSMT/ELT This work package focuses on the management of the GSMT program supporting the US community‘s interest in and access to future ELTs. It includes GSMT Science Working Group and other community interactions, oversight of the NSF award-funded effort with the TMT and GMT projects, reporting to NSF, and site-testing work in Chile. It also includes outside-of-NOAO-funded technical activity done for TMT and GMT.

LSST This work package includes support for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) for the design, development, and construction of the facilities in Chile, including the telescope, enclosure, and support facilities both on the summit and in La Serena.

LSST Supplement This work package includes the portion of funds provided to NOAO from a separate NSF grant (AST-1036980) awarded to the LSST Corporation for the full Design and Develop- ment of the LSST System (see LSST above).

Office of Science (OS) This work-package contains support to science staff, including administrative support, col- loquia, travel, page charges, and conferences/workshops. It also includes salary support for fellowships and those science staff on sabbatical or directly supporting the OS activity.

Science Staff These funds cover the cost of administering the scientific staff support activities and support for the libraries, including non-payroll funds to pay page charges for NOAO scientific staff and provide them with office supplies.

SPRFs Science Program Research Funds (SPRF) allocated to each NOAO scientific staff member at NOAO North and South are included in this work package. These funds provide support to scientific staff for their individual research.

81 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Key to Table A-1 FY11 Planned vs. Actual Expenditures

Central Administrative Ser- This work package includes the Tucson-based human resources, accounting/financial man- vices agement, procurement, payroll, shipping/receiving, and export control and includes support to NSO, AURA Corporate, WIYN, SOAR, other AURA Centers, and LSSTC.

Education and Public Out- This work package contains the NOAO North and South education and public outreach reach (EPO) programs, REU programs, public affairs, and graphic arts.

NOAO Director’s Office This work package focuses on the activities of the NOAO director, deputy director, admin- (NDO) istrative support staff, risk management, library, and safety coordination.

Reserve This work package contains uncommitted FY11 base funds and unexpended or uncommitted FY10 base funds. The reserve is used for unpredictable spending needs, such as major changes in the US dollar to Chilean peso exchange rate or unexpected maintenance needs requiring immediate response.

AURA F&A Management This work package includes the AURA support from NOAO and the AURA F&A for new Fee funds and carry-forward from non-expended FY10 funds. The AURA management fee is calculated based on a G&A indirect rate of 2.48 percent including a negotiated fee of $150K.

Total Base Funds This total includes the total expenditures of NOAO programs from NSF base funds.

Other NSF Funding NSF funding for NOAO programs awarded separately from CSA (1) AST-0950945.

ARRA Stimulus Funding This work package includes the renewal of critical infrastructure at the Tucson Headquar- North ters and Kitt Peak using one-time funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) awarded under SPO-16 AST-0947035.

ARRA Stimulus Funding This work package includes the renewal of critical infrastructure at the La Serena Base Fa- South cility and Cerro Tololo (including Cerro Pachón) using one-time funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) awarded under SPO-16 AST-0947035.

ReSTAR Palomar Nights This work package includes FY12 funds for Palomar access which are carried forward from the ReSTAR supplement to SPO-1 AST-0244680 (as planned).

ReSTAR Instrument Fabrica- This work package includes funds for instrument development (KOSMOS, COSMOS, and tion TripleSpec) under ReSTAR Year 1 (AST-0244680) and Year 2 (AST-0936648) that is programed in future years (as planned).

LSST Supplement This work package includes future year funding for the LSST supplement (see above) from the multi-year supplement award (AST-1036980).

TSIP The Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), through AST-0335461, funds development of new instruments for, or operational costs of, non-federal observatories in return for US community access to observing time on those telescopes as administered by the NOAO TAC.

Total Other NSF Funding This total includes the expenditures for NSF awards to NOAO other than CSA (1) AST- 0950495.

Total NOAO Expenditures This total includes the total expenditures of NOAO programs from NSF Funds.

FY11 Base Funding Actual FY11 NSF funding provided to NOAO for base programming.

FY10 Carry-Forward Applied FY10 carry-forward that was applied to the FY11 program. to NOAO Base Programs

FY11 Program Outside Reve- FY11 NSF base program revenue applied to the FY11 program (from Table A-2). nue

82 FY11 BUDGET BY PROGRAM

Key to Table A-1 FY11 Planned vs. Actual Expenditures

Supplemental Support Ex- Total expenditures on supplemental support awards including the FY08 NOAO supple- penditure mental support for FY11 expenditures from the LSST Design and Development project, KPNO and CTIO ARRA modernization projects, TSIP, and projects funded through the ReSTAR award.

FY11 Carry-Forward with- Unexpended base funding and outside revenue not including supplemental awards (LSST, out Supplemental Funds ReSTAR, ARRA, TSIP).

FY11 Supplemental Carry- Unexpended available carry-forward from restricted supplements including ARRA, Forward ReSTAR, LSST Design and Development supplement, and TSIP (from Table A-3).

FY11 Total Carry- Total amount of unexpended carry-forward from all NOAO programs. Forward

A.2 FY11 REVENUE Table A-2 summarizes the other revenue—non-NSF base funding—received by each program. The key to Table A-2 describes the revenue sources.

Table A-2: FY11 NOAO Program Outside Revenue.

Description FY11 Revenue Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Mountain Support for Gemini, SOAR, & AURA-O 2,087,015 Labor Support for SOAR 102,532 Labor Support for SMARTS 101,378 Labor Support for Grants 34,241 Labor Support for Tenants 136,678 Indirect Costs and Other Revenues 198,302 Observer Support Revenue 37,256 Subtotal 2,697,402 NOAO South Facilities Use Revenue for La Serena Operations 1,189,488 Administrative Support for La Serena Operations 1,053,742 Administrative Support for Santiago Operations 35,039 NS CIS Network Support 274,462 Labor Support for SMARTS and LSST 29,439 Library Support for Gemini 5,000 Subtotal 2,587,170 Kitt Peak National Observatory Labor Support for KP Tenants 131,169 Labor Support for Grants 19,416 WIYN Operational Support 1,526,986 Indirect Costs and Other Revenues 138,460 KP Joint Use Fee 105,336 Miscellaneous Facilities Use Fees 353,354 DS3 Link 41,220 Kitt Peak Visitor Center Sales and NSO Outreach 755,653 Subtotal 3,071,594 NOAO North Facility Operations CFO Support for NSO, WIYN, and Grants 828,596 NN CIS Support for NSO 211,623 NN CIS Labor Support for VAO & Gemini 11,531 Subtotal 1,051,750 (Table A-2 is continued on the next page.)

83 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Table A-2: FY11 NOAO Program Outside Revenue (Continued).

Description FY11 Revenue NOAO System Science Center SDM Labor Support for VAO 213,472 SDM Labor Support for NASA Grants 9,926 SCD Labor Support for NASA Grants 20,008 Subtotal 243,406 NOAO System Technology Center SI Labor Support for ATST 61,942 SI Labor Support for WIYN ODI 37,609 SI Labor Support for TSIP 21,690 SI Labor Support for Other Outside Projects 36,105 SI High Bay Rent 12,000 GSMT/ELT Labor Support for ATST 18,552 GSMT/ELT Labor Support for GMT 112,421 LSST Labor Support Lowell Observatory 16,559 LSST Labor Support ATST 15,661 Subtotal 332,539 Central Administrative Services CAS Support for NSO, WIYN, LSSTC, SOAR, and Grants 1,077,302 CAS AURA Corporate Support 39,000 CAS Gemini Payroll & IT Support 66,000 Subtotal 1,182,302 Office of Science Workshop Support & Miscellaneous Revenue 5,718 Subtotal 5,718 Education & Public Outreach Labor Recharged to Science Foundation of Arizona 93,411 Support for NSO 109,489 Miscellaneous Program Support Revenue 6,462 Subtotal 209,362 NOAO Director's Office Grant Indirect Revenue 174,641 Labor Recharged to VAO, ATST, & TSIP 92,787 AURA DDF 17,500 Library Support for NSO 59,086 Subtotal 344,014 Total Outside Program Revenue 11,725,257

Key to Table A-2 FY11 NOAO Program Outside Revenue

Cerro Tololo Inter- NOAO Division American Observatory

Mountain Support for Gemini, Revenue for support of mountain operations from Gemini, SOAR, AURA-O, and other SOAR, & AURA-O tenants on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón.

Labor Support for SOAR General labor cost recovery from SOAR for operational and project support.

Labor Support for SMARTS General labor cost recovery from the SMARTS Consortium for operational and miscellaneous support.

Labor Support for Grants Labor supported by outside grant funding.

Labor Support for Tenants Revenue for support of mountain operations from Gemini, SOAR, SMARTS, PROMPT, WHAM, and other tenants on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón.

Indirect Costs and Other Reve- General indirect cost recovery for operational support. nues

Observer Support Revenue Revenue from observers for meals, lodging, and travel support.

84 FY11 BUDGET BY PROGRAM

Key to Table A-2 FY11 NOAO Program Outside Revenue

NOAO South NOAO Division

Facilities Use Revenue for La Revenue from providing facilities services to the tenants (Gemini, SOAR, and AURA-O). Serena Operations

Administrative Support for La Revenue from providing administrative services to the tenants. Serena Operations

Administrative Support Santiago Revenue from providing administrative support to the AURA-O operations in Santiago. Operations This support includes managing import/export needs of all AURA programs, including shipments of expensive astronomical instrumentation.

NS CIS Network Support Revenue from the users for providing computer network support to Las Campanas, ALMA, and tenants.

Labor Support for SMARTS Revenue from SMARTS Consortium and LSSTC for labor support by CTIO staff. and LSST

Library Support for Gemini Contributions from Gemini for support of the La Serena Library.

Kitt Peak National Observa- NOAO Division tory

Labor Support for KP Tenants Labor provided by KPNO support staff to tenants of Kitt Peak.

Labor Support for Grants Labor supported by outside grant funding.

WIYN Operational Support Funds from the WIYN partners toward support of operations including the NOAO contribution from base funds.

Indirect Costs and Other Reve- Revenue for indirect costs involved in support of Kitt Peak Tenants. nues

KP Joint Use Fee Annual fee charged to all tenants on Kitt Peak (KP) for joint support services provided.

Miscellaneous Facilities Use Miscellaneous revenue (e.g., lodging, meals, and use of Coudé Feed facility) from use of Fees the facilities by non-NOAO staff.

DS3 Link Revenue from tenants for maintenance and support.

Kitt Peak Visitor Center Sales Revenue from Visitor Center, sales, night observing programs, etc.; the Friends of Kitt and NSO Outreach Peak program, and NSO outreach-related activities.

NOAO North Facility Opera- NOAO Division tions

CFO Support for NSO, WIYN, Indirect revenue from grants and support and business administrative services and facili- and Grants ties support provided by NOAO North Central Facilities Operations to NSO, WIYN, LSSTC, etc.

NN CIS Support for NSO Revenue from labor support by NOAO North Computer Infrastructure Services to NSO.

NN CIS Labor Support for Revenue from labor support by NOAO North Computer Infrastructure Services to VAO VAO & Gemini and Gemini.

NOAO System Science Center NOAO Division

SDM Labor Support for VAO NSF grant support for labor by SDM staff on the Virtual Astronomical Observatory (VAO).

85 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Key to Table A-2 FY11 NOAO Program Outside Revenue

SDM Labor Support for NASA NASA grant support for labor by SDM staff on various NASA grants. Grants

SCD Labor Support for NASA NASA grant support for labor by SCD staff on various NASA grants. Grants

NOAO System Technology NOAO Division Center

SI Labor Support for ATST Revenue for labor support provided to ATST.

SI Labor Support for WIYN Revenue for labor support provided to WIYN ODI project. ODI

SI Labor Support for TSIP Revenue for labor support provided to TSIP projects.

SI Labor Support for Other Miscellaneous support work done by the engineering and technology staff for Gemini, Outside Projects Steward Observatory, Lunar Planetary Lab, and other local astronomical institutions.

SI High Bay Rent Rent revenue for the use of the NOAO high bay by Steward Observatory, Lunar Planeta- ry Lab, and other local astronomical institutions.

GSMT/ELT Labor Support for Miscellaneous support work done by the engineering and technical staff for ATST design ATST development at the request of the ATST project.

GSMT/ELT Labor Support for GMT KASI contract revenue. GMT

LSST Labor Support Lowell Miscellaneous revenue for labor support provided to the conceptual design effort for a Observatory new spectrograph.

LSST Labor Support ATST Miscellaneous revenue for labor support provided to do detailed design work for ATST opto-mechanical subsystems.

Central Administrative Ser- NOAO Division vices

CAS Support for NSO, WIYN, Revenue for accounting and other administrative support provided to NSO, WIYN, LSSTC, SOAR, and Grants LSSTC, and SOAR, as well as general and administrative revenue (G&A) collected on grants and other outside projects.

CAS AURA Corporate Support Support funds for business administrative support for AURA Corporate including payroll, audits, and reporting.

CAS Gemini Payroll & IT Sup- Revenue for support to Gemini for payroll and IT computer services. port

Office of Science NOAO Division

Workshop Support & Miscella- Support for ―Massive Galaxies over Cosmic Time‖ workshop received from registration neous Revenue and sponsorship fees.

Education and Public Out- NOAO Division reach

Labor Recharged to Science Grant funding from the state‘s Science Foundation Arizona (SFAz) to recover labor costs Foundation of Arizona related to ―Building Information Technology Skills through Astronomy (BITS)‖ and ―Bringing the Hands-On Optics Program to Arizona.‖

Support for NSO Revenue provided by NSO to support NSO EPO efforts on Kitt Peak, some public information functions, and general EPO outreach locally and regionally on behalf of NSO.

86 FY11 BUDGET BY PROGRAM

Key to Table A-2 FY11 NOAO Program Outside Revenue

Miscellaneous Program Support Additional revenue for general support. Revenue

NOAO Director’s Office NOAO Division

Grant Indirect Revenue A portion of grant revenue goes to the Director‘s Office for misc. science support and NSO library support.

Labor Recharged to VAO, Revenue from labor support to VAO, ATST, and TSIP. ATST, & TSIP

AURA DDF Funding from AURA Corporate for discretionary expenditures.

Library Support for NSO Contributions from NSO for support of the NOAO Library.

Total Outside Program Total of outside revenue not provided by the NSF core program. Includes supplemental Revenue funds used for NOAO base programs. (Refer to revenue table for full detailed revenues per program.)

A.3 FY11 FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD TO FY12 Table A-3 shows a breakdown of carry-forward from FY11 base funding and external revenue and the total carry-forward available for distribution in the NOAO FY12 program.

Table A-3: Carry-Forward after FY 2011 Expenditures

Program Carry-Forward Base Funds Carried Forward 2,577,931 Supplemental Funds Carried Forward ARRA 1,993,350 ReSTAR Palomar Nights 285,849 ReSTAR KOSMOS 3,141,323 LSST Supplement 964,769 TSIP 3,004,680 Subtotal 9,389,971 Total Base and Supplemental Funds Carried Forward 11,967,902

Other NSF Funds Carry-Forward REU 546,109 AODP 7,157 LSSTC 678,546 GSMT 19,110 EPO Projects 11,545 Interagency Transfers 318,383 Subtotal 1,580,850 Total Funds Carried Forward 13,548,752

B NOAO KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

B.1 NOAO KEY MANAGEMENT DURING FY11

 David Silva, NOAO Director

 Robert Blum, NOAO Deputy Director

 Abhijit Saha, Interim Associate Director for KPNO

 R. Chris Smith, Associate Director for CTIO

 Verne V. Smith, Associate Director for NOAO System Science Center

 Chris Richardson, Controller

 Joan Najita, Head of Program, Office of Science

 David Sprayberry, Head of Program, NOAO System Technology Center

 Stephen Pompea, Head of Program, Education and Public Outreach

B.2 SCIENTIFIC STAFF CHANGES DURING FY11

New Appointments Date Name Position Location 08/25/2011 Atlee, David Research Associate NOAO-N 10/25/2010 Everett, Mark E. Research Associate NOAO-S 12/22/2010 James, David J. Assistant Astronomer NOAO-S 09/15/2011 Kaleida, Catherine C. Research Associate NOAO-S

Departures Date Name Position Location 10/30/2010 Berdja, Amokrane Research Associate NOAO-S 01/14/2011 Campbell, Ryan K. Research Associate NOAO-S 08/26/2011 De Propris, Roberto Assistant Astronomer NOAO-S 09/30/2011 De Young, David Astronomer/Tenure NOAO-N 08/19/2011 Doppmann, Greg Assistant Scientist NOAO-N 03/04/2011 Howell, Steve B. Associate Astronomer NOAO-N 09/16/2011 Reddy, Naveen Research Associate NOAO-N

88 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

Status Changes Date Name Position Change Location 08/15/2011 Allen, Lori E. Associate Scientist Appointed Deputy Director, KPNO NOAO-N 04/01/2011 Blum, Robert NOAO Deputy Director Promoted to Astronomer/Tenure from NOAO-N Associate Astronomer/Tenure 04/01/2011 Dey, Arjun Astronomer/Tenure Promoted from Associate Astrono- NOAO-N mer/Tenure 01/28/2011 Doppmann, Greg Assistant Scientist Promoted from Research Associate NOAO-N 12/10/2010 Knezek, Patricia Associate Scientist Appointed WIYN Director NOAO-N 09/01/2011 Knezek, Patricia WIYN Director Promoted to Scientist from Associate NOAO-N Scientist 04/15/2011 Matheson, Thomas D. Associate Astrono- Granted Tenure NOAO-N mer/Tenure 04/01/2011 Najita, Joan R. Head of Program, Office Promoted to Astronomer/Tenure from NOAO-N of Science Associate Astronomer/Tenure 05/10/2011 Rajagopal, Jayadev Assistant Scientist Transferred from NOAO-S to NOAO-N NOAO-N

05/10/2011 Ridgway, Susan Assistant Astronomer Transferred from NOAO-S to NOAO-N NOAO-N

B.3 EFFORT OF SCIENTIFIC STAFF BY BUDGETED PROGRAM The Table B-1 shows the FY11 effort by each scientific staff member within the NOAO functional programs. This table may be compared with Table 21 in the NOAO Annual Program Plan FY 2011, in which the predictions at the start of the year are listed. Scientific staff fill out biweekly timecards indicating the hours spent on each activity. These hours are converted to fractions of a pay period, taking charges to grants and functional activities first, then research, up to the 80 hours per pay period limit. The nominal allocation for research is shown with a code after the staff member‘s name as fol- lows:

 Director, Deputy Director, and Associate Director (D): max of 20%

 Head of Program (H): max of 20%

 Full, Associate, and Assistant Astronomer (A): max of 50%

 Full, Associate, and Assistant Scientist (S): max of 20%

 EPO Scientist and Associate Scientist (PS): max of 20%

 Postdocs and Goldberg Fellows (P): max of 100%

89 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Table B-1: FY11 Fractional Division of Effort of NOAO Scientific Staff and Key Management by Budgeted Program (FY11 NSF-Allocated Funds Only) NSSC NSTC CTIO/ TSIP/ NOAO GRANTS/ Name Research KPNO SUS SDM SCD SI LSST GSMT OS EPO Total NOAO-S ReSTAR DIR OTHER Abbott, Timothy (S) 1.00 1.00 Allen, Lori (S, D) 0.98 0.02 1.00 Blum, Robert D. (A, D) 0.02 0.05 0.93 1.00 Boroson, Todd (A, H) 0.28 0.53 0.19 1.00 Cunha, Katia M.L. (A)1 0.43 0.57 1.00 De Propris, Roberto (A) 0.36 0.64 1.00 De Young, David S. (A) 0.55 0.05 0.03 0.37 1.00 Dey, Arjun (A) 0.18 0.51 0.31 1.00 Dickinson, Mark E. (A) 0.58 0.41 0.01 1.00 Elias, Jonathan H. (A) 0.05 0.36 0.21 0.38 1.00 Garmany, Catharine D. (PS) 0.13 0.33 0.21 0.33 1.00 Gregory, Brooke (S)2 0.01 0.95 0.04 1.00 Heathcote, Stephen (D) 1.00 1.00 Hinkle, Kenneth H. (S) 0.17 0.80 0.03 1.00 Howell, Steve B. (A)3 0.36 0.64 1.00 James, David J. (A)4 0.78 0.10 0.12 1.00 Jannuzi, Buell T. (A) 0.61 0.38 0.01 1.00 Joyce, Richard R. (S) 0.11 0.67 0.20 0.02 1.00 Knezek, Patricia (S, D) 0.15 0.85 1.00 Lauer, Tod R. (A) 0.69 0.10 0.16 0.05 1.00 Matheson, Thomas D. (A) 0.33 0.25 0.42 1.00 Merrill, K. Michael (S) 0.02 0.98 1.00 Mighell, Kenneth J. (S) 5 0.39 0.61 1.00

1 Katia Cunha is a half-time employee and began a non-NOAO-funded sabbatical 1 July 2011. 2 Brooke Gregory reduced his time to 50%. 3 Steve Howell left NOAO 14 March 2011. 4 David James started at NOAO 15 December 2010. 5 Kenneth Mighell is funded with 35% coming from base revenue for the KPNO REU directorship and 65% from grants.

90 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

NSSC NSTC CTIO/ TSIP/ NOAO GRANTS/ Name Research KPNO SUS SDM SCD SI LSST GSMT OS EPO Total NOAO-S ReSTAR DIR OTHER Najita, Joan R. (A, H) 0.96 0.04 1.00 Norman, Dara (S) 0.35 0.48 0.17 1.00 Olsen, Knut (A, H) 0.30 0.67 0.03 1.00 Points, Sean D. (S) 0.09 0.70 0.21 1.00 Pompea, Stephen M. (PS, H) 0.22 0.69 0.09 1.00 Probst, Ronald G. (S) 0.13 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.36 0.10 1.00 Rajagopal, Jayadev (S) 0.13 0.54 0.32 0.01 1.00 Ridgway, Stephen T. (A) 0.36 0.53 0.11 1.00 Ridgway, Susan E. (A) 0.39 0.61 1.00 Saha, Abhijit (A, D) 0.06 0.92 0.02 1.00 Shaw, Richard (S) 1.00 1.00 Silva, David (A, D) 0.01 0.99 1.00 Smith, Malcolm G. (A) 6 0.35 0.65 1.00 Smith, Robert C. (A, D) 0.63 0.37 1.00 Smith, Verne V. (A, D) 0.13 0.87 1.00 Sprayberry, David (H) 0.95 0.04 0.01 1.00 Stanghellini, Letizia (A) 0.47 0.53 1.00 Stobie, Elizabeth B. (H) 0.76 0.24 1.00 Tokovinin, Andrei (A) 0.16 0.04 0.80 1.00 Valdes, Francisco (S) 1.00 1.00 van der Bliek, Nicole S. (A, D) 0.05 0.54 0.30 0.11 1.00 Walker, Alistair R. (A) 0.10 0.85 0.05 1.00 Walker, Constance (PS) 0.23 0.75 0.02 1.00 FTE Totals: 8.41 8.52 6.25 5.13 2.22 1.30 2.82 0.71 0.10 0.39 1.47 2.28 2.35 4.05 46.00

Postdoc Associates (North/South)

Atlee, David (P) 1.00 1.00 Berdja, Amokrane (P) 1.00 1.00

6 Malcolm Smith reduced his time to 50%.

91 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

NSSC NSTC CTIO/ TSIP/ NOAO GRANTS/ Name Research KPNO SUS SDM SCD SI LSST GSMT OS EPO Total NOAO-S ReSTAR DIR OTHER Campbell, Ryan (P) 0.60 0.10 0.30 1.00 Doppmann, Greg (P) 0.03 0.22 0.75 1.00 Everett, Mark E. (P) 1.00 1.00 Kaleida, Catherine C. (P) 1.00 1.00 Kartaltepe, Jeyhan (P) 1.00 1.00 Kunder, Andrea (P) 1.00 1.00

Reddy, Naveen A. (P) 1.00 1.00 Schuler, Simon C. (P) 0.18 0.82 1.00

Sherry, William (P) 1.00 1.00 Subasavage, Jr., John (P) 0.64 0.36 1.00 Postdoc FTE Totals: 1.42 2.46 0.03 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.30 0.00 6.75 12.00

92 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

B.4 FY11 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND FY12 PLANS OF SCIENTIFIC STAFF New appointment in FY11  Non-NSF (external) funding Term ended in FY11

TIMOTHY ABBOTT, Associate Scientist

Research Interests Late stages of binary stellar evolution; instrumentation; telescope operations

FY11 Accomplishments Abbott, as manager of NOAO South Engineering and Technical Services (ETS) was responsible for the management of resources among the many instrument and observatory development programs in which CTIO participates. As deputy program manager for development of the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), he was involved in all aspects of the development of DECam. He was particularly involved in the coordination between NOAO, Fermilab, and the other partners to ensure that the Blanco telescope is capable of providing the platform and image quality required, and that DECam will serve the NOAO community appropriately.

FY12 Plans Abbott will continue his participation in the Dark Energy Survey collaboration and will lead the installation of DECam on the Blanco 4-m telescope. This major effort is expected to dominate CTIO‘s attention throughout the year and will result in a significant improvement in the telescope‘s capabilities. Abbott also will continue as manager of NS ETS for its support of CTIO and participation in SOAR, LSST, and other projects.

HELMUT A. ABT, Astronomer Emeritus

Research Interests Stellar evolution; stellar duplicity; interstellar medium; publication studies

FY11 Accomplishments Abt studied stellar evolution during FY11. The Sun is located at the center of an irregular interstellar bubble that has minimum and maximum radii of 50 and 150 pc. The density in the bubble is 200 times smaller than outside the bubble, and the temperature is 200 times greater, so the bubble is stable for mil- lions of years. The interstellar material was probably blown out by one or more supernovae. With the low density within the bubble, no new stars could have been formed since the supernovae explosions. Abt found that the youngest stars in the central region are B7, so the supernova there occurred about 160 million years ago. The Pleiades lobe toward the anti-center has stars of B3 or later, so the supernova that caused that region occurred about 50 million years ago. The lobe toward the galactic center has stars as early as O9.5, so that lobe was formed about 4 million years ago. In fact, it contains a pulsar with a spin- down time of 3.76 million years, so the supernova that produced that pulsar probably caused that lobe. The Sun drifted into this Local Interstellar Bubble about 10 million years ago; it was not in that region at the times of the supernovae explosions.

FY12 Plans Abt will investigate why some open clusters, such as the Pleiades and alpha Persei cluster, have very few binaries (10%) while others, such as the Hyades and Praesepe, have many (60%). What were the different conditions during their formations?

