DOCSLIB.ORG

AFGHANISTAN in Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AFGHANISTAN in Perspective AFGHANISTAN in Perspective TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHY......................................................................................................... Introduction .............................................................................................................................. Topographical Features and Geographic Divisions ................................................................. Climate ..................................................................................................................................... Major Cities ............................................................................................................................. Kabul ................................................................................................................................ Kandahar ........................................................................................................................... Herat ................................................................................................................................. Mazar-e Sharif .................................................................................................................. Bodies of Water ....................................................................................................................... Natural Hazards ....................................................................................................................... Environmental Concerns ......................................................................................................... CHAPTER 2: HISTORY .............................................................................................................. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ Early History .................................................................................................................. The Vedic Aryans ........................................................................................................... The Persians .................................................................................................................... Alexander the Great ........................................................................................................ Waves of Invaders ................................................................................................................. The Muslim Conquest .................................................................................................... The Mongol Invasion ..................................................................................................... The Safavids ................................................................................................................... The Beginnings of Afghan Independence ...................................................................... The Anglo-Afghan Wars ....................................................................................................... The Second Anglo-Afghan War ..................................................................................... The Third Anglo-Afghan War ........................................................................................ Turbulent Post-WWI Years ................................................................................................... Zahir Shah ...................................................................................................................... The Afghan Republic (1973–1978) ................................................................................ The Communist Era in Afghanistan ...................................................................................... The Taliban Movement .......................................................................................................... Al-Qaeda and the Taliban ............................................................................................... Ahmed Shah Massoud .................................................................................................... September 11, 2001 ............................................................................................................... Recent Events ........................................................................................................................ © DLIFLC | i AFGHANISTAN in Perspective CHAPTER 3: ECONOMY ........................................................................................................... Introduction ............................................................................................................................ Agriculture ............................................................................................................................. Industry .................................................................................................................................. Economic Indicators .............................................................................................................. Opium Economy .................................................................................................................... Trade ...................................................................................................................................... Foreign Aid ............................................................................................................................ Foreign Investment ................................................................................................................ Banking .................................................................................................................................. Informal Sector ............................................................................................................... Formal Sector ................................................................................................................. Energy .................................................................................................................................... Electricity ....................................................................................................................... Oil and Gas ..................................................................................................................... Coal ................................................................................................................................. Energy Transit Corridor ................................................................................................. Mineral Resources ................................................................................................................. Transportation ........................................................................................................................ Roads .............................................................................................................................. River and Rail Transportation ........................................................................................ Airports ........................................................................................................................... CHAPTER 4: SOCIETY .............................................................................................................. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ Ethnic Groups and Languages ............................................................................................... Pashtuns .......................................................................................................................... Tajiks .............................................................................................................................. Hazaras ........................................................................................................................... Uzbeks and Turkmen ...................................................................................................... Other Ethnic Groups ....................................................................................................... Religion .................................................................................................................................. Islam ............................................................................................................................... Sunni and Shi’a Islam ..................................................................................................... Islam in Afghanistan ....................................................................................................... Gender Issues ......................................................................................................................... Gender Equity and Political Representation ................................................................... Purdah ............................................................................................................................. Arts ........................................................................................................................................ Literature .......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Myriad Hues of Culinary Experiences in the Novels of Khaled Hosseini
    ====================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 19:1 January 2019 India’s Higher Education Authority UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ====================================================================== Myriad Hues of Culinary Experiences in the Novels of Khaled Hosseini Susy Antony, Assistant Professor ======================================================= Culinary experiences in literature are mines of personal and social trends. They enrich the readers with the cultural aspects of the places where the novels are set. Food fosters a deep bond among people. At times food becomes symbolic of the state of mind the characters are in. Khaled Hosseini’s novels, A Thousand Splendid Suns and And the Mountains Echoed offer myriad ways of exploring food metaphors. They enhance the readers’ comprehension of personal, social and ethnic mind frames of the people of Afghanistan. The Diaspora in And the Mountains Echoed takes culinary experiences to a different level. The therapeutic value of food needs to be ascertained in this context. The communal aspect of Afghan life revolves around the common tandoor (stove), where the women get together to cook food for themselves and their families. In A Thousand Splendid Suns, Mariam’s transformation from a girl to a wife happens when she takes the dough to the common fireplace to bake bread. The women of the area come together, exchange stories of their lives with the tandoor as the backdrop. Mariam is transported from her native village Herat to the vibrant city life of Kabul. This has great significance as she was born a harami, an illegitimate child and was living with her mother in the outskirts of Herat, as a social outcast, before being married to Rasheed from Kabul.
