One Century of the Croatian Geological Survey

Presentations of institutions KiG 2009, 12

Well-known zoologist Spiridion (with legends): Zlatar–Krapina in 1904, Abstract: Croatian Geological Survey Brusina (1845–1908) also contributed Rogatec–Kozje in 1904, and Zagreb in is the successor of the Geological to geology considerably. He determined 1908. Some maps (and legends) were Commission for the Kingdoms of over 500 new species of molluscs, produced by Gorjanović’s collaborator Croatia and Slavonia founded in 1909. organized the collection in the Natural Ferdo Koch (1874–1935), who published The Commission was established History Museum and was instrumental the sheets of Ivanić Grad–Moslavina thanks to efforts and merits of Dragutin in the foundation of the Croatian Society (1906), Daruvar (1908), and Medak–Sv. Gorjanović-Kramberger, world-famous of Natural History in 1885 (Kochansky- Rok in 1909, when the Commission was scientist. During its hundred-year Devidé, 1975). established (Fig. 2). Regarding the pub- existence, the Commission/Survey lication of geological maps, Gorjanović- played an crucial role in the develop- 100 Furthermore, three people contrib- Kramberger subsequently (1910) noted, ment of geology in Croatia, primarily uted the most to the definitive rise of among other things: “After our brave and in the production of geological maps Croatian geology. They were: Gjuro Pilar meritorious Pilar had died, I tried, after in different scales and for different (1846–1893), who was the first formally becoming the head of the Chair of Geol- purposes, but also in applying the trained Croatian geologist (Pilar obtained ogy and Palaeontology at our Francis geological science in practice, e.g., in his PhD in Brussels in 1868) and the Joseph I University, to expose to the water resource exploration, landslide first professor of geology and mineral- public the existing information on geo- prevention and mitigation, exploitation ogy of the former Faculty of Philosophy logical mapping of our homeland, which of mineral resources, environmental in Zagreb (Kochansky-Devidé, 1976); had already been collected. The former protection, and construction of infra- Mijo Kišpatić (1851–1926), the founder Croatian ban (governor) and the pres- structural objects. of Croatian mineralogy and petrography ent Hungarian prime minister, a highly Key words: Croatian Geological Sur- (Kochansky-Devidé, 1976); and Dragutin distinguished gentleman, Count Drag. vey, Geological Commission, Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger (1856–1936), Khuen-Hedervary was also convinced of Gorjanović-Kramberger, geological versatile geologist and world-famous pa- the indispensability of having a general map. laeontologist (palaeoanthropologist) and geological map and thus ordered the the founder of the Geological Commis- publishing of such a map, together with sion (Herak, 1957; Kochansky-Devidé, a bilingual, Croatian-German explanatory 1978; Šuklje, 1937). commentary. With Gorjanović-Kramberger back in Following the decree issued by the 1. Overview of the Zagreb after having finished his studies High Royal Croatian Administration on Development of abroad, a new era in the development December 17, 1900, number 35 302, Croatian Geology and of Croatian geology began. He and Pilar printing of 250 copies of the first sheet the Establishment of the realized the necessity of producing a of the geological map was approved, and geological map of Croatia and Slavonia Geological Commission following the order of the High Adminis- at the scale of 1:75 000 which was quite tration Presidency from March 20, 1904, usual at the time. Thus they decided number 6783 ex 1903, publication of the The development and rise of Croa- the first printed sheet to be of Zagreb. entire geological map was ensured with tian geology began in the middle of the Together they produced a manuscript the expense of 3000 crowns per year”. 19th century (Babić, 1954), building onto version of the geological map of Mt. earlier investigation of foreign, primarily Medvednica which was displayed at the Simultaneously with the publica- Austrian, geologists. The founder of the Zagreb Economic Exhibition in 1891. tion of geological maps, Gorjanović- Croatian geology as an independent Kramberger also put great effort into the science (and profession) was Ljudevit After Pilar’s premature death (1893), process of establishing an independent Farkaš Vukotinović (1813–1893), a ver- Gorjanović-Kramberger continued with geological survey (Benček, 1995), which satile. Although a lawyer by education, geological mapping (Šimunić, 2007) and was opposed by the Hungarian govern- he published numerous papers on geol- in 1902 he produced a geological map ment in Budapest. Pressure was exerted ogy and was among the first scientists of the Ptuj–Vinica sheet together with on him, even threats, but Gorjanović- who wrote in Croatian (Herak, 2002). a legend, and the map was published Kramberger remained steadfast regard- In 1852, Vukotinović published one of by the Department of Internal Affairs less. His resolution can be seen in his the oldest geological maps of Croatian of the Royal Territorial Administration. August 25, 1908 response to a letter regions (Fig. 1). This was followed by following maps from Budapest, in which he had been KiG 2009, 12 Prikazi institucija

Stoljeće Hrvatskoga geološkog instituta