93 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

LORI ALLEN, Associate Scientist (Deputy Director, KPNO)

Research Interests Star and planet formation; infrared astronomy

FY11 Accomplishments Allen continued work on star formation in nearby molecular clouds, in collaboration with her Spitzer Legacy project (Gould‘s Belt Survey, PI Allen) and the Herschel Key Project HOPS (PI Megeath). She was co-author on seven papers published in the Astrophysical Journal and on one published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS). With former PhD student X. Koenig, she published a paper on circumstellar disk evolution and possible signs of planet formation around intermediate-mass stars (Koenig & Allen 2011, ApJ). She worked with her postdoctoral researcher D. Peterson and other members of the Gould‘s Belt team on a paper on star formation in the Corona Australis molecular cloud, which resolved the origin of several bipolar outflows (Peterson et al. 2011, ApJS). A paper in collaboration with N. Evans at University of Texas and his student A. Heiderman (Heiderman et al. 2010, ApJ) dealt with the star formation rate—gas surface density relation in the Milky Way—and another (Gutermuth et al. 2011, ApJ) with the correlations between stellar and gas surface densities in nearby molecular clouds. Allen was co-investigator on a successful Spitzer Exploration class proposal, ―Deep GLIMPSE—Exploring the Far Side of the Galaxy‖ (1350 hours; PI Whitney). She also continued research collaborations with graduate students S. Willis and W. Hsu of Iowa State and Michigan Universi- ties, respectively. With Willis, she has been conducting a study of massive, star-forming regions using Spitzer and NEWFIRM data. With Hsu, she had been studying the effects of environment on the stellar initial mass function using data from Spitzer, Magellan, MMT, and MDM. In addition, she continued her project of high-resolution IR imaging of protostars in the Orion molecular clouds using WHIRC on WIYN. Finally, Allen organized and participated in the campaign to obtain near-IR light curves for SN2011fe. Star formation in nearby clouds was the topic of a talk she presented in September 2011 at the conference ―MW2011: The Milky Way in the Herschel Era,‖ in Rome, Italy, where she also co-authored posters by current student Willis and former students Koenig and L. Chavarria. In June, she submitted a proposal to NASA for a pilot project using the Dark Energy Camera on the Blanco 4-m telescope to search for near-earth objects. She also helped to organize and participated in the DECam Community Workshop in Tucson in August.

FY12 Plans Allen plans to submit a paper summarizing the results of the Spitzer Gould‘s Belt Survey. She also will continue collaborations with her Gould‘s Belt Survey team and with the Herschel HOPS team.

DAVID W. ATLEE, Research Associate 

Research Interests Coevolution of galaxy stellar populations and their black holes; influence of environment on galaxy evolution; assembly of massive galaxies

FY11 Accomplishments Atlee joined NOAO late in August 2011. His primary accomplishments during the fiscal year were to write several observing proposals for both Herschel and for the NOAO O/IR System. In addition, Atlee supported work on the seminal data paper for MAGES, which is nearing completion.

FY12 Plans During FY12, Atlee will finish two unpublished papers based on his dissertation work. He will quickly transition to work on the MAGES project, which will include analysis of the observations proposed during FY11 as well as detailed analysis of existing data. The details of these analyses are still under consid-

94 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

eration and may include a study of star formation as a function of environment and redshift to exploit the large footprint of MAGES on the sky. Atlee also will work independently on a project to measure the influence of an unusual class of stars on the observed colors of galaxies.

AMOKRANE BERDJA, Research Associate 

ROBERT BLUM, Astronomer

Research Interests The Galactic Center; formation of massive stars; and Milky Way and local group resolved stellar populations

FY11 Accomplishments Navarete (PI, Universidade de São Paulo), Damineli (USP), Barbosa (Universidade do Vale do Paraiba), Moisés (USP), Conti (Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), and Blum (NOAO) used the Gemini Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) and the Altair laser guide star system to measure the spectrophotometric distance to the W3 star-forming region in agreement with radio parallax measurements. Olsen (PI, NOAO), Zaritsky (Steward Observatory), Gordon and Boyer (Space Telescope Science Institute), and Blum (NOAO) used the Blanco telescope and Hydra multi-object spectrometer to identify an accreted population of Small Magellanic Cloud stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

FY12 Plans Blum will continue Gemini and SOAR observations of massive star-forming regions with Damineli, Barbosa, and Navarete. Blum will continue Hydra+Blanco observations with Olsen to map the kinematics of the Magellanic Clouds.

TODD BOROSON, Astronomer

Research Interests Structural and physical properties of active galactic nuclei; stellar populations and their evolution; O/IR instrumentation; analysis and mining of large astronomical data sets

FY11 Accomplishments Boroson gave two invited talks: ―NLS1 Properties and Demographics‖ at the April conference ―Narrow- Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies and Their Place in the Universe‖ in Milan, Italy, and ―Closely Separated Binary Black Holes‖ at the August conference ―Single and Double Black Holes in Galaxies‖ in Ann Arbor, Michigan. As a result of work done for the former talk, Boroson wrote and published a paper on ―A New Orientation Indicator for Radio-Quiet Quasars.‖ Boroson continued his work with M. Eracleous (Penn- sylvania State University) to monitor the spectra of 88 objects with shifted broad emission lines to isolate those that are best explained as bound supermassive black hole binaries. A manuscript describing the findings and status of this project at the end of the first year was submitted for publication. In addition, UV spectra of these objects are being obtained with HST. Boroson completed his work on the book, Fifty Years of Quasars: Questions about Observations and Ideas.

FY12 Plans Boroson will continue his work with M. Eracleous (Pennsylvania State University) monitoring quasars that are candidate supermassive black hole binaries. Further observations, to be obtained in FY12, will begin to provide constraints on orbits as well as implications for the number of objects that are in the process of binary black hole coalescence. In addition, a study aimed at identifying quasars that are lens-

95 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

ing background objects, being done in collaboration with F. Courbin (Observatoire de Sauverny, Switzer- land) will be completed.

RYAN CAMPBELL, Research Associate 

KATIA CUNHA, Assistant Astronomer (50% appointment)

Research Interests High-resolution spectroscopy; stellar abundances; Galactic metallicity gradients; chemical evolution

FY11 Accomplishments Cunha continued to work on research related to the chemistry of stars hosting planets and abundance gradients from young stars in the Milky Way Disk based on non-LTE calculations. She also contributed to efforts related to the development of the abundance pipeline for SDSS III/APOGEE (Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment).

FY12 Plans Cunha plans to continue with the analysis of high-resolution spectroscopic data in different stellar populations of the Milky Way. She also plans to study the chemistry of stars in obscured fields in the inner Galactic bulge and Galactic center from data obtained with SDSS III/APOGEE.

ROBERTO DE PROPRIS, Assistant Astronomer 

DAVID DE YOUNG, Astronomer 

ARJUN DEY, Astronomer

Research Interests Galaxy evolution; high-redshift galaxies; large-scale structure; AGN evolution and clustering; observational cosmology

FY11 Accomplishments During FY11, Dey managed and chaired the NOAO telescope time allocation process, served as chair of the WIYN Science Advisory Committee, participated in the BigBOSS project both as a member of the Steering Committee and as the NOAO project scientist, co-authored the BigBOSS Review Response that responded to the external non-advocate review committee‘s report of the BigBOSS proposal, and served on the NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee. Dey‘s research continued to focus on the clustering and evolution of galaxies. He also investigated the properties and evolutionary state of a sample of extremely luminous dusty galaxies at z ~ 2 that appear to be undergoing an active phase of star and active galactic nuclei (AGN) formation using optical, IR, sub-mm, and radio observations. These galaxies may represent a subsequent evolutionary phase of some sub-mm galaxies. Dey studied the nature and evolution of strong Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies at redshifts z ~ 2, helped lead an investigation on very ultraviolet- luminous star-forming galaxies at z ~ 3–4, and participated in searches of very high redshift (z ~ 7) galaxies. Dey was a visiting scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory during June 2011.

FY12 Plans Dey will continue to manage and chair the NOAO telescope time allocation process during FY12 and serve as the NOAO liaison and the NOAO project scientist for the BigBOSS project. He will continue to work primarily on galaxy evolution and clustering, using the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS)

96 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

and related survey data. He plans to study the clustering and evolution of the red envelope galaxy population, investigating the growth of the central black holes in these systems. He will continue projects studying the most ultraviolet-luminous galaxy population at high-redshift, specifically the very bright star- forming galaxies at 3.5 < z < 5.5. He will investigate the properties of the extremely dust-obscured galaxies at redshift z ~ 2 uncovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope, the space density and physical properties of large Lyman-alpha emitting nebulae, and the properties of a sample of z < 2 Lyman-alpha. Dey is a co-investigator on the MAGES and SSDF Spitzer Legacy Projects, the NOAO NEWFIRM Survey aimed at mapping the Boötes Field of the NDWFS.

MARK DICKINSON, Associate Astronomer

Research Interests Galaxy formation and evolution; high redshift galaxies; active galactic nuclei

FY11 Accomplishments Dickinson‘s research focuses on observational studies of galaxy formation and evolution from deep, multiwavelength surveys. He has been the principal investigator (PI) for two Spitzer Legacy science programs, The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), and the Far-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Lega- cy Survey (FIDEL), and is currently the NASA PI for the GOODS Herschel Open Time Key Program (ESA PI D. Elbaz, CEA/Saclay, France). These Spitzer and Herschel observations are sensitive to the bulk of the energy from star formation and supermassive black hole growth at high redshift, which is obscured by dust and reradiated in the infrared. The GOODS-Herschel team reduced and analyzed their data and published a first series of papers presenting their results. Dickinson is also a founding co- investigator for the Cosmic Assembly Near Infra-red Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (―CANDELS,‖ co-PIs S. Faber and H. Ferguson), which was awarded 902 orbits with HST to carry out deep, near- infrared WFC3 imaging in five premier deep survey fields, including both GOODS areas. CANDELS is now taking data and publishing its first results. In FY11, Dickinson supervised NOAO postdoctoral researcher Jeyhan Kartaltepe, who is working on the GOODS-Herschel and CANDELS programs, and who transitioned to a Hubble Fellowship in September 2011. Dickinson was also NOAO staff contact for Hubble Fellow Naveen Reddy. Dickinson supervised the PhD research of University of Arizona (UA) graduate student Stéphanie Juneau, who completed her thesis in September 2011, and is supervising another UA PhD student, Kyle Penner.

FY12 Plans In FY12, Dickinson will continue to focus mainly on research on high redshift galaxies with the GOODS-Herschel and CANDELS observations, studying infrared-luminous galaxies and AGN at z ~ 2– 4, and Lyman break galaxies at 4 < z < 9. He will supervise research by new NOAO postdoc Janine Pforr and continue to supervise Kyle Penner‘s thesis research at the UA.

GREGORY DOPPMANN, Assistant Scientist 

JONATHAN H. ELIAS, Astronomer

Research Interests Star formation and evolution; Magellanic Clouds; supernovae and novae

FY11 Accomplishments Elias provided scientific oversight of the Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT) Program until it was terminated at the direction of the NSF. Elias acted as project manager and systems engineering lead on the Kitt Peak Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (KOSMOS) and Cerro Tololo Ohio State Multi-

97 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Object Spectrograph (COSMOS) projects, which will provide new, efficient multi-object spectrographs for the Mayall and Blanco telescopes, respectively. These instruments are adapted from the successful OSMOS on the MDM 2.4-m Hiltner telescope. The project, funded under ReSTAR, is a joint effort with The Ohio State University where the principal investigator is Paul Martini. Elias also participated in an unsuccessful proposal to Gemini to design the Gemini High-Resolution Optical Spectrograph.

FY12 Plans Elias expects to complete his work on the KOSMOS and COSMOS spectrographs during FY12. Elias will also be managing (and participating) in projects undertaken by the NSTC Design and Analysis Group.

MARK EVERETT, Research Associate 

Research Interests Exoplanets; stellar surveys and variability

FY11 Accomplishments Everett joined programs led by Steve Howell to conduct ground-based follow-up observations to characterize candidate exoplanet host stars identified by the NASA Kepler Mission. Promising host stars are subjected to both spectral classification with the R-C Spectrograph at the Mayall 4-m telescope (to determine stellar gravities, temperatures, and metallicities) and high spatial resolution imaging at WIYN using speckle techniques in an effort to detect multiple sources at the location of the candidate stars. These follow-up observations were used to characterize, validate, or reject multiple planet candidates by testing the targets for contamination and false positive conditions. Additionally, Everett worked on a UBV photometric survey of stars in the Kepler field using the WIYN 0.9-m telescope with the primary goal of identifying hot sources for spectroscopic classification and possible addition to the Kepler target list. He also worked on spectroscopy of astrophysically interesting variable stars identified in the Kepler field.

FY12 Plans Everett plans to continue the Kepler Mission follow-up observations and work to improve the associated data analysis methods. He will also work on spectroscopy of sources identified in the UBV photometric survey of the Kepler field to identify new targets for Kepler.

KATY GARMANY, Associate Scientist

Research Interests Formation and evolution of massive stars; astronomy education

FY11 Accomplishments Garmany worked in collaboration with others on a study of rotation of outer disk B-type stars. Collabora- tor S. Oey (University of Michigan) spent part of the spring semester at NOAO. Garmany also collaborated with H. Bond of STScI on a study of reflection nebulae around galactic Cepheids.

FY12 Plans Garmany plans to complete the study of outer disk B-type stars, including a visit to collaborators in Brazil.

BROOKE GREGORY, Senior Scientist

98 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

KENNETH H. HINKLE, Scientist

Research Interests Peculiar and late-type stars; circumstellar and interstellar matter; molecular spectroscopy; instrumentation

FY11 Accomplishments Hinkle continued his work with L. Wallace (NOAO) on solar and stellar atlases. A solar flux atlas was published including an electronic supplement containing the spectra. Hinkle was a co-investigator on a paper on the  Pic debris disk. This effort was lead by M. Troutman (University of Missouri-St. Louis). Hinkle also continued his research on binary evolution of AGB and post-AGB objects with F. Fekel (Tennessee State University), R. Joyce (NOAO), and P. Wood (Australia National Observatory). Spectra were observed with the KPNO Coudé Feed and the SMARTS 1.5-m telescope. Adaptive optics images were obtained of a number of post-AGB systems using Gemini and WIYN/WHIRC. Hinkle also started work on re-installing the Phoenix spectrograph at Kitt Peak.

FY12 Plans Hinkle plans an initial publication in a series of papers with Fekel, Joyce, and Wood on AGB binary systems containing Mira variables with white dwarf companions. Further work is planned with T. Lebzelter (University of Vienna) on AGB evolution. A program on water in the photospheres and inner circumstellar envelopes of AGB stars is underway with Lebzelter and N. van der Bliek (NOAO). Research on post- AGB binary systems with circumbinary disks will continue with S. Margheim (Gemini), J. Rajagopal (NOAO), S. Brittain (Clemson University) and S. T. Ridgway (NOAO). Hinkle will also work with K. Rao (Indian Institute of Astrophysics) on R CrB stars. Hinkle plans to continue his collaboration with L. Wallace (NOAO) on laboratory and solar spectroscopy. A project with C. Pilachowski (Indiana Universi- ty) is envisaged to archive FTS spectra. Hinkle will continue his work with Joyce and others on high- resolution near-infrared spectrographs.

STEVE B. HOWELL, Associate Astronomer 

Research Interests CCD instrumentation; interacting binaries; exoplanet detection and validation

FY11 Accomplishments Howell worked as the project scientist for the Mosaic 1.1 imager on the Mayall 4-m telescope at Kitt Peak. This upgrade project was finished at the KPNO 4-m telescope in January 2011, and the instrument was commissioned at the KPNO 0.9-m telescope the same month. Howell continued his work as part of the NASA Kepler mission science team using KPNO observations to validate exoplanets and continue research on a number of variable stars discovered by Kepler. Howell provided support for the LSST planning at NOAO and for a few LSST key projects such as variable stars and multicolor surveys. For the eleventh year in a row, Howell was a research mentor for the NASA/IPAC Teacher Archive Research Program (NITARP)—the extended NOAO Teacher Leaders in Research-Based Science Educa- tion program. Additionally, he mentored a summer KPNO REU student.

DAVID JAMES, Assistant Astronomer 

Research Interests Stellar evolution; stellar ages; rotation and lithium depletion on the main sequence; gyrochronology; large-scale photometric and spectroscopic surveys; detection and properties of extrasolar planets

99 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

FY11 Accomplishments James, working with Fulbright scholar O. Boberg, completed a large-scale optical survey (BVRIc) of the young stellar clusters Collinder 70 and Collinder 135, using the CTIO 1-m telescope. Approved low- resolution (R ~ 5000) follow-on observations with GMOS will provide spectra in the lithium region for Collinder 70 low mass stars to measure the cluster‘s age using the lithium depletion boundary method. James received time on Gemini North and the CTIO 1.5-m telescope to characterize the orbits of four brown-dwarf eclipsing binaries in the Orion Nebula Cluster in order to determine dynamical masses for the lowest mass stellar-like objects thus far achieved. With time awarded on the CTIO 4-m telescope, he obtained Mosaic images of a series of deep astrometric fields in a small region of the Dark Energy Sur- vey footprint to establish a set of astrometric standards inside this survey. James and collaborators published two papers, both survey-based, for on-going studies of young, nearby star formation regions and Galactic open clusters. The first one (Platais et al. MNRAS, 2011) published proper motion membership catalogs for the high Galactic latitude open cluster Blanco 1. Using Spitzer data, the second paper (Morales-Calderón et al. ApJ, 2011) presented the data-analysis and resultant light curves for a wide-area photometric monitoring campaign of the Orion Nebula Cluster. James gave an oral presentation at the Stellar Clusters and Associations: A RIA Workshop on GAIA meeting in Granada, Spain. In August, he attended and presented survey results at the Kilo-degree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT) Workshop at Vanderbilt University. James chaired the organizing committee for the NOAO Dark Energy Camera Community Workshop held in August and is senior collaborator on the NSF grant awarded to P. Cargile (PI) of Vanderbilt Uni- versity, ―Triangulating on the Ages of Stars: Using Open Clusters to Calibrate Stellar Chronometers from Myr to Gyr Ages.‖

FY12 Plans James will use awarded Blanco/Hydra time in 2011B to measure radial velocities for members of two intermediate-age (200–350 million years old) open clusters. These data will be exploited to derive cluster membership and characterize tidal synchronization theories using binary orbits as a function of rotation period. Cargile and James will present KELT light curves for the Blanco 1 open cluster and discuss its gyrochronology age at the January 2012 AAS meeting. James will publish the master photometric catalog for the Blanco 1 wide-field, multi-year survey with data obtained using the CTIO 1-m telescope over the past five-years. James and Boberg will also publish the Collinder 70 BVRIc photometric catalog as a pre-cursor to the Gemini South GMOS data to be obtained in semester 2011B. James will be heavily involved in the DECam installation and commissioning on the Blanco 4-m telescope during 2012. He will continue to collaborate with DES working group scientists to provide infrastructure support to the Survey team and to provide them with extant test data sets using completed large-scale photometric surveys (such as for Blanco 1, which is in the DES footprint).

BUELL T. JANNUZI, Astronomer

Research Interests Observational cosmology; formation and evolution of large-scale structure; quasars and quasar absorption line systems; evolution of the properties of galaxies; instrumentation for surveys

FY11 Accomplishments Jannuzi continued as the principal investigator (PI) of MAGES (MIPS AGN and Galaxy Evolution Sur- vey), a Spitzer Space Telescope Cycle 5 Legacy program, which successfully executed in January of 2009 its MIPS imaging observations of the Boötes Field of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS; a deep optical and near-IR imaging survey for which Jannuzi, along with A. Dey, serves as co- PI). MAGES enables the study of the far-IR emission of obscured and unobscured quasi-stellar objects (QSOs); the determination of the properties of z < 1 luminous infrared galaxies, ultra-luminous infrared

100 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

galaxies, and AGN; the measurement of the spectral energy distributions of IR-luminous galaxies; and the characterization of the clustering of IR-selected source populations. Jannuzi continued his studies of the physical properties of Lyman-alpha absorption line systems using HST/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) UV spectroscopy and galaxy redshift surveys. One paper from this work appeared during FY11. Jannuzi was a co-I on successful Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope proposals for programs that will be carried out in FY12 to study, respectively, the properties of AGN and high redshift clusters of galaxies. Jannuzi coauthored 14 publications, nine in refereed journals, during FY11. These covered a diverse set of topics, ranging from determining the properties of the gamma-ray emission region in a BL Lacertae object to the characterization of the UV emission from a sample of high redshift galaxies and using that information to constrain their formation and evolutionary histories.

FY12 Plans Jannuzi anticipates completing the publication of the results from MAGES, the Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy program for which he serves as PI. He remains involved in analysis of the completed surveys AGES (AGN Galaxy Evolution Survey; PIs Kochanek and Eisenstein) and the Spitzer Deep-Wide Field Survey (PI Stern). He will continue to study the physical properties of Lyman-alpha absorption line systems using HST/STIS UV spectroscopy of intermediate redshift quasars. Collaborating with Jill Bech- told, Simon Morris, Neil Crighton, Romeel Dave, and others, he will compare measurements of the spatial distribution of gas in the intergalactic medium (IGM) to the distribution of galaxies in order to study the physical relationship between these two populations of baryons in the Universe. With Paul Smith and Gary Schmidt, Jannuzi will continue to be involved in the ground-based observations necessary to support their successfully renewed Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope program to study the physical properties of AGN through the combined use of optical spectropolarimetry and Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) observations. With Peter Milne, Nathan Smith, Paul Smith, and Grant Williams, Jannuzi will use spectropolarimetry to investigate the nearby supernovae SN2011fe in the nearby galaxy M101. With Jeremy Mould, Michael Brown, and others, Jannuzi will survey a complete sample of nearby elliptical galaxies for nuclear emission that might be used to investigate any associated low-level AGN activity in these galaxies.

RICHARD R. JOYCE, Scientist

Research Interests Late-type stars; mass loss; infrared detector and instrumentation development

FY11 Accomplishments Joyce continued a long-term project with Hinkle (NOAO), Fekel (TSU), and Wood (ANU) to determine orbits of symbiotic stars by measurement of their radial velocities at infrared wavelengths, emphasizing the largely unstudied southern sky. The results for three more S-type symbiotics now have sufficient data for an orbital determination. Stars unobservable from Kitt Peak were being observed using Phoenix on Gemini South prior to its removal from that telescope. Several final flash stars observed through narrow- band infrared filters using WHIRC on the WIYN telescope also were observed using NIRI/Altair on Ge- mini North to search for emission at 1083 nm from He I, an emission line diagnostic of a high-velocity wind flowing from the star. Time was granted for NIFS observations on Gemini South of a far-southern final flash star, but they were not carried out this semester. Near nightly observations of SN2011fe in M101 were initiated with WHIRC on the WIYN telescope after its outburst on 25 August 2011.

FY12 Plans Joyce will continue the infrared radial velocity measurements of the southern symbiotic stars. The monitoring results from a number of D-type symbiotics will be written up for publication. The proposal to observe the final flash star 1514-5248 (the last in the target list) with NIFS was resubmitted. Infrared observations of SN2011fe will continue until it can no longer be observed in the evening, and the results will

101 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

be published in a timely manner. Joyce also will continue to act as a liaison with the proposed BigBOSS project, dealing primarily with issues of interfacing the instrument to the Mayall telescope.

CATHERINE KALEIDA, Research Associate (CTIO REU/PIA Director) 

Research Interests Star clusters and stellar associations in nearby galaxies; stellar populations in galaxies; galaxy formation and evolution

FY11 Accomplishments Kaleida joined NOAO late in FY11, 15 September 2011. During the last weeks of FY11, she wrote and submitted the NOAO observing proposal for the CTIO Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) and Práctica de Investigación en Astronomía (PIA) 2012 program, proofread and assisted the 2011 CTIO REU students with their abstract submission for the January 2012 AAS meeting, and coordinated the 2012 REU/PIA student application submission and selection process.

FY12 Plans Kaleida plans to continue and extend her dissertation work to explore star cluster and stellar association disruption and dissolution times in nearby galaxies. The stellar groupings in a statistically significant set of approximately 50 galaxies will be identified using the automated method outlined in Kaleida et al. 2012 (in preparation for submission to the Astronomical Journal). Basic properties of the selected star clusters and associations will be determined using Spectral Energy Distribution fitting to Simple Stellar Population models. The disruption/dissolution times of stellar groupings will be assessed from the age distribution, as in Fall et al 2009). Major collaborators in this work are B. Whitmore (STScI), H. Kim (ASU), R. Chandar (University of Ohio-Toledo), and B. Balick (UW). Kaleida also plans to mentor one or two REU students in research project(s) involving aperture photometry of stellar associations in un- drizzled and drizzled HST images and/or infrared radial color profiles of nearby galaxies.

JEYHAN KARTALTEPE, Research Associate 

TOM KINMAN, Astronomer Emeritus

Research Interests Galactic structure; Galactic halo; horizontal branch stars: RR Lyrae stars

FY11 Accomplishments Kinman and W. R. Brown (Smithsonian) published a survey of the blue horizontal branch (BHB) and RR Lyrae stars in the northern field of Rodgers et al. (1993) and compared their velocity and density distributions with other surveys in that part of the sky. No evidence for an anomalous thick disk was found in this field. Working with C. Cacciari (Bologna) and A. Spagna (Turin), Kinman identified BHB and RR Lyrae stars in Anticenter fields. Space motions and angular momenta have been derived for these stars and for those in previously studied fields at the North Galactic Pole. The halo is shown to become more spherical and retrograde with increasing galactocentric distance.

FY12 Plans Kinman hopes to publish his work on the kinematics of halo stars in the Anticenter and North Galactic Pole. He has started to revise his observations of variable stars in the three Lick survey fields VIII, IX, and X. These will contain recent CCD photometry of the brighter RR Lyrae stars in these fields.

102 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

PAT KNEZEK, Scientist (WIYN Director)

Research Interests Star formation in galaxies; evolution of galaxies; dwarf galaxies; stellar populations in nearby galaxies

FY11 Accomplishments Knezek became acting director of WIYN in December 2010 and director in February 2011. As director, she is responsible for overseeing operations of the WIYN 3.5-m telescope facility and carrying out the strategic goals defined by the WIYN partnership. She continued to serve as the project director for the ODI Pipeline, Portal, and Archive project. This project is to develop a system that will provide the tools necessary to transport, reduce, analyze, store, and access the data from the One Degree Imager (ODI). Knezek continues as a member of the ―Search for Ionization in Gaseous Galaxies‖ (SINGG; PI G. Meur- er). She has been leading the effort to follow up the initial imaging with spectroscopy of the sample available to WIYN in order to obtain kinematics. It is anticipated that the sample will be completed within the coming year. She also co-authored a paper with graduate student Karen Knierman (Arizona State University). This paper is being revised based on referee comments. It will comprise one chapter of Knierman‘s thesis.

