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Named Entity Recognition System for Kashmiri Language Iamir Bashir Malik, Iikhushboo Bansal Istudent, M.Tech, Iiassistant Professor I,Iidept
ISSN : 2347 - 8446 (Online) International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN : 2347 - 9817 (Print) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (Apr. - Jun. 2015) Computer Science & Technology (IJARCST 2015) Named Entity Recognition System for Kashmiri Language IAmir Bashir Malik, IIKhushboo Bansal IStudent, M.Tech, IIAssistant Professor I,IIDept. of CSE, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India Abstract Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a task which helps in finding out Persons name, Location names, Organization names, Place, Date, Time etc. and classifies them into predefined different categories. Named Entity Recognition plays a major role in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) fields like Information Extraction, Machine Translations and Question Answering. Unfortunately Kashmiri language which is a scarce resourced language has not been taken into account. This paper describes the problems of NER in the context of Kashmiri Language and provides relevant solutions. Keywords Named Entity, Named Entity Recognition, Natural language process, Kashmiri language text. I. Introduction is as follows. The term Named Entity (NE) was evolved during the sixth (1) “Micromax”represent anorganization and “ Dec19, 2014” Message Understanding Conference (MUC -6, 1995).Named represent dateand “smartphone” represent entity and “had Entity Recognition (NER) is also knows as entity identification is a launched its on” represent others. subtask of information extraction (IE). NER extracts and classifies The named entities may be of any type such as given below -
(And Potential) Language and Linguistic Resources on South Asian Languages
CoRSAL Symposium, University of North Texas, November 17, 2017 Existing (and Potential) Language and Linguistic Resources on South Asian Languages Elena Bashir, The University of Chicago Resources or published lists outside of South Asia Digital Dictionaries of South Asia in Digital South Asia Library (dsal), at the University of Chicago. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/ . Some, mostly older, not under copyright dictionaries. No corpora. Digital Media Archive at University of Chicago https://dma.uchicago.edu/about/about-digital-media-archive Hock & Bashir (eds.) 2016 appendix. Lists 9 electronic corpora, 6 of which are on Sanskrit. The 3 non-Sanskrit entries are: (1) the EMILLE corpus, (2) the Nepali national corpus, and (3) the LDC-IL — Linguistic Data Consortium for Indian Languages Focus on Pakistan Urdu Most work has been done on Urdu, prioritized at government institutions like the Center for Language Engineering at the University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore (CLE). Text corpora: http://cle.org.pk/clestore/index.htm (largest is a 1 million word Urdu corpus from the Urdu Digest. Work on Essential Urdu Linguistic Resources: http://www.cle.org.pk/eulr/ Tagset for Urdu corpus: http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2014/The%20CLE%20Urdu%20POS%20Tagset.pdf Urdu OCR: http://cle.org.pk/clestore/urduocr.htm Sindhi Sindhi is the medium of education in some schools in Sindh Has more institutional backing and consequent research than other languages, especially Panjabi. Sindhi-English dictionary developed jointly by Jennifer Cole at the University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign and Sarmad Hussain at CLE (http://182.180.102.251:8081/sed1/homepage.aspx). -
Punjabi Language Characteristics and Role of Thesaurus in Natural
Dharam Veer Sharma et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 2 (4) , 2011, 1434-1437 Punjabi Language Characteristics and Role of Thesaurus in Natural Language processing Dharam Veer Sharma1 Aarti2 Department of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, INDIA Abstract---This paper describes an attempt to explain various 2.2 Characteristics of the Punjabi Language characteristics of Punjabi language. The origin and symbols of Modern Punjabi is a very tonal language, making use of Punjabi language are presents in this paper. Various relations various tones to differentiate words that would otherwise be exist in thesaurus and role of thesaurus in natural language identical. Three primary tones can be identified: high-rising- processing also has been elaborated in this paper. falling, mid-rising-falling, and low rising. Following are characteristics of Punjabi language [3] [4]. Keywords---Thesaurus, Punjabi, characteristics, relations 2.2.1 Morphological characteristics Morphologically, Punjabi is an agglutinative language. That 1. INTRODUCTION is to say, grammatical information is encoded by way of A thesaurus links semantically related words and helps in the affixation (largely suffixation), rather than via independent selection of most appropriate words for given contexts [1]. A freestanding morphemes. Punjabi nouns inflect for number thesaurus contains synonyms (words which have basically the (singular, plural), gender (masculine, feminine), and same meaning) and as such is an important tool for many declension class (absolute, oblique). The absolute form of a applications in NLP too. The purpose is twofold: For writers, noun is its default or uninflected form. This form is used as it is a tool - one with words grouped and classified to help the object of the verb, typically when inanimate, as well as in select the best word to convey a specific nuance of meaning, measure or temporal (point of time) constructions. -
Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 5-2012 Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit Preeti Mahajan Panjab University, [email protected] Neeraj Kumar Singh Panjab University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Mahajan, Preeti and Singh, Neeraj Kumar, "Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit" (2012). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 749. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/749 http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/ Library Philosophy and Practice 2012 ISSN 1522-0222 Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit Prof. Preeti Mahajan Department of Library and Information Science Panjab University Chandigarh, India Neeraj Kumar Singh Assistant Librarian A C Joshi Library Panjab University Chandigarh, India Introduction India is a multilingual country and the second most populated country on earth There are a quite a number of languages spoken in India. Some of these languages are accepted nationally while others are accepted as dialects of that particular region. The Indian languages belong to four language families namely Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic (Austric) and Sino-Tibetan. Majority of India's population are using Indo-European and Dravidian languages. The former are spoken mainly in northern and central regions and the latter in southern India. India has 22 officially recognised languages. But around 33 different languages and 2000 dialects have been identified in India. -
Volume 33 (1) November 2018
A Peer-reviewed Journal of Linguistic Society of Nepal Nepalese Linguistics Volume 33 (1) November 2018 Editor-in-Chief Kamal Poudel Editors Ram Raj Lohani Dr. Tikaram Poudel Office bearers for 2018-2020 President Bhim Narayan Regmi Vice President Krishna Prasad Chalise General Secretary Dr. Karnakhar Khatiwada Secretary (Office) Dr. Ambika Regmi Secretary (General) Dr. Tara Mani Rai Treasurer Ekku Maya Pun Member Dr. Narayan Prasad Sharma Member Dr. Ramesh Kumar Limbu Member Dr. Laxmi Raj Pandit Member Pratigya Regmi Member Shankar Subedi Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Kamal Poudel Editors Ram Raj Lohani Dr. Tikaram Poudel Nepalese Linguistics is a peer-reviewed journal published by Linguistic Society of Nepal (LSN). LSN publishes articles related to the scientific study of languages, especially from Nepal. The authors are solely responsible for the views expressed in their articles. Published by: Linguistic Society of Nepal Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal Copies: 300 © Linguistic Society of Nepal ISSN 0259-1006 Price: NC 400/- (Nepal) IC 350/- (India) US$ 10/- The publication of this volume was supported by Nepal Academy. Editorial Linguistic Society of Nepal, since its inception in 1979, has been involved in preserving and promoting the languages of the Himalayan region through different activities such as organizing conferences, workshops and publications. As all our esteemed readers know that the journal Nepalese Linguistics is one of the major initiatives of the Society. The Board of Editors feels immense pleasure to bring out Volume 33.1 of Nepalese Linguistics in the eve of the 39th International Annual Conference of Linguistic Society of Nepal. The Society decided to peer-review the articles since this issue in order to ensure the quality of the journal. -
Nation Building Process in Afghanistan Ziaulhaq Rashidi1, Dr
Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: Saudi J Humanities Soc Sci ISSN 2415-6256 (Print) | ISSN 2415-6248 (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: http://scholarsmepub.com/sjhss/ Original Research Article Nation Building Process in Afghanistan Ziaulhaq Rashidi1, Dr. Gülay Uğur Göksel2 1M.A Student of Political Science and International Relations Program 2Assistant Professor, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey *Corresponding author: Ziaulhaq Rashidi | Received: 04.04.2019 | Accepted: 13.04.2019 | Published: 30.04.2019 DOI:10.21276/sjhss.2019.4.4.9 Abstract In recent times, a number of countries faced major cracks and divisions (religious, ethnical and geographical) with less than a decade war/instability but with regards to over four decades of wars and