Prirodoslovnome muzeju, a nepobitne su za geologiju i paleontologiju na našem Sažetak: Hrvatski geološki institut njegove zasluge za osnivanje Hrvatskog sveučilištu Franje Josipa I., da privedem sljednik je Geologijskog povjeren- naravoslovnog (danas prirodoslovnog) javnosti one podatke o geologijskom kar- stva za Kraljevine Hrvatsku i Sla- društva 1885. godine(Kochansky-De- tiranju naše domovine, koji su do tada voniju, koje je osnovano 1909. go- vidé, 1975). već bili sabrani. O neophodnoj potre- dine. Povjerenstvo je osnovano bi geologijske prijegledne karte bio je nastojanjem i zaslugom Dragutina Za definitivni uspon hrvatske ge- uvjeren i tadanji hrvatski ban, a sadašnji Gorjanović-Krambergera, našeg sv- ologije zaslužna su trojica naših prvih ugarski ministar-predsjednik preuzvišeni jetski poznatog znanstvenika. Stoljeće školovanih geologa: Gjuro Pilar (1846– gospodin grof Drag. Khuen-Hedervary, djelovanja Povjerenstva – Institu- 1893) prvi profesor mineralogije i ge- pa je odredio, da se izda ovakova karta s ta ima nezaobilaznu ulogu u razvoju ologije na tadašnjem Mudroslovnom (da- njemačko-hrvatskim popratnim tekstom. 101 geološke struke u Republici Hrvats- nas Filozofskom) fakultetu u Zagrebu koj, ponajprije izradom geoloških (Kochansky-Devidé, 1974); Mijo Kišpatić Glasom naredbe vis. kr. hrv. vlade karata različitih mjerila i namjena, ali (1851–1926), utemeljitelj hrvatske od 17. prosinca 1900. broj 35.302 doz- i primjenom geološke znanosti u prak- petrologije i mineralogije (Kochansky- voljeno bi izdanje prvog lista geologijske si, kao npr. istraživanja za vodoop- Devidé, 1976), te Dragutin Gorjanović- karte u 250 primjeraka, a uslijed naredbe skrbu, sanaciju klizišta, mineralne Kramberger (1856–1936) svestrani ge- visokog vladinog predsjedništva od 20. sirovine, zaštitu okoliša i infrastruk- olog i paleontolog svjetskoga glasa te ožujka 1904. broj 6783 ex 1903. osjegu- turne objekte. utemeljitelj Geologijskog povjerenstva rano je izdavanje ciele geološke karte sa (Herak, 1957; Kochansky-Devidé, 1978; 3000 kruna godišnjeg izdatka”. Ključne riječi: Hrvatski geološki insti- Šuklje, 1937). tut, Geologijsko povjerenstvo, Dragu- Usporedno s izdavanjem karata tin Gorjanović-Kramberger, geološka Povratkom D. Gorjanović-Kramber- Gorjanović-Kramberger je vodio postu- karta gera u Zagreb nakon studija u inozem- pak za osnivanje samostalne geološke stvu započela je nova etapa u razvoju službe u Hrvatskoj (Benček, 1995), što hrvatske geologije. Naime, on i G. Pilar su osporavale vlasti iz Budimpešte. uočili su potrebu izradbe geološke karte Bilo je pritisaka, pa i prijetnji, ali o područja Hrvatske i Slavonije u tada Gorjanovićevoj odlučnosti svjedoči nje- uobičajenome mjerilu 1:75 000, te odlučili gov odgovor od 25. listopada 1908. na da prvi tiskani list bude Zagreb. Zajed- pismo iz Budimpešte u kojem se prijeti 1. Osvrt na razvoj hrvatske no su izradili rukopisnu geološku kartu sankcijama: “Kako je Kraljevina Hrvats- geologije i osnivanje Zagrebačke gore, koja je bila izložena na ka-Slavonija na polju javne prosvjete Geologijskog povjerenstva zagrebačkoj izložbi 1891. godine. samostalna, to je njoj na volju publicirati što hoće o hrvatskim prilikama. Na- Nakon prerane Pilarove smrti (1893) Razvoj i uspon hrvatske geologi- pose je pako geol. pregledna karta izljev D. Gorjanović-Kramberger nastavio je je započet je sredinom 19. st. (Babić, rada kr. hrv. sveučilišta, dotično pro- geološka kartiranja (Šimunić, 2007) i 1954), a temelj njezina razvoja bila su ra- fesora geologije i odnosnoga zavoda 1902. godine objavio geološku kartu lista nija istraživanja stranih, ponajprije aus- sveučilišnoga te u tom redigiram i pub- Ptuj–Vinica s tumačem, u izdanju Odje- trijskih geologa. Utemeljitelj hrvatske ge- liciram tu kartu. Vjerujem da može Kr. la za unutarnje poslove Kraljevske ze- ologije kao struke je Ljudevit Vukotinović ugarski geološki zavod snimati geološki i maljske vlade. Slijede karte s tumačima (Farkaš) (1813–1893), svestrani priro- Hrvatsku, ali bi preporučio da se to zbude Zlatar–Krapina (1904), Rogatec–Kozje doslovac. Iako školovani pravnik, obja- u sporazumu sa nama, jer nije dobro ra- (1904) te Zagreb (1908). Autor pojedinih vio je mnoge radove s geološkom tema- diti – osobito u nas – po principu jačega” karata i tumača bio je Gorjanovićev su- tikom i bio je jedan od prvih istraživača (Krizmanić i Radovčić, 1994). radnik Ferdo Koch (1874–1935), koji je koji je pisao na hrvatskom jeziku (Herak, objavio listove Ivanić Grad–Moslavina Izdane karte te ugled D. Gorjanović- 2002). Godine 1852. Vukotinović je obja- (1906), Daruvar (1908) te u godini osniv- Krambergera i napose njegova upornost vio jednu od najstarijih geoloških karata s anja Povjerenstva (1909) list Medak–Sv. i rodoljublje bili su odlučujući čimbenici područja hrvatskih krajeva (sl. 1). Rok (sl. 2). Vezano na izdavanje kara- da Kr. hrv.-slav.-dalm. zemaljska vlada Razvoju geologije znatno je pridonio ta D. Gorjanović-Kramberger je posli- 3. srpnja 1909. donese Naredbu br. III. hrvatski poznati zoolog Spiridon Brusi- je (1910) među ostalim napisao: “Na- A. 2275 o ustroju Geologijskog povje- na (1845–1908). Odredio je više od 500 kon smrti našeg vrlog i zaslužnog Pilara renstva (sl. 3). Naredbu je potpisao novih vrsta mekušaca, sređivao zbirku u nastojao sam, pošto sam preuzeo stolicu tadašnji ban Pavao RAUCH. Sjedište Presentations of institutions KiG 2009, 12

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Fig. 1. Geological map of Moslavačka gora (Vukotinović 1852) KiG 2009, 12 Prikazi institucija

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Sl. 1. Geološka karta Moslavačke gore (Vukotinović 1852) Fig. 2. Geological map Medak-Sv. Rok (Koch 1909) Sl. 2. Geološka karta Medak-Sv. Rok (Koch 1909) Presentations of institutions KiG 2009, 12

threatened: “As the Kingdom of Croatia Demetrova Street No. 1; and in accor- to the newly formed Kraljevski geološki and Slavonia is independent regarding dance with paragraph No. 2 of the Order, zavod (Royal Geological Institute). public education, thus it is allowed to pub- Gorjanović-Kramberger was appointed Gorjanović-Kramberger was appointed lish whatever it wants on its conditions. the director of the Commission (Fig. 4). the director, but only until 1923, when Especially, the general geological map Ferdo Koch became the director. The is the product of activities of the royal following period was characterized by a Croatian university, i.e. its professors of 2. Overview of the Activities reduced scope of geological research, geology and its geological department, of the Commission/Institute in cooperation with Belgrade geologists and therefore I insist on editing and and with activities paving the way to publishing this map. I accept the Royal centralization. Still, during the period During the past century, the insti- Hungarian Geological Institute can also between 1926 and 1930, the Institute tution developed its activities almost geologically map Croatia, but I would managed to continue publishing its