The Functional Morphology of Species-Specific Clasping Structures
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Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii
Chapter Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of Diptera (Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii Abstract The order Diptera includes all true flies. Members of this order are the most ecologically diverse and probably have a greater economic impact on humans than any other group of insects. The application of explicit methods of phylogenetic and morphological analysis has revealed weaknesses in the traditional classification of dipteran insects, but little progress has been made to achieve a robust, stable clas- sification that reflects evolutionary relationships and morphological adaptations for a more precise understanding of their developmental biology and behavioral ecol- ogy. The current status of Diptera phylogenetics is reviewed in this chapter. Also, key aspects of the morphology of the different life stages of the flies, particularly characters useful for taxonomic purposes and for an understanding of the group’s biology have been described with an emphasis on newer contributions and progress in understanding this important group of insects. Keywords: Tephritoidea, Diptera flies, Nematocera, Brachycera metamorphosis, larva 1. Introduction Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms. Phylogeny is essential in understanding the biodiversity, genetics, evolution, and ecology among groups of organisms [1, 2]. Functional morphology involves the study of the relationships between the structure of an organism and the function of the various parts of an organism. The old adage “form follows function” is a guiding principle of functional morphology. It helps in understanding the ways in which body structures can be used to produce a wide variety of different behaviors, including moving, feeding, fighting, and reproducing. It thus, integrates concepts from physiology, evolution, anatomy and development, and synthesizes the diverse ways that biological and physical factors interact in the lives of organisms [3]. -
Diptera: Platystomatidae)
© Copyright Australian Museum, 2001 Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 113–199. ISSN 0067–1975 Review of the Australasian Genera of Signal Flies (Diptera: Platystomatidae) DAVID K. MCALPINE Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia ABSTRACT. The distribution patterns of platystomatid genera in the 12 recognized provinces of the Australasian Region are recorded. Notes are provided on biology and behaviour, including parasitism by fungi and strepsipterans, and mimicry of other insects and spiders. Means of separation from other acalyptrate families are provided. A key to Australasian genera is given. The subfamily Angitulinae is placed in synonymy of Platystomatinae. The subfamily classification is briefly discussed. The following new genera are described: Aetha, Bama, Eumeka, Hysma, Par, Phlyax, Signa, Tarfa, Terzia, Tomeus. Gonga and Polimen are new subgenera of Naupoda and Bama respectively. The genus Lasioxiria Hendel is a new synonym of Atopognathus Bigot. Chaetostichia Enderlein is a new synonym of Scholastes Loew. Eopiara Frey, described as a subgenus of Piara Loew, is raised to generic status. The genera Angituloides Hendel and Giraffomyia Sharp are reduced to subgenera of Angitula Walker. The following new species are described: Aetha cowanae, Bama (Polimen) shinonagai, Eumeka hendeli, Hysma lacteum, Paryphodes hospes, Signa mouldsi, Tarfa bowleyae, Terzia saigusai, Tomeus wyliei, Zealandortalis gregi. Lule speiseri de Meijere, 1914 is a new synonym of Phasiamya metallica Walker, 1849. New generic -
June, 1997 ORNAMENTS in the DIPTERA
142 Florida Entomologist 80(2) June, 1997 ORNAMENTS IN THE DIPTERA JOHN SIVINSKI USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology Gainesville, FL 32604 ABSTRACT Occasionally, flies bear sexually dimorphic structures (ornaments) that are used, or are presumed to be used, in courtships or in aggressive interactions with sexual ri- vals. These are reviewed, beginning with projections from the head, continuing through elaborations of the legs and finishing with gigantism of the genitalia. Several functions for ornaments are considered, including advertisement of genetic proper- ties, subversion of female mate choice and “runaway” sexual selection. Neither the type of ornament nor the degree of elaboration necessarily indicates which of the above processes is responsible for a particular ornament. Resource distribution and the resulting possibilities for resource defense and mate choice explain the occurrence of ornaments in some species. The phyletic distribution of ornaments may reflect for- aging behaviors and the type of substrates upon which courtships occur. Key Words: sexual selection, territoriality, female mate choice, arms races RESUMEN Ocasionalmente, las moscas presentan estructuras sexuales dimórficas (ornamen- tos) que son utilizados o se cree sean utilizadas en el cortejo sexual o en interacciones agresivas con sus rivales sexuales. Dichas estructuras han sido evaluadas, comen- zando con proyecciones de la cabeza, continuando con las estructuras elaboradas de las extremidades y terminando con el gigantismo de los genitales. Se han considerado distintas funciones para dichos ornamentos, incluyendo la promoción de sus propie- dades genéticas, subversión de la elección de la hembra por aparearse, y el rehusare a la selección sexual. Tanto el tipo de ornamento como el grado de elaboración no ne- cesariamente indicaron cual de los procesos mencionados es el responsable de un or- namento en particular. -
What Explains the Diversity of Sexually Selected Traits?