    [Show full text]
  • SILK ROAD: the Silk Road
    SILK ROAD: The Silk Road (or Silk Routes) is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. FIDDLE/VIOLIN: Turkic and Mongolian horsemen from Inner Asia were probably the world’s earliest fiddlers (see below). Their two-stringed upright fiddles called morin khuur were strung with horsehair strings, played with horsehair bows, and often feature a carved horse’s head at the end of the neck. The morin khuur produces a sound that is poetically described as “expansive and unrestrained”, like a wild horse neighing, or like a breeze in the grasslands. It is believed that these instruments eventually spread to China, India, the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East, where they developed into instruments such as the Erhu, the Chinese violin or 2-stringed fiddle, was introduced to China over a thousand years ago and probably came to China from Asia to the west along the silk road. The sound box of the Ehru is covered with python skin. The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin. The violin in its present form emerged in early 16th-Century Northern Italy, where the port towns of Venice and Genoa maintained extensive ties to central Asia through the trade routes of the silk road. The violin family developed during the Renaissance period in Europe (16th century) when all arts flourished.
    [Show full text]
  • August 1935) James Francis Cooke
    Gardner-Webb University Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 John R. Dover Memorial Library 8-1-1935 Volume 53, Number 08 (August 1935) James Francis Cooke Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude Part of the Composition Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, Fine Arts Commons, History Commons, Liturgy and Worship Commons, Music Education Commons, Musicology Commons, Music Pedagogy Commons, Music Performance Commons, Music Practice Commons, and the Music Theory Commons Recommended Citation Cooke, James Francis. "Volume 53, Number 08 (August 1935)." , (1935). https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude/836 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the John R. Dover Memorial Library at Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. It has been accepted for inclusion in The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ETUDE AUGUST 1935 PAGE 441 Instrumental rr Ensemble Music easy QUARTETS !£=;= THE BRASS CHOIR A COLLECTION FOR BRASS INSTRUMENTS , saptc PUBLISHED FOR ar”!S.""c-.ss;v' mmizm HIM The well ^uiPJ^^at^Jrui^“P-a0[a^ L DAY IN VE JhEODORE pRESSER ^O. DIRECT-MAIL SERVICE ON EVERYTHING IN MUSIC PUBLICATIONS * A Editor JAMES FRANCIS COOKE THE ETUDE Associate Editor EDWARD ELLSWORTH HIPSHER Published Monthly By Music Magazine THEODORE PRESSER CO. 1712 Chestnut Street A monthly journal for teachers, students and all lovers OF music PHILADELPHIA, PENNA. VOL. LIIINo. 8 • AUGUST, 1935 The World of Music Interesting and Important Items Gleaned in a Constant Watch on Happenings and Activities Pertaining to Things Musical Everyw er THE “STABAT NINA HAGERUP GRIEG, widow of MATER” of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom Or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq Hannibal Travis
    Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 4 Spring 2005 Freedom or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq Hannibal Travis Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr Recommended Citation Hannibal Travis, Freedom or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq, 3 Nw. J. Int'l Hum. Rts. 1 (2005). http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol3/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights by an authorized administrator of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Copyright 2005 Northwestern University School of Law Volume 3 (Spring 2005) Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights FREEDOM OR THEOCRACY?: CONSTITUTIONALISM IN AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ By Hannibal Travis* “Afghans are victims of the games superpowers once played: their war was once our war, and collectively we bear responsibility.”1 “In the approved version of the [Afghan] constitution, Article 3 was amended to read, ‘In Afghanistan, no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of Islam.’ … This very significant clause basically gives the official and nonofficial religious leaders in Afghanistan sway over every action that they might deem contrary to their beliefs, which by extension and within the Afghan cultural context, could be regarded as
    [Show full text]
  • Gamelan Gender Wayang of Bali: Form and Style