FY12 Plans Knezek will continue her work on both projects mentioned above, as well as continuing as WIYN director. She is also a co-investigator on two planned large science programs with ODI: the Yale/ODI Survey (PI C. Bailyn) and the Living Galaxy (PIs M. Orio and R. Townsend). Knezek will continue working with her collaborators to finalize the science cases and plan the observing strategies of these programs. Test observations will be taken when ODI is deployed with a partial focal plane, which is scheduled for fall 2012.

ANDREA KUNDER, Senior Research Associate

Research Interests Observational stellar astronomy; stellar populations; stellar evolution; RR Lyrae stars; Galactic bulge; globular clusters

FY11 Accomplishments Kunder completed a major project by publishing the data release Bulge Radial Velocity Assay (BRA- VA), which consists of a spectroscopic catalog of 8585 M giant stars along with their radial velocities and TiO indices. Various implications of the formation of the Galactic bulge are addressed based on fitting the data to N-body models; it is found that the bulge is part of the disk and not a separate component made in a prior merger. Kunder also published papers on RR Lyrae stars in IC 4499 and RR Lyrae stars as studied from the Kepler space telescope. The first to image the Gemini South laser from Cerro Tololo, Kunder led a quantitative analysis to study the laser‘s affects on the telescopes located on Cerro Tololo, approximately 10.5 km from Gemini. She was the support scientist for the Mosaic-2 imager and began to familiarize herself with the new DECam imager. In particular, she put together a preliminary version of the NOAO DECam Data Hand- book.

FY12 Plans Kunder will begin studying RR Lyrae stars in NGC 2808 and NGC 1851, both photometrically using the Cerro Tololo 1-m telescope and spectroscopically using the VLT. She also has NEWFIRM data in hand to investigate the structure of the Galactic bulge using RR Lyrae stars, given that in the IR, the large scale and patchy extinction is not as severe as in the optical. Kunder plans to become more active with DECam and help with commissioning and science verification.

103 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

TOD R. LAUER, Astronomer

Research Interests Extragalactic astronomy; normal galaxies; nuclear black holes; stellar populations; cosmology; astronomical image processing; space-based dark energy investigations

FY11 Accomplishments Lauer and collaborators continued a major Hubble Space Telescope (HST) project to obtain the deepest ever probe of the stellar population of the nearby dwarf elliptical galaxy M32. This is a ―stand-in‖ for distant elliptical galaxies. The results show that M32 is of intermediate age. Lauer continued work on his longstanding program to investigate super-massive black holes at the centers of galaxies. In one galaxy, NGC 4382, Lauer and collaborators could find no black hole to limits well below the black-hole bulge- property relations, showing that there are still large unknown variations in the black hole ―demographics‖ of normal galaxies. On the other side of the equation, Lauer and collaborators discovered two black holes in two different brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) that have masses of 10 billion suns, breaking the record for the most massive black holes ever detected. This work is to investigate a hypothesis of Lauer‘s that the most massive galaxies in the Universe may have black hole masses more in line with the galaxies‘ luminosities than with their stellar velocity dispersions. In the two BCGs, the black holes masses are consistent with the black holes inferred to power the most luminous QSOs in the Universe. Lastly, Lauer and collaborators used HST observations to image the cluster of blue stars surrounding the M31 black hole, showing that stars have newly formed in this unusual environment. Lauer continued to support the NOAO Survey program. Lauer supported the NOAO role as the con- duit for LSST to the community and served on the WIYN Board of Directors, recently organizing the annual review of the ODI instrument.

FY12 Plans Lauer will be taking a key part in a recently selected HST multi-cycle treasury proposal to use HST to map out a third of the great Andromeda galaxy, M31. This is an extremely ambitious program. Lauer will be developing algorithms to achieve the highest possible spatial resolution of the completed imaging. Lauer will continue to work with his collaborators in mapping the local population of black holes in galaxy centers.

ROGER LYNDS, Astronomer Emeritus

Research Interests Galaxy evolution; galaxy mergers; cosmology

FY11 Accomplishments Lynds continued his study of possible interacting companions in the volume of space surrounding NGC 6745, which is experiencing one or more merging encounters. Lynds was a co-author on a paper published in The Astronomical Journal, ―VII Zw 403: H I Structure in a Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy.‖ Lynds and collaborators found that VII Zw 403 has a relatively high H I mass-to-light ratio for a blue compact dwarf (BCD). Their high-resolution H I maps reveal structure in the central gas, including a large, low-density H I depression or hole between the southern and northern halves of the galaxy, coinci- dent with an unresolved X-ray source. Although interactions have been proposed as the triggering mechanism for the vigorous star formation occurring in BCDs, VII Zw 403 does not seem to have been tidally triggered by an external interaction, as they found no nearby possible perturbers. It also does not appear to fall in the set of galaxies that exhibit a strong central mass density concentration, as its optical scale length is large in comparison to similar systems. However, there are some features that are compatible with an accretion event: optical/H I axis misalignment.

104 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

FY12 Plans Lynds plans to bring the reduction of the Mosaic observations related to his study of the space surrounding NGC 6745 to completion and to complete the manuscript on all NRAO Very Large Array, Hubble Space Telescope, and Kitt Peak telescope observations.

THOMAS MATHESON, Associate Astronomer

Research Interests Supernovae; novae; gamma-ray bursts; cosmology

FY11 Accomplishments Matheson was granted tenure on 15 April 2011. He was a co-author on six refereed publications in FY11. One looked at an unusually energetic core-collapse supernova. Another showed that spectroscopy of light echoes from the Cas A supernova could reveal different lines of sight into the explosion, thus providing direct evidence for asymmetry. A study of another core-collapse supernova, SN 2011jl, demonstrated that it had a massive progenitor. Matheson was also a co-author on a paper reporting on a spectroscopic and photometric survey of novae in M31. Another paper highlighted unusual core-collapse supernovae that arise from blue supergiant stars. Switching to thermonuclear supernovae, a paper on SN 2001ay showed it to be the most slowly declining of any of the known Type Ia supernovae.

FY12 Plans Matheson will continue work on low-redshift Type Ia SNe looking for spectroscopic correlations with intrinsic luminosity, and he will work on a project to determine a precise value of the Hubble constant using Type II SNe. Work on the light echoes of ancient SNe, including Cas A and Tycho‘s SN in our galaxy, will also take up his time in FY12. Matheson will be involved with discoveries made by the Palomar Transient Factory, observing transient events in order to classify them and analyzing core- collapse objects. Another project will spectroscopically confirm double white dwarf binary candidates found by the Sloan Survey.

K. MICHAEL MERRILL, Associate Scientist

Research Interests Star formation and evolution; interstellar/circumstellar dust; IR detectors; data acquisition and reduction

FY11 Accomplishments Merrill provided scientific oversight of the TORRENT Array Controller development. He refereed papers pertaining to site characteristics and IR arrays. Merrill was on an extended leave of absence during a significant portion of FY11.

FY12 Plans Merrill will continue to support the KPNO REU program at NOAO. In an effort to further improve data quality from NEWFIRM and WHIRC, Merrill will continue to research acquisition and post-detection techniques for improving the global DC stability of array output and develop techniques for employing the reference pixels to correct for slowly varying (in time and space) DC levels within the individual out- puts. Merrill will continue to stay abreast of developments in IR array technology in support of the detector program at NOAO.

105 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

KENNETH J. MIGHELL, Scientist (KPNO REU Site Director) (NASA) 

Research Interests Stellar populations in Local Group galaxies; precision stellar photometry and astrometry; parallel- processing astronomical image-analysis applications

FY11 Accomplishments As site director for the KPNO Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program, Mighell managed six bright undergraduate students: Vivienne Baldassare (Hunter College), Alisa Fersch (Wesleyan University), Nick Jimenez (Alfred University), Morgan Rehnberg (Beloit College), Joanna Taylor (Indi- ana University), and Christine Welling (Dickinson College). Mighell worked on his NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program (ADAP) project ―Improving the Precision of Stellar Photometry and Astrometry of IRAC Channel 1 and 2 Observations‖ to develop new calibration procedures for Spitzer Space Tele- scope IRAC Ch1 and Ch2 BCD images. Mighell analyzed Kepler long-cadence (30 min) light curves of known variable stars as part of his Kepler Cycle-1 Guest Observer project, ―A Calibration Study of Vari- able Stars in the Kepler Field.‖ Mighell reported on CRBLASTER, which is a computational framework for embarrassingly parallel image-analysis algorithms. Montiel and Mighell analyzed archival HST WFPC2 observations of the dense globular M54 and estimate that there may be as many as 19 more RR Lryae variables in the central region of this cluster. Mighell was a coauthor on a study of the deepest Hubble Space Telescope color-magnitude diagram of M32 and a study of the RR Lyrae Variables in M32 and the disk of M31. Mighell gave an invited talk on March 29 in St. Louis, Missouri, at the Info- tech@Aerospace 2011 Conference. Mighell gave an invited talk on May 25 at Sandia National Laborato- ries in Albuquerque, New Mexico, at the Fourth Workshop on Fault-Tolerant Spaceborne Computing Employing New Technologies 2011 conference. Mighell gave an invited talk on August 3 in Palo Alto, California, at the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (SMC-IT 2011). Mighell represented NOAO at the 2011 Joint Annual Conference of the Na- tional Society of Black Physicists and the National Society of Hispanic Physicists in Austin, Texas, on September 21–24.

FY12 Plans Mighell will develop 3-D models of eclipsing binaries in the Kepler Field with nonsymmetric light curves; most of the irregularities can be explained with giant star spots on the primary or secondary star. As part of his ADAP research, Mighell will improve the precision of stellar photometry of IRAC Warm Mission observations of transiting exoplanets. Mighell will continue his development work of the computational framework of his CRBLASTER cosmic-ray rejection application; some of that work will be done with one of the first available development systems for the US Government‘s new 49-core MAESTRO pro- cessor, which should be delivered to NOAO in early 2012.

JOAN NAJITA, Astronomer (Head of Program, OS)

Research Interests Star and planet formation; circumstellar disks; infrared spectroscopy; chemistry and evolution of circumstellar disks

FY11 Accomplishments Najita continued her study of gas in the planet formation region of disks. With J. Carr (Naval Research Laboratory), she published the results of their Spitzer GO2 spectroscopy of T Tauri disks, reporting that molecular emission from water and organic molecules is commonly found (Carr & Najita 2011). The OH emission flux is very hot (indicating a non-thermal excitation mechanism) and increases with stellar accretion rate, suggesting that the emission arises from the UV photodissociation of water in the disk. This result, and the large water emission column that is observed, suggests that the absorption by water in the

106 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

photodissociation process can shield the disk mid plane from harsh UV, allowing chemical synthesis to proceed there (see also Doppmann et al. 2011). The molecular emission strengths are found to vary. With M. Adamkovics and A. Glassgold (UC Berkeley), Najita studied the possible origins of the observed variation using their model of the thermal-chemical structure of disk atmospheres (Najita et al. 2011, ApJ in press). Processes such as grain growth, mechanical (nonradiative) heating, and a varying C/O ratio can produce the observed range of variation. Variations in the C/O ratio are predicted to arise as a conse- quence of planetesimal and protoplanet formation. In the modeling, modest variations were found to in- duce observable changes in the emission spectrum, suggesting that Spitzer spectra may provide evidence of planetesimal and protoplanet formation, a critical step in the core accretion theory of planet formation that thus far has no observational verification.

FY12 Plans Following her hypothesis from FY11 that planetesimal and protoplanet formation induces a chemical signature in the disk gas, Najita will look for a chemical signature of planetesimal formation in the larger Spitzer dataset from GO5. With Adamkovics and Glassgold, Najita will also use their new time- dependent model of disk atmospheres to search for diagnostics that can probe turbulent mixing in disks and to explore the consequences of X-ray flaring activity on disk chemistry. They will also explore the effects of UV irradiation of the disk.

DARA J. NORMAN, Assistant Scientist

Research Interests Quasars and their environments; gravitational lensing; large-scale structure

FY11 Accomplishments Norman‘s primary duties continued to include supporting the US astronomy community in pursuit of Gemini data and serving as AURA diversity co-advocate at NOAO. She served on the internal KPNO director search committee. She participated on the scientific organizing committee for the NOAO DECam Community Workshop. She continued to be part of the NOAO LSST science working group. Norman attended the 2011 AAS meeting in Seattle, WA, where she organized and chaired a special session titled, ―Strategies for Addressing Harassment and Prejudice.‖ She also attended and was program committee co-chair for the Joint Annual Meeting of the National Society of Black and Hispanic Physicists for which she also serves as chair of the ASTRO section. She continued to serve on the AAS Committee on the Sta- tus of Minorities in Astronomy (CSMA) and the Demographics Committee. She obtained Gemini observations of quasars in a unique lensing-discovered galaxy cluster in January. She mentored an REU student over the summer, who reduced the data and will present the results at the January 2012 AAS. Norman was on maternity leave for 3.5 months during this year.

FY12 Plans Norman plans to complete papers on correlations of AGN and IRAC clusters in the NDWFS Boötes field and on the distributions of multi-wavelength selected AGN in X-ray clusters. She plans to participate in commissioning of the Flamingos-2 instrument at Gemini South in January 2012.

KNUT A. G. OLSEN, Associate Astronomer (Head of Program, SUS)

Research Interests Stellar populations and star formation histories of nearby galaxies; star clusters; Magellanic Clouds

107 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

FY11 Accomplishments Olsen was first author on one published paper in FY11 and co-author on eight others. Olsen led the discovery of a population of Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) stars that have been captured by the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), comprising 5% of the LMC‘s stellar population. The stars are thought to have been captured in the same event that formed the Magellanic Stream and Bridge. The discovery suggests that the giant star-forming complex 30 Doradus formed as a result of the collision of SMC and LMC gas during the interaction. The result appeared in Science Magazine‘s ScienceNOW feature and was featured in an NOAO press release (www.noao.edu/news/2011/pr1102.php). Olsen presented a review talk on the Magellanic Clouds at the Dark Energy Camera Community Workshop in Tucson and participated in the BgBOSS Community Workshop. Olsen also continued to participate in the Panchromatic Hubble An- dromeda Treasury (PHAT) project, an 825-orbit HST multi-cycle treasury program, where he is responsible for developing an automated star cluster detection method. With A. Saha and T. Lauer (NOAO), Olsen hired postdoc Hui Dong to work on the PHAT project.

FY12 Plans At the Dark Energy Community Workshop in Tucson, Olsen and others initiated the idea of performing a survey of the Magellanic Cloud environs with DECam. Olsen will lead the writing of a proposal to perform a pilot program of such a survey in FY12, which already has many interested participants. With A. Saha, E. Olszewski, and others, Olsen is pursuing follow-up observations of the captured SMC stars, using Mosaic-2 and Hydra on the CTIO 4-m telescope. Olsen will continue to work with the PHAT project and postdoc Hui Dong, focusing on the properties of M31‘s star clusters and on the disk and bulge star formation history.

SEAN D. POINTS, Assistant Scientist

Research Interests Interstellar medium; Magellanic Clouds; evolved stars; astronomical instrumentation; data reduction pipelines

FY11 Accomplishments Points continued his work calibrating the data obtained by the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey (MCELS) with R. C. Smith (NOAO) and a summer student from the Research Experiences for Under- graduates (REU) program. Points and collaborators were able to apply astrometric solutions to all of the data and performed aperture photometry of all of the standard stars observed during the five-year MCELS observing campaign. Points also worked with M. Klimek (Rutgers/CTIO), a 2006 REU student, and submitted a paper for publication that detailed the physical properties of diffuse X-ray emission from supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

FY12 Plans Points plans to finish the flux calibration of the MCELS data during FY12. This involves flux-calibrating the individual images, performing a continuum subtraction, and then mosaicing the data. Points will complete the observing documentation for the Optical Imager and Goodman spectrograph that are in use on the SOAR telescope. Finally, Points is the project scientist for the Kitt Peak Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (KOSMOS) and the Cerro Tololo Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph (COSMOS). These spectrographs are being built under a cooperative agreement between NOAO and The Ohio State University using ReSTAR funds. KOSMOS integration and commissioning are scheduled to start in mid 2012.

108 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

STEPHEN POMPEA, Scientist (Head of Program, EPO)

Research Interests Inquiry- and research-based science education; informal education program design, astronomical instrumentation

FY11 Accomplishments Pompea continued his educational program design and management work with the formal and informal science education communities as well as his technical work on astronomical optical systems analysis and optimization, especially with regard to stray light. In science education, Pompea was active in dark skies education and in optics and technology education. In Chile, Pompea worked with Observatorio Cruz del Sur and other municipal observatories and programs that play key educational and dark skies protective roles for NOAO in Chile. Pompea served as PI of the Science Foundation Arizona project to bring the Hands-On Optics program to rural Boys & Girls Clubs across Arizona in this final (fourth) program year. He worked with R. Sparks (NOAO) on development of an adaptive optics teaching kit and curriculum. Pompea and Sparks worked on a professional development support program (Teaching with Telescopes) for the approximately 200,000 Galileoscopes created through the US International Year of Astronomy working group on telescope kits, led by Pompea. He began the Arizona Star Party Project that created large city-based astronomy education programs in Flagstaff and Yuma including a professional development program for the fifth grade teachers. Pompea also served as NOAO public information officer.

FY12 Plans Pompea will continue his work to support science education efforts in Arizona and IV Región de Co- quimbo in Chile, as well as support for various national initiatives in science education, including efforts on exploring how best to work with Native Americans in science education settings. He will support professional development related to the Galileoscope in FY12 as part of the Teaching with Telescopes program. Support for NOAO‘s innovative light pollution education program will also be a major area of concentration as will be program support for the Chile guide training program for tourist/municipal observatories. Pompea will continue research on developing high contrast/low stray light imaging and spectroscopic systems and in aiding NOAO and its partners on optimizing new and existing telescopes for better stray light performance.

RONALD G. PROBST, Scientist

Research Interests Infrared instrumentation for large telescopes; star formation; extrasolar planet imaging searches

FY11 Accomplishments Probst took sabbatical leave half time in FY11 to lead, as principal investigator, a NEWFIRM deep H2 imaging survey of star-forming regions in the Magellanic Clouds. He was also an active co-investigator on other galactic and extragalactic NEWFIRM proposals. The remaining half time was largely taken up by scientific user support activities for NEWFIRM during its deployment at CTIO. This included inaugu- rating remote observing with NEWFIRM for US-based observers. He also served as system engineer for a ReSTAR-funded infrared spectrometer being constructed for the Blanco 4-m telescope in partnership with Cornell University.

FY12 Plans Probst will continue to lead the H2 imaging survey team‘s preparation of survey imaging data for release into the NOAO public archive. He also will lead the relocation of NEWFIRM to KPNO in early calendar

109 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

year 2012 and subsequent scientific user support activities. He will continue his involvement as system engineer as the above-mentioned infrared spectrometer goes through its build phase.

JAYADEV RAJAGOPAL, Assistant Scientist

Research Interests Circumstellar dust disks; high angular resolution techniques in optical/infrared

FY11 Accomplishments Rajagopal worked on data from a high-resolution survey of circumbinary dust disks around evolved binaries that used the CHARA array infrared interferometer. These objects are the precursors of planetary nebulae and exhibit a variety of interesting phenomena, including highly metal-deficient photospheres, a putative Keplerian disk, and complex binary evolution. The study yielded some of the first size measurements for these disks. Rajagopal started serving as the WIYN telescope scientist and, in this role, explored possible science programs with the upcoming new instrument, the WIYN One Degree Imager (ODI). He continued to develop documentation for and to support the laser operations at the SOAR Adaptive-optics Module (SAM) and the Spartan IR imager being commissioned at the SOAR telescope.

FY12 Plans Rajagopal plans to publish the results of the circumbinary disk survey and plans a high-resolution imaging/spectroscopy program for these objects. He will explore high-speed photometry applications for ODI. His primary activities for the year will involve being on the commissioning and science verification team for ODI and his support role as telescope scientist at WIYN.

NAVEEN REDDY, Research Associate (Hubble Fellow) 

Research Interests Galaxy formation and evolution; multi-wavelength star formation indicators; stellar populations; evolution of the intergalactic medium at high redshift; feedback processes in starburst galaxies

FY11 Accomplishments Reddy published a paper reporting the stacked Herschel PACS detections of UV-selected galaxies at redshift z ~ 2 and the implications of the results for the dust attenuation and bolometric luminosities of typical star-forming galaxies at high redshift. He is currently drafting a paper discussing the star formation histories of z ~ 2 galaxies; this analysis suggests that such galaxies are best described by star formation rates that rise proportionally with the stellar masses of galaxies. Reddy also focused much of his efforts on a pilot spectroscopic survey of UV-faint galaxies at z ~ 2–3, for which he was awarded an additional night on Keck/LRIS in semester 2011B through NOAO Keck community time. This survey will aid in measuring the fundamental galaxy characteristics (e.g., star formation rate, surface densities, stellar masses) that are responsible for modulating galaxy-scale outflows at high redshift.

STEPHEN T. RIDGWAY, Astronomer

Research Interests Stellar physics and exoplanetary systems; high contrast imaging; high angular resolution techniques; transients and variables; synoptic survey strategy

FY11 Accomplishments Ridgway concentrated his research efforts in the area of optical interferometry, primarily with collaborators at the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) and Keck observatories. He collaborated

110 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

in the design of an adaptive optics upgrade for the CHARA Array. He collaborated on several science papers based on measurements of stellar diameters and circumstellar material. He led the continuing development of science-based metrics for LSST scheduling.

FY12 Plans Ridgway plans to continue work in high angular resolution stellar measurements by interferometry. He also will continue work in development of LSST science operations scheduling tools and with the NOAO LSST Working Group in the study of transient and variable counts expected in the LSST survey.

SUSAN RIDGWAY, Assistant Astronomer

Research Interests High redshift AGN and their host galaxies; populations of obscured AGNs; the formation and evolution of galaxies and the SMBH population

FY11 Accomplishments Ridgway was on leave for a majority of FY11. After returning from leave, she worked on the following collaborative projects begun prior to FY11. Ridgway, with collaborator M. Lacy (National Radio As- tronomy Observatory) and others, used mid-infrared selection techniques and follow-up spectroscopy in the optical and near-infrared to build up a significant sample of obscured quasars at a range of 24-micron luminosities. In the 90% complete sample, there are over 400 confirmed AGN (at both Seyfert and quasar luminosities) at redshifts from 0 to 4. Ridgway worked on a project with former REU student Danielle Nielsen (now University of Wis- consin) and R. de Propris (NOAO) that neared completion; they used stacking techniques and the 21-cm FIRST survey to measure average star formation properties in a sample of E+A galaxies.

FY12 Plans Now that a significant sample of obscured and unobscured quasars has been accumulated, Ridgway and collaborators will work on determining the luminosity functions and evolutionary histories of these classes of AGN, over a range of AGN luminosities. Specifically, pinning down the luminosity function of the obscured quasar population will require modeling to account for selection effects in the spectroscopic survey. Ridgway also plans to extend quasar host galaxy studies to the high redshift obscured quasars with both ground-based AO imaging and HST imaging if possible. In addition, Ridgway hopes to extend previously completed clustering studies of the fields of z ~ 1 AGN to these new samples of obscured AGN to understand the relationship between environment and AGN type and luminosity.

ABHIJIT SAHA, Astronomer (Interim Director, KPNO)

Research Interests Stellar populations; extragalactic distance scale; RR Lyrae stars, Cepheids, and long period pulsating variables; photometric innovations; operation methods for large survey projects

FY11 Accomplishments Saha worked on probing the exterior regions of the Magellanic Clouds using main sequence stars. The extended disk of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) extends to well over 15 kpc; this intact structure supports the contention that the LMC is on its first approach to the Galaxy. Radial velocity observations were made of the putative binary RR Lyra star TU UMa during the predicted periastron phase of its 23- year orbital period, with the additional goal of identifying its companion and obtaining the dynamical mass of an RR Lyra star for the first time. Saha led the time spaced observations of NGC 1705 with Gemini South to look for Ultra Long Period Cepheids. He coordinated KPNO observations of the Type

111 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Ia supernova SN2011fe in M101, the brightest (and nearest) transient object of this class to occur in nearly 40 years. As a member of the Science Oversight Committee (SOC) for the WFC3 camera now aboard the HST, Saha collaborated on several investigations resulting from observations with time awarded to the SOC.

FY12 Plans Saha is a member of the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury survey team (using HST) led by Delcanton (University of Washington), and will be working with local team members T. Lauer and K. Olsen (NOAO) on photometric methods, investigation of the reddening law in M31, and in identifying variable stars including Cepheids and RR Lyrae. Saha will continue to work on the outer structure of the Magellanic Clouds, for which data are in hand from the NOAO Outer Limits Survey. Saha is the lead of an investigation of Ultra Long Period (>100 days) Cepheids to test whether they are reliable distance indicators; the time sequence observations will conclude in 2012, when period analysis can begin.

SIMON SCHULER, Research Associate (Leo Goldberg Fellow)

Research Interests High-resolution spectroscopy; planetary host stars; stellar physics; stellar abundances; Galactic chemical evolution

FY11 Accomplishments Schuler continued his work on research projects focusing on chemical signatures of planet host stars, open cluster abundances, and Galactic chemical evolution. He published two papers as first author on the detailed abundances of planet host stars; these papers appear in The Astrophysical Journal and The As- trophysical Journal Letters. He was also a contributing author to two other papers appearing in The As- trophysical Journal. This work was done in collaboration with K. Cunha, V. V. Smith (NOAO), J. R. King (Clemson University), and L. Ghezzi (Observatório Nacional, Brazil). Schuler was awarded a NASA Kepler Participating Scientist grant to work with the Kepler science team to analyze the chemical abundances of planet host stars discovered by the Kepler Mission. He attended a Kepler Science Work- ing Group meeting held in Mountain View, California, on 18–19 August 2011. Schuler also attended the January AAS meeting in Seattle, Washington, and presented his work on the detailed abundances of stars with planets.

FY12 Plans Schuler will continue to focus his efforts on analyzing the detailed compositions of exoplanet host stars. In particular, he will work as a member of the Kepler science team on stars with low-mass planets (earths and super-earths). Work on other projects, including the metallicities of open cluster stars, Li abundances in the Pleiades open cluster, CNO abundances in the open cluster NGC 752, and 19F abundances in carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars, will also continue. Up to four papers on these subjects are expected to be submitted for publication during the fiscal year. Schuler plans to attend the Kepler Science Conference in December, the January AAS meeting in Austin, Texas, as well as a yet-to-be-determined conference.

