2018 Annual Report Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program November 2018

Vector Disease Control International 7000 North Broadway, Suite 108 Denver, CO 80211

Email: [email protected] Website: www.VDCI.net

Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

MISSION STATEMENT & OBJECTIVES 3

VDCI IN COLORADO 4

2018 SEASON PERSPECTIVE 5

WEST NILE VIRUS 7 US MAP (2018 HUMAN CASES) COLORADO 2018 HUMAN WNV INFECTIONS BY COUNTY COLORADO MAP 2018 WNV SURVEILLANCE

LARVAL MOSQUITO CONTROL 11

VDCI SURVEILLANCE LABORATORY 13 CDC TRAP DATA COMPARISON

ADULT MOSQUITO CONTROL 16

PUBLIC RELATIONS & EDUCATION 18

SUMMARY 19

APPENDIX: GRAPHICS AND DATA SUMMARIES 20 2018 AREA CLIMATE DATA CDC TRAP DATA COMPOSITE SUMMARIES ADULT CONTROL DATA YEARLY COMPARISON CHARTS

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 2 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Garfield County Mosquito Control Program Mission Statement

Garfield County completed its 14th year of cost-effective Integrated Mosquito Management operations in 2018. Many communities across Colorado recognize the need to control mosquito annoyance and the risk of mosquito- borne disease associated with flood irrigation practices, urban development, and snow-melt runoff. Integrated mosquito management operations that utilize environmentally sensitive controls and new technologies can greatly enhance the outdoor experience without negatively impacting the environment.

The need to protect residents and visitors from the health risks, severe annoyance and discomfort associated with biting mosquitoes is a chronic annual problem. The primary objective of the Garfield County Mosquito Control Program is to suppress populations of larval mosquitoes in aquatic habitats. VDCI technicians primarily utilize bacterial larvicides that reduce mosquito populations without harming non-target organisms. Additionally, monitoring of adult mosquito populations is an essential component of an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) program. Surveillance trapping performed as part of the Garfield County Cooperative program provides data used to assess potential West Nile Virus infection risk, as well as the need for adult mosquito control measures. Data driven rapid response with mosquito adulticide ULV technology can reduce the threat of disease transmission and annoyance associated with mosquitoes.

VECTOR DISEASE CONTROL INTERNATIONAL

Founded in 1992 with a single contract in central Arkansas, VDCI started with the simple idea to provide municipalities with the products and services needed to run effective mosquito control programs, VDCI now has over 25 years’ experience and offices located throughout the United States.

Our mosquito control professionals have more than 100 years in combined mosquito surveillance and control experience. VDCI operates full service surveillance and control programs on the municipal, county and state level. In addition to our many seasonal municipal programs VDCI is capable of quickly deploying anywhere mosquito services are needed, as we have proven during past and recent emergency responses to natural disasters and emerging disease outbreaks in the US and abroad.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 3 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

VDCI In Colorado

Although VDCI was new to Colorado in 2014 partnerships with Colorado Mosquito Control and Ottertail Environmental brought together the biggest and most experienced mosquito control companies in the state under one name. VDCI now manages mosquito control programs throughout Colorado including Homeowners Associations, Cities and Towns, Mosquito Control Districts and Counties. VDCI currently has seven year-round offices in Colorado with programs that range from the southwest corner of the state to northeastern Colorado. VDCI also has programs in several mountain areas including Aspen, the Gunnison Valley, and the Colorado River valley.

Since the inception of The Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program, efficacy of the established program has been improved through additional mosquito larval site mapping and continued adaptation to ever changing environmental conditions. Current municipal participants in the Garfield County Cooperative Program are: Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, New Castle, Silt, Rifle, Parachute, and Battlement Mesa. VDCI has continued to provide top quality mosquito control programs to the Western Slope and Mountain areas of Colorado. In addition, VDCI has expanded to provide service to other municipalities as new mosquito control programs were initiated. VDCI will maintain its commitment to provide top quality service, to minimize the threat of West Nile Virus to citizens and to reduce mosquito annoyance in Garfield County.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 4 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

2018 SEASON PERSPECTIVE

At VDCI we have come to expect each Colorado summer to present a unique set of temperature, precipitation, irrigation, and human interactions that combine to create new and different challenges in both mosquito control and mosquito-borne disease proliferation and control.

The 2018 mosquito season started with significantly above average temperatures and below average precipitation in May, beginning a trend that continued throughout the entire summer. Area snow pack levels were below average, but the resulting runoff was still sufficient to fill many mosquito larval brooding sites along riverbanks. The early runoff quickly receded and dropped to alarmingly low levels by mid-July. These low levels presented a unique mosquito brooding opportunity as in some areas as it left small rocky pools of warm stagnate water along the riverbanks that would have been flowing water under normal conditions. In early August there was a period of frequent small rain events that actually amounted to slightly above average precipitation totals for that month in most areas of the county. These rain events also coincided with a late-season resurgence of mosquitoes that fortunately was fairly short lived. September was warmer than normal but also very dry and as nighttime temperatures began to fall mosquito production started to rapidly decrease as well (See Chart “2018 Garfield County Climate Data”).