own without interruption, with the motto: study recommend to do that in agreement with periodical, Vijesti. and publish, as defined in paragraph no. us, as it is not good to work – particularly 3 of the Order. However, continuous as here – by threat of force” (Krizmanić, By passing a special law at the end they might have been, the activities didn’t Radovčić, 1994). of 1930, the new Geological Institute of proceed smoothly: there were numerous the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formed, negative factors influencing the activities. and by the decree of the former Ministry Let us only mention the fact that, during of Education from December 16, 1931, the past century, five different regimes the complete inventory, documentation ruled the country and the people, two (archives, etc.), and personnel of the world wars raged over the country, and, Zagreb Institute were moved to Belgrade. most recently, the Homeland War, which F. Koch (1931–1933) and Fran Šuklje the Institute also considerably contrib- (1933–1935) were appointed directors of uted to, both materially and personally, the new Institute; during this period, ten defending the country. sheets of geological map at the scale of 106 1:75 000 covering the territory of Croatia Activities of the Commission were were published. regulated according to the Order. In order to publish research results, the periodical In 1939, the Kingdom of Yugosla- Vijesti Geologijskog povjerenstva (News via was partly decentralized and the of the Geological Commission), the pre- Banovina of Croatia (a largely indepen- cursor of the current Geologia Croatica, dent regional unit ruled by a ban) was started to be published. The first meet- established. Thus, a part of Croatian ing of the Commission took place on sovereignty was regained and soon af- February 10, 1910; the previous period terwards, the Geološki zavod Banovine was analyzed and the decision of how to Hrvatske (Geological Institute of the organize the program of further activities Banovina of Croatia) was established. was made. In the same year, the scope However, the inventory and documenta- of Commission’s work was expanded by tion (archives, etc.) moved to Belgrade the establishment of the Geographical in 1931 were not returned to Zagreb. In Section and the Committee for Cave addition, a large part is still claimed. The Research. In addition, according to the location of the Institute was Kulina Bana governmental order from July 31, 1910, Square 15 (present Trg žrtava fašizma) the Commission became gradually bet- and Fr. Šuklje was appointed the director. ter equipped for field work, which was primarily carried out in the areas of The Banovina of Croatia existed until Fig. 4. Dragutin Gorjanović the Velebit Mountain and Gorski Kotar April 1941, when the Yugoslavian state Kramberger, the founder of the district. The most engaged mapping collapsed and the pro-fascist Indepen- Geological Commision geologist was Ferdo Koch, who alone dent State of Croatia was proclaimed produced three 1:75 000 sheets of the Sl. 4. Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger, in Zagreb (Šišić, 1975). The Institute geological map: Knin–Ervenik (1914?), osnivač Geologijskog povjerenstva changed its name to Hrvatski državni Pag (1914), and Gračac–Ermain (Rmanj) geoložki zavod (Croatian State Geologi- (1914), in addition to being active in cal Institute, or Survey) (Šuklje, 1942), mapping the “Croatian sections” of the The already published maps, as well and continued to function with this name Hungarian Geological Institute on the as Gorjanović-Kramberger’s reputation, until the end of the war in 1945. Soon Senj–Otočac and Karlobag–Jablanac backed by his persistence, stubborn- after it was established, the Institute sheets. During the First World War ness even, and his patriotism, were the acquired more personnel, but due to (1914–1918), geological mapping nearly decisive factors which made the Royal war geological mapping and solving of stopped because most of personnel Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Land practical problems were soon gradually were engaged in military activities. After Administration to issue Order No. III. reduced. During its existence, the Insti- the war, the Austro-Hungarian Empire A. 2275 about the organization of the tute managed to publish three volumes of dissolved and Croatia soon joined the Geological Commission on June 3, Vjestnik Hrvatskog državnog geoložkog newly formed Yugoslavian state (Pikija, 1909 (Fig. 3). The order was signed by zavoda i Hrvatskog državnog geoložkog Halamić, 2009). the ban (governor) Pavao Rauch. The muzeja (News of Croatian State Geologi- residence of the Commission was placed The Commission was rescinded in cal Survey and Croatian State Geological in the building of the National Museum, 1922 and its activities were transferred Museum) until 1944. KiG 2009, 12 Prikazi institucija

Povjerenstva bilo je u zgradi Narodnog Djelatnost Povjerenstva organizirana okviru “hrvatske sekcije” Mađarskoga muzeja u Demetrovoj ul. br. 1., a suk- je sukladno Naredbi o ustroju. Radi obja- geološkog zavoda kartirao je na listovi- ladno paragrafu 2. Naredbe predsjed- vljivanja rezultata istraživanja pokretnuto ma Senj–Otočac i Karlobag–Jablanac. nikom Povjerenstva imenovan je D. je glasilo Vijesti Geologijskog povjerenst- Tijekom 1. svjetskog rata (1914–1918) Gorjanović-Kramberger (sl. 4). va, preteča današnjeg časopisa Geolo- istraživanja su praktično zamrla jer je gia Croatica. Prva skupština Povjerenst- veći dio zaposlenika bio angažiran u vo- va održana je 10. veljače 1910. i na njoj je jsci. Završetkom rata došlo je do raspada 2. Pregled djelovanja analizirano proteklo razdoblje te donesen Austro-Ugarske, a Hrvatska je ubrzo ušla Povjerenstva – Instituta program organizacije daljeg rada. Iste u novostvorenu jugoslavensku državu godine proširena je djelatnost Povjeren- (Pikija i Halamić, 2009). Tijekom proteklog stoljeća djelovanje stva ustrojem Geografijske sekcije i Od- Povjerenstvo je ukinuto 1922. go- Ustanove odvijalo se praktično u kontinu- bora za istraživanje špilja, a na temelju dine, a njegove je poslove preuzeo no- itetu i pod geslom proučavati i publicirati, Naredbe vlade od 31. srpnja 1910. Povje- voosnovani Kraljevski geološki zavod. definiranim u paragrafu 3. Naredbe. Spo- renstvo se postupno dobro ekipiralo, a Direktorom Zavoda imenovan je D. menimo i niz nepovoljnih utjecaja, jer se u glavnina terenskih istraživanja odvijala Gorjanović-KrambergeR, a već 1923. tom razdoblju na našem prostoru promi- se na području Velebita, Like i Gorsk- godine dužnost direktora preuzima F. jenilo pet državnih uređenja, prohujala su oga kotara. Najangažiraniji geolog bio je Koch. Slijedi razdoblje smanjenog opse- dva svjetska rata i konačno Domovinski F. Koch, koji je autor karata M 1:75 000 ga geoloških istraživanja, sudjelovan- rat, tijekom kojega je Institut dao znatan listova Knin–Ervenik (1914?), Pag (1914) ja beogradskih geologa te aktivnos- doprinos obrani domovine. i Gračac–Ermain (Rmanj) (1914), a u ti na pripremi centralizacije. Zavod je