RICHARD A. SHAW, Scientist 

Research Interests Late stages of stellar evolution; planetary nebulae; Magellanic Clouds; astrophysical plasmas; variable and transient phenomena; astronomical software and data standards

112 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

FY11 Accomplishments Shaw completed a study of the physical and chemical properties of Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) planetary nebulae (PNe) and their central stars. With T.-H. Lee (Western Kentucky University), L. Stanghellini (NOAO), and others, Shaw derived the most accurate gas-phase abundances to date of Large and Small Magellanic Cloud PNe and showed evidence for significant Ne yields and an anomalous S underabun- dance in low-mass AGB progenitor stars at low metallicity. Shaw and collaborators published the latest version of the FITS (v3.0) standard. Shaw and collaborators A. Garcia Hernandez (Instituto de Astrofísi- ca de Canarias, IAC), L. Stanghellini (NOAO), and others proposed a mechanism for fullerene (C60, C70) formation in a variety of PNe; they reported a possible first detection of graphene. They also prepared an analysis of Spitzer spectra of 150 PNe in the Galactic disk and explored the nature and evolution of dust grains and molecules as a function of progenitor metallicity.

FY12 Plans Shaw will work in collaboration with A. Manchado and V. Luridiana (IAC) to complete the migration of the popular ―nebular‖ analysis package to python for distribution to the community. Shaw, with PI L. Stanghellini (NOAO) and others, will analyze an extensive imaging and IR spectroscopic survey of angu- larly small Galactic PNe using new HST images and Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectra in an effort to understand the earliest phase of PN evolution and, in particular, explore alpha-element yields in low- mass PN progenitors. Shaw, with collaborators R. Dufour (Rice University), R. Henry (Oklahoma Uni- versity) and others, is planning a detailed abundance study in Galactic PNe using long-slit spectroscopy with HST/STIS.

WILLIAM SHERRY, Senior Associate in Research 

DAVID SILVA, Senior Scientist (Director, NOAO)

Research Interests Formation and evolution of early-type galaxies; extragalactic stellar populations; observatory operations; end-to-end data management systems

FY11 Accomplishments Working with S. Howell (NOAO and NASA/Ames) et al., Silva obtained optical spectroscopy to determine the physical properties of stars with exoplanet candidates discovered by Kepler in order to investigate how exoplanet properties are related to the physical properties for their parent stars. Silva is also part of a European collaboration to construct the X-Shooter Spectral Library (XSL), a moderate resolution (R ~ 10,000), wide-wavelength (0.3–2.4 μm) digital stellar library broadly covering TZG parameter space. This work builds on the Next Generation Spectral Library (NGSL) previously constructed using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Very Large Telescope (VLT) by Silva and collaborators. Silva is a member of the Stellar Populations LSST Science Collaboration.

FY12 Plans Data collection will continue for the XSL and Kepler follow-up programs described above. As time per- mits, Silva aspires to complete a paper describing the radial behavior of near-IR spectral features in early- type galaxies within the Fornax galaxy cluster (with H. Kuntscher, ESO, and others). Hanuschik (ESO), Silva, and others also plan to publish a digital library of high spectral resolving power spectra obtained with VLT/UVES for more than 300 NGSL stars previously observed at low spectral resolving power with HST STIS.

113 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

MALCOLM SMITH, Astronomer (Half-time)

Research Interests Global environmental impact of light pollution; galaxy and quasar formation and evolution

FY11 Accomplishments The UNESCO World Heritage Centre included a case study by Smith on the AURA Observatories in Chile in its thematic study, published in 2011, of ―Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy.‖ This is in the context of protecting a few key observatory sites around the world against light pollution— as a scientific world heritage for future use, providing ―Windows to the Universe‖ for humanity to be able to continue optical astronomy from the ground. Smith took a first step toward retirement by moving to half-time status at the beginning of FY11.

FY12 Plans By invitation, Smith will be working on an extended case study for the work being sponsored by UNESCO, in cooperation with the World Heritage Centre. This will help serve as groundwork for long-term, international protection of the observatories in northern Chile against light pollution, thereby gaining decades of additional, useful scientific life for each of them. Smith joined the multidisciplinary effort to study and publicize the astronomical, ecological, and human-health problems associated with the tendency toward an increasing use of blue-rich light-emitting diodes. Smith plans to continue his participation in collaborative groups writing up data needed for detailed studies of AGN/star-formation co-evolution and the relationship between nuclear obscuration and star formation.

R. CHRIS SMITH, Astronomer (Associate Director for CTIO; AURA Head of Mission in Chile)

Research Interests Supernovae; dark energy; optical transients; supernova remnants; the interstellar medium

FY11 Accomplishments During FY11, Smith continued his participation in multiple large surveys. Smith continued to support the study of light echoes of Galactic supernovae discovered by a large-scale observational project targeted mostly at young, Galactic supernova remnants (Rest et al. 2008, ApJL; Rest et al. 2011, ApJ). Smith also wrapped up participation in an NOAO survey led by A. Saha (NOAO), the Outer Limits Survey, to investigate the stellar populations at the extremities of the Magellanic Clouds. Work on the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey (MCELS) also continued, with a new research assistant (L. Paredes) working on the final MCELS data release while E. Pelligrini at University of Michigan worked with S. Oey on a new catalog of H II regions in the Magellanic Clouds.

FY12 Plans Smith will continue his participation in various NOAO survey projects, working to get the results of the SuperMACHO and ESSENCE surveys into the NOAO Science Archive. He also plans to push forward in mining the MCELS data set, extracting new samples of supernova remnants and planetary nebulae, and investigating the evolution of these objects. He will continue to participate in the search for light echoes from ancient supernovae, in particular in our own Galaxy. Smith is also participating in the supernova working groups for both the Dark Energy Survey, due to start in late 2012, and the LSST Project. In October 2011, as a member of the High-z Supernova Team, Smith plans to support the team‘s leaders in their receipt of the 2011 Nobel Prize and then fly to Stockholm with the team in December 2011 to participate in the prize ceremonies.

114 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

VERNE V. SMITH, Astronomer (Associate Director for NSSC)

Research Interests High-resolution spectroscopy; cosmochemistry; nuclear astrophysics; chemical evolution; stellar populations; stellar atmospheres; stellar evolution

FY11 Accomplishments Research efforts in FY11 included chemical abundance studies of stars drawn from a variety of stellar populations. One effort focused on detailed cosmochemical comparisons of stars with and without known planets in order to understand the role of stellar chemistry in the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Additional studies analyzed chemical evolution in stellar susbstructures within the Milky Way, which hold clues to the formation history of our Galaxy. Smith also was involved in understanding the nuclear astrophysical formation of fluorine as a probe of stellar evolution along the asymptotic giant branch.

FY12 Plans Research plans for FY12 include continuing studies of stars with planets, with an emphasis on developing new spectroscopic analysis techniques as ways to identify links between Galactic chemical evolution and stellar chemistry and their influence on planetary system architectures. A large part of Smith‘s research efforts in FY12 center on a sabbatical leave (1 August 2011–31 July 2012) when he will spend a significant fraction of time working on one of the SDSS III projects: the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). One goal is to refine an H-band spectral line list, which will be used as a major component in an automated analysis pipeline for extracting stellar parameters and detailed chemical abundances from the observed high-resolution (R = 22,500) near-IR spectra ( = 1.51–1.68 m) of ~100,000 Galactic red giants to be observed by APOGEE from Q3 2011 to Q3 2014.

DAVID SPRAYBERRY, Senior Scientist (Head of Program, NSTC)

Research Interests Instrumentation and observing techniques; risk management; galaxy formation and evolution; properties of QSOs and AGN; early universe

FY11 Accomplishments Within the NOAO System Technology Center (NSTC), Sprayberry led the System Instrumentation (SI) program‘s efforts to implement the first two years of funding under the ReSTAR program. SI expanded its partnership with The Ohio State University (OSU) to cover the construction of both KOSMOS (the Kitt Peak Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph) and COSMOS (the nearly identical Cerro Tololo Ohio State Multi-Object Spectrograph). By the end of FY11, mechanical fabrication for both instruments was nearly complete, delivery of both broadband e2v CCDs was complete, fabrication of the powered optics was nearly complete, and the first set of VPH grism dispersers had arrived. SI also completed an upgrade, funded under the ReSTAR program, of the detectors and controllers for the Mosaic-1 prime focus imaging camera for the Kitt Peak 4-m telescope. Recommissioning of the upgraded instrument occurred in October 2010. The last major ReSTAR activity was the launching of an effort in partnership with Cor- nell University for construction of a near-copy of the TripleSpec near-infrared spectrograph for the Cerro Tololo 4-m telescope. Sprayberry also oversaw SI‘s efforts on the SOAR Adaptive-optics Module (SAM); the entire system was deployed at the SOAR telescope during the first four months of FY11, and initial on-telescope testing began soon thereafter. The adaptive optics control loop was closed on the laser guide star spot for the first time in April 2011. Work on SAM was largely suspended in the second half of FY11 due to the pressure of the DECam project on the CTIO technical staff. Under Sprayberry‘s

115 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

guidance, the TORRENT detector controller, a miniaturized version of the MONSOON system, underwent a thorough performance verification process, which was successfully completed just as FY11 ended. Finally Sprayberry continued acting as AURA Technical Representative in AURA‘s funding of technology risk reduction for the Giant Magellan Telescope as an Alternative GMST Technology program.

FY12 Plans Sprayberry plans to lead the efforts for deploying the two new spectrographs: KOSMOS at Kitt Peak and COSMOS at Cerro Tololo. Delivery of KOSMOS is currently expected at the end of calendar year 2011, and delivery of COSMOS is expected about six months later. Sprayberry also will continue leading the effort to construct the TripleSpec near-infrared spectrograph, in partnership with Cornell University. Sprayberry plans to oversee the resumption of work on the complete SAM system at the SOAR telescope during FY12.

LETIZIA STANGHELLINI, Associate Astronomer

Research Interests Stellar structure and evolution; Galactic and extragalactic planetary nebulae; stellar populations

FY11 Accomplishments Stanghellini and collaborators completed the analysis of 150 spectra of Galactic compact PNe acquired with Spitzer/IRS, and found a clear correlation between dust distribution and metallicity. A paper including the spectral atlas and detailed statistical analysis of the dust classes was submitted. Stanghellini with Shaw (NOAO) and Villaver (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) analyzed the WFC3 images of Galactic PNe to search for correlations between the intrinsic dust properties, the nebular morphology, and the properties of the central stars. The initial data paper is in preparation. Stanghellini, Magrini, and collaborators obtained telescope time to complete the H II region and PN metallicity gradient in M81, and they plan to relate these gradients to those in M33 and in our own Galaxy to determine the major parameters that define Galactic disk evolution. Stanghellini, with A. Garcia-Hernandez (IAC) and others, discovered fullerene in several Magellanic Cloud PNe and a possible detection of graphene that, if confirmed, would be the first detection of it in space. Shaw, Stanghellini, and others expanded the mass and metallicity domain of elemental abundance measurements by analyzing IR and optical Magellanic Cloud PNe spectra to constrain the yields of stellar evolution.

FY12 Plans Stanghellini plans to study several nearby spirals to detect the metallicity gradients as determined by studying PNe and H II regions, for insight on chemical enrichment in nearby spirals. The analysis of the Galactic sample of Spitzer/IRS spectra, together with planned optical spectroscopy, will yield improved Galactic metallicity gradients, which Stanghellini plans to compare to the extragalactic ones. Stanghellini also plans to relate the recent molecular discoveries in PNe such as fullerene and graphene to the global characteristics of the progenitors, to understand the physical conditions for the formation and evolution of these important dust features.

STEPHEN STROM, Astonomer Emeritus

JOHN SUBASAVAGE, JR., Research Associate

Research Interests Nearby stars; white dwarfs; exoplanets around post-main-sequence hosts

116 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

FY11 Accomplishments Subasavage remained actively involved with the trigonometric parallax program at the CTIO 0.9-m telescope. This included taking observations over five nights and reducing numerous parallaxes. During FY11, Subasavage and collaborators also were conducting a Southern Hemisphere white dwarf survey using the SMARTS 1.0-m telescope and the Goodman spectrograph on the SOAR telescope. First observations were taken at SOAR in March 2010. To date, SOAR observations have spanned a total of eight nights, and more than 100 new, relatively bright, nearby white dwarfs have been discovered. With a total of eight nights of SMARTS 1.0-m time, photometry has been collected and most of these targets have been accurately characterized. When the observing runs conclude at the end of 2011, it is expected that Subasavage and collaborators will have ~130 new systems. During this effort, two white dwarfs from the trigonometric parallax program were identified that are close binaries with periods on order of hours and days, respectively. Working with the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) staff who designed the Goodman spectrograph, Subasavage and collaborators have been learning how to fully exploit the radial velocity capabilities of the instrument. For these two white dwarf objects, they requested Gemini South time to follow-up. Subasavage instructed the 2011 REU students how to observe at the SMARTS 1.0-m telescope over eight nights. Afterwards, Subasavage provided assistance in reducing these data.

FY12 Plans Subasavage will continue with the SOAR survey and will evaluate the data coming from Gemini South (currently for a rare halo dwarf carbon star) and, hopefully, will observe during the 2012A semester. Also, the 0.9-m parallax program remains a priority as the team is constantly finishing targets such that the next white dwarf parallax paper should be published in FY12.

ANDREI TOKOVININ, Associate Astronomer

Research Interests Statistics and formation of binary and multiple stars; adaptive optics; site testing

FY11 Accomplishments Tokovinin observed close binary stars with the speckle interferometer at SOAR (562 measurements, 21 first resolutions, 42 new or corrected orbits). He found that the mass ratio in wide binaries with solar-type primaries is distributed uniformly, as in close binaries. Tokovinin worked on the SOAR Adaptive-optics Module (SAM): commissioning of it in the natural guide star mode was completed and first closed-loop tests with the laser guide star were achieved. Also in 2011 the new echelle spectrometer CHIRON was fabricated and commissioned at the CTIO/SMARTS 1.5-m telescope as a result of a collaboration between Tokovinin and the team of D. Fischer at Yale.

FY12 Plans Tokovinin will continue data collection for an unbiased multiplicity survey of stars within 67 pc from the Sun and will start statistical interpretation of the data. He plans to commission the SAM instrument and to do its science verification. Upgrades of CHIRON to the new detector controller are planned.

FRANCISCO VALDES, Scientist

Research Interests Cosmology; gravitational lensing; stellar spectroscopy; search for solar system objects; astronomical software

117 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

FY11 Accomplishments During FY11, Valdes was primarily involved with pipelines for the NOAO Mosaic imagers, the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), and the WIYN One Degree Imager (ODI). For the earlier Mosaic imagers, he processed historical data from semester 2004B to the present and continued to process new data. During this period, a significantly re-engineered Mosaic imager (Mosaic-1.1) for KPNO was commissioned, and Valdes had several roles including creation of a pipeline for this instrument. For DECam, he acted as the NOAO pipeline scientist to shape the development of a Community Pipeline by the Dark Energy Survey Collaboration. For ODI, he was a lead in the pipeline to be developed for it. He played a role in the review of the software system for ODI that received a favorable response. He also was involved, in a minor role, with development of the BigBOSS pipeline proposal. One research-oriented accomplishment was a collaboration with A. Dey (NOAO) in using the historical Mosaic imager data to study the long-term, delivered image quality of the NOAO 4-m telescopes.

FY12 Plans In FY12, Valdes will be extremely busy with the DECam Community Pipeline development, installation, deployment, and operation (DECam will be commissioned on the Blanco telescope during this period). He will also be developing a community pipeline for ODI to be deployed at Indiana University making use of NSF-supported Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) resources. He will continue with his responsibilities as the NOAO pipeline scientist. He will provide support in data acquisition and data reductions for the COSMOS/KOSMOS instruments.

NICOLE VAN DER BLIEK, Scientist (Deputy Director, CTIO)

ALISTAIR WALKER, Astronomer

Research Interests Stellar populations; the Magellanic Clouds; the distance scale; astronomical instrumentation

FY11 Accomplishments Walker, with A. Kunder (CTIO) and others completed a project studying the Galactic globular cluster IC 4499, a key object for understanding the complex early evolution of most if not all globular clusters. He also was co-investigator on papers on stellar populations studies for other clusters and Local Group galaxies in a collaboration led by G. Bono (Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy). The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (HST WFC3) Science Oversight Committee (chair R. O‘Connell, University of Virginia), of which Walker is a member, was awarded 200 orbits of HST Director‘s Discretionary (DD) time for observations of both nearby and distant galaxies, with the aim of demonstrating the scientific capabilities of the new panchromatic camera. Nine papers were published on topics ranging from brown dwarfs in NGC 3603 to the study of star formation at high redshift via infrared grism observations.

FY12 Plans Walker will continue the analysis of deep CCD photometry for a number of Galactic globular clusters, collaborating on this and associated studies, including deep photometry of fields in the LMC and SMC, with A. Kunder (CTIO), G. Bono (Tor Vergata University), M. Monelli and C. Gallart (Instituto de As- trofísica de Canarias, Spain), P. Stetson (Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, Canada), and others. In a long-term project with J. Nemec (Victoria, Canada) and Y-B Jeon (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Korea), Walker will continue to monitor secular period changes in the RR Lyrae populations of several LMC globular clusters. Projects to analyze HST WFC3 data obtained to demonstrate the camera performance (PI R. O‘Connell, University of Virginia) and to determine sensitivity of the specialist filters to stellar abundances (PI J. Holtzman, New Mexico State University) will be completed.

118 KEY MANAGEMENT & SCIENTIFIC STAFF ACTIVITY

CONNIE WALKER, Associate Scientist

Research Interests Dark skies preservation issues; modeling ground-light propagation through the atmosphere; monitoring light pollution locally, globally, and near observatories

FY11 Accomplishments Walker headed the expanded GLOBE at Night citizen-science program that monitors the night sky brightness worldwide. (See ―Dark Skies Education/GLOBE at Night‖ in section 5.3 for additional information.) Walker gave invited talks on GLOBE at Night and dark skies education at a half dozen prominent conferences. She led the cadre of NOAO EPO students (with one Tohono O‘odham student) on EPO activities. Walker provided Teacher Professional Development sessions at eight prominent institutions (NSTA, ASP, etc) and 100 Dark Skies Education Kits plus translated materials for the Chilean component of dark skies education program. She wrote several articles on dark skies education and one radio show and co-authored three podcasts on 365DaysOfAstronomy.org featuring NOAO‘s Dark Skies Cru- sader. For her various efforts on dark skies awareness, Walker was awarded the International Dark-Sky Association‘s Hoag-Robinson Award. Walker was on the ASP Board of Directors, chair of the Global Astronomy Month‘s Dark Skies Awareness Program, chair of the International Dark-Sky Association‘s Education Committee, and co- chair of an IAU Special Session on technical and educational aspects of light pollution for the General Assembly in 2012.

FY12 Plans Walker will continue to concentrate on educational outreach in Arizona and Chile, focusing on dark sky education programs and building on the legacy of the International Year of Astronomy‘s Dark Skies Awareness cornerstone project. She will continue enhancing the dark skies education program locally at the Cooper Center for Environmental Learning. She will continue planning and executing a school program that uses the GLOBE at Night data for comparison of the effects of light pollution on astronomy, human health, wildlife, energy, cost, etc. She will strive to make GLOBE at Night more of a year-round program. For more accessibility, she and others will investigate the use of cell phones as night sky brightness detectors.

LLOYD WALLACE, Astronomer Emeritus

Research Interests Planetary and stellar atmospheres

FY11 Accomplishments Wallace, K. Hinkle (NOAO), W. Livingston (NSO), and Davis (NSO) completed a high-resolution, solar flux atlas with corrections for the terrestrial absorption lines of water and molecular oxygen. This atlas, covering the range of 2963–9250 Å, is intended for comparison with other stellar spectra. Wallace and Livingston continued their monitoring of the long-term variations of HCl (hydrochloric acid) and HF (hydrofluoric acid) in the earth‘s atmosphere through analysis of their influence on solar spectra. HCl has dropped about 17% over the last 16 years but HF, which has been increasing steadily, may have increased by about 5% since 2002.

FY12 Plans Wallace will be working on the identification of moderately-strong, unidentified solar lines in the visible spectrum e.g., that at 4771.47 Å. This has led to an examination of the laboratory spectra of Ti II and to measurement and analysis of archival NSO Fourier Transform Spectra, which should lead to much better wavelengths for this ion and improved identifications.

119 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

SIDNEY WOLFF, Astronomer Emerita

Research Interests Star formation; evolution of disks around pre-main sequence stars; astronomy education research

FY11 Accomplishments Wolff‘s paper with S. Strom and L. Rebull (IPAC) describing the time scale for the evolution of disks around intermediate-mass stars in the young association IC 1805 was published by the Astrophysical Journal. The paper discusses the various physical processes that might account for the diversity of observed spectral energy distributions and suggests tests to distinguish among the various possibilities. Other published work (with collaborators) focused on the North American Nebula and on advice for preparing papers for the Astronomy Education Review.

FY12 Plans Wolff and S. Strom, in collaboration with James Muzerolle, will continue work on IC 348. Photometry and spectroscopy are being used to relate accretion rates to disk structure in order to further constrain models of the evolution of circumstellar disks.

120

C NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS

NOAO Scientific Staff were authors and/or editors on a total of 211 publications in FY11.1

Abia, C., Cunha, K., … Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, L8, ―The First Fluorine Abundance Determinations in Extragalactic Asymptotic Giant Branch Carbon Stars‖

Abt, H.A. 2011, AJ, 141, 165, ―The Age of the Local Interstellar Bubble‖

Abt, H.A. 2011, RMxAC, 39, 117, ―Symposium Summary‖

Abt, H.A. 2011, RMxAC, 39, 65, ―The Tonantzintla Search for High Luminosity Stars‖

Abt, H.A. 2011, International Workshop on Double and Multiple Stars: Dynamics, Physics, and Instrumentation, eds. J. Docobo, V. Tamazian, Y. Balega (AIP), 14, ―The Nature of Exoplanets‖

Abt, H.A. 2011, Future Professional Communication in Astronomy II, ed. A. Accomazzi (Springer), 77, ―Astronomical Publication Rates in the US, UK, and Europe‖

Agudo, I., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, L10, ―On the Location of the γ-Ray Outburst Emission in the BL Lacertae Object AO 0235+164 through Observations across the Electromagnetic Spectrum‖

Assef, R.J., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 56, ―The Mid-IR- and X-ray-Selected QSO Luminosity Function‖

Baines, E.K., … Ridgway, S.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 132, ―The Angular Diameter and Effective Temperature of the Lithium-Rich K Giant HD 148293 from the CHARA Array‖

Barringer, D., Walker, C.E., Pompea, S.M., et al. 2011, ASP Conf. 443, eds. J. Jensen, J. Manning, M. Gibbs (ASP), 373, ―Astronomy Meets the Environmental Sciences: Using GLOBE at Night Data‖

Batalha, N.M., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 27, ―Kepler‘s First Rocky Planet: Kepler-10b‖

Belle, K.E., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, International Conference on Binaries, eds. V. Kologera and M. van der Sluys (AIP), 204, ―Dust in Intermediate Polars: Light Curves from the Spitzer Space Telescope‖

Belton, M.J.S., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 345, ―Stardust-NExT, Deep Impact, and the Accelerat- ing Spin of 9P/Tempel 1‖

Berdja, A. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 722, ―On the DIMM Interpretation of Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence in the Atmospheric Surface Layer‖

Bianchi, L., … Olsen, K., et al. 2011, Ap&SS, 155, ―Young Stellar Populations in the Local Group: An HST and GALEX Comprehensive Study‖

1 Author Name in bold = NOAO Scientific Staff member; Author Name underlined = Undergraduate student in Research Expe- riences for Undergraduates (REU) program or Prácticas de Investigación en Astronomía (PIA) program

121 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Biggs, A.D., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 2314, ―The LABOCA Survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South—Radio and Mid-infrared Counterparts to Submillimetre Galaxies‖

Bizyaev, D., Smith, V.V., Cunha, K. 2010, AJ, 140, 1911, ―The Space Interferometry Mission Astrometric Grid Giant Star Survey. III. Basic Stellar Parameters for an Extended Sample‖

Bolzonella, M., … Kartaltepe, J., et al. 2010, A&A, 524, A76, ―Tracking the Impact of Environment on the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function up to z ~ 1 in the 10k zCOSMOS Sample‖

Boroson, T.A. 2011, ApJ, 735, L14, ―A New Orientation Indicator for Radio-Quiet Quasars‖

Boroson, T.A. 2011, Proceedings of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies and Their Place in the Universe, 3, ―NLS1 Properties and Demographics‖

Borucki, W.J., … Howell, S.B., … Sherry, W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 19, ―Characteristics of Planetary Candi- dates Observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the First Four Months of Data‖

Borucki, W.J., … Howell, S.B., … Sherry, W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 117, ―Characteristics of Kepler Planetary Candidates Based on the First Data Set‖

Bourne, N., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 1155, ―Evolution of the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation and Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of Massive Galaxies over z = 0–2‖

Boyd, M.R., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 10, ―The Solar Neighborhood. XXV. Discovery of New −1 −1 Proper Motion Stars with 40 yr > μ ≥ 18 yr between Declinations –47° and 00°‖

Boyd, M.R., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 92, ―The Solar Neighborhood. XXVII. Discovery of New −1 Proper Motion Stars with μ ≥ 18 yr in the Southern Sky with 16.5 < R59F ≤ 18.0‖

Bressert, E., … Allen, L., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, L54, ―The Spatial Distribution of Star Formation in the Solar Neighbourhood: Do All Stars Form in Dense Clusters?‖

Brodwin, M., … Dey, A., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 33, ―X-ray Emission from Two Infrared- Selected Galaxy Clusters at z > 1.4 in the IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey‖

Brown, M.J.I., Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, L41, ―The Ubiquitous Radio Continuum Emission from the Most Massive Early-Type Galaxies‖

Buat, V., … Dickinson, M., … Kartaltepe, J., et al. 2011, A&A, 533, A93, ―GOODS-Herschel: Evidence of a UV Extinction Bump in Galaxies at z > 1‖

Bullock, E., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 84, ―GALEX and Optical Observations of GW Librae during the Long Decline from Superoutburst‖

Bussmann, R.S., Dey, A., Lotz, J., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 21, ―Hubble Space Telescope Morphologies of z ~ 2 Dust-Obscured Galaxies. II. Bump Sources‖

Cannizzo, J.K., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1393, ―The Kepler Light Curve of V344 Lyrae: Con- straining the Thermal-Viscous Limit Cycle Instability‖

122 NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS

Cargile, P.A., James, D.J., Jeffries, R.D. 2010, ApJ, 725, L111, ―Identification of the Lithium Depletion Boundary and Age of the Southern Open Cluster Blanco 1‖

Carlberg, J.K., … Smith, V.V., Cunha, K., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 39, ―The Frequency of Rapid Rotation among K Giant Stars‖

Carlberg, J.K., … Smith, V.V., Cunha, K., et al. 2011, Planetary Systems beyond the Main Sequence, eds. S. Schuh, H. Drechsel, U. Heber (AIP), 33, ―The Fate of Exoplanets and the Red Giant Rapid Rotator Connec- tion‖

Carlberg, J.K., Smith, V.V., Cunha, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, L103, ―The Super Lithium-Rich Red Giant Rapid Rotator G0928+73.2600: A Case for Planet Accretion?‖