Unlike most past seasons, the majority of the mosquitoes encountered during the 2018 season were of the genius Culex. This was primarily due to below average rainfall, the low water levels in the rivers, high temperatures and reduced irrigation water availability that would normally lead to large hatches of other mosquito types. Culex mosquitoes are associated with older standing stagnant water. These mosquitoes are common in most areas of Colorado and are the primary vector for West Nile Virus. Due to the warm summer temperatures combined with seasonal rains and irrigation 611.15 acres required treatment within Garfield County in 2018 compared with 572.0 acres in 2017. (See Site Comparison by Year in the Appendix).

Throughout the summer there were relatively few significant rain events, but high temperatures drove mosquito production in marshlands and other sites that were still holding standing water. Anticipating and understanding weather events and the resulting effect it will have on mosquito populations is one of VDCI’s primary objectives to tailor the perfect program for Garfield County.

Cool nighttime temperatures in September resulted in a major decrease of mosquito populations early in the month. The mosquito larval inspection and control season officially came to a close on September 24th as daytime temperatures dropped into the 60’s and 70’s with night time temperatures dropping into the high 30s throughout the control area.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 5 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

2018 Field Activities

Field activities began in March for the 2018 season. The earliest activity of the season involved updating and revising GIS maps. In addition, new site identification and mapping was a priority that included mapping several areas that had not previously been included in larval control operations. Mapping larval sites is an ongoing process; every year citizen reports of new areas of standing water, new construction and site changes result in new sites being added or sometimes removed from the existing larval inspection routes.

Hiring of seasonal technicians began in April, and continued into May. As the VDCI service area continues to grow, hiring an adequate number of top quality field technicians has become a challenge. For the Garfield County office, over 20 applicants were interviewed with 8 full-time technicians hired; three of which were returning technicians from last year.

VDCI’s Annual Field Technician Classroom Training Day took place on Monday, May 21st with over 75 new and returning field technicians in attendance. Field training by VDCI management and veteran employees lasted through the first week of June. By early June, VDCI was fully staffed and had full daytime and evening shift crews fully trained and in the field. During the early June to mid-September time period, field mosquito control operations were in full swing.

Mosquito trapping in Garfield County continued through August 29th and soon after cool temperatures and an overall decrease in adult populations effectively eliminated the need for any further trapping and associated adult spraying operations. Before the end of August, mosquito annoyance calls declined to zero.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 6 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

WEST NILE VIRUS

Background

West Nile Virus (WNV) was first identified in Uganda in 1937. Since that time, activity has been documented throughout Africa, Europe, West and Central Asia, and areas of the Middle East. The virus made its first appearance to North America in 1999 when it was documented in New York City. WNV comes from a family of viruses known as Flaviviridae and is closely related to other viruses which can have severe effects on both humans and animals such as Japanese Encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis.

WNV has a wide range of symptoms which can range from mild flu like symptoms to death. When humans are infected, nearly 80% will show no symptoms at all. The majority of people who do show symptoms will usually suffer from flu like symptoms. However, approximately 1% of people will develop much more severe symptoms including meningitis (inflammation of the linings surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or very rarely poliomyelitis which can cause paralysis in parts of the body.

Since the introduction of WNV to the United States in New York City in 1999, the virus has made a complete westward expansion to the West Coast. Starting in the Northeastern parts of the United States, the virus steadily progressed through the South, the Midwest, the Rocky Mountain region, and then the Western States. WNV activity has been documented in all US states.

Colorado first saw activity of the virus late in the summer of 2002. In 2003 Colorado was the hardest hit state compiling 2,947 human cases and 63 deaths most of which occurred along the Front Range. By 2004 the majority of the cases shifted to the Western Slope and the state totaled 291 cases and 4 deaths (Mesa County).

West Nile Virus 2018

West Nile Virus activity was observed throughout the United States in 2018. States with the most reported West Nile Virus cases include: Nebraska, California, Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, and Iowa. As of October 30th, 2018, there were a total of 2,204 cases in the United States compared to 2,097 total for last year according to the CDC website.

In 2018 Colorado counties reporting the highest numbers of human cases were located along the Colorado Front Range in Larimer, Weld and Boulder Counties. There was a second concentration of cases in the counties on the western edge of the state with the highest numbers reported in Delta and Montrose Counties. As of October 30th there have been 92 confirmed human cases of West Nile Virus and 2 deaths reported in Colorado. For the first time in over 10 years Garfield County had a documented human case of West Nile Virus in 2018. However, health officials report that the mosquito exposure that led to this case of West Nile Virus most likely occurred outside the county.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 7 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Incidence by State – United States, 2018 (as of October 30, 2018) Disease incidence per 100,000 Population

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/preliminarymapsdata2018/incidencestate-2018.html

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 8 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Colorado Human West Nile Virus Infections by County October 2018

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 9 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Colorado West Nile Virus Positive Samples 2018

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 10 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

LARVAL MOSQUITO CONTROL

Years of research and practical experience have shown that the most effective way to control mosquito populations is through an aggressive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. This approach aims at using a variety of concepts, tools, and products to reduce a pest population to tolerable levels. Translating these ideas to mosquito control, VDCI has found the most environmentally and economically sound approach is through targeting the aquatic larval stage of the mosquito. Targeting this stage prevents the emergence of the adult mosquito and thus the inevitable result of disease and nuisance. Over 90% of Vector Disease Control International’s operational efforts in Colorado are focused on larval control.