    ..................~~.~.~.. ~------------------ WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY Gamelan Gender Wayang of Bali: Form and Style by Kalafya Brown A thesis submitted to the facuIty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Music May, 2000 Middletown, Connecticut My teacher, Kak Luweng, and myself playing gender (above) and just sitting (below), 2 Introduction and Acknowledgements I began studying gamelan music in 1994 while I was an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. No one tends offhand to associate gamelan with MIT. but there it is. Professor Evan Ziporyn has been directing the gong kebyar ensemble Gamelan Galak Tika at MIT since 1993, and I was an active member from 1994 until 1997. Unfortunately the pressure of my studies at Wesleyan has not allowed me to play with Galak Tika as much as I would like in the past few years. For the three years of my tenure with Galak Tika we were blessed with the artistry of the Balinese husband and wife team of I Nyoman Catra and Desak Made Suarti Laksmi. The magnificent teaching and performance prowess of Evan, Catra and Desak formed the basis of my introduction to gamelan music. In 1997 I came to Wesleyan University to study for the degree of Master of Arts in Music, of which this thesis is a part. Here at Wesleyan I have had the great honor of studying with I. M. Harjito and Sumarsam, two Javanese artists. I sincerely thank them for broadening my awareness of the multifaceted natures of Indonesian music and for sharing with me the great beauty of the central Javanese court gamelan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pulitzer Prizes 2020 Winne
    WINNERS AND FINALISTS 1917 TO PRESENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Excerpts from the Plan of Award ..............................................................2 PULITZER PRIZES IN JOURNALISM Public Service ...........................................................................................6 Reporting ...............................................................................................24 Local Reporting .....................................................................................27 Local Reporting, Edition Time ..............................................................32 Local General or Spot News Reporting ..................................................33 General News Reporting ........................................................................36 Spot News Reporting ............................................................................38 Breaking News Reporting .....................................................................39 Local Reporting, No Edition Time .......................................................45 Local Investigative or Specialized Reporting .........................................47 Investigative Reporting ..........................................................................50 Explanatory Journalism .........................................................................61 Explanatory Reporting ...........................................................................64 Specialized Reporting .............................................................................70
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Cuisine in a Translatological Context Egzotyczna Kuchnia W
    Pobrane z czasopisma Annales N - Educatio Nova http://educatio.annales.umcs.pl Data: 02/10/2021 13:09:14 DOI: 10.17951/en.2018.3.195-206 ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS MARIAE CURIE-SKŁODOWSKA LUBLIN – POLONIA VOL. III SECTIO N 2018 Ivana Styková Matej Bel University. Department of European Cultural Studies, Slovakia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4557-0616 [email protected] Exotic Cuisine in a Translatological Context Egzotyczna kuchnia w kontekścieUMCS translatologicznym Summary: The aim of this article is to provide the reader with very specific customs in national cuisines, especially Afghan and Iranian. The food is an essential part of the Muslim culture. As novels from exotic environments have appeared on our book market, it is necessary to think of possible translatological solutions of so-called culture-motivated expressions. We have chosen two novels for our analysis. Both novels are originally written in English and set in the Muslim countries. Keywords: food; exoticism; translation; culture-motivated expressions; Muslim culture INTRODUCTION Despite the refugee crisis in Europe and its influence on Europeans’ lives, the Muslim world is still far distant, unknown and mysterious for Europeans. Understanding “otherness” of cultures varies as the countries are recognized throughout their “image” or so-called cultural stereotypes. They can be under- stood as a culturally-based belief (e.g. one referring to attributes of culture, in- cluding race, ethnicity, religion, sometimes also sexual orientation or appearance) Pobrane z czasopisma Annales N - Educatio Nova http://educatio.annales.umcs.pl Data: 02/10/2021 13:09:14 196 Ivana Styková that everybody who is a member of a certain group tends to behave in some fixed pattern traditionally (and often falsely) attributed to that group1.