Carr, J.S., Najita, J.R. 2011, ApJ, 733, 102, ―Organic Molecules and Water in the Inner Disks of T Tauri Stars‖

Castellano, M., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2010, A&A, 524, A28, ―The Bright End of the z ~ 7 UV Luminosity Function from a Wide and Deep HAWK-I Survey‖

Che, X., … Ridgway, S.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 68, ―Colder and Hotter: Interferometric Imaging of β Cassi- opeiae and α Leonis‖

Chou, M.-Y., … Cunha, K., Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, L30, ―First Chemical Analysis of Stars in the Triangulum-Andromeda Star Cloud‖

Ciardi, D.R., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 108, ―Characterizing the Variability of Stars with Early- Release Kepler Data‖

Cisternas, M., … Kartaltepe, J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 57, ―The Bulk of the Black Hole Growth since z ~ 1 Occurs in a Secular Universe: No Major Merger-AGN Connection‖

Conselice, C.J., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 80, ―The Hubble Space Telescope GOODS NICMOS Survey: Overview and the Evolution of Massive Galaxies at 1.5 < z < 3‖

Crockett, R.M., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 115, ―Anatomy of a Post-starburst Minor Merger: A Multi-Wavelength WFC3 Study of NGC 4150‖

Dahlen, T., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 425, ―A Detailed Study of Photometric Redshifts for GOODS-South Galaxies‖

Dali Ali, W., … Tokovinin, A., et al. 2010, A&A, 524, A73, ―Multi-Instrument Measurement Campaign at Paranal in 2007. Characterization of the Outer Scale and the Seeing of the Surface Layer‖

Damen, M., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 1, ―The SIMPLE Survey: Observations, Reduction, and Catalog‖ de Boer, T.J.L., … Saha, A., Olsen, K., et al. 2011, A&A, 528, A119, ―Deep Wide-Field Imaging Down to the Oldest Main Sequence Turn-offs in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy‖ de Boer, T.J.L., … Saha, A., Olsen, K., et al. 2011, CRAL-2010 A Universe of Dwarf Galaxies, eds. M. Koleva, P. Prugniel, I. Vauglin (EAS), 79, ―An Accurate Timescale for Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment of the Sculptor dSph‖

123 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

De Marchi, G., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 739, 27, ―Star Formation in 30 Doradus‖

de Propris, R., … Kunder, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, L36, ―Separating the Conjoined Red Clump in the Galactic Bulge: Kinematics and Abundances‖

Desai, V., Dey, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 130, ―The Dirt on Dry Mergers‖

DeWitt, C., … Blum, R., Olsen, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 721, 1663, ―Near-Infrared Counterparts of Chandra X-ray Sources toward the Galactic Center‖

Dopita, M.A., … Saha, A., Walker, A.R., et al. 2010, Ap&SS, 330, 123, ―Supernova Remnants, Planetary Nebulae and the Distance to NGC 4214‖

Doppmann, G.W., Najita, J.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 112, ―Warm H2O and OH Disk Emission in V1331 Cyg‖

Driver, S.P., … de Propris, R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 971, ―Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): Survey Diagnostics and Core Data Release‖

Eisenstein, D.J., … Cunha, K., … Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 72, ―SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems‖

Eisner, J.A., Doppmann, G.W., Najita, J.R., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, L28, ―Time-Variable Accretion in the TW Hya Star/Disk System‖

Elbaz, D., Dickinson, M., … Kartaltepe, J., … Brodwin, M., … Reddy, N., et al. 2011, A&A, 533, A119, ―GOODS-Herschel: An Infrared Main Sequence for Star-Forming Galaxies‖

Fabrizio, M., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, PASP, 123, 384, ―The Carina Project. IV. Radial Velocity Distribu- tion‖

Faherty, J.K., … van der Bliek, N., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 71, ―Identification of a Wide, Low-Mass Multiple System Containing the Brown Dwarf 2MASS J0850359 + 105716‖

Feldmeier, J.J., Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 2, ―The Burrell-Optical-Kepler-Survey (BOKS). I. Survey Description and Initial Results‖

Finkelstein, S.L., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 5, ―Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Lyα Emission at z ≈ 4.4‖

Fontaine, G., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 92, ―Discovery of a New AM CVn System with the Kepler Satellite‖

Fontana, A., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, L205, ―The Lack of Intense Lyα in Ultradeep Spectra of z = 7 Candidates in GOODS-S: Imprint of Reionization?‖

Fu, H., … Kartaltepe, J.S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 653, ―Decomposing Star Formation and Active Galactic Nucleus with Spitzer Mid-Infrared Spectra: Luminosity Functions and Co-evolution‖

García-Hernández, D.A., … Stanghellini, L., … Shaw, R.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, L30, ―The Formation of Fullerenes: Clues from New C60, C70 and (Possible) Planar C24 Detections in Magellanic Cloud Planetary Nebulae‖

124 NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS

García-Hernández, D.A., … Stanghellini, L., … Shaw, R.A., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, L39, Formation of Fulle- renes in H-Containing Planetary Nebulae‖

Garmany, K., et al. 2011, ASP Conf. 443, eds. J. Jensen, J. Manning, M. Gibbs (ASP), 33, ―Making Connec- tions with Underserved Communities, Broadening Participation in the STEM Fields‖

Gebhardt, K., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 119, ―The Black Hole Mass in M87 from Gemini/NIFS Adaptive Optics Observations‖

Georgantopoulos, I., … Pope, A., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, A&A, 531, A116, ―X-ray Observations of Highly Obscured τ9.7 μm > 1 Sources: An Efficient Method for Selecting Compton-thick AGN?‖

Ghezzi, L., Cunha, K., Schuler, S.C., Smith, V.V. 2010, ApJ, 725, 721, ―Metallicities of Planet-Hosting Stars: A Sample of Giants and Subgiants‖

Ghezzi, L., Cunha, K., Smith, V.V., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 154, ―Lithium Abundances in a Sample of Planet- Hosting Dwarfs‖

Girardi, L., … Olsen, K.A.G., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1030, ―The ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury. IX. Constraining Asymptotic Giant Branch Evolution with Old Metal-Poor Galaxies‖

Glikman, E., … Dey, A., Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, L26, ―The Faint End of the Quasar Luminosity Function at z ~ 4: Implications for Ionization of the Intergalactic Medium and Cosmic Downsizing‖

Gobat, R., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, A&A, 526, A133, ―A Mature Cluster with X-ray Emission at z = 2.07‖

Gorti, U., … Najita, J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 90, ―Emission Lines from the Gas Disk Around TW Hydra and the Origin of the Inner Hole‖

Guo, Y., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 18, ―Color and Stellar Population Gradients in Passively Evolving Galaxies at z ~ 2 from HST/WFC3 Deep Imaging in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field‖

Hamilton, R.T., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 16, ―Infrared Spectroscopic Observations of the Second- ary Stars of Short-Period Sub-gap Cataclysmic Variables‖

Hammer, D., … Lotz, J., et al. 2010, ApJS, 191, 143, ―The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey. II. Data Description and Source Catalogs‖

Hargreaves, R.J., Hinkle, K.H., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 919, ―High-Resolution 1.6 μm Spectra of FeH in M and L Dwarfs‖

Harrison, C.D., … de Propris, R., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 1455, ―The Stellar Populations of Early-Type Galaxies—I. Observations, Line Strengths and Stellar Population Parameters‖

Harrison, C.D., … de Propris, R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1036, ―The Stellar Populations of Early-Type Galaxies—II. The Effects of Environment and Mass‖

Heiderman, A., … Allen, L.E., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 1019, ―The Star Formation Rate and Gas Surface Density Relation in the Milky Way: Implications for Extragalactic Studies‖

125 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Hickox, R.C., … Dey, A., Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 117, ―Clustering of Obscured and Unobscured Quasars in the Boötes Field: Placing Rapidly Growing Black Holes in the Cosmic Web‖

High, F.W., … Smith, R.C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 1736, ―Optical Redshift and Richness Estimates for Galaxy Clusters Selected with the Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect from 2008 South Pole Telescope Observations‖

Hinkle, K.H., et al. 2010, International Conference on Binaries, eds. V. Kologera and M. van der Sluys (AIP), 63, ―IR Spectroscopy and the Origin of Post-AGB Disks‖

Hinkle, K.H., … Joyce, R.R., et al. 2010, Highlights of Astronomy, 15, 548, ―SpS1-Infrared Spectroscopy of Post-AGB Objects‖

Holberg, J.B., Howell, S.B. 2011, AJ, 142, 62, ―The Kepler Light Curve of the Unique DA White Dwarf BOKS 53856‖

Holman, M.J., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, Science, 330, 51, ―Kepler-9: A System of Multiple Planets Transiting a Sun-Like Star, Confirmed by Timing Variations‖

Hong, S., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 45, ―Large-Scale Shock-Ionized and Photoion- ized Gas in M83: The Impact of Star Formation‖

Horch, E.P., … Howell, S.B., Sherry, W.H., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 180, ―Observations of Binary Stars with the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument. III. Measures below the Diffraction Limit of the WIYN Telescope‖

Horch, E.P., … Sherry, W.H., Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 45, ―Observations of Binary Stars with the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument. II. Hipparcos Stars Observed in 2010 January and June‖

Hovhannisyan, L.R., … Dey, A., Jannuzi, B., et al. 2010, Evolution of Cosmic Objects through their Physical Activity, eds. H. Harutyunian, A. Mickaelian, Y. Terzian (National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia), 84, ―Bright Stars with Spitzer 24 μm Excesses in Boötes and FLS‖

Howell, S.B., … Everett, M., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 19, ―Speckle Camera Observations for the NASA Kepler Mission Follow-Up Program‖

Howell, S.B. 2011, Astronomical Photometry, eds. E. Milone and C. Sterken (Springer), 373, 71, ―High Preci- sion Differential Photometry with CCDs: A Brief History‖

Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1633, ―Kepler Observations of Three Pre-launch Exoplanet Candidates: Discovery of Two Eclipsing Binaries and a New Exoplanet‖

Hwang, H.S., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 75, ―Evolution of Dust Temperature of Galaxies through Cosmic Time as Seen by Herschel‖

Izvezic, Z., … Claver, C.F., … Olsen, K., … Ridgway, S.T., … Saha, A., … Wolff, S.C., et al. 2011, A Living LSST Document (arXiv:0805.2366), ―LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products‖

Jacobs, B.A., … Kartaltepe, J.S., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 110, ―Identification of a Complete 160 μm Flux-Limited Sample of Infrared Galaxies in the ISO Lockman Hole 1 deg2 Deep Fields: Source Properties and Evidence for Strong Evolution in the FIR Luminosity Function for ULIRGs‖

126 NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS

Jao, W.-C., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 117, ―The Solar Neighborhood. XXIV. Parallax Results –1 from the CTIOPI 0.9 m Program: Stars with μ ≥ 0 yr (MOTION Sample) and Subdwarfs‖

Jardel, J.R., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 739, 21, ―Orbit-Based Dynamical Models of the Sombrero Galaxy (NGC 4594)‖

Jenkins, J.M., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1108, ―Discovery and Rossiter-Mclaughlin Effect of Exoplanet Kepler-8b‖

Juneau, S., Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 104, ―A New Diagnostic of Active Galactic Nuclei: Revealing Highly Absorbed Systems at Redshift >0.3‖

Kervella, P., …. Ridgway, S.T., et al. 2011, A&A, 531, A117, ―The Close Circumstellar Environment of Betelgeuse. II. Diffraction-Limited Spectro-imaging from 7.76 to 19.50 μm with VLT/VISIR‖

Kinman, T.D., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 168, ―The BHB Stars in the Survey Fields of Rodgers et al. (1993): New Observations and Comparisons with Other Recent Surveys‖

Kleiser, I.K.W., … Matheson, T., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 372, ―Peculiar Type II Supernovae from Blue Supergiants‖

Klimek, M.D., … Points, S.D., Smiths, R.C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 2281, ―An X-Ray Investigation of Three Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud‖

Koenig, X.P., Allen, L.E. 2011, ApJ, 726, 18, ―Disk Evolution in W5: Intermediate-Mass Stars at 2–5 Myr‖

Kozłowski, S., … Dey, A., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1624, ―SDWFS-MT-1: A Self-Obscured Luminous Supernova at z ≃ 0.2‖

Krisciunas, K., … Matheson, T., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 74, ―The Most Slowly Declining Type Ia Supernova 2001ay‖

Kruger, A.J., … Najita, J.R., Doppmann, G.W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 145, ―Gas and Dust toward DG Tau B and VV CrA‖

Kunder, A., … Walker, A., … de Propris, R., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 15, ―Period Change Similarities among the RR Lyrae Variables in Oosterhoff I and Oosterhoff II Globular Systems‖

Latham, D.W., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, L24, ―A First Comparison of Kepler Planet Candidates in Single and Multiple Systems‖

Lee, K.-S., Dey, A., Reddy, N., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 99, ―The Average Physical Properties and Star Formation Histories of the UV-Brightest Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 3.7‖

Livingston, W., Wallace, L., et al. 2011, Solar Physics, 270, 485, ―Weak Emission Lines in the Wings of Solar H and K‖

LSST Data Challenge Handbook, v. 1.1, ed. R.A. Shaw, et al. (LSST Corp.), 2011

Magnelli, B., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, A&A, 528, A35, ―Evolution of the Dusty Infrared Luminosity Function from z = 0 to z = 2.3 Using Observations from Spitzer‖

127 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Manoj, P., … Najita, J.R., et al. 2011, ApJS, 193, 11, ―Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Survey of Young Stars in the Chamaeleon I Star-Forming Region‖

Mao, M.Y., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 79, ―No Evidence for Evolution in the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation Out to z ~ 2 in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South‖

Martin, C., Garmany, K. 2011, ASP Conf. 443, eds. J. Jensen, J. Manning, M. Gibbs (ASP), 277, ―AstroBITS: An Online Course for High School Teachers‖

McConnell, N.J., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 100, ―The Black Hole Mass in the Brightest Cluster Galaxy NGC 6086‖

Meech, K.J., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 323, ―Deep Impact, Stardust-NExT and the Behavior of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 from 1997 to 2010‖

Meilland, A., … Ridgway, S.T., et al. 2011, A&A, 532, A80, ―The Binary Be Star δ Scorpii at High Spectral and Spatial Resolution. I. Disk Geometry and Kinematics before the 2011 Periastron‖

Melbourne, J., … Dey, A., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 141, ―The Black Hole Masses and Star Formation Rates of z > 1 Dust Obscured Galaxies: Results from Keck OSIRIS Integral Field Spectroscopy‖

Mendez, A.J., … Lotz, J., Salim, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 110, ―AEGIS: The Morphologies of Green Galaxies at 0.4 < z < 1.2‖

Metevier, A.J., … Lotz, J., et al. 2010, ASP Conf. 436, eds. L. Hunter and A. Metevier (ASP), 364, ―The Hartnell Astronomy Short Course: Bolstering the Scientific Research Preparation of Community College Students‖

Mighell, K.J. 2010, PASP, 122, 1236, ―CRBLASTER: A Parallel-Processing Computational Framework for Embarrassingly Parallel Image-Analysis Algorithms‖

Mohanty, S., … Doppmann, G.W., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1138, ―High-Resolution Spectroscopy During Eclipse of the Young Substellar Eclipsing Binary 2MASS 0535-0546. I. Primary Spectrum: Cool Spots versus Opacity Uncertainties‖

Moisés, A.P., … Blum, R.D., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 705, ―Spectrophotometric Distances to Galactic H II Regions‖

Monachesi, A., … Lauer, T.R., … Mighell, K., et al. 2011, CRAL-2010 A Universe of Dwarf Galaxies, eds. M. Koleva, P. Prugniel, I. Vauglin (EAS), 271, ―The Resolved Stellar Populations of M32‖

Monachesi, A., … Lauer, T.R., … Mighell, K.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 55, ―The Deepest Hubble Space Telescope Color-Magnitude Diagram of M32. Evidence for Intermediate-Age Populations‖

Montiel, E.J., Mighell, K.J. 2010, AJ, 140, 1500, ―A Search for RR Lyrae Variables in the Central Region of M54‖

Morales-Calderón, M., … Allen, L.E., … James, D., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 50, ―Ysovar: The First Sensitive, Wide-Area, Mid-Infrared Photometric Monitoring of the Orion Nebula Cluster‖

Mucciarelli, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 837, ―NGC 1866: A Milestone for Understanding the Chemical Evolution of Stellar Populations in the Large Magellanic Cloud‖

128 NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS

Mukadam, A.S., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, L33, ―First Unambiguous Detection of the Return of Pulsations in the Accreting White Dwarf SDSS J074531.92+453829.6 after an Outburst‖

Mukadam, A.S., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner and T. Rauch (AIP), 520, ―Return of Pulsations in SDSS 0745+4538‖

Murphy, E.J., … Dickinson, M., Pope, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 126, ―An Accounting of the Dust-Obscured Star Formation and Accretion Histories over the Last ~11 Billion Years‖

Navarete, F., … Blum, R.D., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 67, ―The Stellar Content of Obscured Galactic Giant H II Regions. VII. W3‖

O‘Brien, D.P., … Ridgway, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 111, ―Inner Orbits in Hierarchical Triple Systems from the CHARA Array. I. V819 Her B‖

Olsen, K.A.G., … Blum, R.D., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, 29, ―A Population of Accreted Small Magellanic Cloud Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud‖

Papovich, C., … Lotz, J.M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 1123, ―The Rising Star Formation Histories of Distant Galaxies and Implications for Gas Accretion with Time‖

Pence, W.D., … Shaw, R.A., et al. 2010, A&A, 524, A42, ―Definition of the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS), Version 3.0‖

Penner, K., Pope, A., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 2749, ―Origins of the Extragalactic Background at 1 mm from a Combined Analysis of the AzTEC and MAMBO Data in GOODS-N‖

Peterson, D.E., … Allen, L.E., et al. 2011, ApJS, 194, 43, ―The Spitzer Survey of Interstellar Clouds in the Gould Belt. III. A Multi-Wavelength View of Corona Australis‖

Pierce, C.M., Lotz, J.M., Salim, S., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 139, ―Host Galaxy Colour Gradients and Accretion Disc Obscuration in AEGIS z ~ 1 X-ray-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei‖

Pietrzyński, G., … Walker, A., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1475, ―The Araucaria Project: First Cepheid Distance to the Sculptor Group Galaxy NGC 7793 from Variables Discovered in a Wide-Field Imaging Survey‖

Platais, I., … James, D.J., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1024, ―A Deep Proper-Motion Survey of the Nearby Open Cluster Blanco 1‖

Pompea, S.M., … Walker, C.E., et al. 2011, ASP Conf. 443, eds. J. Jensen, J. Manning, M. Gibbs (ASP), 54, ―Teaching with Galileoscopes and Other Small Telescopes‖

Pompea, S.M., … Walker, C.E., et al. 2011, ASP Conf. 443, eds. J. Jensen, J. Manning, M. Gibbs (ASP), 397, ―Integrating the Galileoscope into the College Classroom‖

Pompea, S.M., et al. 2011, SPIE Proc. 8065, eds. P. Ambs, et al. (SPIE), 80650N, ―Photonics Education for a Green Future: Connecting the Dots of the Arizona STEM Education Experiment‖

Poteet, C.A., … Allen, L.E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, L32, ―A Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Detection of Crystal- line Silicates in a Protostellar Envelope‖

129 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Prescott, M.K.M., … Dey, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, L25, ―The Line Polarization within a Giant Lyα Nebula‖

Ramírez, S.V., Cunha, K., … Smith, V.V., Blum, R.D., et al. 2011, ASP Conf. 439, eds. M. Morris, Q.D. Wang, F. Yuan (ASP), 263, ―Chemical Abundances in the Galactic Center‖

Rebull, L.M., … Sherry, W.H., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 25, ―New Young Star Candidates in CG4 and Sa101‖

Rebull, L.M., … Strom, S.E., Wolff, S.C., et al. 2011, ApJS, 193, 25, ―The North American and Pelican Nebulae. II. MIPS Observations and Analysis‖

Redaelli, M., … Claver, C.F., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 1220, ―The Pulsations of PG 1351+489‖

Reddy, N.A. 2011, ASP Conf. 440, ed. M Treyer (ASP), 385, ―Reconciling the Star Formation and Stellar Mass Densities‖

Reddy, N.A. 2011, Nature, 469, 479, ―Cosmology: A Glimpse of the First Galaxies‖

Rest, A., … Matheson, T., … Olsen, K., … Smith, R.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 3, ―Direct Confirmation of the Asymmetry of the Cas A Supernova with Light Echoes‖

Rest, A., … Olsen, K., … Matheson, T., … Smith, R.C., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 88, ―Pushing the Boundaries of Conventional Core-Collapse Supernovae: The Extremely Energetic Supernova SN 2003ma‖

Riedel, A.R., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 104, ―The Solar Neighborhood. XXVI. AP Col: the Closest (8.4 pc) Pre-Main Sequence Star‖

Saha, A., … Olsen, K., Knezek, P., Harris, J., Smith, C., … Rest, A., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1719, ―First Results from the NOAO Survey of the Outer Limits of the Magellanic Clouds‖

Saha, A., Shaw, R.A., et al. 2011, PASP, 123, 481, ―Calibration of BVRI Photometry for the Wide Field Channel of the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys‖

Salyk, C., … Najita, J.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 130, ―A Spitzer Survey of Mid-Infrared Molecular Emission from Protoplanetary Disks. II. Correlations and Local Thermal Equilibrium Models‖

Sanna, N., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, L244, ―On the Radial Extent of the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy IC10‖

Schaefer, G.H., … Ridgway, S.T., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1838, ―Multi-Epoch Near-Infrared Interferometry of the Spatially Resolved Disk around the Be Star δ Tau‖

Schuler, S.C., Cunha, K., Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, L32, ―Detailed Abundances of the Solar Twins 16 Cygni A and B: Constraining Planet Formation Models‖

Schuler, S.C., … Cunha, K., … Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 55, ―Abundances of Stars with Planets: Trends with Condensation Temperature‖

Shafter, A.W., … Matheson, T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 12, ―A Spectroscopic and Photometric Survey of Novae in M31‖

130 NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS

Shim, H., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 69, ―z ~ 4 Hα Emitters in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey: Tracing the Dominant Mode for Growth of Galaxies‖

Shporer, A., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, L200, ―A Ground-Based Measurement of the Relativistic Beaming Effect in a Detached Double White Dwarf Binary‖

Siana, B., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 241, ―A Deep Hubble Space Telescope Search for Escaping Lyman Continuum Flux at z ~ 1.3: Evidence for an Evolving Ionizing Emissivity‖

Simpson, C.E., … Lynds, R., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 82, ―VII Zw 403: H I Structure in a Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy‖

Smith, N., … Matheson, T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 63, ―A Massive Progenitor of the Luminous Type IIn Supernova 2010jl‖

Spezzi, L., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 1, ―Detection of Brown Dwarf Like Objects in the Core of NGC 3603‖

Stanghellini, L., et al. 2010, A&A, 521, A3, ―The Population of Planetary Nebulae and H II Regions in M81. A Study of Radial Metallicity Gradients and Chemical Evolution‖

Steffen, J.H., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1226, ―Five Kepler Target Stars that Show Multiple Transiting Exoplanet Candidates‖

Steidel, C.C., … Reddy, N.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 160, ―Diffuse Lyα Emitting Halos: A Generic Property of High-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies‖

Stobie, E., … Mighell, K., et al. 2010, ASP Conf. 434, ed. Y. Mizumoto (ASP), 414, ―User Support in the Virtual Astronomical Observatory‖

Straughn, A.N., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 14, ―Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Early Release Science: Emission-Line Galaxies from Infrared Grism Observations‖

Teplitz, H.I., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 1, ―Spitzer Infrared Spectrometer 16 μm Observations of the Goods Fields‖

Teske, J.K., Najita, J.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 27, ―Measuring Organic Molecular Emission in Disks with Low- Resolution Spitzer Spectroscopy‖

Tilvi, V., … Probst, R., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 721, 1853, ―The Luminosity Function of Lyα Emitters at Redshift z = 7.7‖

Tokovinin, A. 2011, AJ, 141, 52, ―Low-Mass Visual Companions to Nearby G-Dwarfs‖

Tokovinin, A. 2010, ASP Conf. 435, ed. A. Prša, M. Zejda (ASP), 17, ―Instruments and Missions in the 21st Century‖

Tokovinin, A., ... van der Bliek, N., et al. 2010, PASP, 122, 1483, ―High-Resolution Imaging at the SOAR Telescope‖

131 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Torres, G., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 24, ―Modeling Kepler Transit Light Curves as False Positives: Rejection of Blend Scenarios for Kepler-9, and Validation of Kepler-9 d, a Super-Earth-Size Planet in a Multiple System‖

Troisi, F., … Kunder, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, PASP, 123, 879, ―On a New Parameter to Estimate the Helium Content in Old Stellar Systems‖

Troutman, M.R., Hinkle, K.H., Najita, J.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 12, ―Ro-Vibrational CO Detected in the β Pictoris Circumstellar Disk‖

Valdes, F., et al. 2010, ASP Conf. 442, eds. I. Evans, et al. (ASP), 211, ―The Marriage of Mario (NHPPS) and Luigi (OGCE)‖

van Eyken, J.C., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 60, ―The Palomar Transient Factory Orion Project: Eclipsing Binaries and Young Stellar Objects‖

Vanzella, E., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, L35, ―Spectroscopic Confirmation of Two Lyman Break Galaxies at Redshift beyond 7‖

Vanzella, E., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1011, ―The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey: Constraints on the Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction Distribution of Lyman-break Galaxies at 3.4 < z < 4.5‖

von Braun, K., … Subasavage, J.P., … Ridgway, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, L26, ―Astrophysical Parameters and Habitable Zone of the Exoplanet Hosting Star GJ 581‖

Wahhaj, Z., … Allen, L., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 835, ―The Spitzer c2d Survey of Weak-Line T Tauri Stars. III. The Transition from Primordial Disks to Debris Disks‖

Walker, C.E., Pompea, S.M., et al. 2011, ASP Conf. 443, eds. J. Jensen, J. Manning, M. Gibbs (ASP), 345, ―Dark Skies from the Ground Up: Before, During and After GLOBE at Night‖

Walker, C.E., Pompea, S.M., et al. 2011, ASP Conf. 443, eds. J. Jensen, J. Manning, M. Gibbs (ASP), 85, ―Astronomy Meets the Environmental Sciences: Activities for Informal and Formal Educational Settings‖

Walker, C.E., Pompea, S.M. 2011, SPIE Proc. 8065, eds. P. Ambs, et al. (SPIE), 80650Q, ―National Education Program for Energy Efficient Illumination Engineering‖