Larval mosquito control can be achieved in several ways including biological, biochemical, chemical and mechanical means. Although there are a variety of methods for reducing larval populations, some options may have greater consequences than benefits. Mechanical or habitat modification is a technique which may be used, but the area to be modified and the extent to which the work will affect the surrounding area must be carefully assessed. Permanent ecological damage may occur if extensive habitat change has taken place. Even some biological controls may also have non-target effects that outweigh the benefits of their control capacity. In general, predatory fish and other animal based biological controls such as birds or bats do not provide sufficient control of mosquito populations to be used as the sole mechanism. Other control measures need to be used to gain adequate mosquito reductions.

VDCI’s favored method of larval mosquito control is through biological or bio-rational products and methods. The main product used by VDCI is a variety of bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis). Bti as it is known has become the cornerstone of mosquito control programs throughout the world. The benefits include its efficacy and lack of environmental impacts. When used properly successful control without impact to aquatic invertebrates, birds, mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles or humans can be achieved. A broad label allows for the use of the product in the majority of the habitats throughout the service area. Another bacterial product closely related to Bti is Bacillus sphaericus (Bs). In addition to all of the benefits of Bti, Bs is by definition a true biological control agent in that it remains active in the water column through multiple broods, or generations, of mosquitoes. Unfortunately, this product and the residual benefit of this type of control will only work under specific conditions.

Other larval control products used include a growth regulator (methoprene) and a highly refined mineral oil. Methoprene is a synthetic copy of a juvenile growth hormone in larval mosquitoes. The hormone prevents normal development of the adult mosquito in the pupal stage eventually causing death. While a good control product, the cost is prohibitive to be the predominant product in a large-scale program. The benefits of these products are the availability of 30 and even 150-day formulations. Mineral oil is the only product effective on the pupal stage and therefore is an essential tool when pupae are found.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 11 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

All of the methods and products discussed earlier represent the essential ingredients of Integrated Pest Management. Mosquitoes are very well adapted and can be found in many different habitat types from a cattail marsh to a cup littered on the side of the road. Using a variety of tools and methods greatly reduces the risk of mosquitoes developing resistance to any one pesticide or method.

In Garfield County larval control began the second week of May and continued through September. Steady production was seen throughout the summer with significant increases in larval production/treatment coinciding with minor precipitation events and local irrigation practices. During the 2018 season, there were 4,401 site inspections with 79% (3398) of them wet. Of the 3308 wet sites 58% (1856) of them required treatment totaling 611.15 acres treated in Garfield County.

Vector Disease Control International Larvicide Data Summary

by REPORT DATE: 4/5/2018 to 11/5/2018 by COUNTY: Garfield

Total Site No. Wet Percentage No Sites Percentage Total Acres Inspections Sites Wet Sites Treated Breeding* Treated Battlement Mesa 69 6899% 50 74% 9.4 Carbondale, Town of 451 40890% 175 43% 71.8 Garfield County Unincorporated 2057 164680% 893 54% 351.4 Glenwood Springs, City of 114 7868% 33 42% 3.3 New Castle, Town of 290 21072% 147 70% 28.0 Parachute, Town of 250 18273% 126 69% 64.5 Rifle, Town of 1012 67967% 354 52% 50.2 Silt, Town of 158 12780% 78 61% 32.6 4401 3398 1856 611.15

VDCI constantly strives to improve its operations. Most recently VDCI has implemented several high-tech solutions to what historically has been a primarily low-tech industry. VDCI’s “CMMS” (Computerized Mosquito Management System) utilizes historical data to analyze and identify areas and sites of particular importance. Additionally, a sample of larvae from sites found to be breeding can be collected and brought back to the lab for identification purposes. This allows for a specific knowledge of each site especially in the event of a disease outbreak where a particular species has been found to be the vector (such as Culex tarsalis in the transmission of West Nile). Targeted inspections then allow for resources to be allocated efficiently.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 12 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

VDCI SURVEILLANCE LABORATORY

Information on mosquito abundance and species identity is critical in the operation of a successful mosquito management program. Over the past few years identifying, packaging and sending Culex mosquito pool samples to the CDPHE or CSU labs for West Nile Virus testing has also become critically important in the battle against WNV and other mosquito-borne diseases. The Vector Disease Control International Surveillance Laboratory, managed by Dr. Michael “Doc” Weissmann, has become the largest single source of adult and larval mosquito surveillance data in the state of Colorado. Specifically, in Colorado VDCI has 5 stereo zoom binocular microscopes, over 100 CDC dry-ice baited Light Traps, 20 Reiter Gravid Traps and all associated equipment and hardware.

The CDC light trap uses carbon-dioxide from dry ice as bait to attract female mosquitoes seeking a blood meal from a breathing animal. Once attracted by the CO2, the mosquitoes are lured by a small light to a fan that pulls them into a net for collection. The Gravid Trap uses a tub of highly-organic water as bait to attract female mosquitoes that are looking for a place to lay their eggs. A fan placed close to the water surface forces mosquitoes that come to the water into a collection net. Once back in the laboratory, the contents of the trap nets are counted and identified by technicians trained to recognize the mosquito species.