    [Show full text]
  • PSC 370 H Chinese Foreign Policy Autumn 2011 Dr. Paul E. Schroeder
    PSC 370 H Chinese Foreign Policy Autumn 2011 Dr. Paul E. Schroeder POSC 370 H Chinese Foreign Policy Autumn 2011 The rise of China as a world power is evident in the country’s more forward and robust foreign policy. At every turn, the United States must consider China wherever American interests are at stake, be it Korea and Northeast Asia, Indochina and Southeast Asia, India/Pakistan and South Asia, or Afghanistan and Iran in the Middle East. This course describes the key factors that make up Chinese foreign policy, including its cultural tradition of dealing with foreigners, its policy-making institutions, the role of the Chinese military, domestic determinants of foreign policy, and China’s growing involvement in international regimes and issues. The course will examine China’s ever-changing foreign policy strategies, from an aggressive posture to charming its neighbors to its periodic return to a perceived aggressive stance. The course will also examine China’s role in the global economy, including issues involving international trade, currency manipulation, global warming, and China’s role in Africa and elsewhere in the growing global competition for energy resources. Throughout the course we will pay attention to how China’s foreign policy relates to international relations theories and what strategies the United States might use to manage China’s growing role in international affairs. Materials Books for Purchase: Robert G. Sutter: Chinese Foreign Relations, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. ISBN 0-7425-5537-2 Robert G. Sutter: U.S.-Chinese Relations, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7425-6842-6. James Mann: About Face: A History of America's Curious Relationship with China, From Nixon to Clinton, Knopf, 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Musical Imagery in the Poetry of Jāmi Alessia Dal Bianco Independent Scholar
    e-ISSN 2385-3042 Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie orientale Vol. 57 – Giugno 2021 Notes on Musical Imagery in the Poetry of Jāmi Alessia Dal Bianco Independent Scholar Abstract The poet Nur-al-Din ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Jāmi (1414-92) is known to have been proficient in music theory; he also wrote a Resāla-ye musiqi (Treatise on Music Theory). In his poems he displayed an extensive and precise use of musical terms. To probe fur- ther into the elements of musical imagery, I scanned through his maṯnavis Haft awrang (The Seven Thrones) in search of lines dedicated to musical modes, instruments, and performers. Considering that musical imagery had a long-established tradition before his time, I pursued a comparative investigation and commented on some lines by way of examples. Finally, I argue that literary conventions shaped Jāmi’s poetry more than his expertise in music theory did. Keywords Nur-al-Din ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Jāmi. Persian poetry. Resāla-ye musiqi. Musi- cal instruments. Poetic imagery. Summary 1 Introduction. – 2 Method. – 2.1 Musical Modes. – 2.2 Musical Instruments. – 2.3 Performers. – 3 Conclusion. Peer review Submitted 2020-08-13 Edizioni Accepted 2020-09-17 Ca’Foscari Published 2021-06-30 Open access © 2021 | cb Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License Citation Dal Bianco, A. (2021). “Notes on Musical Imagery in the Poetry of Jāmi”. Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie orientale, 57, 171-196. DOI 10.30687/AnnOr/2385-3042/2021/01/008 171 Alessia Dal Bianco Notes on Musical Imagery in the Poetry of Jāmi 1 Introduction1 Music is commonly perceived as one of the main sources of imagery in poetry.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Graduate College