Biol. Rev. (2020), 95, pp. 847–864. 847 doi: 10.1111/brv.12593 Songs versus colours versus horns: what explains the diversity of sexually selected traits? John J. Wiens* and E. Tuschhoff Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Papers on sexual selection often highlight the incredible diversity of sexually selected traits across animals. Yet, few studies have tried to explain why this diversity evolved. Animals use many different types of traits to attract mates and outcom- pete rivals, including colours, songs, and horns, but it remains unclear why, for example, some taxa have songs, others have colours, and others horns. Here, we first conduct a systematic survey of the basic diversity and distribution of dif- ferent types of sexually selected signals and weapons across the animal Tree of Life. Based on this survey, we describe seven major patterns in trait diversity and distributions. We then discuss 10 unanswered questions raised by these pat- terns, and how they might be addressed. One major pattern is that most types of sexually selected signals and weapons are apparently absent from most animal phyla (88%), in contrast to the conventional wisdom that a diversity of sexually selected traits is present across animals. Furthermore, most trait diversity is clustered in Arthropoda and Chordata, but only within certain clades. Within these clades, many different types of traits have evolved, and many types appear to have evolved repeatedly. By contrast, other major arthropod and chordate clades appear to lack all or most trait types, and similar patterns are repeated at smaller phylogenetic scales (e.g. -
Diptera, Tephritidae) 279 Doi: 10.3897/Zookeys.365.5819 Research Article Launched to Accelerate Biodiversity Research
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 365: 279–305 (2013)Molecular identification of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) 279 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.365.5819 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Half of the European fruit fly species barcoded (Diptera, Tephritidae); a feasibility test for molecular identification John Smit1, Bastian Reijnen2, Frank Stokvis2 1 European Invertebrate Survey – the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands Corresponding author: John Smit ([email protected]) Academic editor: Z. T. Nagy | Received 18 June 2013 | Accepted 18 October 2013 | Published 30 December 2013 Citation: Smit J, Reijnen B, Stokvis F (2013) Half of the European fruit fly species barcoded (Diptera, Tephritidae); a feasibility test for molecular identification. In: Nagy ZT, Backeljau T, De Meyer M, Jordaens K (Eds) DNA barcoding: a practical tool for fundamental and applied biodiversity research. ZooKeys 365: 279–305. doi: 10.3897/ zookeys.365.5819 Abstract A feasibility test of molecular identification of European fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on COI barcode sequences has been executed. A dataset containing 555 sequences of 135 ingroup species from three subfamilies and 42 genera and one single outgroup species has been analysed. 73.3% of all included species could be identified based on their COI barcode gene, based on similarity and distances. The low success rate is caused by singletons as well as some problematic groups: several species groups within the genus Terellia and especially the genus Urophora. With slightly more than 100 sequences - almost 20% of the total - this genus alone constitutes the larger part of the failure for molecular identification for this dataset. -
Exaggerated Trait Growth in Insects
EN60CH24-Emlen ARI 26 November 2014 14:55 Exaggerated Trait Growth in Insects Laura Lavine,1 Hiroki Gotoh,1 Colin S. Brent,2 Ian Dworkin,3 and Douglas J. Emlen4,∗ 1Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164; email: [email protected], [email protected] 2US Department of Agriculture, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138; email: [email protected] 3Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 4Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2015. 60:453–72 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on extreme growth, extreme size, sexual selection, soldier castes, insulin October 20, 2014 signaling pathway, juvenile hormone, growth mechanisms The Annual Review of Entomology is online at ento.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: Animal structures occasionally attain extreme proportions, eclipsing in size by Dr. Douglas Emlen on 01/20/15. For personal use only. 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021045 the surrounding body parts. We review insect examples of exaggerated traits, Copyright c 2015 by Annual Reviews. such as the mandibles of stag beetles (Lucanidae), the claspers of praying All rights reserved mantids (Mantidae), the elongated hindlimbs of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: ∗ Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2015.60:453-472. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Corresponding author Caelifera), and the giant heads of soldier ants (Formicidae) and termites (Isoptera). Developmentally, disproportionate growth can arise through trait-specific modifications to the activity of at least four pathways: the sex determination pathway, the appendage patterning pathway, the insulin/IGF signaling pathway, and the juvenile hormone/ecdysteroid pathway. -