instabilities, the united and indivisible Afghanistan face researchers and social scientists with valid questions that what is the reason behind this unity and where to seek the roots of Afghan national unity, despite some minor problems and ethnic cracks cannot be ignored?. Most of the available studies on nation building process or Afghan nationalism have covered the nation building efforts from early 20th century and very limited works are available (mostly local narratives) had touched upon the nation building efforts prior to the 20th. This study goes beyond and examine major struggles aimed nation building along with the modernization of state in Afghanistan starting from late 19th century. Reforms predominantly the language (Afghani/Pashtu) and role of shared medium of communication will be deliberated. In addition, we will talk how the formation of strong centralized government empowered the state to initiate social harmony though the demographic and geographic oriented (north-south) resettlement programs in 1880s and how does it contributed to the nation building process. -
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III. -
Neo-Vernacularization of South Asian Languages
LLanguageanguage EEndangermentndangerment andand PPreservationreservation inin SSouthouth AAsiasia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 PUBLISHED AS A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA Special Publication No. 7 (January 2014) ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION Department of Linguistics, UHM Moore Hall 569 1890 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 USA http:/nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I PRESS 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822-1888 USA © All text and images are copyright to the authors, 2014 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License ISBN 978-0-9856211-4-8 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4607 Contents Contributors iii Foreword 1 Hugo C. Cardoso 1 Death by other means: Neo-vernacularization of South Asian 3 languages E. Annamalai 2 Majority language death 19 Liudmila V. Khokhlova 3 Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and 46 loss in North East India Stephen Morey 4 Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in 78 South Asia Carmen Brandt 5 The lifecycle of Sri Lanka Malay 100 Umberto Ansaldo & Lisa Lim LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA iii CONTRIBUTORS E. ANNAMALAI ([email protected]) is director emeritus of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore (India). He was chair of Terralingua, a non-profit organization to promote bi-cultural diversity and a panel member of the Endangered Languages Documentation Project, London. -
A Historical View of Sindhi Language
Chapter 7 A Historical view of Sindhi Language Any historical view can be contested by opponents who fear undermining of their position. Even if not that, there are other problems. The evidence of the available interpretations of the decreasing historical records as we move back in history has to be re-interpreted for any new viewpoint. In doing this one may not come across some good evidence. Therefore one should keep one’s options open which means that even if we are not precise or even wrong somewhere in specifics, it should not alter our course and its general direction. In this case our general direction is determined by the interests of the Sindhi people and therefore of the Sindhi language, remaining overall within the right behavior and civilizational framework. Therefore, so far, what was possible is being put in front of the reader keeping the possibility open for any new evidence and correcting any error if it came or brought to my notice. A view of Sindhi language from an Indian source [1] goes like this: Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by approximately 18 million people in Pakistan, making it the third most spoken language of Pakistan and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan. It is also spoken in India and has also been made an official language of India. It is an Indo- Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Sindhi and Urdu are the two languages in which the government of Pakistan issues national identity cards to its citizens. -
The Teaching of Punjabi in American Universities: Present Situation and Future Prospects