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE JAVANESE WAYANG KULIT PERFORMED IN THE CLASSIC PALACE STYLE: AN ANALYSIS OF RAMA’S CROWN AS TOLD BY KI PURBO ASMORO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF MUSIC By GUAN YU, LAM Norman, Oklahoma 2016 JAVANESE WAYANG KULIT PERFORMED IN THE CLASSIC PALACE STYLE: AN ANALYSIS OF RAMA’S CROWN AS TOLD BY KI PURBO ASMORO A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF MUSIC BY ______________________________ Dr. Paula Conlon, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Eugene Enrico ______________________________ Dr. Marvin Lamb © Copyright by GUAN YU, LAM 2016 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of my committee: Dr. Paula Conlon, Dr. Eugene Enrico, and Dr. Marvin Lamb for their guidance and suggestions in the preparation of this thesis. I would especially like to thank Dr. Paula Conlon, who served as chair of the committee, for the many hours of reading, editing, and encouragement. I would also like to thank Wong Fei Yang, Thow Xin Wei, and Agustinus Handi for selflessly sharing their knowledge and helping to guide me as I prepared this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continued support throughout this process. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transfer of Authority Stage 4 Hospital Fire Fire Fighting Equipment
    Transfer of Authority Stage 4 Hospital Fire at Mazar-e Sharif Fire Fighting Equipment for Lashkar Gah Fighting the Drought www.jfcbs.nato.int/ISAF 3. Commander’s Foreword 4. NATO unifies mission throughout Afghanistan Commander’s Foreword HAVE YOU GOT A STORY? HAVE YOU General Richards 5. Rough engineering made easy GOT A CAMERA? Then you could be 6. Turkish infirmary offers medical help one of the ISAF MIRROR journalists! Send your articles and photos about 7. 2,100 animals treated by the Italian ISAF activities and, who knows, you veterinary team could could be in the next issue. 8. French EOD team The ISAF Mirror is a Public Information 9. New wells and mosque for Meymaneh product. Articles, where possible, have been kept in their original form. Opinions 10. Patients rescued in hospital fire expressed are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect official NATO, 14. Spanish PRT fights against drought JFC HQ Brunssum or ISAF policy. Photo 16. Three hundred children visit PRT credits are given to the authors of the Chaghcharan submission, unless otherwise stated. Submissions can be e-mailed to: 17. Repairs to Boghi Pul bridge [email protected] NATO’s fourth stage of expansion took place on 5 October. A fitting ceremony was held in Kabul to 18. Civil Affairs Team education support Articles should be in MS Word format mark ISAF’s assumption of responsibility for security – in support of the Government - in the eastern (Arial), photos should be at least 4.5cm provinces and, with that, responsibility for security across the whole territory of Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Judicial System in India During Mughal Period with Special Reference to Persian Sources
    Judicial System in India during Mughal Period with Special Reference to Persian Sources (Nezam-e-dadgahi-e-Hend der ahd-e-Gorkanian bewizha-e manabe-e farsi) For the Award ofthe Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted by Md. Sadique Hussain Under the Supervision of Dr. Akhlaque Ahmad Ansari Center Qf Persian and Central Asian Studies, School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi -110067. 2009 Center of Persian and Central Asian Studies, School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi -110067. Declaration Dated: 24th August, 2009 I declare that the work done in this thesis entitled "Judicial System in India during Mughal Period with special reference to Persian sources", for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy, submitted by me is an original research work and has not been previously submitted for any other university\Institution. Md.Sadique Hussain (Name of the Scholar) Dr.Akhlaque Ahmad Ansari (Supervisor) ~1 C"" ~... ". ~- : u- ...... ~· c "" ~·~·.:. Profess/~ar Mahdi 4 r:< ... ~::.. •• ~ ~ ~ :·f3{"~ (Chairperson) L~.·.~ . '" · \..:'lL•::;r,;:l'/ [' ft. ~ :;r ':1 ' . ; • " - .-.J / ~ ·. ; • : f • • ~-: I .:~ • ,. '· Attributed To My Parents INDEX Acknowledgment Introduction 1-7 Chapter-I 8-60 Chapter-2 61-88 Chapter-3 89-131 Chapter-4 132-157 Chapter-S 158-167 Chapter-6 168-267 Chapter-? 268-284 Chapter-& 285-287 Chapter-9 288-304 Chapter-10 305-308 Conclusion 309-314 Bibliography 315-320 Appendix 321-332 Acknowledgement At first I would like to praise God Almighty for making the tough situations and conditions easy and favorable to me and thus enabling me to write and complete my Ph.D Thesis work.
    [Show full text]