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Fig. 3. Copy of the order about the organization of the Geological Commision Sl. 3. Kopija naredbe o ustroju Geološkog povjerenstva Fig. 5. Basic Geologic Map 1:100 000, sheet Zagreb Sl. 5. Osnovna geološka karta 1:100 000, list Zagreb Presentations of institutions KiG 2009, 12

After the war, the Institute changed Zagreb, the Zagreb University would by considerable increase in professional its name again to Državni geološki zavod remain a torso, and the complementary personnel and the beginnings of sys- (State Geological Institute, or Survey). natural sciences would be deprived of tematic exploration for oil economy (the Šuklje remained the director. In order to their all-important geological basis.” company Naftaplin was founded in 1952; satisfy the needs of post-war restoration The same year, in the middle of July, the today, INA-Naftaplin) and activities on the and industrialization, some Croatian ge- government of the People’s Republic of organization of production of a new geo- ologists were sent, by decrees, to Bosnia Croatia issued a decree, by which the logic map. The name was shortened to and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. Geological and Mining Institute of Croa- Zavod za geološka istraživanja (Institute tia was founded. Actually, the Institute for Geological Research). Soon after, a new threat appeared to was organized in the middle of 1947, Croatian geology: the idea of state cen- by the end of which Ivan Jurković was Let us take a glance at the develop- tralization was resurrected. This is what appointed as the director. Jurković was ment of geological map. It is a well-known M. Herak (1994) wrote about that: “Well- a B.Sc. in both geology and chemistry, fact that geological mapping represents known geologist Vasilije Simić (who was had good organization skills, and – also a permanent research process in every active in the Geological-Palaeontological important – he was supported by exist- country, it stimulates the development Museum in Zagreb from 1927 to 1929) ing political structures. Very soon, the of the profession, and the geologic map came from Belgrade in 1946 with a Institute strengthened and, in addition makes the basis for all kinds of applied proposal that all geological structures to the geological and chemical divisions, and specialist research. At the confer- be transferred to Belgrade in order to the geophysical and drilling divisions ence of geologists from all republics of form a new, strong centre for complex functioned. The same year, the Institute the former Yugoslavia held in Zagreb in geological research and education of started to publish its annual periodical, 1952, activities for the production of a highly qualified geologists. I participated Geološki vjesnik (Geological Bulletin). new geologic map officially started, and in his conversation with the director of the The bulk of the Institute’s professional at the first Geologists’ Congress in 1954 Geological-Palaeontological Museum, activities at the time were directed to the decision was made that the official Josip Poljak, and witnessed his stub- mineral resources research. name of the new map would be Com- plex Geologic Map and its production 110 methodology based on lithostratigraphic principles at the scale of 1:50 000. At the Second Geologists’ Congress in 1957, the official name was changed to Basic Geologic Map and practical activities on its production started the following year. Following the instructions of the Federal Geologic Institute in Belgrade in 1962, mapping should have been carried out according to chronostratigraphic units on topographic maps at 1:25 000 and published sheets would have been at the scale of 1:100 000. The territory of the Republic of Croatia included 74 sheets, of which the Institute was charged to produce 66, of which, in turn, 61 were published and thus made available. Of the remaining 5 sheets, which cover about 10% of the Croatian territory, some were printed, some prepared for printing, but distribution was stopped due to the former federal country dissolving. Basic Geologic Map 1:100 000 is a major project for the Croatian geology; through its production process, an entire generation of geologists came of age (in professional sense) and became expertly acquainted with geology of Croatia. On Fig. 6. Building of the Institute is Sachsova street 2 the other hand, a number of specialists Sl. 6. Zgrada Instituta u Sachsovoj ulici 2 (and specialist disciplines) also evolved. Field work (geologic mapping in the strict sense) for this map was completed in 1989. A sheet example is represented born decision to reject all our contrary According to the decree from October in Fig. 5. arguments. Fortunately, the dean of the 21, 1950, the government of the People’s Faculty (the newly established Faculty Republic of Croatia made a decision to By the end of 1960, the Institute of Science and Mathematics, eds. re- organize the geological survey and si- changed its name again to Institut za mark) was well-known geographer Josip multaneously changed the name of the geološka istraživanja (Institute of geo- Roglić, who, thanks to his extraordinary Institute to Zavod za geološka istraživanja logical research) and officially acquired persistence, succeeded what