Phylogeny, Biology, Behavior, and Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies: an Overview - J
TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol.VII - Phylogeny, Biology, Behavior, and Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies: An Overview - J. Rull PHYLOGENY, BIOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND MANAGEMENT OF TEPHRITID FRUIT FLIES: AN OVERVIEW J. Rull Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Keywords: Diptera, Tephritoidea, Tephritidae, Phylogeny, Behavior, Management. Contents 1. Phylogeny 1.1. Diptera 1.2. Tephritoidea 1.3. Tephritidae 2. Biology 2.1. Life Cycle 2.2. Natural Enemies 3. Behavior 3.1. Feeding Behavior 3.2. Host Finding Behavior 3.3. Oviposition Behavior 3.4. Mating Behavior 4. Management 4.1. Pest Status 4.2. Monitoring 4.3. Control Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Tephritid fruit flies are a diverse group of phytophagous insects within Diptera with more than 4000 described species. Some tephritids have been thoroughly studied due to their economicUNESCO importance. Nevertheless, Tephritidae– EOLSS includes numerous species and entire subfamilies that are harmless to man and that in some cases have been beneficial (weed biocontrol agents). Tephritids are acalypterate flies that exhibit a typical holometabolous life cycle (egg, larvae, pupae, adult). Behavior in this group is as diverse as the familySAMPLE itself, oviposition occurs CHAPTERS in a number of substrates and different strategies can be used by different species. Different groups exhibit also different mating systems and different courtship repertoires. Due to their economic importance control methods have been developed and refined to deal with the more than 70 pest species, with a tendency to rely less on broad spectrum chemical applications moving towards biological control and other biorational methods integrated into management systems. 1. Phylogeny ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol.VII - Phylogeny, Biology, Behavior, and Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies: An Overview - J. -
Evolution of the Insects
CY501-PIND[733-756].qxd 2/17/05 2:10 AM Page 733 Quark07 Quark07:BOOKS:CY501-Grimaldi: INDEX 12S rDNA, 32, 228, 269 Aenetus, 557 91; general, 57; inclusions, 57; menageries 16S rDNA, 32, 60, 237, 249, 269 Aenigmatiinae, 536 in, 56; Mexican, 55; parasitism in, 57; 18S rDNA, 32, 60, 61, 158, 228, 274, 275, 285, Aenne, 489 preservation in, 58; resinite, 55; sub-fossil 304, 307, 335, 360, 366, 369, 395, 399, 402, Aeolothripidae, 284, 285, 286 resin, 57; symbioses in, 303; taphonomy, 468, 475 Aeshnoidea, 187 57 28S rDNA, 32, 158, 278, 402, 468, 475, 522, 526 African rock crawlers (see Ambermantis wozniaki, 259 Mantophasmatodea) Amblycera, 274, 278 A Afroclinocera, 630 Amblyoponini, 446, 490 aardvark, 638 Agaonidae, 573, 616: fossil, 423 Amblypygida, 99, 104, 105: in amber, 104 abdomen: function, 131; structure, 131–136 Agaoninae, 423 Amborella trichopoda, 613, 620 Abies, 410 Agassiz, Alexander, 26 Ameghinoia, 450, 632 Abrocomophagidae, 274 Agathiphaga, 560 Ameletopsidae, 628 Acacia, 283 Agathiphagidae, 561, 562, 567, 630 American Museum of Natural History, 26, 87, acalyptrate Diptera: ecological diversity, 540; Agathis, 76 91 taxonomy, 540 Agelaia, 439 Amesiginae, 630 Acanthocnemidae, 391 ages, using fossils, 37–39; using DNA, 38–40 ametaboly, 331 Acari, 99, 105–107: diversity, 101, fossils, 53, Ageniellini, 435 amino acids: racemization, 61 105–107; in-Cretaceous amber, 105, 106 Aglaspidida, 99 ammonites, 63, 642 Aceraceae, 413 Aglia, 582 Amorphoscelidae, 254, 257 Acerentomoidea, 113 Agrias, 600 Amphientomidae, 270 Acherontia atropos, 585 -
Team Newsletter
TEAM NEWSLETTER No. 3 December 2006 TO OUR READERS In this newsletter there are several interesting news to Kenya), Nikos Kouloussis (University of Thessaloniki, be reported. An important development is that the web Greece), Cathy Smallridge (South Australian Research page of our group is ready and may be visited at and Development Institute) and Mike Stefan (USDA). http://www.tephritid.org/twd.team/srv/en/home Though We wish them good success in their new duties. the page looks quite good there is certainly room for improvement. Towards this direction the list of TEAM In Salvador Aris Economopoulos gave a talk on the members will be soon posted on the site. Please development of the International Fruit Fly Symposia. check your personal information to see if everything is He started from 1982 when the first meeting was correct. Another important thing is a change decided organized in Athens, and went on describing in a most by our Steering Committee regarding the date of the passionate way the second meeting that was held in first Scientific Meeting of our group in Majorca Spain. Crete and was attended by all prominent fruit fly The Meeting will be held at the beginning of April 2008 workers at the time, including the late Ronald Prokopy. (rather than in 2007), so please mark your calendars In this newsletter we present part of this talk and also with this new date! The Organizing and Scientific photographs from the meeting in Crete. We also Committees were announced in the previous present a few photos from a special celebration in newsletter. -
