SUGARS (Incl. Natural Sweeteners, Jaggery, Palm Sugar, Honey, Etc. )

SUGARS 113

87025 Limoges, France), Food Chemistry, 2010, sugar (stevioside and rebaudioside) is incorporated to 118(3), 489-496]. the fruit to maintain its sweetness. The process was evaluated by studying the use of ultrasound application NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0261, Correlation of metabo- in one or both stages of the D3S process. Best lites in the leaf and berries of selected black pep- performance of the process was obtained by subjecting per varieties the fruit samples to ultrasound in the sugar removal stage The biochemical component which attributes followed by immersion of the samples in Stevia-based pungency to black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) is solution without application of ultrasound in the mainly the alkaloid piperine, the aroma and flavour are sweetener incorporation stage. These operating attributed by components like α-and β-pinenes, conditions result in the highest sugar removal during the sabinene, myrcene, limonene, β-caryophyllene, first stage, highest water loss during the process and camphene, etc. Our study revealed that the biochemical highest sweetener incorporation during the second stage profile varies in the leaf and berries of black pepper. of the D3S process. Total phenols, total starch, total carbohydrate and The work described in this research is relevant to the protein content from leaves and berries of selected 26 production of dried fruits. A process to produce low- black pepper cultivars were evaluated. The calorie dried fruit is presented. The process removes concentration of oil, oleoresin, piperine and the essential high-calorie sugars from the fruit and replaces it with a oil constituents from both leaves and berries were also natural low-calorie sugar restoring the sweetness of the compared in these cultivars. Germacrene-D and elemol fruit [Juan Garcia-Noguera, Curtis L. Weller, Francisca were found to be the major constituents of leaf oil. I.P. Oliveira, Sueli Rodrigues and Fabiano A.N. β-Caryophyllene was high in berries and it showed more Fernandes*(Universidade Federal do Ceará, variability in berries compared to leaf samples. Berry Departamento de Engenharia Química, Campus do Pici, oil constituents namely, pinene, sabinene, myrcene and Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil), limonene were not detected in the leaf oil. Different leaf Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, metabolites showed cumulative direct effect on berry 2010, 11(1), 225-230]. constituents [T. John Zachariah*, A.L. Safeer, K. Jayarajan, N.K. Leela, T.M. Vipin, K.V. Saji, K.N. NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0263, Effect of moderate in- Shiva, V.A. Parthasarathy and K.P. Mammootty (Indian take of sweeteners on metabolic health in the rat Institute of Spices Research, Calicut 673012, Kerala, The rise in prevalence of obesity, diabetes, metabolic India), Scientia Horticulturae, 2010, 123(3), 418- syndrome and fatty liver disease has been linked to 422] increased consumption of fructose-containing foods or beverages. The study was conducted to compare the SUGARS (incl. natural sweeteners, effects of moderate consumption of fructose-containing jaggery, palm sugar, honey, etc. ) and non-caloric sweetened beverages on feeding behaviour, metabolic and serum lipid profiles and hepatic NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0262, Dual-stage sugar substi- histology and serum liver enzymes, in rats. Behavioral tution in strawberries with a Stevia-based sweet- tests determined preferred (12.5-15%) concentrations ener of solutions of agave, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), a combination of HFCS and Hoodia (a The present study introduces and analyzes a new putative appetite suppressant), or the non-caloric process denominated dual-stage sugar substitution sweetener Stevia (n=5/gp). HFCS intake was highest, (D3S). This process aims to induce sugar substitution in preference and self-administration tests. Groups in strawberries. In a first stage, high-calorie sugars (n=10/gp) were then assigned to one of the sweetened (sucrose, fructose and glucose) are partially removed beverages or water as the sole source of liquid at night from the fruit samples and in a second stage, low-calorie (3 nights/wk, 10wks). Although within the normal range, 114 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 1 NO. 2, 2010