we failed: N.R. Hrvatske (Institute for Geologi- scientific status. New personnel, stable to refuse the proposal, with the explana- cal Research of People’s Republic of financial situation and diversification of tion that by the liquidation of geology in Croatia). The fifties were characterized projects enhanced the continuation of KiG 2009, 12 Prikazi institucija izdavao časopis Vijesti Geološkog zavo- proturazloge. Ali na sreću, tada je 10% teritorija RH neki su tiskani, a neki da u razdoblju 1926–1930. dekanom Fakulteta (riječ je o novoos- pripremljeni za tisak, ali distribucija nije novanom Prirodoslovno-matematičkom obavljena zbog raspada bivše države. Donošenjem posebnog zakona pot- fakultetu, op. ur.) bio poznati geograf Jo- Osnovna geološka karta 1:100 000 kapi- kraj 1930. godine formiran je Geološki in- sip Roglić, koji je izuzetnom upornošću i talni je projekt za hrvatsku geologiju, kroz stitut Kraljevine Jugoslavije, a uredbom uvjerljivošću uspio ono što mi nismo – od- koji je stasala generacija geologa koja iz- tadašnjeg ministra prosvjete od 16. pros- biti prijedlog, s obrazloženjem da bi likvi- vrsno poznaje geološku građu Hrvatske, inca 1931. cjelokupni inventar, arhiva i dacijom geologije u Zagrebu Sveučilište a s druge strane razvio se niz specijalista. osoblje Zavoda u Zagrebu preseljeni su postalo torzo, a komplementarne prirodo- Geološko kartiranje za tu kartu završeno u Beograd. Dužnost direktora tog Insti- slovne struke ostale bez važne geološke je 1989. godine. Izgled i sadržaj jednog tuta obavljali su F. Koch (1931–1933) i osnove”. Iste godine sredinom srpnja lista karte ilustrira sl. 5. Fran Šuklje (1933–1935), a u tom razdo- Vlada Narodne Republike Hrvatske don- blju tiskano je deset listova geoloških Pri samom kraju 1960. godine Za- osi Uredbu kojom se osniva Geološko- karata M 1:75 000 s područja Hrvatske. vod mijenja ime u Institut za geološka rudarski institut Hrvatske. Institut je istraživanja i službeno stječe znanst- U okviru decentralizacije Kraljevine praktično ustrojen tek sredinom 1947, veni status. Kadrovske prinove, stabil- Jugoslavije godine 1939. uspostavljena a pred kraj godine direktorom je imeno- no financiranje i raznolikost projekata je Banovina Hrvatska. Time je vraćen dio van Ivan Jurković, diplomirani geolog i ubrzali su nastavak specijalizacije, pa je hrvatskog suvereniteta, a ubrzo je u Za- kemičar s dobrim organizacijskim spo- 1966. godine Institut reorganiziran i os- grebu osnovan Geološki zavod Bano- sobnostima, a svakako treba spomenuti novana su tri stručna odjela: geološki, vine Hrvatske, no inventar i dokumen- da je imao i potporu tadašnjih političkih inženjerskogeološko-hidrogeološki i tacija preneseni 1931. godine u Beo- struktura. Institut je ubrzo kadrovski mineraloško-petrografski, a prateće grad nisu vraćeni u Zagreb, a znatan dio ojačan, tako da su uz geološki i kemi- djelatnosti obavljao je odjel zajedničkih potražuje se još i danas. Sjedište Zavo- jski odjel postojali još odjeli za geofizi- službi. Godine 1970., pod djelomice da bilo je na Trgu Kulina bana 15 (dan- ku i bušenje. Iste godine počelo je izla- nerazjašnjenim okolnostima, Institut gubi as Trg žrtava fašizma), a direktorom je ziti i institutsko glasilo Geološki vjesnik. svoj dio zgrade u Kupskoj ulici. Sjedište bio imenovan F. Šuklje. Glavnina stručne djelatnosti Instituta u to je premješteno u Koturašku ulicu, a za- 111 vrijeme odnosila se na istraživanje min- poslenici u vlastiti montažni objekt u Banovina se održala do travnja 1941. eralnih sirovina. godine, kada se raspala jugoslavenska Sutlanskoj ulici i na nekoliko lokacija država, a u Zagrebu je proglašena Ne- Uredbom od 21. listopada 1950. u iznajmljene prostore. Istovremeno je zavisna Država Hrvatska (Šišić, 1975). Vlada NR Hrvatske donosi odluku o or- započeto traženje lokacije za izgradnju Zavod je preimenovan u Hrvatski državni ganizaciji geološke službe, a Institu- vlastite zgrade. Angažmanom uprave te geoložki zavod (Šuklje, 1942) i pod tim tu je ujedno promijenjeno ime u Zavod uz pomoć lobista i ministarstva uskoro imenom djelovao cijelo vrijeme rata, za geološka istraživanja NR Hrvatske. je počela izgradnja zgrade na današnjoj odnosno do 1945. godine. Direktor je Pedesete godine karakterizira znatno lokaciji. Zgrada je dovršena 1972. go- bio F. Šuklje. Ubrzo nakon osnivanja Za- povećanje stručnoga kadra, početak dine, a dogradnjom 1978. godine dobila vod je kadrovski ojačan te su započeta sustavnih istraživanja za potrebe naft- današnji izgled (sl. 6). noga gospodarstva (1952. godine os- geološka kartiranja i rad na praktičnim Sedamdesetih godina započeta su novan je Naftaplin, danas INA-Naftap- zadacima, no zbog ratnih djelovan- praktična istraživanja za izradu speci- lin) te aktivnosti za organizaciju izrade ja istraživanja su postupno smanjiva- jaliziranih karata – hidrogeološke (sl. geološke karte. Spomenimo i promjenu na. Zavod je pokrenuo glasilo Vjestnik 7) i inženjerskogeološke (sl. 8) u mjeri- imena u Zavod za geološka istraživanja Hrvatskog državnog geoložkog zavoda lu 1:100 000. Glavnina istraživanja min- 1955. godine. i Hrvatskog državnog geoložkog muze- eralnih sirovina u to vrijeme odnosi se ja i do 1944. godine izašla su tri broja. Kratko ćemo se osvrnuti na geološku na boksit, ugljen i gline. Spomenimo da kartu. Poznato je da je geološko karti- Nakon završetka rata Zavod je sredinom sedamdesetih godina počinje ranje trajni istraživački proces u svakoj preimenovan u Državni geološki za- sustavni razvoj geokemije nabavkom državi, potiče razvoj struke, a geološka vod. Direktor je i dalje bio F. Šuklje. Za odgovarajućeg instrumentarija. Godine karta čini podlogu svih specijalističkih i potrebe obnove i industrijalizacije dio 1977. Institut mijenja ime u Geološki za- primijenjenih istraživanja. Na savjetovan- hrvatskih geologa je dekretima upućen vod – Zagreb, ali bez promjene unutarn- ju geologa tadašnje države u Zagre- na istraživanja po Bosni i Makedoniji. je organizacije. bu 1952. godine započete su aktivnosti Osamdesete godine obilježava Ubrzo nakon rata zaprijetio je novi za izradbu karte, na I. kongresu geolo- početak informatizacije s posebnim na- udar hrvatskoj geologiji, jer je revi- ga 1954. godine donesena je