Walker, C.E., Pompea, S.M. 2010, SPIE Newsroom, ―Global Campaign to Save Energy and Fight Light Pollution‖

Walker, A.R., … Kunder, A.M., … de Propris, R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 643, ―Constraints on the Formation of the Globular Cluster IC 4499 from Multiwavelength Photometry‖

Walkowicz, L.M., … Howell, S., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 50, ―White-Light Flares on Cool Stars in the Kepler Quarter 1 Data‖

Wallace, L., Hinkle, K.H., et al. 2011, ApJS, 195, 6, ―An Optical and Near-Infrared (2958–9250 Å) Solar Flux Atlas‖

Whitmore, B.C., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 78, ―Using Hα Morphology and Surface Brightness Fluctuations to Age-Date Star Clusters in M83‖

132 NOAO SCIENTIFIC STAFF PUBLICATIONS

Williams, B.J., … Smith, R.C., … Points, S., et al, 2011, ApJ, 729, 65, ―Dusty Blast Waves of Two Young Large Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnants: Constraints on Post-Shock Compression‖

Windhorst, R.A., … Saha, A., … Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJS, 193, 27, ―The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Early Release Science Data: Panchromatic Faint Object Counts for 0.2–2 μm Wavelength‖

Winters, J.G., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 21, ―The Solar Neighborhood. XXIII. CCD Photometry Distance Estimates of SCR Targets―77 M Dwarf Systems within 25 pc‖

Wolff, S.C., Strom, S.E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 19, ―The Evolution of Circumstellar Disks Surrounding Interme- diate-Mass Stars: IC 1805‖

Woods, P.M., … Blum, R.D., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 1597, ―The SAGE-Spec Spitzer Legacy Programme: The Life-Cycle of Dust and Gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud—Point Source Classification I‖

Zenteno, A., … Smith, R.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 3, ―A Multiband Study of the Galaxy Populations of the First Four Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect Selected Galaxy Clusters‖

Zhao, M., … Ridgway, S.T., et al. 2011, PASP, 123, 964, ―Toward Direct Detection of Hot Jupiters with Precision Closure Phase: Calibration Studies and First Results from the CHARA Array‖

133 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

D PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Publications by Data Source Data Source # in FY11 CTIO Telescopes 207 (incl. SMARTS & SOAR) KPNO Telescopes 181 (incl. WIYN) Gemini Telescopes 82 Keck Telescopes 15 HET & MMT 7 Magellan Telescopes 1 CHARA/Hale 0 NOAO Science Archive 28

D.1 TELESCOPES AT CERRO TOLOLO INTER-AMERICAN OBSERVATORY During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), 207 publications used data taken at the CTIO telescopes for which NOAO allocates observing time: 1

Agudo, I., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, L13, ―Location of γ-Ray Flare Emission in the Jet of the BL Lacertae Object OJ287 More than 14 pc from the Central Engine‖

Ahumada, J.A., Giorgi, E.E., Solivella, G., Vázquez, R.A. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 1355, ―Early-Type Stars in the Open Cluster NGC 4852‖

Anderson, G.E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 105, ―Identification of a Population of X-ray Emitting Massive Stars in the Galactic Plane‖

Andersson, K., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 48, ―X-ray Properties of the First Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect Selected Galaxy Cluster Sample from the South Pole Telescope‖

Andrews, J.E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 47, ―Photometric and Spectroscopic Evolution of the IIP SN 2007it to Day 944‖

Aragona, C., McSwain, M.V., Roberts, M.S.E. 2011, BSRSL, 80, 115, ―The Stellar Wind of LS 5039‖

Artigau, E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 739, 48, ―Discovery of Two L and T Binaries with Wide Separations and Peculiar Photometric Properties‖

1 Author Name in bold = NOAO scientific staff member; Author Name underlined = Undergraduate student in Research Expe- riences for Undergraduates (REU) program or Prácticas de Investigación en Astronomía (PIA) program

134 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Assef, R.J., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 56, ―The Mid-IR and X-ray-Selected QSO Luminosity Function‖

Balbinot, E., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 393, ―The Tidal Tails of NGC 2298‖

Balogh, M.L., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 947, ―The Stellar and Hot Gas Content of Low-Mass Galaxy Clusters‖

Baran, A.S., et al. 2011, Acta Astronomica, 61, 37, ―Mt. Suhora Survey—Searching for Pulsating M Dwarfs. I‖

Barlow, B.N., Dunlap, B.H., Clemens, J.C. 2011, ApJ, 737, L2, ―Radial Velocity Confirmation of a Binary Detected from Pulse Timings‖

Barlow, B.N., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 3434, ―Fortnightly Fluctuations in the O-C Diagram of CS 1246‖

Batista, V., et al. 2011, A&A, 529, A102, ―MOA-2009-BLG-387Lb: A Massive Planet Orbiting an M Dwarf‖

Battinelli, P., Demers, S. 2011, A&A, 525, A69, ―Long Period Variable Survey in NGC 6822‖

Bauer, J.M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 171, ―WISE/NEOWISE Observations of Comet 103P/Hartley 2‖

Baume, G., Carraro, G., Comeron, F., de Elia, G.C. 2011, A&A, 531, A73, ―The Ara OB1a Association. Stellar Population and Star Formation History‖

Belton, M.J.S., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 345, ―Stardust-NExT, Deep Impact, and the Accelerat- ing Spin of 9P/Tempel 1‖

Bielby, R.M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2, ―The VLT LBG Redshift Survey—I. Clustering and Dynamics of ≈1000 Galaxies at z ≈ 3‖

Bonanos, A.Z., Castro, N., Macri, L.M., Kudritzki, R.-P. 2011, ApJ, 729, L9, ―The Distance to the Massive Eclipsing Binary LMC-SC1-105 in the Large Magellanic Cloud‖

Bonning, E.W., et al. 2010, ASP Conf. 427, eds. L. Maraschi, et al. (ASP), 265, ―Variability in the Blazar 3C 454.3‖

Brozović, M., Jacobson, R.A., Sheppard, S.S. 2011, AJ, 141, 135, ―The Orbits of Neptune‘s Outer Satellites‖

Bubar, E.J., Mamajek, E.E., Jensen, E.L.N., Walter, F.M. 2011, AJ, 141, 140, ―V474 Car: A Rare Halo RS CVn Binary in Retrograde Galactic Orbit‖

Buie, M.W., Trilling, D.E., Wasserman, L.H., Crudo, R.A. 2011, ApJS, 194, 40, ―A Large and Faint Photometric Catalog on the Ecliptic‖

Bullock, E., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 84, ―GALEX and Optical Observations of GW Librae during the Long Decline from Superoutburst‖

Burgasser, A.J., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1405, ―Clouds in the Coldest Brown Dwarfs: Fire Spectroscopy of Ross 458C‖

Burgasser, A.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 116, ―Fire Spectroscopy of Five Late-Type T Dwarfs Discovered with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer‖

135 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Caldwell, N., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 61, ―Star Clusters in M31. II. Old Cluster Metallicities and Ages from Hectospec Data‖

Camargo, J.I.B., et al. 2011, A&A, 532, A115, ―The Influence of Radio-Extended Structures on Offsets between the Optical and VLBI Positions of Sources in the ICRF2‖

Cano, Z., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 669, ―A Tale of Two GRB-SNe at a Common Redshift of z = 0.54‖

Cappa, C.E., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 2844, ―A Multifrequency Study of the Active Star-Forming Complex NGC 6357―I. Interstellar Structures Linked to the Open Cluster Pis 24‖

Cargile, P.A., James, D.J., Jeffries, R.D. 2010, ApJ, 725, L111, ―Identification of the Lithium Depletion Boundary and Age of the Southern Open Cluster Blanco 1‖

Carlson, L.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 78, ―A Panchromatic View of NGC 602: Time-Resolved Star Formation with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes‖

Carraro, G., Costa, E., Ahumada, J.A. 2010, AJ, 140, 954, ―Photometric Characterization of the Galactic Star Cluster Trumpler 20‖

Castanheira, B.G., et al. 2010, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner and T. Raugh (AIP), 500, ―Discovery of Twelve ZZ Ceti Stars‖

Castro, P.J., Gizis, J.E., Gagné, M. 2011, ApJ, 736, 67, ―A Chandra Observation of the TW Hydrae Association Brown Dwarf 2MASSW J1139511−315921‖

Cenko, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 29, ―Afterglow Observations of Fermi Large Area Telescope Gamma-ray Bursts and the Emerging Class of Hyper-Energetic Events‖

Chen, C.-H.R., et al. 2010, ApJ, 721, 1206, ―Spitzer View of Young Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud H II Complexes. II. N 159‖

Chené, A.-N., St-Louis, N. 2011, ApJ, 736, 140, ―A Systematic Search for Corotating Interaction Regions in Apparently Single Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars. II. A Global View of the Wind Variability‖

Chené, A.-N., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 34, ―WR 110: A Single Wolf-Rayet Star with Corotating Interaction Regions in Its Wind?‖

Christian, D.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 164, ―The Search for Super-Saturation in Chromospheric Emission‖

Clem, J.L., Landolt, A.U., Hoard, D.W., Wachter, S. 2011, AJ, 141, 115, ―Deep, Wide-Field CCD Photometry for the Open Cluster NGC 3532‖

Clocchiatti, A., Suntzeff, N.B., Covarrubias, R., Candia, P. 2011, AJ, 141, 163, ―The Ultimate Light Curve of SN 1998bw/GRB 980425‖

Cody, A.M., Hillenbrand, L.A. 2010, ApJS, 191, 389, ―Precision Photometric Monitoring of Very Low Mass σ Orionis Cluster Members: Variability and Rotation at a Few Myr‖

Cohen, R.E., Sarajedini, A., Kinemuchi, K., Leiton, R. 2011, ApJ, 727, 9 ―The Unusual RR Lyrae Population of NGC 6101‖

136 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Colbert, J.W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 59, ―Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission within Lyα Blobs‖

Contreras, R., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1766, ―Time-Series Photometry of Globular Clusters: M62 (NGC 6266), The Most RR Lyrae-Rich Globular Cluster in the Galaxy?‖

Crighton, N.H.M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 28, ―The VLT LBG Redshift Survey―II. Interactions between Galaxies and the IGM at z ~ 3‖

Damen, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 1, ―The Simple Survey: Observations, Reduction, and Catalog‖

David, L.P., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 162, ―Active-Galactic-Nucleus-Driven Weather and Multiphase Gas in the Core of the NGC 5044 Galaxy Group‖ de Boer, T.J.L., … Saha, A., Olsen, K., et al. 2011, A&A, 528, A119, ―Deep Wide-Field Imaging Down to the Oldest Main Sequence Turn-Offs in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy‖

DeWitt, C., … Blum, R., Olsen, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 721, 1663, ―Near-Infrared Counterparts of Chandra X-ray Sources toward the Galactic Center‖

Diaz, M.P., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1860, ―The Spectral Evolution and Ejecta of Recurrent Nova U Sco in the 2010 Outburst‖

Donnarumma, I., et al. ApJ, 736, L30, ―The Remarkable γ-Ray Activity in the Gravitationally Lensed Blazar PKS 1830-211‖

Donzelli, C.J., Muriel, H., Madrid, J.P. 2011, ApJS, 195, 15, ―The Luminosity Profiles of Brightest Cluster Galaxies‖

Efremova, B.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 88, ―The Recent Star Formation in NGC 6822: An Ultraviolet Study‖

Eisenstein, D.J., … Cunha, K., … Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 72, ―SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems‖

Evans, C.J., et al. 2011, A&A, 530, A108, ―The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. I. Introduction and Observa- tional Overview‖

Exter, K., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1414, ―The Exotic Eclipsing Nucleus of the Ring Planetary Nebula SuWt 2‖

Faherty, J.K., … van der Bliek, N., et al., 2011, AJ, 141, 71, ―Identification of a Wide, Low-Mass Multiple System Containing the Brown Dwarf 2MASS J0850359+105716‖

Findeisen, K., Hillenbrand, L., Soderblom, D. 2011, AJ, 142, 23, ―Stellar Activity in the Broadband Ultraviolet‖

Fleming, S.W., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 50, ―Eclipsing Binary Science via the Merging of Transit and Doppler Exoplanet Survey Data―A Case Study with the Marvels Pilot Project and SuperWASP‖

Foley, R.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 86, ―Discovery and Cosmological Implications of SPT-CL J2106-5844. The Most Massive Known Cluster at z > 1‖

Gallardo, J., et al. 2010, A&A, 522, A4, ―Characterisation of Extrasolar Planetary Transit Candidates. II. The Companions to Late M-Type Stars‖

137 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Geier, S., et al. 2011, A&A, 526, A39, ―Massive Unseen Companions to Hot Faint Underluminous Stars from SDSS (MUCHFUSS). Analysis of Seven Close Subdwarf B Binaries‖

Geier, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, L22, ―Binaries Discovered by the MUCHFUSS Project: SDSS J08205+0008— an Eclipsing Subdwarf B Binary with a Brown Dwarf Companion‖

Georgantopoulos, I., et al. 2011, A&A, 526, A86, ―X-ray Detected Infrared Excess AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: A Moderate Fraction of Compton-Thick Sources‖

Georgantopoulos, I., Rovilos, E., Comastri, A. 2011, A&A, 526, A46, ―X-ray Observations of Sub-mm LABO- CA Galaxies in the eCDFS‖

Gralla, M.B., Gladders, M.D., Yee, H.K.C., Barrientos, L.F. 2011, ApJ, 734, 103, ―Constraining the Redshift Evolution of First Radio Sources in RCS1 Galaxy Clusters‖

Guaita, L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 114, ―Lyα-Emitting Galaxies at z = 2.1: Stellar Masses, Dust and Star Forma- tion Histories from Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting‖

Guennou, L., et al. 2010, A&A, 523, A21, ―The DAFT/FADA Survey. I. Photometric Redshifts along Lines of Sight to Clusters in the z = [0.4, 0.9] Interval‖

Hawley, S.A. 2011, PASP, 123, 44, ―Spectrophotometry of Southern H II Regions and Strong-Line Diagnostics‖

Hebb, L., et al. 2011, A&A, 531, A61, ―Precise Orbit Solution of MML 53, a Low-Mass, Pre-Main Sequence Eclipsing Binary in Upper Centaurus Lupus‖

Helton, L.A., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1347, ―The Dusty Nova V1065 Centauri (Nova Cen 2007): A Spectroscopic Analysis of Abundances and Dust Properties‖

Henry, R.B.C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 748, ―Abundances of Galactic Anticenter Planetary Nebulae and the Oxygen Abundance Gradient in the Galactic Disk‖

Herbst, W., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 2025, ―The Light Curve of the Weakly Accreting T Tauri Binary KH 15D from 2005-2010: Insights into the Nature of its Protoplanetary Disk‖

Hourihane, A.P., Callanan, P.J., Cool, A.M., Reynolds, M.T. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 184, ―Ground- and Space- Based Study of Two Globular Cluster Cataclysmic Variables: M22 CV1 and M5 V101‖

Hsieh, H.H., Meech, K.J., Pittichova, J. 2011, ApJ, 736, L18, ―Main-Belt Comet 238P/Read Revisited‖

Hudson, M.J., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 405, ―Colours of Bulges and Discs within Galaxy Clusters and the Signature of Disc Fading on Infall‖

Humphreys, R.M., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 131, ―Mapping the Asymmetric Thick Disk. III. The Kinematics and Interaction with the Galactic Bar‖

138 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Huynh, M.T., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 1110, ―MIPS 24 μm Observations of the Hubble Deep Field South: Probing the IR-Radio Correlation of Galaxies at z > 1‖

Hwang, K.-H., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 797, ―OGLE-2005-BLG-153: Microlensing Discovery and Characterization of a Very Low Mass Binary‖

Jacobson, H.R., Friel, E.D., Pilachowski, C.A. 2011, AJ, 141, 58, ―A Chemical Abundance Study of Red Giants in Open Clusters NGC 2204 and NGC 2243‖

Jao, W.-C., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 117, ―The Solar Neighborhood. XXIV. Parallax Results –1 from the CTIOPI 0.9 m Program: Stars with μ ≥ 0 yr (Motion Sample) and Subdwarfs‖

Jeffery, E.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 35, ―The White Dwarf Age of NGC 2477‖

Johnson, C.I., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 108, ―Alpha Enhancement and the Metallicity Distribution Function of Plaut‘s Window‖

Johnson, C.I., Pilachowski, C.A. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1373, ―Chemical Abundances for 855 Giants in the Globular Cluster Omega Centauri (NGC 5139)‖

Jonker, P.G., et al. 2011, ApJS, 194, 18, ―The Galactic Bulge Survey: Outline and X-ray Observations‖

Kane, S.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 28, ―Improved Orbital Parameters and Transit Monitoring for HD 156846b‖

Kane, S.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, 58, ―Stellar Variability of the Exoplanet Hosting Star HD 63454‖

Kann, D.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 96, ―The Afterglows of Swift-era Gamma-ray Bursts. II. Type I GRB versus Type II GRB Optical Afterglows‖

Kaviraj, S. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 170, ―Recent Star Formation in Local, Morphologically Disturbed Spheroidal Galaxies on the Optical Red Sequence‖

Kaviraj, S., Tan, K.-M., Ellis, R.S., Silk, J. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 2148, ―A Coincidence of Disturbed Morphology and Blue UV Colour: Minor-Merger-Driven Star Formation in Early-Type Galaxies at z ~ 0.6‖

Kennedy, C.R., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 102, ―[O/Fe] Estimates for Carbon—Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars from Near- Infrared Spectroscopy‖

Kim, H.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 84, ―The Spitzer C2D Survey of Nearby Dense Cores. XI. Infrared and Submil- limeter Observations of CB 130‖

Kim, J.-W., Edge, A.C., Wake, D.A., Stott, J.P. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 241, ―Clustering Properties of High- Redshift Red Galaxies in SA22 from the UKIDSS Deep eXtragalactic Survey‖

Klimek, M.D., … Points, S.D., Smith, R.C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 2281, ―An X-ray Investigation of Three Supernova Remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud‖

Konstantopoulos, I.S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 197, ―Galaxy Evolution in a Complex Environment: A Multi- wavelength Study of HCG 7‖

139 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Kovacevic, A.V., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 860, ―Planetary Nebulae towards the Galactic Bulge―I. [O III] Fluxes‖

Krisciunas, K., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 74, ―The Most Slowly Declining Type Ia Supernova 2001ay‖

Külebi, B., et al. 2010, A&A, 524, A36, ―Constraints on the Origin of the Massive, Hot, and Rapidly Rotating Magnetic White Dwarf RE J 0317-853 from an HST Parallax Measurement‖

Kumar, M.S.N., et al. 2011, A&A, 533, A137, ―H2 Flows in the Corona Australis Cloud and Their Driving Sources‖

Kunder, A., … Walker, A., … de Propris, R., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 15, ―Period Change Similarities among the RR Lyrae Variables in Oosterhoff I and Oosterhoff II Globular Systems‖

Larsen, J.A., Cabanela, J.E., Humphreys, R.M. 2011, AJ, 141, 130, ―Mapping the Asymmetric Thick Disk. II. Distance, Size, and Mass of the Hercules Thick Disk Cloud‖

Lebzelter, T., Wood, P.R. 2011, A&A, 529, A137, ―Long Period Variables and Mass Loss in the Globular Clusters NGC 362 and NGC 2808‖

Lee, B.L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 32, ―MARVELS-1b: A Short-Period, Brown Dwarf Desert Candidate from the SDSS-III MARVELS Planet Search‖

Lee, J.C., et al. 2011, ApJS, 192, 6, ―A GALEX Ultraviolet Imaging Survey of Galaxies in the Local Volume‖

Lee, J.C., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 702, ―Optical Spectral Classification of Southern Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies‖

Li, Y., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 677, ―Spitzer 70 μm Emission as a Star Formation Rate Indicator for Sub-galactic Regions‖

Loh, E.D., et al. 2011, ApJS, 194, 30, ―A Survey of Molecular Hydrogen in the Crab Nebula‖

Looper, D.L., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1486, ―A Widely Separated, Highly Occluded Companion to the Nearby Low- Mass T Tauri Star TWA 30‖

Lopez, L.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 91, ―What Drives the Expansion of Giant H II Regions?: A Study of Stellar Feedback in 30 Doradus‖

Maiorano, E., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 531, ―Searching for Active Galactic Nuclei among Unidentified INTEGRAL Sources‖

Maitra, D., et al. 2011, IAU Symp. 275, eds. G.E. Romero, R.A. Sunyaev, T. Belloni (IAU), 82, ―Jets at Lowest Mass Accretion Rates‖

Maksym, W.P., Ulmer, M.P., Eracleous, M. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1035, ―A Tidal Disruption Flare in A1689 from an Archival X-ray Survey of Galaxy Clusters‖

Martinez-Garcia, E.E., Gonzalez-Lopezlira, R.A. 2011, ApJ, 734, 122, ―The Relation between Dynamics and Star Formation in Barred Galaxies‖

140 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Mauerhan, J.C., Van Dyk, S.D., Morris, P.W. 2011, AJ, 142, 40, ―Red Eyes on Wolf-Rayet Stars: 60 New Discoveries via Infrared Color Selection‖

Mauerhan, J.C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 188, ―Isolated Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified via Paschen-α Excess‖

Meech, K.J., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 323, ―Deep Impact, Stardust-NExT and the Behavior of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 from 1997 to 2010‖

Meiring, J.D., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 2516, ―SOAR Imaging of Sub-damped Lyman α Systems at z < 1‖

Menanteau, F., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 1523, ―The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Physical Properties and Purity of a Galaxy Cluster Sample Selected via the Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect‖

Menanteau, F., et al. 2010, ApJS, 191, 340, ―Southern Cosmology Survey. II. Massive Optically Selected Cluster from 70 Square Degrees on the Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect Common Survey Area‖

Mentuch, E., Abraham, R.G., Zibetti, S. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1971, ―A Simple Connection between the Near- and Mid-Infrared Emission of Galaxies and Their Star Formation Rates‖

Metcalfe, R.S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, L213, ―Discovery of a 1.6 Year Magnetic Activity Cycle in the Exoplanet Host Star ι Horologii‖

Miyake, N., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 120, ―A Sub-Saturn Mass Planet, MOA-2009-BLG-319Lb‖

Moisés, A.P., … Blum, R.D., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 705, ―Spectrophotometric Distances to Galactic H II Regions‖

Moncelsi, L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 83, ―A Panchromatic Study of Blast Counterparts: Total Star Formation Rate, Morphology, Active Galactic Nucleus Fraction, and Stellar Mass‖

Moustakas, J., et al. 2010, ApJS, 190, 233, ―Optical Spectroscopy and Nebular Oxygen Abundances of the Spitzer/SINGS Galaxies‖

Muñoz-Mateos, J.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 10, ―Radial Distribution of Stars, Gas, and Dust in SINGS Galaxies. III. Modeling the Evolution of the Stellar Component in Galaxy Disks‖

Nidever, D.L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, L10, ―Discovery of a Large Stellar Periphery Around the Small Magellanic Cloud‖

Norris, M.A., Kannappan, S.J. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 739, ―The Ubiquity and Dual Nature of Ultra-compact Dwarfs‖

O‘Dell, C.R., Ferland, G.J, Porter, R.L., van Hoof, P.A.M. 2011, ApJ, 733, 9, ―Physical Conditions in Barnard‘s Loop, Components of the Orion-Eridanus Bubble, and Implications for the Warm Ionized Medium Compo- nent of the Interstellar Medium‖

O‘Dell, C.R., Harris, J.A. 2010, AJ, 140, 985, ―Spectrophotometry of the Huygens Region of the Orion Nebula, the Extended Orion Nebula, and M43: Scattered Light Systematically Distorts Conditions. Derived from Emission Lines‖

141 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Olsen, K.A.G., … Blum, R.D., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, 29, ―A Population of Accreted Small Magellanic Cloud Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud‖

Padilla, N., Christlein, D., Gawiser, E., Marchesini, D. 2011, A&A, 531, A142, ―The Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies Selected by Their Spatial Clustering‖

Padilla, N.D., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 184, ―Clustering and Descendants of MUSYC Galaxies at z < 1.5‖

Palma, M.I., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 60, ―Multiwavelength Observations of the Gamma-ray Blazar PKS 0528+134 in Quiescence‖

Pancoast, A., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 530, ―Star Formation and Dust Obscuration in the Tidally Distorted Galaxy NGC 2442‖

Pandey, G., Lambert, D.L. 2011, ApJ, 727, 122, ―Neon and CNO Abundances for Extreme Helium Stars―A Non-LTE Analysis‖

Parker, Q.A., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1835, ―PHR 1315: A Bipolar Planetary Nebula in the Compact Hyades- Age Open Cluster ESO 96-SC04‖

Pellegrini, E.W., Baldwin, J.A., Ferland, G.J. 2010, ApJS, 191, 160, ―Structure and Feedback in 30 Doradus. I. Observations‖

Pellegrini, E.W., Baldwin, J.A., Ferland, G.J. 2011, ApJ, 738, 34, ―Structure and Feedback in 30 Doradus. II. Structure and Chemical Abundances‖

Piatti, A.E. 2011, MNRAS, 416, L89, ―New Candidate Intermediate-Age Star Clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud‖

Piatti, A.E., Claria, J.J., Ahumada, A.V. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 1147, ―First CCD UBVI Photometric Analysis of Four Moderately Young Open Clusters in the Third Galactic Quadrant‖

Piatti, A.E., Claria, J.J., Parisi, M.C., Ahumada, A.V. 2011, PASP, 123, 519, ―First Estimates of the Fundamental Parameters of Three Large Magellanic Cloud Clusters‖

Poznanski, D., Ganeshalingam, M., Silverman, J.M., Filippenko, A.V. 2011, MNRAS, 415, L81, ―Low- Resolution Sodium D Absorption Is a Bad Proxy for Extinction‖

Rabinowitz, D., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 51, ―Discovery and Characterization of an Extremely Deep-Eclipsing Cataclysmic Variable: LSQ 172554.8-643839‖

Randall, S.W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 86, ―Shocks and Cavities from Multiple Outbursts in the Galaxy Group NGC 5813: A Window to Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback‖

Ratti, E.M., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 1866, ―Chandra Localization and Optical/Near-Infrared Follow-up of Galactic X-ray Sources‖

Rawls, M.L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 25, ―Refined Neutron Star Mass Determinations for Six Eclipsing X-ray Pulsar Binaries‖

Rebull, L.M., … Sherry, W.H., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 25, ―New Young Star Candidates in CG4 and Sa 101‖

142 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Rest, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 2, ―On the Interpretation of Supernova Light Echo Profiles and Spectra‖