serum cholesterol was higher in the fructose and HFCS M. Balakrishnan*and M. Ulbricht (TERI University, groups, and serum triglycerides were higher in the Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, Agave, HFCS and HFCS/Hoodia groups (vs. water- New Delhi, 110 003, India), Desalination, 2009, controls, p<0.05). Liver histology was normal in all 249(3),1124-1131]. groups with no evidence of steatosis, inflammation, or fibrosis; however serum alanine aminotransferase was NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0265, Separation of non- higher in the fructose and HFCS groups (vs. water- sucrose compounds from sugar-beet syrup by controls, p<0.05). Serum inflammatory marker levels ultrafiltration with ceramic membrane containing were comparable among Stevia, agave, fructose, static mixer HFCS, and water-consuming groups, however levels Possible improvement of non-sucrose compounds of IL-6 were significantly lower in association with the separation from the syrup of raw brown sugar by ingestion of Hoodia. There were no differences in application of a static mixer in an ultrafiltration process terminal body weights, or glucose tolerance assessed was investigated. The static mixer was expected to by 120-min IVGTTs performed at the end of the 10- reduce the concentration polarization and fouling of the week regimen. Thus even moderate consumption of membrane. Non-affinated B sugar from the second stage fructose-containing liquids may lead to the onset of of crystallization, diluted to 60Bx dry matter, was used unfavourable changes in the plasma lipid profile and one for preparing the solution subjected to the ultrafiltration. marker of liver health, independent of significant effects The cross-flow filtration, at a laboratory level, was of sweetener consumption on body weight [D.P. carried out on the tubular ceramic membrane (Schumasiv Figlewicz*, G. Ioannou, J. Bennett Jay, S. Kittleson, C. Pall, USA), with a pore diameter of 5nm. The separation Savard and C.L. Roth (R&D (151), VA Puget Sound was performed under various working conditions, with Health Care System, Seattle WA 98108, United States), and without the presence of static mixer. The effect of Physiology & Behavior, 2009, 98(5), 618-624]. turbulence promotion on filtration performances was investigated by using Kenics static mixer (FMX8124- NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0264, Fouling control in AC, Omega). The process efficiency was quantified sugarcane juice ultrafiltration with surface modified through the achieved values of the permeate flux, its polysulfone and polyethersulfone membranes colour and dry matter content, while the working factors Commercial 50 and 100kD polyethersulfone (PES) were: fluid flow-rate, temperature, transmembrane and polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes were pressure (TMP) and process duration. The positive surface modified by UV photografting of poly(ethylene effects of mixer application were proved [Zita Šereš*, glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) monomer. The modified Julianna Gyura, Mirjana Djuriæ, Gyula Vatai and membranes were characterized by the degree of grafting, Aleksandar Jokiæ (Faculty of Technology, University water flux and molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) rating. of Novi Sad, Bul. Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, The flux and fouling of the modified and unmodified Serbia), Desalination, 2010, 250(1), 136-143]. membranes were examined with sugarcane juice and its polysaccharide fraction. Under the conditions of this NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0266, Fuel and energy saving study, the modified membranes displayed a low degree in open pan furnace used in jaggery making of grafting (26-36 μg/cm2), which was independent of through modified juice boiling/concentrating pans the UV exposure duration; however, both membrane In this paper the concept of fins has been used for water flux and MWCO rating were affected by the heating purpose for improving efficiency of open pan irradiation time. In the best case, the modified jaggery making furnace. Pan is the integral part of these membranes exhibited lower fouling with sugarcane juice; furnaces where boiling/concentration of sugarcane juice furthermore, the propensity to foul also decreased. take place. Parallel fins were provided to the bottom of More significantly, juice flux recovery was almost main pan and gutter pan of IISR Lucknow 2-pan complete for successive UF-cleaning cycles [N.K. Saha, furnace. Choice for type of fins was based on movement THERAPEUTICS 115 of flames and hot flue gases generated due to combustion environmental issues. The objective of this research was of bagasse. Fins helped in more heat transfer to the to document the growth of sugarcane subjected to sugarcane juice being concentrated. Considerable various high water-table treatments. Two experiments improvement in heat utilization efficiency (9.44%) was were conducted across two years using three sugarcane observed which resulted in saving of fuel and energy cultivars grown outdoors in large pots. Key aspects were (31.34%) [S.I. Anwar (Division of Agricultural to examine the timing of when water-table treatments Engineering, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, were imposed and the influence of intermittent flooding. Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 002, UP, India), Energy Continuous flooding at all growth stages was deleterious. Conversion and Management, 2010, 51(2), 360- A continuous water table at a 15 cm depth below the 364]. soil surface resulted in no negative effect on cane yield. Intermittent flooding in cycles of 6 d flooding, followed NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0267, Cytoprotective and anti- by 15 d at either a 15 cm or 45 cm water table, did not oxidant activity studies of jaggery sugar decrease yields. These results indicated that there may Jaggery and other sugars namely white, refined and be practical management options for sustaining brown sugars were evaluated for cytoprotectivity on sugarcane production at high water tables [Jeffery D. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and erythrocytes, DPPH radical Ray, Thomas R. Sinclair and Barry Glaz*(USDA-ARS, scavenging activity, reducing power and DNA Stoneville, Mississippi) io:Journal of Crop protection. In addition, total phenol content and phenolic Improvement, 2010, 24(1), 12 - 27] acid composition were also determined. Results indicated a total phenolic content of 26.5, 31.5, 372 THERAPEUTICS and 3837μg GAE/g for refined, white, brown and jaggery, respectively. The HPLC analysis revealed the NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0269, Antioxidant activity and presence of different phenolic acids in brown sugar and lipid-lowering effect of essential oils extracted from jaggery. On NIH 3T3 cells oxidation, at 4 mg/ml Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaves in rats fed with a concentration, jaggery showed 97% protection high cholesterol diet compared to brown sugar and both sugars effectively reduced erythrocyte oxidation. A dose dependent It has been reported that Ocimum sanctum Linn. reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity (OS) leaves decrease serum lipid profile in normal and was also observed for jaggery and brown sugar. An diabetic animals. No experimental evidences support the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidative actions against EC50 of 7.81 and 59.38μg/ml were observed for jaggery and brown sugar in the DPPH scavenging assay. In DNA hypercholesterolemia. Moreover the identity of the oxidation studies, higher protection was observed in specific chemical ingredients in OS leaves responsible jaggery followed by brown, white and refined sugar for these pharmacological effects are unknown. Since treated samples [M.A. Harish Nayaka*, U.V. Sathisha, OS leaves are rich in essential oil (EO). Therefore, the M.P. Manohar, K.B. Chandrashekar and Shylaja M. present study was conducted to investigate the anti- Dharmesh (Department of Studies in Sugar Technology, hyperlipidemic and antioxidative activities of EO Sir M. Vishvesvaraya Post Graduate Center, University extracted from OS leaves in rats fed with high of Mysore, Tubinakere, Mandya-571 402, Karnataka, cholesterol (HC) diet. EO was extracted by the India), Food Chemistry, 2009, 115(1), 113-118]. hydrodistillation method and the chemical constituents were then identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass NPARR, 1(2), 2010-0268, Sugarcane response to Spectrometry. The experiment was performed in Male high water tables and intermittent flooding Wistar rats fed with 2.5g %(w/w) of cholesterol diet for Sugarcane production has engendered environmental seven weeks. During the last 3 weeks, rats were daily concerns of nutrient transfer and subsidence of organic fed with EO. The results showed that phenyl propanoid soils. Retaining water on fields would ameliorate these compounds including eugenol and methyl eugenol were