odluka da glaskom na pripremu grafike i karto- talizirana ideja o centralizaciji, a Mi- naziv bude Kompleksna geološka karta, grafije, zatim završetak radova na izra- lan Herak (1994) o tome je napis- a izradba po listostratigrafskim principi- di Osnovne geološke karte 1:100 000, ao: “Naime, godine 1946. iz Beogra- ma u mjerilu 1:50 000. Na 2. geološkom ali i početak programiranja i praktičnog da je došao tada poznati geolog Vasili- kongresu 1957. godine naziv karte je izvođenja nove geološke karte na lito- je Simić (koji je od 1927. do 1929. promijenjen u Osnovna geološka kar- stratigrafskom principu koja se izvodi i djelovao i u Geološko-paleontološkom ta, a praktični radovi započeti su 1958. danas pod nazivom Osnovna geološka muzeju u Zagrebu), s prijedlogom da se godine. Prema Uputstvu Saveznog karta Republike Hrvatske 1:50 000. Pot- sve geološke strukture presele u Beo- geološkog zavoda iz 1962. godine kar- kraj osamdesetih godina definirani su grad kako bi se stvorio snažan centar tiranje se izvodi po kronostratigrafskim kriteriji i metodologija izradbe geoter- za kompleksno geološko istraživanje jedinicama na topografskim osnovama malne karte. Godine 1988. Zavod mijen- i izobrazbu geoloških stručnjaka. Bio M 1:25 000, a karta se tiska u mjerilu ja ime u Institut za geološka istraživanja. sam sudioni-kom njegova razgovora s 1:100 000. Teritorij Republike Hrvatske ravnateljem Geološko-paleontološkog obuhvaćaju 74 lista. Institut je izradio 66 Devedesete godine obilježava pri- muzeja Josipom Poljakom i svjedokom listova od kojih je 61 tiskan i dostupan, a je svega Domovinski rat, koji je unio njegove upornosti da odbije sve naše od ostalih pet listova koji obuhvaćaju oko niz promjena u organizaciju radnog Fig. 7. Basic Hydrogeologic Map 1:100 000, sheet Zagreb Sl. 7. Osnovna hidrogeološka karta 1:100 000, list Zagreb Fig. 8. Basic Engineering-Geologic Map 1:100 000, sheet Zagreb Sl. 8. Osnovna inženjerskogeološka karta 1:100 000, list Zagreb Presentations of institutions KiG 2009, 12

specialization, and thus, in 1966, the of the sovereignty of the Republic of The basic projects, included within Institute was reorganized, with the estab- Croatia, either as volunteers or mobi- the program Geologic Maps of the lishing of three professional departments: lized, or members of the Civil Defence, or Republic of Croatia, are financed by geology, engineering and hydrogeology, within the framework of the organization the Ministry of Science, Education, and mineralogy-petrography; the department Croatian Rear Front by delivering food, Sport, consist of the following maps: of joint activities was charged with ac- medical supplies, etc. to the front line.  counting and other services. In 1970, The Institute helped a lot. Unfortunately, Basic Geologic Map of the Republic under still unexplained circumstances, one of the employees, young geologist of Croatia 1:50 000; the Institute lost its office space in the Ozren Lukić (1965–1992) was killed as  Basic Hydrogeologic Map of the building in Kupska Street 2. Thus, the a volunteer on Mount Velebit (Kuhta, Republic of Croatia 1:100 000; headquarters moved to Koturaška 1992). However, the nineties will also Street, while the professional personnel be remembered for positive events. A  Basic Engineering-Geologic Map of were situated in a prefabricated building leap was made in informatization, sup- the Republic of Croatia 1:100 000, in Sutlanska Street which became the ported by the acquisition of up-to-date  Map of Mineral Resources of the property of the Institute, and in several equipment, and a database began to Republic of Croatia; rented flats. Simultaneously, the search be established. Cooperation with oil for a new location began, where a new management was expanded, which had  Basic Geochemical Map of the Re- building owned by the Institute would be a positive effect on the financial situation public of Croatia; built. Thanks to active engagement of of the Institute. Hydrogeological research the Institute’s management, help of the was successful in providing new water  Geothermal Map of the Republic of Ministry, and some lobbying, construction resources for waterpower engineering Croatia; of the present building soon began. The and in preparation for construction of  Structural-Geomorphologic Map of building at the present location was com- hydroelectric power plants. In engineer- the Republic of Croatia 1:100 000; pleted in 1972 and in 1978 another floor ing geology, the most important projects was added and the building acquired its were related to construction of highways,  Tectonic Map of the Republic of present-day appearance (Fig. 6). solving the problem of landslides, and Croatia 1:300 000. 116 the Danube–Sava canal. Geochemi- In the seventies, practical investiga- Thematic scientific projects are fi- cal research was also intensified, by tions began for the production of spe- nanced and carried out through scientific systematic (net-like) sampling of rocks, cialized maps – hydrogeological (Fig. 7) programs, and the Institute’s employees water course sediments, and soils. and engineering-geological (Fig. 8) – at are engaged, as project leaders, in eight Geološki vjesnik was printed regularly the scale 1:100 000. Regarding mineral scientific projects. (yearly) and in 1992 changed its name resources, a major part of research was to Geologia Croatica and organized an directed toward bauxite, coal, and clay. International cooperation has a international editorial board. Perhaps In addition, in the middle of the seventies, long and fruitful tradition in the Institute, the most important event that took place systematic geochemical investigations and nowadays all departments and during that period was the 1st Croatian began, supported by acquisition of nec- the Geologic Service are engaged in Geological Congress with international essary instruments. In 1977, the Institute a number of international projects. A participation which was held in Opatija changed its name again to Geološki particularly important fact which should in 1995, and the bulk of the preparatory zavod – Zagreb (Geologic Institute – be adequately emphasized is that, since and organization work was carried out