Ribeiro, T., Baptista, R. 2011, A&A, 526, A150, ―Near-Infrared SOAR Photometric Observations of Post Common Envelope Binaries‖

Riffel, R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 2714, ―Near-Infrared Integrated Spectra of Galactic Globular Clusters: Testing Simple Stellar Population Models‖

Rodriguez, D.R., Zuckerman, B., Melis, C., Song, I. 2011, ApJ, 732, L29, ―The Ultra Cool Brown Dwarf Companion of WD 0806-66 1B: Age, Mass, and Formation Mechanism‖

Roh, D.-G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, L45, ―Two Distinct Red Giant Branches in the Globular Cluster NGC 288‖

Rossetto, B.M., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 185, ―The Dark Energy Survey: Prospects for Resolved Stellar Populations‖

Rubin, R.H., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 1320, ―Spitzer Reveals What Is Behind Orion‘s Bar‖

Ruschel-Dutra, D., Riffel, R., Ducati, J.R., Pastoriza, M. 2011, PASP, 123, 1004, ―The XDSpres CL-based Package for Reducing OSIRIS Cross-Dispersed Spectra‖

Rush, B.W., Wisniewski, J.P., Bjorkman, K. 2011, AJ, 142, 58, ―Near-Contemporaneous Optical Spectroscopic and Infrared Photometric Observations of Candidate Herbig Ae/Be Stars in the Magellanic Clouds‖

Ryu, Y.-H., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 81, ―OGLE-2009-BLG-092/MOA-2009-BLG-137: A Dramatic Repeating Event with the Second Perturbation Predicted by Real-Time Analysis‖

Sabby. J.A., Sandberg Lacy, C.H., Ibanoglu, C., Claret, A. 2011, AJ, 141, 195, ―Absolute Properties of the Eccentric Eclipsing Binary Star FT Orionis‖

Saha, A., … Olsen, K., Knezek, P., Harris, J., Smith, C., … Rest, A., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1719, ―First Results from the NOAO Survey of the Outer Limits of the Magellanic Clouds‖

Sayres, C., et al. 2010, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner and T. Raugh (AIP), 180, ―Multi- Survey and Statistical Methods for Cool White Dwarf Discovery‖

Scandariato, G., Robberto, M., Pagano, I., Hillenbrand, L.A. 2011, A&A, 533, A38, ―The Extinction Map of the OMC-1 Molecular Cloud Behind the Orion Nebula‖

Schaefer, B.E., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 925, ―Discovery of the Predicted 2010 Eruption and Pre-Eruption Light Curve for Recurrent Nova U Scorpii‖

Sehgal, N., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 44, ―The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Cosmology from Galaxy Clusters Detected via the Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect‖

Shih, I.C., Charles, P.A., Cornelisse, R. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 120, ―Correlated Optical/X-ray Long-Term Variability in LMXB 4U 1636-536‖

143 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Shin, I.-G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 85, ―OGLE-2005-BLG-018: Characterization of Full Physical and Orbital Parameters of a Gravitational Binary Lens‖

Sinnott, B., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 2101, ―New g’r’i’z’ Photometry of the NGC 5128 Globular Cluster System‖

Skemer, A.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 107, ―Evidence Against an Edge-On Disk Around the Extrasolar Planet, 2MASS 1207 b and a New Thick-Cloud Explanation for Its Underluminosity‖

Skibba, R.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 89, ―The Emission by Dust and Stars of Nearby Galaxies in the Herschel KINGFISH Survey‖

Skowron, J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 87, ―Binary Microlensing Event OGLE-2009-BLG-020 Gives Verifiable Mass, Distance, and Orbit Predictions‖

Stock, D.J., Barlow, M.J. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 1429, ―A Search for Ejecta Nebulae Around Wolf-Rayet Stars Using the SHS Hα Survey‖

Stritzinger, M., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 2036, ―The Distance to NGC 1316 (Fornax A) from Observations of Four Type Ia Supernovae‖

Thomson, M.G., Chary, R.R. 2011, ApJ, 731, 72, ―Spectral Energy Distribution of z ≳ 1 Type Ia Supernova Hosts in GOODS: Constraints on Evolutionary Delay and the Initial Mass Function‖

Thöne, C.C., et al. 2010, A&A, 523, A70, ―Photometry and Spectroscopy of GRB 060526: A Detailed Study of the Afterglow and Host Galaxy of a z = 3.2 Gamma-ray Burst‖

Tokovinin, A., … van der Bliek, N., et al. 2010, PASP, 122, 1483, ―High-Resolution Imaging at the SOAR Telescope‖

Tokovinin, A. 2011, AJ, 141, 52, ―Low-Mass Visual Companions to Nearby G-Dwarfs‖

Trakhtenbrot, B., Netzer, H., Lira, P., Shemmer, O. 2011, ApJ, 730, 7, ―Black Hole Mass and Growth Rate at z ≃ 4.8: A Short Episode of Fast Growth Followed by Short Duty Cycle Activity‖

Traulsen, I., et al. 2011, A&A, 529, A116, ―XMM-Newton Observations of the X-ray Soft Polar QS Telescopii‖

Trilling, D.E., Fuentes, C.I., Holman, M.J. 2010, ApJ, 724, L22, ―The Inclinations of Faint Trans-Neptunian Objects‖

Trippe, M.L., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1749, ―A Multi-Wavelength Study of the Nature of Type 1.8/1.9 Seyfert Galaxies‖

Troisi, F., … Walker, A., et al. 2011, PASP, 123, 879, ―On a New Parameter to Estimate the Helium Content in Old Stellar Systems‖

Vanderlinde, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1180, ―Galaxy Clusters Selected with the Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect from 2008 South Pole Telescope Observations‖

van Oers, P., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 763, ―Is the Plateau State in GRS 1915+105 Equivalent to Canonical Hard States?‖

144 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Von Braun, K., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011. ApJ, 729, L26, ―Astrophysical Parameters and Habitable Zone of the Exoplanet Hosting Star GI 581‖

Wahhaj, Z., … Allen, L., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 835, ―The Spitzer c2d Survey of Weak-Line T Tauri Stars. III. The Transition from Primordial Disks to Debris Disks‖

Walker, A.R., … Kunder, A.M., … de Propris, R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 643, ―Constraints on the Formation of the Globular Cluster IC 4499 from Multiwavelength Photometry‖

Walker, L.M., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1254, ―Mid-Infrared Evidence for Accelerated Evolution in Compact Group Galaxies‖

Warren, S.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 10, ―The Formation of Kiloparsec-Scale H I Holes in Dwarf Galaxies‖

Werner, N., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 3369, ―Violent Interaction between the Active Galactic Nucleus and the Hot Gas in the Core of the Galaxy Cluster Sérsic 159-03‖

White, T.R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 1638, ―Variability in Mode Amplitudes in Rapidly Oscillating Ap Star HR 1217‖

Williams, S.J., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 5, ―ASAS Light Curves of Intermediate-Mass Eclipsing Binary Stars and the Parameters of HI Mon‖

Williamson, R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 139, ―A Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich-Selected Sample of the Most Massive Galaxy Clusters in the 2500 deg2 South Pole Telescope Survey‖

Winters, J.G., … Subasavage, J.P., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 21, ―The Solar Neighborhood. XXIII. CCD Photometry Distance Estimates of SCR Targets―77 M Dwarf Systems within 25 pc‖

Wong, K.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 84, ―The Effect of Environment on Shear in Strong Gravitational Lenses‖

Woodley, K.A., Harris, W.E. 2011, AJ, 141, 27, ―Possible Subgroups of Globular Clusters and Planetary Nebulae in NGC 5128‖

Wuyts, E., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1182, ―A Bright, Spatially Extended Lensed Galaxy at z = 1.7 behind the Cluster RCS2 032727-132623‖

Yang, Y., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 87, ―Gas Kinematics in Lyα Nebulae‖

Zenteno, A., … Smith, R.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 3, ―A Multiband Study of the Galaxy Populations of the First Four Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich Effect Selected Galaxy Clusters‖

Zhao, J.K., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 107, ―The Chromospheric Activity, Age, Metallicity, and Space Motions of 36 Wide Binaries‖

Zub, M., et al. 2011, A&A, 525, A15, ―Limb-Darkening Measurements for a Cool Red Giant in Microlensing Event OGLE 2004-BLG-482‖

145 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

D.2 TELESCOPES AT KITT PEAK NATIONAL OBSERVATORY During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), 181 publications used data taken at the KPNO telescopes for which NOAO allocates observing time: 2

Abia, C., Cunha, K., … Hinkle, K., … Smith, V.V., et al. 2010, MmSAI, 81, 986, ―Is the Fluorine Abundance Problem in AGB Stars Solved?‖

Abramson, A., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 164, ―Caught in the Act: Strong, Active Ram Pressure Stripping in Virgo Cluster Spiral NGC 4330‖

Acciari, V.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 25, ―TeV and Multi-wavelength Observations of Mrk 421 in 2006–2008‖

Albert, L., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 203, ―37 New T-type Brown Dwarfs in the Canada-France Brown Dwarfs Survey‖

Andrews, J.E., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 45, ―Evidence for Pre-existing Dust in the Bright Type IIn SN 2010jl‖

Aragona, C., McSwain, M.V., De Becker, M. 2010, ApJ, 724, 306, ―HD 259440: The Proposed Optical Counter- part of the γ-ray Binary HESS J0632+057‖

Assef, R.J., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 56, ―The Mid-IR- and X-ray-Selected QSO Luminosity Function‖

Balachandran, S.C., Mallik, S.V., Lambert, D.L. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 2526, ―Lithium Abundances in the α Per Cluster‖

Baran, A.S., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 776, ―RAT J0455+1305: A Rare Hybrid Pulsating Subdwarf B Star‖

Baran, A.S., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 2838, ―J08069+1527: A Newly Discovered High-Amplitude, Hybrid Subdwarf B Pulsator‖

Batalha, N.M., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 27, ―Kepler‘s First Rocky Planet: Kepler-10b‖

Bayliss, M.B., et al. 2011, ApJS, 193, 8, ―Gemini/GMOS Spectroscopy of 26 Strong-Lensing-Selected Galaxy Cluster Cores‖

Belton, M.J.S., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 345, ―Stardust-NExT, Deep Impact, and the Accelerat- ing Spin of 9P/Tempel 1‖

Bergeron, P., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, 28, ―A Comprehensive Spectroscopic Analysis of DB White Dwarfs‖

Bezanson, R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, L31, ―Redshift Evolution of the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion Function‖

Bielby, R.M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2, ―The VLT LBG Redshift Survey—I. Clustering and Dynamics of ≈1000 Galaxies at z ≈ 3‖

Bilíková, J., et al. 2011, Planetary Systems beyond the Main Sequence, eds. S. Schuh, H. Drechsel, U. Heber (AIP), 215, ―Spectral Analysis of Mid-IR Excesses of White Dwarfs‖

2 Author Name in bold = NOAO scientific staff member; Author Name underlined = Undergraduate student in Research Expe- riences for Undergraduates (REU) program

146 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Bilíková, J., et al. 2010, 17th European White Dwarf Workshop, eds. K. Werner and T. Rauch (AIP), 467, ―Spectral Analysis of Mid-IR Excesses of WDs‖

Biviano, A., et al. 2011, A&A, 532, A77, ―Spitzer Observations of Abell 1763. III. The Infrared Luminosity Function in Different Supercluster Environments‖

Blundell, K.M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 1319, ―A Doubled Double Hot Spot in J0816+5003 and the Logarithmic Slope of the Lensing Potential‖

Boquien, M., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 2124, ―Star Formation in Collision Debris: Insights from the Modeling of Their Spectral Energy Distribution‖

Brammer, G.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 739, 24, ―The Number Density and Mass Density of Star-Forming and Quies- cent Galaxies at 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 2.2‖

Brodwin, M., … Dey, A., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 33, ―X-ray Emission from Two Infrared- Selected Galaxy Clusters at z > 1.4 in the IRAC Shallow Cluster Survey‖

Bullock, E., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 84, ―GALEX and Optical Observations of GW Librae during the Long Decline from Superoutburst‖

Burgarella, D., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, L12, ―HerMES: Lyman Break Galaxies Individually Detected at 0.7 ≤ z ≤ 2.0 in GOODS-N with Herschel/SPIRE‖

Buie, M.W., Trilling, D.E., Wasserman, L.H., Crudo, R.A. 2011, ApJS, 194, 40, ―A Large and Faint Photometric Catalog on the Ecliptic‖

Bussmann, R.S., Dey, A., Lotz, J., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 21, ―Hubble Space Telescope Morphologies of z ~ 2 Dust-Obscured Galaxies. II. Bump Sources‖

Cannon, J.M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 739, L22, ―The Survey of H I in Extremely Low-Mass Dwarfs (SHIELD)‖

Cannon, J.M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 35, ―The M81 Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy DDO 165. I. High-Velocity Neutral Gas in a Post-starburst System‖

Cannon, J.M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 36, ―The M81 Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy DDO 165. II. Connecting Recent Star Formation with Interstellar Medium Structures and Kinematics‖

Carlberg, J.K., Smith, V.V., Cunha, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, L103, ―The Super Lithium-Rich Red Giant Rapid Rotator G0928+73.2600: A Case for Planet Accretion?‖

Carlin, J.L., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 2290, ―Kinematics in Kapteyn‘s Selected Area 76: Orbital Motions within the Highly Substructured Anticenter Stream‖

Chou, M.-Y., … Cunha, K., Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, L30, ―First Chemical Analysis of Stars in the Triangulum-Andromeda Star Cloud‖

Chu, Y.-H., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 75, ―Spitzer 24 μm Survey for Dust Disks around Hot White Dwarfs‖

Colbert, J.W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 59, ―Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission within Lyα Blobs‖

147 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Crighton, N.H.M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 28, ―The VLT LBG Redshift Survey—II. Interactions between Galaxies and the IGM at z ~ 3‖

Da Rio, N., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1092, ―A Multi-color Optical Survey of the Orion Nebula Cluster. II. The H-R Diagram‖

De Becker, M., McSwain, M.V., Aragona, C. 2011, BSRSL, 80, 648, ―First Results on the Optical Campaign Devoted to the Gamma-ray Binary Candidate HD259440‖

De Luca, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 104, ―Discovery of a Faint X-ray Counterpart and a Parsec-Long X-ray Tail for the Middle-Aged, γ-ray-Only Pulsar PSR J0357+3205‖

Desai, V., Dey, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 130, ―The Dirt on Dry Mergers‖

Donehew, B., Brittain, S. 2011, AJ, 141, 46, ―Measuring the Stellar Accretion Rates of Herbig Ae/Be Stars‖

Donzelli, C.J., Muriel, H., Madrid, J.P. 2011, ApJS, 195, 15, ―The Luminosity Profiles of Brightest Cluster Galaxies‖

Dumas, G., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 41, ―The Local Radio-IR Relation in M51‖

Edwards, L.O.V., Fadda, D., Frayer, D.T. 2010, ApJ, 724, L143, ―The First Bent Double Lobe Radio Source in a Known Cluster Filament: Constraints on the Intrafilament Medium‖

Edwards, L.O.V., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1891, ―Spitzer Observations of A1763. II. Constraining the Nature of Activity in the Cluster-Feeding Filament with VLA and XMM-Newton Data‖

Falder, J.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 123, ―The Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey: The Envi- ronments of High-z SDSS Quasi-stellar Objects‖

Fan, Z., de Grijs, R., Zhou, X. 2010, ApJ, 725, 200, ―An Updated Catalog of M31 Globular-Like Clusters: UBVRI Photometry, Ages, and Masses‖

Fekel, F.C., Tomkin, J., Williamson, M.H., Pourbaix, D. 2011, AJ, 142, 69, ―New Precision Orbits of Bright Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binaries. VII. 47 Andromedae, 38 Cassiopeiae, and HR 8467‖

Fekel, F.C., Williamson, M.H. 2010, AJ, 140, 1381, ―New Precision Orbits of Bright Double-Lined Spectroscop- ic Binaries. V. The Am Stars HD 434 and 41 Sextantis‖

Fekel, F.C., Williamson, M.H., Henry, G.W. 2011, AJ, 141, 145, ―New Precision Orbits of Bright Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binaries. VI. HD 24623 and V923 Scorpii‖

Feldmeier, J.J., Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 2, ―The Burrell-Optical-Kepler-Survey (BOKS). I. Survey Description and Initial Results‖

Findeisen, K., Hillenbrand, L., Soderblom, D. 2011, AJ, 142, 23, ―Stellar Activity in the Broadband Ultraviolet‖

Freeland, E., Wilcots, E. 2011, ApJ, 738, 145, ―Intergalactic Gas in Groups of Galaxies: Implications for Dwarf Spheroidal Formation and the Missing Baryons Problem‖

148 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Gallagher, J.S., Parker, A. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1962, ―Optical Structure and Evolution of the Arp 104 Interacting Galaxy System‖

Garcia, E.V., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 27, ―Apsidal Motion of the Massive, Benchmark Eclipsing Binary V578 Mon‖

Georgantopoulos, I., et al. 2011, A&A, 526, A86, ―X-ray Detected Infrared Excess AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: A Moderate Fraction of Compton-Thick Sources‖

González-Solares, E.A., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 927, ―Wide-Field Optical Imaging on ELAIS N1, ELAIS N2, First Look Survey and Lockman Hole: Observations and Source Catalogues‖

Gorti, U., … Najita, J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 90, ―Emission Lines from the Gas Disk around TW Hydra and the Origin of the Inner Hole‖

Gratier, P., et al. 2010, A&A, 522, A3, ―Molecular and Atomic Gas in the Local Group Galaxy M33‖

Grossi, M., Corbelli, E., Giovanardi, C., Magrini, L. 2010, A&A, 521, A41, ―Young Stellar Clusters and Associations in M33‖

Grundstrom, E.D., et al. 2011, IAU Symp. 272, eds. C. Neiner, et al. (Cambridge), 290, ―Spectroscopic Hα and Hγ Survey of Field Be Stars: 2004–2009‖

Haggard, D., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 1447, ―The Field X-ray AGN Fraction to z = 0.7 from the Chandra Multiwa- velength Project and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey‖

Hall, P.B., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 2653, ―Implications of Dramatic Broad Absorption Line Variability in the Quasar FBQS J1408+3054‖

Hargis, J.R., Rhode, K.L., Strader, J., Brodie, J.P. 2011, ApJ, 738, 113, ―The Globular Cluster Population of NGC 7457: Clues to the Evolution of Field S0 Galaxies‖

Hayden, B.T., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1691, ―Single or Double Degenerate Progenitors? Searching for Shock Emission in the SDSS-II Type Ia Supernovae‖

Henry, G.W., Fekel, F.C., Henry, S.M. 2011, AJ, 142, 39, ―A Volume-Limited Photometric Survey of 114 γ Doradus Candidates‖

Henry, R.B.C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 748, ―Abundances of Galactic Anticenter Planetary Nebulae and the Oxygen Abundance Gradient in the Galactic Disk‖

Herbst, W., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 2025, ―The Light Curve of the Weakly Accreting T Tauri Binary KH 15D from 2005–2010: Insights into the Nature of its Protoplanetary Disk‖

Hernández, J., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1226, ―Spitzer Observations of the λ Orionis Cluster. II. Disks around Solar- Type and Low-Mass Stars‖

Hickox, R.C., … Dey, A., Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 117, ―Clustering of Obscured and Unobscured Quasars in the Boötes Field: Placing Rapidly Growing Black Holes in the Cosmic Web‖

149 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Hinkley, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 104, ―Establishing α Oph as a Prototype Rotator: Improved Astrometric Orbit‖

Hodge, P.W., Krienke, O.K., Luciana, B. 2011, PASP, 123, 649, ―A Morphological Study of UV-Bright Stars and Emission Nebulae in a Selection of Star Formation Regions in M31‖

Holberg, J.B., Howell, S.B. 2011, AJ, 142, 62, ―The Kepler Light Curve of the Unique DA White Dwarf BOKS 53856‖

Holman, M.J., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, Science, 330, 51, ―Kepler-9: A System of Multiple Planets Transiting a Sun-Like Star, Confirmed by Timing Variations‖

Honeycutt, R.K., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 122, ―The 2001–2003 Low State of Nova Lacertae 1950 (DK Lac)‖

Howell, S.B., … Everett, M., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 19, ―Speckle Camera Observations for the NASA Kepler Mission Follow-Up Program‖

Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1633, ―Kepler Observations of Three Pre-launch Exoplanet Candidates: Discovery of Two Eclipsing Binaries and a New Exoplanet‖

Huang, W., Gies, D.R., McSwain, M.V. 2010, ApJ, 722, 605, ―A Stellar Rotation Census of B Stars: From ZAMS to TAMS‖

Hudson, M.J., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 405, ―Colours of Bulges and Discs within Galaxy Clusters and the Signature of Disc Fading on Infall‖

Izotov, Y.I., Thuan, T.X. 2011, ApJ, 734, 82, ―Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Five Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies: II Zw 40, Mrk 71, Mrk 930, Mrk 996, and SBS 0335-052E‖

Jacobson, H.R., Pilachowski, C.A., Friel, E.D. 2011, AJ, 142, 59, ―A Chemical Abundance Study of 10 Open Clusters Based on WIYN‖

Jenkins, J.M., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1108, ―Discovery and Rossiter-Mclaughlin Effect of Exoplanet Kepler-8b‖

Jewitt, D., et al. 2010, Nature, 467, 817, ―A Recent Disruption of the Main-Belt Asteroid P/2010A2‖

Juneau, S., Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 104, ―A New Diagnostic of Active Galactic Nuclei: Revealing Highly Absorbed Systems at Redshift > 0.3‖

Kajisawa, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 129, ―MOIRCS Deep Survey. VIII. Evolution of Star Formation Activity as a Function of Stellar Mass in Galaxies Since z ~ 3‖

150 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Kauffmann, J., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 2341, ―Confirmation of the VeLLO L1148-IRS: Star Formation at Very Low (Column) Density‖

Kaviraj, S. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 170, ―Recent Star Formation in Local, Morphologically Disturbed Spheroidal Galaxies on the Optical Red Sequence‖

Kawka, A., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 992, ―Two New Hot Subdwarf Binaries in the GALEX Survey‖

Kehrig, C., et al. 2011, A&A, 526, A128, ―Gemini GMOS Spectroscopy of He II Nebulae in M33‖

Kennedy, C.R., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 102, ―[O/Fe] Estimates for Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars from Near- Infrared Spectroscopy‖

Kinman, T.D., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 168, ―The BHB Stars in the Survey Fields of Rodgers et al. (1993): New Observations and Comparisons with Other Recent Surveys‖

Knight, M.M., Farnham, T.L., Schleicher, D.G., Schwieterman, E.W. 2011, AJ, 141, 2, ―The Increasing Rotation Period of Comet 10P/Tempel 2‖

Kozłowski, S., … Dey, A., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1624, ―SDWFS-MT-1: A Self-Obscured Luminous Supernova at z ≃ 0.2‖

Kriek, M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, L64, ―The Spectral Energy Distribution of Post-starburst Galaxies in the NEWFIRM Medium-Band Survey: A Low Contribution from TP-AGB Stars‖

Krisciunas, K., … Matheson, T., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 74, ―The Most Slowly Declining Type Ia Supernova 2001ay‖

Kubo, J.M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, L137, ―The Sloan Bright Arcs Survey: Discovery of Seven New Strongly Lensed Galaxies from z = 0.66–2.94‖

Kuzio de Naray, R., Kaufmann, T. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 3617, ―Recovering Cores and Cusps in Dark Matter Haloes using Mock Velocity Field Observations‖

Lépine, S., Bergeron, P., Lanning, H.H. 2011, AJ, 141, 96, ―Spectroscopic Confirmation of UV-bright White Dwarfs from the Sandage Two-Color Survey of the Galactic Plane‖

Lee, K.-S., Dey, A., Reddy, N., … Jannuzi, B.T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 99, ―The Average Physical Properties and Star Formation Histories of the UV-Brightest Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 3.7‖

Li, Y., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 677, ―Spitzer 70 μm Emission as a Star Formation Rate Indicator for Sub-galactic Regions‖

Liu, G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 63, ―The Super-Linear Slope of the Spatially Resolved Star Formation Law in NGC 3521 and NGC 5194 (M51a)‖

Ly, C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 109, ―The Hα Luminosity Function and Star Formation Rate Volume Density at z = 0.8 from the NEWFIRM Hα Survey‖

151 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Ly, C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 91, ―A Census of Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 1–3 in the Subaru Deep Field‖

Magnelli, B., … Dickinson, M., et al. 2011, A&A, 528, A35, ―Evolution of the Dusty Infrared Luminosity Function from z = 0 to z = 2.3 using Observations from Spitzer‖

Marchesini, D., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1277, ―The Most Massive Galaxies at 3.0 ≤ z < 4.0 in the NEWFIRM Medium-Band Survey: Properties and Improved Constraints on the Stellar Mass Function‖

Martínez-García, E.E., González-Lópezlira, R.A. 2011, ApJ, 734, 122, ―The Relation between Dynamics and Star Formation in Barred Galaxies‖

McConnell, N.J., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 100, ―The Black Hole Mass in the Brightest Cluster Galaxy NGC 6086‖

McSwain, M.V., Grundstrom, E.D., Gies, D.R., Ray, P.S. 2010, ApJ, 724, 379, ―Hα Emission Variability in the γ-ray Binary LS I +61 303‖

Meech, K.J., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 323, ―Deep Impact, Stardust-NExT and the Behavior of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 from 1997 to 2010‖

Meibom, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 115, ―The Color-Period Diagram and Stellar Rotational Evolution—New Rotation Period Measurements in the Open Cluster M34‖

Melbourne, J., … Dey, A., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 141, ―The Black Hole Masses and Star Formation Rates of z > 1 Dust Obscured Galaxies: Results from Keck OSIRIS Integral Field Spectroscopy‖

Mentuch, E., Abraham, R.G., Zibetti, S. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1971, ―A Simple Connection between the Near- and Mid-Infrared Emission of Galaxies and Their Star Formation Rates‖

Miura, R., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1120, ―Aperture Synthesis Observations of CO, HCN, and 89 GHz Continuum Emission toward NGC 604 in M33: Sequential Star Formation Induced by a Supergiant H II Region‖

Monroe, T.R., Pilachowski, C.A. 2010, AJ, 140, 2109, ―Metallicities of Young Open Clusters. I. NGC 7160 and NGC 2232‖

Muñoz-Mateos, J.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 10, ―Radial Distribution of Stars, Gas, and Dust in SINGS Galaxies. III. Modeling the Evolution of the Stellar Component in Galaxy Disks‖

Muchovej, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 28, ―Cosmological Constraints from a 31 GHz Sky Survey with the Su- nyaev-Zel‘dovich Array‖