In 2018, Vector Disease Control International LLC monitored a statewide network of CO2 baited light traps in which all adult mosquitoes were counted and identified to species by the VDCI Surveillance Laboratory. While individual traps provide only limited information, trap data is interpreted in the context of historical records for the same trap site, going back in time more than a decade. Individual traps are also compared to other traps from around the region that were set on the same night and therefore exposed to similar weather conditions. Technicians working in the Surveillance Laboratory at Vector Disease Control International, LLC are trained to provide accurate species-level identification of mosquito specimens, for both adults and larvae. More than 50 mosquito species are believed to occur in Colorado, many of which were identified from samples processed during the 2018 season across the state.

Additionally, the VDCI Surveillance Laboratory conducts an intensive larval identification program with over 8,000 larval mosquito samples collected by I&L technicians prior to larviciding being identified to species. This information is now invaluable in targeting mosquito control efforts as we gain a greater understanding of the habitat types preferred by Colorado mosquito species and the seasonality of these habitats as sites for mosquito development.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 13 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Specimens and data collected from these traps and larval identification are used in:

Determining effectiveness of larval control efforts. Each mosquito species prefers specific kinds of habitats for larval development. If a trap includes large numbers, it could indicate the presence of an unknown larval habitat and, based on the species identification and known habitat preference for that species, direct field technicians as to possible sources of the mosquitoes collected.

Determining larval and adult mosquito species which helps illustrate the threat of mosquito-borne disease amplification and transmission.

Determining where adult control efforts were necessary. While mosquito eradication is impossible, significant population reduction is achievable. In places where larval control was insufficient, especially in neighborhoods where adult mosquitoes migrated in from larval sources outside of the control area, it may be necessary to use adulticide application methods such as ULV truck fogging or barrier sprays of nearby harborage areas. Trap counts that were in excess of an acceptable threshold for the area would trigger adult control measures.

Surveillance for Mosquito-borne Disease. Historically, VDCI efforts were targeted primarily at controlling mosquito nuisance problems with limited disease surveillance. However, since the arrival of the West Nile Virus in Colorado in August of 2002, the paradigm has shifted toward disease prevention and control. Accurate species identification of the mosquitoes in the traps is important when monitoring species population trends. It also is necessary for evaluating whether a population spike represents an actual increase in disease transmission potential or only an increased nuisance level.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 14 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

CDC Surveillance Light Trap Data Comparison

In 2018, 11 surveillance light trap locations monitored adult mosquito populations within Garfield County weekly. Weather permitting, CDC battery-operated light traps were set in each location to provide adult mosquito population data for seasonal comparisons. Surveillance trapping began the first week of June and was concluded on August 26th when the final specimens were sent to the lab for identification.

In 2018, 138 surveillance light traps were set within Garfield County, which collected 8,602 total mosquitoes. The average number of mosquitoes collected per trap per night was 62 and the average number of Culex mosquitoes collected per trap per night was 37. The percent composition of mosquitoes collected in 2018 is as follows: 36.4% (3,134) Aedes/Oc. Spp, 59.1% (5,080) Culex, 2.5% (213) Culiseta and 2% (175) Anopheles. (Please refer to the CDC Light Trap Details in the Appendix of this report for species composition and seasonal trends by individual surveillance trap location.)

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 15 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

2018 ADULT CONTROL

The goal of Vector Disease Control International is to provide all residents of Garfield County with the best options for safe, effective, modern mosquito management. The primary emphasis of the program is to control mosquitoes in the larval stage, using safe biological control products. This environmentally focused program maintains adulticide applications as a final resort when mosquito populations surpass nuisance or risk thresholds. Mosquito surveillance trapping results are used to make data-driven decisions regarding areas that need to be sprayed for adult mosquito control. Adult mosquito control spraying is targeted to specific sectors determined by this trap data, thereby reducing the area sprayed and the frequency of spraying in each area.

The Garfield County Mosquito Control Program uses all available data from CDC light traps, Mosquito Hotline annoyance calls and field technician reports to focus adult mosquito control efforts to specific limited target areas. In parts of the community where high numbers of mosquito annoyance calls are received, “floater” CDC light traps can be set to evaluate adult population levels and species make-up. In many cases, a direct correlation is evident between areas with high complaint calls and high trap counts. While this correlation allows us to focus adult control in these areas when needed, the emphasis is placed on finding the larval habitat sources of the trapped adults and continued larval control measures.

Vector Disease Control International uses state of the art technology, calibrated application timing and least-toxic products to prevent damage to non-target insect species such as bees and other daytime pollinators. Using this application technique, the overall goals of minimal environmental impact and effective adult control are both achieved in the targeted area.

During the 2018 season adult mosquito control measures were regularly required in specific problem areas within Garfield County. In 2018 a total of 99.4 linear miles were treated by ULV truck compared to 173.0 miles in 2017.

The product Pursuit 4-4 ULV was used when an Ultra Low Volume (ULV) “fogging” application was deemed necessary. The active ingredient in Pursuit 4-4 is permethrin which is highly effective against adult mosquitoes and has proven to be the right choice for the main adulticide portion of the Integrated Mosquito Management Program. Another important product occasionally used within Garfield County is Talstar Pro which can be applied as a barrier treatment to harborage in specific limited areas. The active ingredient in Talstar Pro (Bifenthrin) provides a longer lasting residual treatment compared to ULV applications. Barrier sprays are only used when mosquito annoyance is very high, the possibility of West Nile Virus transmission is elevated, and/or ULV applications have been insufficient or cannot be carried out in the problem area.