Zagreb), but the internal organization March 26, 2006, the Institute (Survey) by employees of the Institute. remained the same. has been a full member of the EGS (EuroGeoSurveys), the association of The 80-ies were characterized by the During the last period of the century, European geological surveys. beginning of informatization, with special activities of the Institute was determined emphasis on graphic and cartographic by several basic projects of geological During 2009, the Institute celebrated tools, the final phases of production of mapping defined as being a permanent its hundredth anniversary, which was the Basic Geological Map 1:100 000, scientific-investigatory Institute’s activ- marked by several important events. but also the beginning of programming ity, in addition to programmed scientific With financial support of the Ministry and practical activities concerning a thematic projects, international collabora- of Science, Education and Sport, the new map, based on lithostratigraphi- tion was intensified, a functioning model Geologic Map of Croatia 1:300 000 was cal (formational) principles, which is of the Geological Survey (as a part of published, together with explanatory text. still being produced with the title Basic the Institute) was defined, and by the It should be emphasized that the map will Geological Map of the Republic of decree of the administrative committee be distributed to all schools in Croatia Croatia at the Scale of 1:50 000. Fur- from February 2nd, 2005, the present and will be used in teaching. In order to thermore, by the end of the 1980s, the name became Hrvatski geološki institut solemnly celebrate the founding day of principles of methodology and criteria (in English: Croatian Geological Survey). the Geological Commission, July 3, a for a geothermal map were defined. In formal meeting was held in the building 1988, the Institute changed its name On January 1, 2009, the Institute’s of INA-Naftaplin. Also, in connection with again to Institut za geološka istraživanja personnel consisted of 106 employees, the anniversary, a book (monograph) was (Institute for Geological Research). The including 27 with a PhD degree. The published under the title Croatian Geo- nineties were primarily characterized by Institute consists of the Department of logical Survey 1909–2009 – Hundred the Homeland War, which introduced Geology, Department of Hydrogeology Years in the Service of the Homeland several changes into the organization and Engineering Geology, Department (Fig. 9). The book was presented on of the working process. Field work was of Mineral Resources, Geologic Service September 11 at a symposium on the not possible in the occupied part of the with the library and archives of profes- Institute’s cooperation with related insti- territory. A number of employees partici- sional documentation, and the Profes- tutions. During September, a permanent pated, in different ways, in the defence sional services. exhibition was arranged in the Institute’s KiG 2009, 12 Prikazi institucija procesa. Na okupiranom dijelu teritori- rujna završeno je postavljanje trajne ja nije bilo moguće obavljanje terenskih izložbe u ulaznom prostoru Instituta, istraživanja. Niz zaposlenika sudjelovao koja sadrži karakteristične stijene, fosile je na različite načine u obrani suvereni- i mineralne sirovine s područja Hrvatske. teta Republike Hrvatske, i to kao mobi- Posebno treba spomenuti da je Insti- lizirani ili dragovoljci, kao članovi Civilne tutu povjerena organizacija Generalne zaštite, a specifičan način je bio uok- skupštine EGS-a, koja je održana u Za- viru organizacije Hrvatska pozadinska grebu od 13. do 17. listopada 2009. fronta, i to dostavljanjem pomoći bran- iteljima na prvoj liniji fronte. Znatan dio te pomoći donirao je Institut. Nažalost 3. Zaključak jedan od zaposlenika, geolog Ozren Lukić (1965–1992) poginuo je kao dra- Stoljeće djelovanja Hrvatskoga govoljac na Velebitu (Kuhta, 1992). De- geološkog instituta važan je događaj vedesete godine pamtimo i po pozi- za naše prirodoslovlje, a posebno za tivnim događajima. Načinjen je odlučan geološku struku. Institut je sljednik Ge- iskorak u informatizaciji nabavkom su- ologijskog povjerenstva za Kraljevine vremene opreme, te započeta izrada Hrvatsku i Slavoniju ustrojenog 1909. baza podataka. Proširena je suradnja godine. Posebnu ulogu i zasluge za os- s naftnim gospodarstvom, što je izrav- Fig. 9. Cover of the book published on nivanje Povjerenstva imao je Dragutin no pogodovalo stabilnom financijskom the occasion of 100 years of the Institute Gorjanović-Kramberger, svjetski poznati geolog i paleoantropolog. poslovanju. Uspješno su se odvijala Sl. 9. Naslovnica knjige izdane hidrogeološka istraživanja za potrebe vo- prigodom 100-te obljetnice Instituta Djelovanje Povjerenstva – Instituta u doopskrbe i pripremu izgradnje hidroen- proteklih sto godina odvijalo se zapravo u ergetskih objekata, a najvažniji projek- kontinuitetu, unatoč čestim nepovoljnim ti inženjerske geologije bili su vezani uz utjecajima kao što su ratovi, promjene  Karta mineralnih sirovina Republike 117 ceste, klizišta i kanal Dunav–Sava. In- državnih uređenja te pritisci s političkom Hrvatske tenzivirana su i geokemijska istraživanja pozadinom. S druge strane konstanta sustavnim mrežnim uzorkovanjem stije-  Osnovna geokemijska karta Repub- djelovanja bila je proučavati i publicirana, vodotočnih sedimenata i tala. Re- like Hrvatske ti, što je navedeno u Naredbi o ustroju iz dovito je izlazio Geološki vjesnik, koji  Geotermalna karta Republike Hrvat- 1909. godine. 