281 Gurinder S. Mann: Teaching of Punjabi in America The Teaching of Punjabi in American Universities: Present Situation and Future Prospects Gurinder Singh Mann University of California, Santa Barbara ________________________________________________________________ The paper begins with the historical context in which South Asians languages began to be taught in the United States, and highlight the teaching of Punjabi in some American Universities. It then goes on to focus on the factors that were instrumental in the creation of these programs, the key academic players on the scene, the constituency of students interested in learning Punjabi and their reasons for doing so, and some accomplishments of the past decade. The paper concludes by outlining the historical and linguistic challenges that will need to be confronted to strengthen the future development of Punjabi. ________________________________________________________________ The teaching of Punjabi was introduced into the university system of the United States in the late-1980s, and it is presently available in South Asian language curricula of Columbia University (1989-), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1989-), the University of California, Berkeley (1993-), the University of Pennsylvania (1995-), and the University of California, Santa Barbara (1999-).1 Provisions to teach Punjabi exist at the University of Chicago and the University of Washington, Seattle.2 In addition, Punjabi is offered at Stanford University (1986-), San Jose State University (1998-), and Hofstra University (2004-), the universities with relatively recent associations with South Asian Studies. How Punjabi emerged on the language map of the U.S. universities and where it is current prospects lie are issues of significance for those who are interested in studying the history and culture of the Punjab and Punjabis living overseas. -
The Rise and Stall of the Islamic State in Afghanistan
UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 2301 Constitution Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20037 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Casey Garret Johnson This report details the structure, composition, and growth of the Islamic State’s so-called Khorasan province, particularly in the eastern Afghan province of Nangarhar, and outlines considerations for international policymakers. More than sixty interviews with residents of Nangarhar and provincial and The Rise and Stall of national Afghan security officials carried out by The Liaison Office, an Afghan research and peacebuilding organization, in Nangarhar and Kabul in the spring and summer of 2016 informed this report. the Islamic State in ABOUT THE AUTHOR Afghanistan Casey Garret Johnson is an independent researcher focusing on violent extremism and local politics in Afghanistan. Summary • The Islamic State’s Khorasan province (IS-K) is led by a core of former Tehrik-e-Taliban Paki- stan commanders from Orakzai and Khyber Agencies of Pakistan; the majority of mid-level commanders are former Taliban from Nangarhar, with the rank and file a mixture of local Afghans, Pakistanis, and foreign jihadists mostly from Central Asia. • IS-K receives funding from the Islamic State’s Central Command and is in contact with lead- ership in Iraq and Syria, but the setup and day-to-day operations of the Khorasan province have been less closely controlled than other Islamic State branches such as that in Libya. • IS-K emerged in two separate locations in Afghanistan in 2014—the far eastern reaches of Nangarhar province along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, and Kajaki district of southern Helmand province. -
Punjabi LANGUAGE and CULTURE
-YEAR PROGRAM Classroom Assessment 9 Materials Punjabi LANGUAGE and CULTURE [ GRADE] 4 2008 Punjabi Language and Culture Nine-year Program Grade 4 Classroom Assessment Materials 2008 ALBERTA EDUCATION CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA Alberta. Alberta Education. Learning and Teaching Resources Branch. Punjabi language and culture nine-year program classroom assessment materials, grade 4. ISBN 978–0–7785–6418–8 1. Panjabi language – Study and teaching (Elementary) – Alberta. 2. Education – Alberta – Curricula. 3. Panjabi language – Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Title. PK2631.A333 2008 491.42 For further information, contact: Alan Chouinard Alberta Education Learning and Teaching Resources Branch 8th Floor, 44 Capital Boulevard 10044 – 108 Street NW Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5E6 Telephone: 780–427–2984 in Edmonton or toll-free in Alberta by dialling 310–0000 Fax: 780–422–0576 Copyright © 2008, the Crown in Right of Alberta, as represented by the Minister of Education. Alberta Education, Learning and Teaching Resources Branch, 44 Capital Boulevard, 10044 – 108 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5J 5E6. Every effort has been made to provide proper acknowledgement of original sources. If cases are identified where this has not been done, please notify Alberta Education so appropriate corrective action can be taken. Permission is given by the copyright owner to reproduce this document for educational purposes and on a nonprofit basis, with the exception of materials cited for which Alberta Education does not own copyright. Acknowledgements Alberta Education gratefully acknowledges Edmonton School District No. 7 for writing contributions and language validation over the course of the development of the Punjabi Language and Culture Classroom Assessment Materials, Grade 4.