As we look towards the 2018 season, we will continue to evaluate treatment areas and new control products coming to the market. As always, we will listen to the goals and needs of our customers to continue to provide an effective program that minimizes environmental impacts.

Our adult mosquito spray notification and shutoff program was again in place and updated throughout 2018. This service allows residents to request a notification of when adult mosquito control treatments will take place in their area, “shutting off” the sprayer in the vicinity of their address, or both. This service provides residents with up to date information on when and where adult mosquito spraying will take place.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 16 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

TECHNOLOGY

Vector Disease Control International has strived to improve the programs offered to its customers with novel and progressive advancements, continually evaluating and implementing new products and new technologies, not only with regard to control efforts but also for data processing and information reporting. VDCI shares the belief that timely information should be accessible to customers and residents, so that the people who fund the programs can access the work that is being performed. VDCI also believes that the ability to access the data will improve both the resident’s and municipality’s ability to stay informed about West Nile Virus risk in their community.

VDCI WEBSITE

Our website, www.vdci.net/colorado is the leading website in the State of Colorado when it comes to providing up-to-date, factual and comprehensive information on, and links to, mosquito biology and control, mosquito- borne diseases, pesticide toxicology information and a wealth of topics relating to mosquitoes. Our website continues to be an integral tool for the dissemination of operational data to the citizens we serve, minimizing the resource and time required by the county and its employees for answering or fielding public inquiries.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 17 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

PUBLIC OUTREACH AND EDUCATION

For 25 years, VDCI has demonstrated that strong public outreach programs, quality data dissemination and outstanding customer service standards are the keys to success in providing large-scale municipal mosquito control programs. Citizen feedback, inquiry and satisfaction surveys aid in evaluating the effectiveness of our program. VDCI constantly looks for ways to better serve the communities we work with and appreciate the citizen involvement in improving the programs we offer.

CALL NOTIFICATION & SHUTOFF SYSTEM VDCI maintains a comprehensive Call Notification & Shutoff database, and will notify residents on this list whenever ULV adulticide spray applications will be conducted within 2 blocks of their property or within the effective ULV spray drift distance (300-500 ft depending on wind speed and direction). All Shutoff locations are mapped in ArcView GIS and updated annually. Call & Shutoff forms are available online and may be submitted via the VDCI website or by mail.

FLOATER TRAP PLACEMENT Floater traps can be used to assess annoyance reports at resident’s homes in locations away from standard trapping sites, to determine adult populations and whether threshold levels are met for ULV Adulticide applications. Annual Reports

A comprehensive annual report detailing the season's activities, larval and adult mosquito surveillance, control activity summaries and mosquito population graphs is provided to all participating entities and is available to the public on the Garfield County website.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 18 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

SUMMARY

We have learned a lot since the inception of Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program, and have made some great improvements; with both nuisance control and mosquito borne disease information. Work will always continue in the arena of public education, notification and dissemination of information about personal protection and the mosquito control program itself. The Vector Disease Control International website continues to be successful based on the number of visits, favorable e- mails and requests for more information received from program residents.

The 2018 season could be described as an unusual mosquito season for most parts of Garfield County. Conditions were very hot and dry throughout the summer, water levels in the rivers were low and although overall mosquito numbers were well below average, the number of mosquitoes in the genus Culex detected were slightly higher than normal in some areas of Garfield County. Culex mosquitoes that had been found primarily in the western end of the county in most past seasons were also found in pockets throughout Garfield County in during different parts of the summer 2018.

The species Culex pippiens has been observed in higher numbers for the past three seasons now and although they are not the primary species of concern for West Nile virus transmission to humans they are often responsible for the amplification of the virus in host populations. This shift in species composition highlights the continued need to address human-made larval mosquito habitat that can hold water, such as old used tires, and the need promote responsible mosquito brooding habitat management in future seasons. Promoting projects like tire drop-offs and other mosquito larval source reduction and public awareness projects will not only clean up the community but reduce West Nile risk and mosquito annoyance at the same time.

It is always difficult to predict what challenges and obstacles will present themselves in the coming seasons. With that in mind we here at Vector Disease Control International will continue to improve and stay adaptive to whatever conditions the future holds.

Vector Disease Control International continues to effectively serve the residents of Garfield County using Integrated Mosquito Management technology to reduce mosquito nuisance and the related potential for disease transmission including West Nile Virus. VDCI continues to promote a responsible IPM approach to mosquito management, fully utilizing all available biological control techniques while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides and maintaining an efficient cost-effective program.

Vector Disease Control International would like to thank Garfield County for their support and business over the years and we look forward to working with Garfield County in the future.

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 19 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Appendix

Garfield County Area Climate Data 2018 Departures From Historic Averages (1981-2010) National Weather Service

4 Precipitation (Inches) Temperature (Degrees F) 3

0 May June July August September -1

-2

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 20 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

2018 Garfield Light Trap Composite Data Total number of trap/nights set: 138 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 8,602 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 62 Average Culex per trap/night: 37 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 163 1.9 % Aedes (Oc.) fitchii 21 0.2 % Aedes (Oc.) increpitus 249 2.9 % Aedes (Oc.) melanimon 189 2.2 % Aedes (Oc.) spencerii idahoensis 4 0.0 % Aedes (Oc.) spp. (trivittatus & sollicitans) 3 0.0 % Aedes cinereus 49 0.6 % Aedes vexans 2456 28.6 % Anopheles earlei 2 0.0 % Anopheles hermsi 173 2.0 % Culex erythrothorax 1668 19.4 % Culex pipiens 459 5.3 % Culex salinarius 283 3.3 % Culex tarsalis 2670 31.0 % Culiseta incidens 4 0.0 % Culiseta inornata 209 2.5 % Genus proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 3,134 36.4 % Anopheles 175 2.0 % Culex 5,080 59.1 % Culiseta 213 2.5 % Other 0 0.0 %

Total number of trap/nights set: 11 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 1,041 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 95 Average Culex per trap/night: 79 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) increpitus 1 0.1 % Aedes vexans 8 0.8 % Anopheles hermsi 85 8.2 % Culex pipiens 15 1.4 % Culex salinarius 23 2.2 % Culex tarsalis 833 80.0 % Culiseta inornata 76 7.3 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 9 0.9 % Anopheles 85 8.2 % Culex 871 83.7 % Culiseta 76 7.3 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International CD-02: East Carbondale Saint Finbar Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: In Saint Finbar neighborhood near Equestrian Center GPS: N39° 24.100’, W107° 9.330’

Total number of trap/nights set: 12 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 78 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 6 Average Culex per trap/night: 2 Species collected and abundance: Aedes vexans 54 69.2 % Culex tarsalis 21 26.9 % Culiseta inornata 3 3.8 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 54 69.2 % Anopheles 0 0.0 % Culex 21 26.9 % Culiseta 3 3.8 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International CD-11: Carbondale CRMS Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: Colorado Rocky Mountain School GPS: N39° 24.480’, W107° 13.645’

Total number of trap/nights set: 13 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 145 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 11 Average Culex per trap/night: 4 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 12 8.3 % Aedes (Oc.) fitchii 1 0.7 % Aedes (Oc.) melanimon 3 2.1 % Aedes (Oc.) trivittatus 2 1.4 % Aedes cinereus 1 0.7 % Aedes vexans 68 46.9 % Culex pipiens 3 2.1 % Culex salinarius 1 0.7 % Culex tarsalis 50 34.5 % Culiseta inornata 4 2.8 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 87 60.0 % Anopheles 0 0.0 % Culex 54 37.2 % Culiseta 4 2.8 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International GW-09: Glenwood Springs Cemetery Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: Cemetery Road east of 12th St. GPS: N39° 32.415’, W107° 19.115’

Total number of trap/nights set: 13 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 74 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 6 Average Culex per trap/night: 4 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 1 1.4 % Aedes (Oc.) fitchii 19 25.7 % Aedes (Oc.) increpitus 1 1.4 % Aedes vexans 4 5.4 % Culex pipiens 20 27.0 % Culex salinarius 8 10.8 % Culex tarsalis 18 24.3 % Culiseta incidens 2 2.7 % Culiseta inornata 1 1.4 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 25 33.8 % Anopheles 0 0.0 % Culex 46 62.2 % Culiseta 3 4.1 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International NC-03: New Castle Elk Creek Elem. School Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: in trees betwen Hwy. 6 and Elk Creek school lot GPS: N39° 34.290’, W107° 32.500’

Total number of trap/nights set: 13 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 559 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 43 Average Culex per trap/night: 20 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) increpitus 4 0.7 % Aedes (Oc.) spencerii idahoensis 4 0.7 % Aedes cinereus 1 0.2 % Aedes vexans 290 51.9 % Culex pipiens 141 25.2 % Culex salinarius 78 14.0 % Culex tarsalis 40 7.2 % Culiseta incidens 1 0.2 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 299 53.5 % Anopheles 0 0.0 % Culex 259 46.3 % Culiseta 1 0.2 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International PR-01: Parachute - Cottonwood Park Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: west of Cottonwood Park next to fishing ponds GPS: N39° 26.600’, W108° 2.890’

Total number of trap/nights set: 12 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 2,596 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 216 Average Culex per trap/night: 202 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 3 0.1 % Aedes cinereus 2 0.1 % Aedes vexans 37 1.4 % Anopheles earlei 2 0.1 % Anopheles hermsi 38 1.5 % Culex erythrothorax 1668 64.3 % Culex pipiens 25 1.0 % Culex salinarius 80 3.1 % Culex tarsalis 649 25.0 % Culiseta inornata 92 3.5 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 42 1.6 % Anopheles 40 1.5 % Culex 2,422 93.3 % Culiseta 92 3.5 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International RF-01: Rifle Lyons Park Rest Area Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: next to marsh south of Lyons Park Rest Area GPS: N39° 31.515’, W107° 47.140’

Total number of trap/nights set: 13 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 905 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 70 Average Culex per trap/night: 34 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 23 2.5 % Aedes (Oc.) melanimon 8 0.9 % Aedes cinereus 36 4.0 % Aedes vexans 362 40.0 % Anopheles hermsi 20 2.2 % Culex pipiens 64 7.1 % Culex salinarius 10 1.1 % Culex tarsalis 368 40.7 % Culiseta inornata 14 1.5 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 429 47.4 % Anopheles 20 2.2 % Culex 442 48.8 % Culiseta 14 1.5 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International RF-15: Rifle - Mile Pond Road Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: pulloff 0.2miles NE of ArdvarkStorage Facility GPS: N39° 32.140’, W107° 45.345’

Total number of trap/nights set: 13 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 1,275 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 98 Average Culex per trap/night: 22 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 47 3.7 % Aedes (Oc.) increpitus 236 18.5 % Aedes (Oc.) melanimon 31 2.4 % Aedes cinereus 7 0.5 % Aedes vexans 626 49.1 % Aedes (Oc.) sollicitans 1 0.1 % Anopheles hermsi 27 2.1 % Culex pipiens 46 3.6 % Culex salinarius 33 2.6 % Culex tarsalis 207 16.2 % Culiseta inornata 14 1.1 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 948 74.4 % Anopheles 27 2.1 % Culex 286 22.4 % Culiseta 14 1.1 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International RF-16: Rifle - Middle School Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: NW of Rifle Middle School GPS: N39° 32.090’, W107° 47.125’

Total number of trap/nights set: 12 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 295 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 25 Average Culex per trap/night: 14 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 2 0.7 % Aedes (Oc.) fitchii 1 0.3 % Aedes (Oc.) increpitus 1 0.3 % Aedes vexans 117 39.7 % Culex pipiens 55 18.6 % Culex salinarius 37 12.5 % Culex tarsalis 79 26.8 % Culiseta incidens 1 0.3 % Culiseta inornata 2 0.7 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 121 41.0 % Anopheles 0 0.0 % Culex 171 58.0 % Culiseta 3 1.0 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International SI-09: Silt Kum & Go Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: SE of Kum & Go Store, 905 Main Street GPS: N39° 32.770’, W107° 39.190’

Total number of trap/nights set: 13 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 1,040 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 80 Average Culex per trap/night: 10 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 34 3.3 % Aedes (Oc.) increpitus 6 0.6 % Aedes (Oc.) melanimon 86 8.3 % Aedes cinereus 2 0.2 % Aedes vexans 777 74.7 % Anopheles hermsi 2 0.2 % Culex pipiens 13 1.3 % Culex salinarius 6 0.6 % Culex tarsalis 113 10.9 % Culiseta inornata 1 0.1 %

Genus Proportions: Genus Number Percent of Total Aedes/Ochlerotatus 905 87.0 % Anopheles 2 0.2 % Culex 132 12.7 % Culiseta 1 0.1 % Other 0 0.0 % ©2018 Vector Disease Control International SI-10: Silt Coal Ridge High School Season: 2018 Trap Type: Light/CO2 Location: near retention pond SE of Coal Ridge H.S. GPS: N39° 33.040’, W107° 36.415’

Total number of trap/nights set: 13 Total number of mosquitoes collected: 594 Average mosquitoes per trap/night: 46 Average Culex per trap/night: 29 Species collected and abundance: Aedes (Oc.) dorsalis 41 6.9 % Aedes (Oc.) melanimon 61 10.3 % Aedes vexans 113 19.0 % Anopheles hermsi 1 0.2 % Culex pipiens 77 13.0 % Culex salinarius 7 1.2 % Culex tarsalis 292 49.2 % Culiseta inornata 2 0.3 %

Larval Control Acres Treated 2016-2018

351.4 Unincorporated Garfield County 297.4 288.5

71.8 Carbondale 22.8 32.2

3.3 Glenwood Springs 0.9 3.3 2018 28 New Castle 32.2 2017 18.2 2016 32.6 Silt 30 25.2

50.2 Rifle 74.4 92.7

9.4 Battlement Mesa 23.5 18

64.5 Parachute 90.8 88.1

0 100 200 300 400

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 21 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Truck ULV Miles 2016-2018

14 Unincorporated Garfield County 32.5 3.9

0 Carbondale 0 0

0 Glenwood Springs 0 0

1.5 New Castle 2 2018 1.3 2017 4 2016 Silt 1.9 3

16 Rifle 44.6 43.8

4 Battlement Mesa 7.8 32.7

42.4 Parachute 84.2 61.2

0 20 40 60 80 100

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 22 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Larval Sites Treated 2016-2018

893 Unincorporated Garfield County 891 978

175 Carbondale 149 137

33 Glenwood Springs 37 19

147 New Castle 124 2018 173 2017 78 2016 Silt 73 87

354 Rifle 331 293

50 Battlement Mesa 50 48

126 Parachute 119 135

0 500 1000 1500

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 23 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Larval Site Inspections 2016-2018

2057 Unincorporated Garfield County 1975 2131

451 Carbondale 408 433

114 Glenwood Springs 84 107 2018 290 2017 New Castle 273 455 2016

158 Silt 155 182

1012 Rifle 808 751

69 Battlement Mesa 62 51

250 Parachute 216 226

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 24 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Vector Disease Control International

Adulticide Data

Customer Subdiv/Area Material Start End Time Miles Time Battlement Mesa Backpack 06/26/2018 GVRC Movie Talstar 13:42:00 14:37:00 1.5 07/12/2018 Pump House Road Talstar 08:29:00 09:31:00 0.5 08/09/2018 GVRC MOVIE Talstar 08:44:00 09:21:00 1.2 Backpack Sum 3.2 Avg 1.1 Min 0.5 Max 1.5 Truck 07/25/2018 Willow Creek Pursuit 20:15:00 20:31:00 4 Truck Sum 4.0 Avg 4.0 Min 4.0 Max 4.0 Garfield County Unincorporated Backpack 07/19/2018 CRHS Treeline Talstar 13:18:00 14:01:00 1.1 08/09/2018 CRHS Talstar 10:03:00 11:12:00 1.6 08/24/2018 CRHS Talstar 08:28:00 10:03:00 2.5 Backpack Sum 5.2 Avg 1.7 Min 1.1 Max 2.5 Truck 06/05/2018 US 6 and Mile Pond Rd Pursuit 20:39:00 20:57:00 3 06/20/2018 Silt Mesa Rd Pursuit 20:20:00 20:28:00 1.5 06/28/2018 CRHS Treeline Pursuit 11:19:00 12:12:00 1.5 07/10/2018 Willow Creek Pursuit 20:48:00 21:03:00 2 07/10/2018 US 6 and Mile Pond Rd Pursuit 20:05:00 20:24:00 3 08/22/2018 MILE POND AND US6 Pursuit 20:14:00 20:27:00 3 Truck Sum 14.0 Avg 2.3 Min 1.5 Max 3.0

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 25 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

New Castle, Town of Backpack 06/06/2018 US6 and Elk Creek Talstar 12:49:00 13:26:00 1 06/20/2018 US 6 and Elk Creek Talstar 10:54:00 11:25:00 0.5 Backpack Sum 1.5 Avg 0.8 Min 0.5 Max 1.0 Parachute, Town of Backpack 07/05/2018 Cottonwood Park Talstar 08:30:00 10:15:00 2.6 08/01/2018 COTTONWOOD PARK Talstar 08:45:00 11:01:00 3.5 Backpack Sum 6.1 Avg 3.1 Min 2.6 Max 3.5 Truck 06/06/2018 Cottonwood Park Pursuit 20:49:00 21:17:00 4 06/13/2018 Cottonwood Park Pursuit 21:05:00 21:33:00 4 06/20/2018 Cottonwood Park Pursuit 21:08:00 21:34:00 3 06/27/2018 Cottonwood Park Pursuit 21:28:00 21:54:00 4 07/02/2018 Parachute Limit N of I70 Pursuit 20:53:00 21:38:00 7 07/11/2018 Cottonwood Park Pursuit 20:15:00 20:48:00 4 07/16/2018 Cottonwood Park Pursuit 20:46:00 21:20:00 3.4 07/25/2018 Cottonwood Park Pursuit 20:42:00 21:05:00 4 08/15/2018 COTTONWOOD PARK Pursuit 20:06:00 20:32:00 4 08/23/2018 COTTONWOOD PARK Pursuit 20:02:00 20:25:00 5 Truck Sum 42.4 Avg 4.2 Min 3.0 Max 7.0

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 26 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Rifle, Town of Backpack 07/03/2018 Centennial Park Talstar 07:20:00 08:07:00 1 07/26/2018 Fairgrounds Talstar 08:10:00 09:33:00 2 Backpack Sum 3.0 Avg 1.5 Min 1.0 Max 2.0 Truck 06/18/2018 West Rifle Pursuit 20:22:00 20:56:00 7 06/27/2018 Rifle Rest Stop Pursuit 22:15:00 22:25:00 2 07/10/2018 Rifle Rest Stop Pursuit 21:26:00 21:37:00 2 07/25/2018 Rifle Rest Stop Pursuit 21:30:00 21:39:00 2 08/29/2018 Centennial Park Pursuit 20:41:00 20:59:00 3 Truck Sum 16.0 Avg 3.2 Min 2.0 Max 7.0 Silt, Town of Truck 06/06/2018 Main St Marsh Pursuit 21:41:00 21:56:00 2 07/25/2018 Main St Marsh Pursuit 21:48:00 21:56:00 1 08/22/2018 MAIN ST MARSH Pursuit 20:40:00 20:48:00 1 Truck Sum 4.0 Avg 1.3 Min 1.0 Max 2.0 Grand 99.4 Total

2018 Garfield County Cooperative Mosquito Control Program Annual Report 27 Vector Disease Control International, LLC

Vector Disease Control International Larvicide Data Summary by REPORT DATE: 4/6/2018 to 11/6/2018 by COUNTY: Garfield Total Site No. Wet Percentage No Sites Percentage Total Acres Inspections Sites Wet Sites Treated Breeding* Treated Battlement Mesa 69 68 99 % 50 74 % 9.4 Carbondale, Town of 451 408 90 % 175 43 % 71.8 Garfield County Unincorp 2057 1646 80 % 893 54 % 351.4 Glenwood Springs, City o 114 78 68 % 33 42 % 3.3 New Castle, Town of 290 210 72 % 147 70 % 28.0 Parachute, Town of 250 182 73 % 126 69 % 64.5 Rifle, Town of 1012 679 67 % 354 52 % 50.2 Silt, Town of 158 127 80 % 78 61 % 32.6

* (Sites Treated/Wet Sites)