1992. godine mijenja naziv u Geolo- ske gia Croatica. Poseban događaj iz tog Tijekom stoljeća djelovanja nepobi- razdoblja zbio se 1995. godine, kada je  Strukturno-geomorfološka karta Re- tan je utjecaj Instituta na razvoj geološke u Opatiji održan 1. hrvatski geološki kon- publike Hrvatske 1:100 000 znanosti u Hrvatskoj, ponajprije kroz suradnju sa srodnim organizacijama u gres s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem, a  Tektonska karta Republike Hrvatske domovini i inozemstvu te poticaj za raz- glavninu poslova organizacije obavili su 1:300 000 zaposlenici Instituta. voj specijalističkih disciplina. Posebno Znanstveni projekti financiraju se i iz- treba istaknuti tri oblika djelovanja Insti- Tijekom posljednjeg razdoblja vode kroz znanstvene programe, a za- tuta, a to su geološko kartiranje, primje- stoljeća djelovanja Instituta definirani su poslenici Instituta trenutačno vode osam na geologije u praktičnim istraživanjima temeljni projekti kao trajna znanstveno- znanstvenih projekata. i izdavaštvo. Geološko kartiranje je i da- istraživačka djelatnost, programira- nas temeljna djelatnost Instituta, a čini Međunarodna suradnja ima dugu ni znanstveni projekti, intenzivirana ju Program Geološke karte Republike tradiciju u Institutu, a danas svi zavo- međunarodna suradnja, definiran model Hrvatske, koji uz Osnovnu geološku di i Geološka služba sudjeluju u nizu funkcioniranja geološke službe, a odlu- kartu 1:50 000 čini još sedam tematskih međunarodnih projekata. Posebno treba kom Upravnog vijeća od 2. veljače 2005. karata. Primjena geološke znanosti ne- istaknuti da je Institut 26. ožujka 2006. naziv je Hrvatski geološki institut. zaobilazna je u geotehničkim zahvati- postao punopravni član EGS (EuroGeo- ma, rješavanju vodoopskrbe, istraživanju S danom 1. siječnja 2009. u Institutu Surveys), udruge europskih geoloških i pridobivanju svih korisnih sirovina te je bilo 106 zaposlenika, od toga 27 dokto- službi. zaštiti okoliša. Izdavačka djelatnost pra- ra znanosti. Ustrojbene su jednice Insti- tila je djelovanje Povjerenstva – Institu- tuta: Zavod za geologiju, Zavod za hidro- Tijekom 2009. obilježavala se sto- ta, a glavninu izdanja čine periodične geologiju i inženjersku geologiju, Zavod ta obljetnica Instituta, a spomenut ćemo publikacije, knjige i kongresna izdanja. za mineralne sirovine, Geološka služba značajnija događanja. Potporom Mini- starstva znanosti, obrazovanja i športa s knjižnicom i arhivom stručne dokumen- Obilježavanje stote obljetnice Institu- publicirana je Geološka karta Repub- tacije i Stručne službe. ta odvijala se tijekom cijele 2009. godine like Hrvatske 1:300 000 s tumačem. nizom događanja. Izdana je Geološka Temeljne projekte, odnosno Program Posebno treba naglasiti da će karta biti karta Republike Hrvatske 1:300 000 s Geološke karte Republike Hrvatske fi- distribuirana svim školama u Hrvats- tumačem, održana Svečana akademija, nancira Ministarstvo znanosti, obra- koj i koristiti se u nastavi. Na dan os- izdana prigodna knjiga, postavljena stal- zovanja i športa, a čine ga sljedeće karte: nutka Geološkog povjerenstva 3. srpnja na izložba u zgradi Instituta, održan je pri- održana je Svečana akademija u dvorani  Osnovna geološka karta Republike godni skup o suradnji Instituta sa srodnim INA-Naftaplina. Prigodom jubileja izdana Hrvatske 1:50 000 organizacijama i fakultetima u zemlji i inje knjiga Hrvatski geološki institut 1909.–  ozemstvu, a sredinom listopada održana Osnovna hidrogeološka karta Repub- 2009. – Sto godina u službi domovine je u Zagrebu Generalna skupština Europ- like Hrvatske 1:100 000 (sl. 9). Promocija knjige održana je 11.  Osnovna inženjerskogeološka karta rujna u sklopu Skupa o suradnji Institu- skih geoloških službi (EGS). Republike Hrvatske 1:100 000 ta sa srodnim organizacijama. Tijekom Mato Pikija, Josip Halamić Presentations of institutions KiG 2009, 12

entrance hall, displaying characteristic The activity of the Commission – In- thematic maps. Application of geology is samples of rocks, fossils, and miner- stitute (Survey) during the past hundred indispensable in all geotechnical actions, als of Croatia. Finally, it should also be years was practically continuous, in in solving problems of water supply, emphasized that the organization of the spite of rather frequent negative cir- in exploring and exploiting all useful General Annual Assembly of the EGS cumstances, such as wars, changes in resources, and in environmental protec- (EuroGeoSurveys), the association governmental structure, and pressures tion. Publishing activity has continuously of European geological surveys, was with political background. On the other accompanied Institute’s other activities, entrusted to the Institute and was held hand, the Institute was constantly active a major part of publications including pe- in Zagreb from October 13 to 17, 2009. in studying and publishing, according to riodicals, books, congress (symposium) the founding Decree from 1909. proceedings, and geological guides. During a hundred years of activities, 3. Conclusion the Institute had an indisputable influ- The hundredth anniversary of the ence on the development of geology in Institute was marked by different events The hundredth anniversary of the Croatia, primarily through cooperation during the entire 2009. The most impor- Croatian Geological Institute (Croatian with related organizations in Croatia tant among them were: publication of the Geological Survey) is an important event and abroad, and stimulated the devel- Geological Map of Croatia 1:300 000 with for Croatian natural science, particularly opment of specialist disciplines. Three explanatory text; a formal meeting was for the geological profession. The Insti- aspects of the Institute’s activity should held, a book (monograph) was published, tute is the successor of the Geological be particularly emphasized: geological a permanent exhibition was opened in Commission for the Kingdoms of Croatia mapping, application of geology in prac- the Institute’s building, a symposium on and Slavonia founded in 1909. The most tical research, and publishing activity. cooperation between the Institute and important role and the greatest merit for Geological mapping is still the Institute’s related institutions and faculties at home the establishing the Commission goes basic activity, within the program Geo- and abroad was organized, and, finally, to Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, logic Maps of the Republic of Croatia, in mid-October, the General Assembly of eminent geologist and world-famous which, in addition to Basic Geologic Map the Association of the European Geologi- 118 palaeontologist. of Croatia 1:50 000, includes seven more cal Surveys was held in Zagreb. Mato Pikija, Josip Halamić

Literatura / References

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