Mukadam, A.S., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, L33, ―First Unambiguous Detection of the Return of Pulsations in the Accreting White Dwarf SDSS J074531.92+453829.6 after an Outburst‖

Murphy, E.J., … Dickinson, M., Pope, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 126, ―An Accounting of the Dust-Obscured Star Formation and Accretion Histories over the Last ~11 Billion Years‖

Murphy, E.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, 67, ―Calibrating Extinction-Free Star Formation Rate Diagnostics with 33 GHz Free-Free Emission in NGC 6946‖

152 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Muterspaugh, M.W., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1646, ―The Phases Differential Astrometry Data Archive. IV. The Triple Star Systems 63 Gem A and HR 2896‖

Neugent, K.F., Massey, P. 2011, ApJ, 733, 123, ―The Wolf-Rayet Content of M33‖

Neugent, K.F., Massey, P. 2010, PASP, 122, 1246, ―The Spectrum of the Night Sky over Kitt Peak: Changes over Two Decades‖

Neumayer, N., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 1875, ―Two-Dimensional Hα Kinematics of Bulgeless Disc Galaxies‖

Oh, S.-H., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 24, ―The Central Slope of Dark Matter Cores in Dwarf Galaxies: Simulations versus THINGS‖

Oh, S.-H., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 193, ―Dark and Luminous Matter in THINGS Dwarf Galaxies‖

Onodera, S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, L127, ―Breakdown of Kennicutt-Schmidt Law at Giant Molecular Cloud Scales in M33‖

Patel, H., Clements, D.L., Rowan-Robinson, M., Vaccari, M. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 1738, ―Spectroscopic Follow- Up of 70-μm Sources in Spitzer Wide-Area Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey‖

Peek, J.E.G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 129, ―The Local Leo Cold Cloud and New Limits on a Local Hot Bubble‖

Pellerin, A., Macri, L.M. 2011, ApJS, 193, 26, ―The M33 Synoptic Stellar Survey. I. Cepheid Variables‖

Peng, E.W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 23, ―The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey. IV. Intergalactic Globular Clusters and the Massive Globular Cluster System at the Core of the Coma Galaxy Cluster‖

Piehl, D., Briley, M., Kaltcheva, N. 2011, AN, 332, 159, ―Strömgren Hβ-photometry of Stars in Dark Clouds‖

Platais, I., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, L1, ―A New Look at the Old Star Cluster NGC 6791‖

Polcaro, V.F., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 18, ―Optical Spectrophotometric Monitoring of the Extreme Luminous Blue Variable Star GR 290 (Romano‘s Star) in M33‖

Rahman, N., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 72, ―CARMA Survey Toward Infrared-Bright Nearby Galaxies (STING): Molecular Gas Star Formation Law in NGC 4254‖

Raichoor, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 12, ―Early-Type Galaxies at z ~ 1.3. II. Masses and Ages of Early-Type Galaxies in Different Environments and Their Dependence on Stellar Population Model Assumptions‖

Rao, S.M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 1215, ―A Ground-Based Imaging Study of Galaxies Causing Damped Lyman α (DLA), sub-DLA and Lyman Limit System Absorption in Quasar Spectra‖

Reed, M.D., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 371, ―Whole Earth Telescope Observations of the Subdwarf B star KPD 1930+2752: A Rich, Short-Period Pulsator in a Close Binary‖

Rest, A., … Matheson, T., … Olsen, K., … Smith, R.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 3, ―Direct Confirmation of the Asymmetry of the Cas A Supernova with Light Echoes‖

153 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Rettura, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 94, ―Early-Type Galaxies at z ~ 1.3. III. On the Dependence of Formation Epochs and Star Formation Histories on Stellar Mass and Environment‖

Reylé, C., et al. 2010, A&A, 522, A112, ―The Ultracool-Field Dwarf Luminosity-Function and Space Density from the Canada-France Brown Dwarf Survey‖

Rodríguez Hidalgo, P., Hamann, F., Hall, P. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 247, ―The Extremely High Velocity Outflow in Quasar PG0935+417‖

Roederer, I.U., Sneden, C. 2011, AJ, 142, 22, ―Heavy-Element Dispersion in the Metal-Poor Globular Cluster M92‖

Romani, R.W., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 908, ―The Balmer-Dominated Bow Shock and Wind Nebula Structure of γ- ray Pulsar PSR J1741-2054‖

Ruiz, N., Guerrero, M.A., Chu, Y.-H., Gruendl, R.A. 2011, AJ, 142, 91, ―Physical Structure of the Planetary Nebula NGC 3242 from the Hot Bubble to the Nebular Envelope‖

Sabby, J.A., Sandberg Lacy, C.H., Ibanoglu, C., Claret, A. 2011, AJ, 141, 195, ―Absolute Properties of the Eccentric Eclipsing Binary Star FT Orionis‖

Samarasinha, N.H., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, L3, ―Rotation of Comet 103P/Hartley 2 from Structures in the Coma‖

Schawinski, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, L30, ―The Sudden Death of the Nearest Quasar‖

Schmidt, E.G. 2011, PASP, 123, 381, ―The Double-Mode Cepheid V371 Persei Redux‖

Schmidt, E.G., Rogalla, D., Thacker-Lynn, L. 2011, AJ, 141, 53, ―Spectra of Type II Cepheid Candidates and Related Stars‖

Schmidtke, P.C., Africano, J.L. 2011, AJ, 141, 10, ―KPNO Lunar Occultation Summary. III‖

Shafter, A.W., … Matheson, T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 12, ―A Spectroscopic and Photometric Survey of Novae in M31‖

Shara, M.M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 824, ―The Red Nova-Like Variable in M31—A Blue Candidate in Quies- cence‖

Shetrone, M., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1119, ―Light-Element Abundance Variations at Low Metallicity: The Globular Cluster NGC 5466‖

Skibba, R.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 89, ―The Emission by Dust and Stars of Nearby Galaxies in the Herschel KINGFISH Survey‖

Steffen, J.H., … Howell, S.B., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1226, ―Five Kepler Target Stars that Show Multiple Transiting Exoplanet Candidates‖

ten Brummelaar, T.A., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 21, ―An Interferometric and Spectroscopic Analysis of the Multiple Star System HD 193322‖

Thomas, C.A., et al. 2011, Icarus, 212, 158, ―Space Weathering of Small Koronis Family Members‖

154 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Thomson, M.G., Chary, R.R. 2011, ApJ, 731, 72, ―Spectral Energy Distribution of z ≳ 1 Type Ia Supernova Hosts in GOODS: Constraints on Evolutionary Delay and the Initial Mass Function‖

Torres, G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 24, ―Modeling Kepler Transit Light Curves as False Positives: Rejection of Blend Scenarios for Kepler-9, and Validation of Kepler-9 d, a Super-Earth-Size Planet in a Multiple System‖

Trilling, D.E., Fuentes, C.I., Holman, M.J. 2010, ApJ, 724, L22, ―The Inclinations of Faint Trans-Neptunian Objects‖

Trippe, M.L., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1749, ―A Multi-wavelength Study of the Nature of Type 1.8/1.9 Seyfert Galaxies‖

Trippe, M.L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 81, ―XMM Follow-Up Observations of Three Swift BAT-selected Active Galactic Nuclei‖

Troisi, F., et al. 2011, PASP, 123, 879, ―On a New Parameter to Estimate the Helium Content in Old Stellar Systems‖

Vennes, S., Kawka, A., Németh, P. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 2095, ―A Selection of Hot Subluminous Stars in the GALEX Survey—I. Correlation with the Guide Star Catalog‖

Vennes, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, L16, ―Discovery of a Bright, Extremely Low Mass White Dwarf in a Close Double Degenerate System‖

Wahhaj, Z., … Allen, L., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 835, ―The Spitzer c2d Survey of Weak-Line T Tauri Stars. III. The Transition from Primordial Disks to Debris Disks‖

Wake, D.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 46, ―Galaxy Clustering in the NEWFIRM Medium Band Survey: The Relationship between Stellar Mass and Dark Matter Halo Mass at 1 < z < 2‖

Westmoquette, M.S., Smith, L.J., Gallagher, J.S., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 3719, ―Spatially Resolved Optical Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy of the Inner Superwind of NGC 253‖

Westra, E., et al. 2010, PASP, 122, 1258, ―Empirical Optical k-Corrections for Redshifts ≤0.7‖

Whitaker, K.E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 86, ―The NEWFIRM Medium-Band Survey: Photometric Catalogs, Redshifts, and the Bimodal Color Distribution of Galaxies out to z ~ 3‖

Wold, I., Sheinis, A.I., Wolf, M.J., Hooper, E.J. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 713, ―Host Galaxies of Luminous Quasars: Population Synthesis of Optical Off-Axis Spectra‖

Wolff, S.C., Strom, S.E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 19, ―The Evolution of Circumstellar Disks Surrounding Interme- diate-Mass Stars: IC 1805‖

Wong, K.C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 84, ―The Effect of Environment on Shear in Strong Gravitational Lenses‖

Worthey, G., Ingermann, B.A., Serven, J. 2011, ApJ, 729, 148, ―Ca, Fe, and Mg Trends among and within Elliptical Galaxies‖

Yuma, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 92, ―Intrinsic Shape of Star-Forming BzK Galaxies at z ~ 2 in GOODS-N‖

155 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Zhao, J.K., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 107, ―The Chromospheric Activity, Age, Metallicity, and Space Motions of 36 Wide Binaries‖

D.3 GEMINI TELESCOPES (NOAO SYSTEM SCIENCE CENTER) During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), 82 publications used data taken at the Gemini telescopes: 3

Abia, C., Cunha, K., … Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, L8, ―The First Fluorine Abundance Determinations in Extragalactic Asymptotic Giant Branch Carbon Stars‖

Agüeros, M.A., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 176, ―No Confirmed New Isolated Neutron Stars in the SDSS Data Release 4‖

Alonso-Herrero, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 82, ―Torus and Active Galactic Nucleus Properties of Nearby Seyfert Galaxies: Results from Fitting Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions and Spectroscopy‖

Andrews, J.E., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 47, ―Photometric and Spectroscopic Evolution of the IIP SN 2007it to Day 944‖

Artigau, É., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 202, ―Penetrating the Homunculus—Near-Infrared Adaptive Optics Images of Eta Carinae‖

Balogh, M.L., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 2303, ―Direct Observational Evidence for a Large Transient Galaxy Population in Groups at 0.85 < z < 1‖

Barman, T.S., MacIntosh, B., Konopacky, Q.M., Marois, C. 2011, ApJ, 733, 65, ―Clouds and Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HR8799b‖

Bauer, A.E., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 2009, ―Star Formation in the XMMU J2235.3-2557 Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.39‖

Bayliss, M.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, L26, ―The Redshift Distribution of Giant Arcs in the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey‖

Bayliss, M.B., et al. 2011, ApJS, 193, 8, ―Gemini/GMOS Spectroscopy of 26 Strong-Lensing-Selected Galaxy Cluster Cores‖

Belton, M.J.S., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 345, ―Stardust-NExT, Deep Impact, and the Accelerat- ing Spin of 9P/Tempel 1‖

Berger, E. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1946, ―A Short Gamma-ray Burst ‗No-Host‘ Problem? Investigating Large Progenitor Offsets for Short GRBs with Optical Afterglows‖

Cenko, S.B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 29, ―Afterglow Observations of Fermi Large Area Telescope Gamma-ray Bursts and the Emerging Class of Hyper-energetic Events‖

Chotard, N., et al. 2011, A&A, 529, L4, ―The Reddening Law of Type Ia Supernovae: Separating Intrinsic Variability from Dust Using Equivalent Widths‖

3 Author Name in bold = NOAO scientific staff member; Author Name underlined = Undergraduate student in Research Expe- riences for Undergraduates (REU) program

156 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Christensen, L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 73, ―A High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Composite Spectrum of Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows‖

Crabtree, K.N., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 15, ―On the Ortho:Para Ratio of in Diffuse Molecular Clouds‖

Crockett, R.M., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 2767, ―On the Nature of the Progenitors of Three Type II-P Superno- vae: 2004et, 2006my and 2006ov‖

Cucchiara, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 7, ―A Photometic Redshift of z ~ 9.4 for GRB 090429B‖

De Rosa, R.J., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 854, ―The Volume-Limited A-Star (VAST) Survey—I. Companions and the Unexpected X-ray Detection of B6–A7 Stars‖

D‘Elia, V., Stratta, G. 2011, A&A, 532, 48, ―GRB 100614A and GRB 100615A: Two Extremely Dark Gamma- ray Bursts‖

Dupree, A.K., Strader, J., Smith, G.H. 2011, ApJ, 728, 155, ―Direct Evidence for an Enhancement of Helium in Giant Stars in Omega Centauri‖

Fadely, R., Keeton, C.R. 2011, AJ, 141, 101, ―Near-Infrared K and L' Flux Ratios in Six Lensed Quasars‖

Faifer, F.R., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 155, ―Gemini/GMOS Imaging of Globular Cluster Systems in Five Early- Type Galaxies‖

Foley, R.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 32, ―The Diversity of Massive Star Outbursts. I. Observations of SN2009ip, UGC 2773 OT2009-1, and Their Progenitors‖

Fong, W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 26, ―The Optical Afterglow and z = 0.92 Early-Type Host Galaxy of the Short GRB 100117A‖

Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 159, ―Real-Time Detection and Rapid Multiwavelength Follow-Up Observa- tions of a Highly Subluminous Type II-P Supernova from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey‖

Gallerani, S., et al. 2010, A&A, 523, A85, ―The Extinction Law at High Redshift and Its Implications‖

Gebhardt, K., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 119, ―The Black Hole Mass in M87 from Gemini/NIFS Adaptive Optics Observations‖

Gorti, U., Hollenbach, D., Najita, J., Pascucci, I. 2011, ApJ, 735, 90, ―Emission Lines from the Gas Disk Around TW Hydra and the Origin of the Inner Hole‖

Guy, J., et al. 2010, A&A, 523, A7, ―The Supernova Legacy Survey 3-Year Sample: Type Ia Supernovae Photometric Distances and Cosmological Constraints‖

Harker, D.E., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 26, ―Mid-Infrared Spectrophotometric Observations of Fragments B and C of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann3‖

Helton, L.A., et al. 2010, AJ, 140, 1347, ―The Dusty Nova V1065 Centauri (Nova Cen 2007): A Spectroscopic Analysis of Abundances and Dust Properties‖

Hunt, L., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, L36, ―The Extremely Red Host Galaxy of GRB 080207‖

157 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Ipatov, S., A‘Hearn, M.F. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 76, ―The Outburst Triggered by the Deep Impact Collision with Comet Tempel 1‖

Janson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 85, ―Near-Infrared Multi-band Photometry of the Substellar Companion GJ 758 B‖

Jardel, J.R., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 739, 21, ―Orbit-Based Dynamical Models of the Sombrero Galaxy (NGC 4594)‖

Kasliwal, M.M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 94, ―Discovery of a New Photometric Sub-class of Faint and Fast Classical Novae‖

Kasliwal, M.M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 730, 134, ―PTF 10fqs: A Luminous Red Nova in the Spiral Galaxy Messier 99‖

Kehrig, C., et al. 2011, A&A, 526, A128, ―Gemini GMOS Spectroscopy of He II Nebulae in M33‖

Koester, B.P., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, L73, ―Two Lensed z ≃ 3 Lyman Break Galaxies Discovered in the SDSS Giant Arcs Survey‖

Leibler, C.N., Berger, E. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1202, ―The Stellar Ages and Masses of Short Gamma-ray Burst Host Galaxies: Investigating the Progenitor Delay Time Distribution and the Role of Mass and Star Formation in the Short Gamma-ray Burst Rate‖

Levan, A.J., et al. 2011, Science, 333, 199, ―An Extremely Luminous Panchromatic Outburst from the Nucleus of a Distant Galaxy‖

Maitra, D., Miller, J.M., Markoff, S., King, A. 2011, ApJ, 735, 107, ―A Jet Model for the Broadband Spectrum of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4051‖

Mariñas, N., Telesco, C.M., Fisher, R.S., Packham, C. 2011, ApJ, 737, 57, ―High-Resolution Mid-Infrared Imaging of the Circumstellar Disks of Herbig Ae/Be Stars‖

Matsuoka, Y., et al. 2011, AJ, 142, 64, ―1 μm Excess Sources in the UKIDSS. I. Three T Dwarfs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Southern Equatorial Stripe‖

McCabe, C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 90, ―Spatially Resolving the HK Tau B Edge-On Disk from 1.2 to 4.7 μm: A Unique Scattered Light Disk‖

McConnell, N.J., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 728, 100, ―The Black Hole Mass in the Brightest Galaxy NGC 6086‖

Meech, K.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, L1, ―EPOXI: Comet 103P/Hartley 2 Observations from a Worldwide Campaign‖

Meech, K.J., … Lauer, T.R., et al. 2011, Icarus, 213, 323, ―Deep Impact, Stardust-NExT and the Behavior of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 from 1997 to 2010‖

Mehner, A., Davidson, K., Ferland, G.J. 2011, ApJ, 737, 70, ―N II λλ5668-5712: A New Class of Spectral Features in Eta Carinea‖

158 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Melis, C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1078, ―Echoes of a Decaying Planetary System: The Gaseous and Dusty Disks Surrounding Three White Dwarfs‖

Moerchen, M.M., et al. 2011, A&A, 526, A34, ―Asymmetric Heating of the HR 4796A Dust Ring Due to Pericenter Glow‖

Moerchen, M.M., Telesco, C.M., Packham, C. 2010, ApJ, 723, 1418, ―High Spatial Resolution Imaging of Thermal Emission from Debris Disks‖

Narayan, G., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, L11, ―Displaying the Heterogeneity of the SN 2002cx-like Subclass of Type Ia Supernovae with Observations of the Pan-STARRS-1 Discovered SN 2009ku‖

Nestor, D.B., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 412, 1559, ―Large-Scale Outflows from z ≃ 0.7 Starburst Galaxies Identified via Ultrastrong Mg II Quasar Aborption Lines‖

Orton, G.S., et al. 2011, Icarus, 211, 587, ―The Atmospheric Influence, Size and Possible Asteroidal Nature of the July 2009 Jupiter Impactor‖

Pastorello, A., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, L16, ―Ultra-bright Optical Transients Are Linked with Type Ic Supernovae‖

Ramos Almeida, C., et al. 2011, ApJ, 731, 92, ―Testing the Unification Model for Active Galactic Nuclei in the Infrared: Are the Obscuring Tori of Type 1 and 2 Seyferts Different?‖

Rest, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 2, ―On the Interpretation of Supernova Light Echo Profiles and Spectra‖

Rest, A., … Olsen, K., Matheson, T., Smith, R.C., Walker, A.R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 88, ―Pushing the Boundaries of Conventional Core-Collapse Supernovae: The Extremely Energetic Supernova SN 2003ma‖

Rettura, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 94, ―Early-Type Galaxies at z ~ 1.3. III. On the Dependence of Formation Epochs and Star Formation Histories on Stellar Mass and Environment‖

Rosero, V., Prato, L., Wasserman, L.H., Rodgers, B. 2011, AJ, 141, 13, ―Orbital Solutions for Two Young, Low- Mass Spectroscopic Binaries in Ophiuchus‖

Rowlinson, A., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 409, 531, ―The Unusual X-ray Emission of the Short Swift GRB 090515: Evidence for the Formation of a Magnetar?‖

Rupke, D.S.N., Veilleux, S. 2011, ApJ, 729, L27, ―Integral Field Spectroscopy of Massive, Kiloparsec-Scale Outflows in the Infrared-Luminous QSO Mrk 231‖

Sand, D.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 142, ―Intracluster Supernovae in the Multi-epoch Nearby Cluster Survey‖

Seth, A.C. 2010, ApJ, 725, 670, ―Gas Accretion in the M32 Nucleus: Past and Present‖

Shih, H.-Y., Rupke, D.S.N. 2010, ApJ, 724, 1430, ―The Complex Structure of the Multi-phase Galactic Wind in a Starburst Merger‖

159 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Skemer, A.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 107, ―Evidence Against an Edge-On Disk Around the Extrasolar Planet, 2MASS 1207 b and a New Thick-Cloud Explanation for Its Underluminosity‖

Skemer, A.J., Close, L.M. 2011, ApJ, 730, 53, ―Sirius B Imaged in the Mid-Infrared: No Evidence for a Remnant Planetary System‖

Schnorr Müller, A., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 413, 149, ―Gas Streaming Motions towards the Nucleus of M81‖

Sparre, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, L24, ―Spectroscopic Evidence for SN 2010ma Associated with GRB 101219B‖

Starling, R.L.C., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 411, 2792, ―Discovery of the Nearby Long, Soft GRB 100316D with an Associated Supernova‖

Stelzer, B., Scholz, A., Argifoffi, C., Micela, G. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 1095, ―The Enigmatic Young Brown Dwarf Binary FU Tau: Accretion and Activity‖

Tanvir, N.R., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 625, ―Late-Time Observations of GRB 080319B: Jet Break, Host Galaxy, and Accompanying Supernova‖

Trakhtenbrot, B., Netzer, H., Lira, P., Shemmer, O. 2011, ApJ, 730, 7, ―Black Hole Mass and Growth Rate at z ≃ 4.8: A Short Episode of Fast Growth Followed by Short Duty Cycle Activity‖

Trujillo, C.A., Sheppard, S.S., Schaller, E.L. 2011, ApJ, 730, 105, ―A Photometric System for Detection of Water and Methane Ices on Kuiper Belt Objects‖

Volk, K., et al. 2011, ApJ, 735, 127, ―Discovery and Analysis of 21 μm Feature Sources in the Magellanic Clouds‖

Williamson, R., et al. 2011, ApJ, 738, 139, ―A Sunyaev-Zel‘dovich-Selected Sample of the Most Massive Galaxy Clusters in the 2500 deg2 South Pole Telescope Survey‖

Werk, J.K., Putman, M.E., Meurer, G.R., Santiago-Figueroa, N. 2011, ApJ, 735, 71, ―Metal Transport to the Gaseous Outskirts of Galaxies‖

Yang, H., Johns-Krull, C.M. 2011, ApJ, 729, 83, ―Magnetic Field Measurements of T Tauri Stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster‖

Zauderer, B.A., et al. 2011, Nature, 476, 425, ―Birth of a Relativistic Outflow in the Unusual γ-ray Transient Swift J164449.3+573451‖

D.4 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY: KECK I AND II During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), 15 publications used data taken at Keck telescopes as a result of available community-access time:4

Béky, B., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 109, ―HAT-P-27b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a G Star on a 3 Day Orbit‖

Buchhave, L.A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 733, 116, ―Hat-P-28b and Hat-P-29b: Two Sub-Jupiter Mass Transiting Planets‖

4 Time allocation from Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP) award or Facilities Instrumentation Program (FIP).

160 PUBLICATIONS USING DATA FROM NOAO TELESCOPES

Hartman, J.D., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 52, ―HAT-P-18b and HAT-P-19b: Two Low-Density Saturn-Mass Planets Transiting Metal-Rich K Stars‖

Howard, A.W., et al. 2010, ApJ, 721, 1467, ―The California Planet Survey. I. Four New Giant Exoplanets‖

Howard, A.W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 726, 73, ―The NASA-UC Eta-Earth Program. II. A Planet Orbiting HD 156668 with a Minimum Mass of Four Earth Masses‖

Isaacson, H., Fischer, D. 2010, ApJ, 725, 875, ―Chromospheric Activity and Jitter Measurements for 2630 Stars on the California Planet Search‖

Janson, M., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 89, ―High-Contrast Imaging Search for Planets and Brown Dwarfs around the Most Massive Stars in the Solar Neighborhood‖

Johnson, J.A., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 16, ―Retired A Stars and Their Companions. VI. A Pair of Interacting Exoplanet Pairs around the Subgiants 24 Sextanis and HD 200964‖

Kipping, D.M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 725, 2017, ―HAT-P-24b: An Inflated Hot Jupiter on a 3.36 Day Period Transit- ing a Hot, Metal-Poor Star‖

Kovács, G., et al. 2010, ApJ, 724, 866, ―HAT-P-15b: A 10.9 Day Extrasolar Planet Transiting a Solar-Type Star‖

Meschiari, S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 117, ―The Lick-Carnegie Survey: Four New Exoplanet Candidates‖

Mohanty, S., Stassun, K.G., Doppmann, G.W. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1138, ―High-Resolution Spectroscopy during Eclipse of the Young Substellar Eclipsing Binary 2MASS 0535-0546. I. Primary Spectrum: Cool Spots Ver- sus Opacity Uncertainties‖

Mumma, M.J., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, L7, ―Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Gas Release during the 2010 Apparition of Comet 103P/Hartley 2‖

Vogt, S.S., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 954, ―The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A 3.1 M⨁ Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M3V Star Gliese 581‖

Winn, J.N., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, L223, ―The Oblique Orbit of the Super-Neptune HAT-P-11b‖

D.5 HET AND MMT During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), seven publications used data taken at the HET and MMT telescopes as a result of available community-access time:5

Austin, S.J., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 124, ―The Chromospheric Activity of [HH97] FS Aur-79: A Close Binary with Late-Type Active (dK7e+dM3e) Components‖

Kulkarni, V.P., et al. 2010, New Astronomy, 15, 735, ―Do Damped and Sub-damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers Arise in Galaxies of Different Masses?‖

Neugent, K.F., Massey, P. 2011, ApJ, 733, 123, ―The Wolf-Rayet Content of M33‖

5 Time allocation from Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP) award or Facilities Instrumentation Program (FIP).

161 NOAO FISCAL YEAR ANNUAL REPORT FY 2011

Schuler, S.C., … Cunha, K., … Smith, V.V., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 55, ―Abundances of Stars with Planets: Trends with Condensation Temperature‖

Shafter, A.W., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 50, ―A Spitzer Survey of Novae in M31‖

Shafter, A.W., … Matheson, T., et al. 2011, ApJ, 734, 12, ―A Spectroscopic and Photometric Survey of Novae in M31‖

Stanghellini, L., Magrini, L., Villaver, E., Galli, D. 2010, A&A, 521, A3, ―The Population of Planetary Nebulae and H II Regions in M81. A Study of Radial Metallicity Gradients and Chemical Evolution‖

D.6 MAGELLAN During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), one publication used data taken at the Magellan telescopes as a result of available community-access time:6

Kulkarni, V.P., et al. 2010, New Astronomy, 15, 735, ―Do Damped and Sub-damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers Arise in Galaxies of Different Masses?‖

D.7 CHARA AND HALE During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), zero publications used data taken at the CHARA and Hale telescopes as a result of available community-access time.7

D.8 NOAO SCIENCE ARCHIVE During FY11 (Oct. 2010–Sept. 2011), 28 publications used data stored in the NOAO Science Archive: