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Swarm Intelligence Among Humans the Case of Alcoholics

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Swarm Intelligence Among Humans the Case of Alcoholics Swarm Intelligence among Humans The Case of Alcoholics Andrew Schumann1 and Vadim Fris2 1Department of Cognitivistics, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland 2Private Health Unitary Enterprise “Iscelenie”, Kazinca 120, 220000 Minsk, Belarus Keywords: Swarm Intelligence, Swarm Computing, Alcoholic, Illocutionary. Abstract: There are many forms of swarm behaviour, such as swarming of insects, flocking of birds, herding of quadrupeds, and schooling of fish. Sometimes people behave unconsciously and this behaviour of them has the same patterns as behaviour of swarms. For instance, pedestrians behave as herding or flocking, aircraft boarding passengers behave as ant colony, people in escape panic behave as flocking, etc. In this paper we propose a swarm model of people with an addictive behaviour. In particular, we consider small groups of alcohol-dependent people drinking together as swarms with a form of intelligence. In order to formalize this intelligence, we appeal to modal logics K and its modification K'. The logic K is used to formalize preference relation in the case of lateral inhibition in distributing people to drink jointly and the logic K' is used to formalize preference relation in the case of lateral activation in distributing people to drink jointly. 1 INTRODUCTION mammals, too, e.g. among naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber sp.). In one colony they Usually, a social behaviour is understood as a have only one queen and one to three males to synonymous to a collective animal behaviour. It is reproduce, while other members of the colony are claimed that there are many forms of this behaviour just workers (Jarvis, 1981). The same collective from bacteria and insects to mammals including behaviour is typical for Damaraland blesmols humans. So, bacteria and insects performing a (Fukomys damarensis sp.), another mammal species collective behaviour are called social. – they have one queen and many workers (Jacobs, et For example, a prokaryote, a one-cell organism al., 1991; Jarvis, Bennett, 1993). that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon), can All these patterns of ant-like collective behaviour build colonies in a way of growing slime. These (a brood care and a division of labour into colonies are called ‘biofilms’. Cells in biofilms are reproductive and non-reproductive groups) are organized in dynamic networks and can transmit evaluated as a form of eusociality, the so-called signals (the so-called quorum sensing) (Costerton, highest level of organization of animal sociality Lewandowski, Caldwell, Korber, 1995). As a result, (Michener, 1969). Nevertheless, it is quite these bacteria are considered social. Social insects controversial if we can regard the ant-like collective may be presented by ants – insects of the family behaviour as a social behaviour, indeed. We can do Formicidae. Due to a division of labour, they it if and only if we concentrate, first, on outer stimuli construct a real society of their nest even with a controlling individuals and, second, on ‘social roles’ pattern to make slaves (D'Ettorre, J. Heinze, 2001). (‘worker’, ‘queen’, etc.) of individuals as functions Also, Synalpheus regalis sp., a species of snapping with some utilities for the group as such, i.e. if and shrimp that commonly live in the coral reefs, only if we follow, first, behaviourism which demonstrates a collective behaviour like ants. represents any collective behaviour as a complex Among shrimps of the same colony there is one system that is managed by stimulating individuals breeding female, as well, and a labour division of (in particular by their reinforcement and other members (Duffy, 2002). The ant-like punishment) (Skinner, 1976) and, second, if and organization of colony is observed among some only if we share the ideas of structural functionalism 17 Schumann A. and Fris V. Swarm Intelligence among Humans - The Case of Alcoholics. DOI: 10.5220/0006106300170025 In Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2017), pages 17-25 ISBN: 978-989-758-212-7 Copyright c 2017 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved BIOSIGNALS 2017 - 10th International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing which considers the whole society as a system of examples are as follows: swarming of insects, functions (‘roles’) of its constituent elements flocking of birds, herding of quadrupeds, schooling (Parsons, 1975). In case we accept both of fish. In swarms, animals behave collectively, e.g. behaviourism and structural functionalism, we can in schools or flocks each animal moves in the same state that a collective animal behaviour has the same direction as its neighbour, it remains close to its basic patterns from ‘social’ bacteria and ‘social’ neighbours, it avoids collisions with its neighbours insects to humans whose sociality is evident for (Viscido, Parrish, Grunbaum, 2004). ourselves. A group of people, such as pedestrians, can also However, there are different approaches to exhibit a swarm behaviour like a flocking or sociality. One of the approaches, alternative to schooling: humans prefer to avoid a person behaviourism and structural functionalism, is conditionally designated by them as a possible represented by symbolic interactionism. In this predator and if a substantial part of the group (not approach, a collective behaviour is social if in the less than 5%) changes the direction, then the rest process of interaction it involves a thought with a follows the new direction (Helbing, Keltsch, Molnar, symbolic meaning that arises out of the interaction 1997). An ant-based algorithm can explain aircraft of agents (Beni, Wang, 1969). In other words, social boarding behaviour (John, Schadschneider, behaviour is impossible without material culture, Chowdhury, Nishinari, 2008). Under the conditions e.g. without using some tools which always have of escape panic the majority of people perform a symbolic meanings. Obviously, in this sense the swarm behaviour, too (Helbing, Farkas, Vicsek, collective behaviour of ants cannot be regarded as 2000). The point is that a risk of predation is the social. There are no tools and no symbolic meanings main feature of swarming at all (Abrahams, Colgan, for the ants. 1985; Olson, Hintze, Dyer, Knoester, Adami, 2013) But not only humans perform social behaviour in and under these risk conditions (like a terrorist act) the meaning of symbolic interactionism. It is known symbolic meanings for possible human interactions that wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) are promptly reduced. As a consequence, the social “apparently use marine sponges as foraging tools” behaviour transforms into a swarm behaviour. (Krützen, Mann, Heithaus, Connor, Bejder, Sherwin, Thus, we distinguish the swarm behaviour from 2005) and this behaviour of them cannot be the social one. The first is fulfilled without symbolic explained genetically or ecologically. This means interactions, but it is complex, as well, and has an that “sponging” is an example of an existing appearance from a collective decision making. In material culture in a marine mammal species and this paper, we will show that an addictive behaviour this culture is transmitted, presumably by mothers of humans can be considered a kind of swarm teaching the skills to their sons and daughters behaviour, also. The risk of predation is a main (Krützen, Mann, Heithaus, Connor, Bejder, Sherwin, reason of reducing symbolic interactions in human 2005). collective behaviours, but there are possible other Also, chimpanzees involve tools in their reasons like addiction. An addiction increases roles behaviours: large and small sticks as well as large of addictive stimuli (e.g., alcohol, morphine, and small stones. In (Whiten, Goodall, McGrew, cocaine, sexual intercourse, gambling, etc.) by their Nishida, Reynolds, Sugiyama, Tutin, Wrangham, reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding. Boesch, 1999), the authors discover 39 different It is known that any swarm can be controlled by behaviour patterns of chimpanzees, including tool replacing stimuli: attractants and repellents usage, grooming and courtship behaviours. It is a (Adamatzky, Erokhin, Grube, Schubert, Schumann, very interesting fact that some patterns of 2012), therefore we can design logic circuits based chimpanzees are habitual in some communities but on topology of stimuli (Schumann, 2016). For are absent in others because of different traditions of swarms there are no symbolic meanings and the chimpanzee material cultures (Whiten, Goodall, behaviour is completely determined by outer stimuli. McGrew, Nishida, Reynolds, Sugiyama, Tutin, In this paper, we will consider how the alcohol Wrangham, Boesch, 1999). Hence, we see that the dependence syndrome impacts on the human collective behaviour of chimpanzees can be behaviour. evaluated as social, as well. We claim that alcohol-dependent humans So, within symbolic interactionism we cannot embody a version of swarm intelligence (Beni, consider any complex collective behaviour, like the Wang, 1969; Schumann, 2016; Schumann, ant nest, as a social behaviour. The rest of complex Woleński, 2016) to optimize the alcohol-drinking behaviours can be called a swarm behaviour. Its behaviour. Our research is based on statistic data 18 Swarm Intelligence among Humans - The Case of Alcoholics which we have collected due to the questionnaire of more than 40 years old. The leadership consists in
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