Fly Times Issue 40, April 2008
FLY TIMES ISSUE 40, April, 2008 Stephen D. Gaimari, editor Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch California Department of Food & Agriculture 3294 Meadowview Road Sacramento, California 95832, USA Tel: (916) 262-1131 FAX: (916) 262-1190 Email: [email protected] Welcome to the latest issue of Fly Times – the first produced in 20 years by an editor other than Jeff Cumming and Art Borkent! We all have much to thank them for, and I will do my best to continue in the tradition of producing an informative and interesting newsletter. But of course, that is mainly up to you – the Dipterists out there – as this is your newsletter! This issue contains our regular reports on meetings and activities, updates on ongoing efforts, travel tips, new or improved methods, requests for taxa being studied, interesting observations about flies, opportunities for dipterists, as well as information on recent publications. The electronic version of the Fly Times continues to be hosted on the North American Dipterists Society website at http://www.nadsdiptera.org/News/FlyTimes/Flyhome.htm. The Diptera community would greatly appreciate your independent contributions to this newsletter. For this issue, I want to thank all the contributors for sending me so many great articles! That said, we need even more reports on trips, collections, methods, updates, etc., with all the associated digital images you wish to provide. Feel free to share your opinions or provide ideas on how to improve the newsletter (as the “new guy,” I am very happy to hear ways that I can enhance the newsletter!). The Directory of North American Dipterists is constantly being updated and is currently available at the above website. -
Behavioral Ecology Symposium ’96: Sivinski 119
Behavioral Ecology Symposium ’96: Sivinski 119 THE ROLE OF THE NATURALIST IN ENTOMOLOGY AND A DEFENSE OF “CURIOSITIES” JOHN SIVINSKI USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology Gainesville, Florida, 32604 Entomology has always looked outward and attempted to apply its knowledge for the public good. In many ways we believe ourselves to belong to a “service science”, standing in relationship to Zoology as Engineering does to Physics or Education to Psychology. A “pragmatic”, medical or agricultural application is in the back or fore- front of many of our minds as we pursue our interests in ion exchange across mem- branes or the relationship between light intensity and pheromone emissions. I would like to mention a neglected set of consumers of insect information, a grow- ing and urbanized population increasingly alienated from nature. One that only elec- tronically experiences the once familiar, but now rapidly disappearing or impossibly remote “ice-age fauna” it evolved with. It is my belief that we are “innately” interested in the things that have been important to us through our evolutionary history. There is an appetite for watching animals, uncovering the patterns of their activity, the se- crets of their lives. This appetite was critical to predicting the times and places deer could be hunted and where bear-wolves were likely to be hunting our ancestors (could our love of horror films be due to the pleasure of honing ancient anti-predator skills?— “You damn fool! Don’t go in that door!”). Many of us, myself included, spend freely to fulfill an emotional design and catch (and then release) unneeded fish. -
The Evolution of Animal Weapons
ANRV360-ES39-19 ARI 24 August 2008 14:10 V I E E W R S I E N C N A D V A The Evolution of Animal Weapons Douglas J. Emlen Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2008. 39:387–413 Key Words The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and animal diversity, antlers, horns, male competition, sexual selection, tusks Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173502 Males in many species invest substantially in structures that are used in com- Copyright c 2008 by Annual Reviews. ! bat with rivals over access to females. These weapons can attain extreme All rights reserved proportions, and have diversified in form repeatedly. I review empirical lit- 1543-592X/08/1201-0387$20.00 erature on the function and evolution of sexually selected weapons to clarify important unanswered questions for future research. Despite their many shapes and sizes, and the multitude of habitats within which they function, animal weapons share many properties: they evolve when males are able to defend spatially-restricted critical resources, they are typically the most vari- able morphological structures of these species, and this variation honestly reflects among-individual differences in body size or quality. What is not clear is how, or why, these weapons diverge in form. The potential for male competition to drive rapid divergence in weapon morphology remains one of the most exciting and understudied topics in sexual selection research today.