DOCSLIB.ORG

A Reconsideration of the Taxonomic Position of Two Bacterial Strains Isolated from Flacherie-Diseased Silkworms in 1965

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Reconsideration of the Taxonomic Position of Two Bacterial Strains Isolated from Flacherie-Diseased Silkworms in 1965 Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology 86, 35-41 (2017) A reconsideration of the taxonomic position of two bacterial strains isolated from flacherie-diseased silkworms in 1965 Kazuhiro Iiyama1＊, Mai Morishita1, 2, Jae Man Lee2, Hiroaki Mon2, Takahiro Kusakabe2, Kosuke Tashiro3, Taiki Akasaka4, Chisa Yasunaga-Aoki1 and Kazuhisa Miyamoto5 1 Laboratory of Insect Pathology and Microbial Control, Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 2 Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 3 Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 4 Center for Advanced Instrumental and Educational Supports, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 5 Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Division of Insect Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Received September 30, 2016; Accepted November 21, 2016) Recent advances in bacterial characterization methodologies have made taxonomic categorization significant- ly more accurate. Here, we re-evaluated the position of bacterial strains (532 and 652) belonging to the genus Hafnia, isolated from flacherie-diseased silkworms in 1965. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains suggests that they belong to genus Enterobacter. Using multilocus sequence analy- sis (MLSA), these strains were further classified to MLSA group A, which is a “core” group of Enterobacter con- taining E. cloacae (the type species of the genus). Although these strains were closely related to E. mori, E. tabaci, and E. asburiae, they also had other MLSA characteristics that distinguished them from these neighbor- ing bacterial species. These data were supported by further biochemical analysis. Thus, it appears that the 532 and 652 strains isolated almost half a century ago belong to genus Enterobacter, and their unique characteristics strongly suggest that they are a novel bacterial species. Key words: genus Enterobacter, pathogenicity, multilocus sequence analysis, bacterial identification sp. However, since these bacteria were not preserved, other INTRODUCTION strains isolated in 1965 were orally inoculated into silk- In 1965, several novel bacterial strains were isolated for worm larvae to test for pathogenicity in 1966. The bacteri- the first time from flacherie-diseased silkworms that had al strains tested were Hafnia (strains 532, 645, 652, 853, been inoculated with Streptococcus sp. (Ono et al., 1967). 889), Enterobacter (strains A, B, C), Serratia, Klebsiella, Notably, when the isolates were orally inoculated into and Streptococcus (strain 2). Notably, when inoculated silkworm larvae, the individuals in one of the experimen- larvae were maintained at 25°C, the Hafnia 532, 645, and tal plot areas showed distinctly different symptoms from 853 strains caused death, while the larvae inoculated with the others. In these larvae, disease progression was rela- other strains (including the other strains of Hafnia) did tively rapid and included symptoms such as diarrhea, an- not die. From these results, it was concluded that the orexia, and body transparency, which were noticeably flacherie disease of silkworm in 1965 was caused by these different from those typically observed in the silkworm three particular Hafnia sp. (Ono et al., 1967). Among after inoculation with known Streptococcus sp. strains. In these strains, 532 and 652 were preserved and stored as order to isolate the pathogenic bacteria again for further lyophilized cultures in glass ampoules, and are now testing, one loopful of contents from the midgut of the stocked at The Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Na- diseased silkworms was streaked onto DHL medium, and tional Agriculture and Food Research Organization in Ja- 43 isolates were selected. These isolates were then classi- pan. In preliminary inoculation tests, the rehydrated Hafnia fied into four groups based on their biochemical charac- sp. strain 532 showed virulence in the silkworm larvae, teristics. Since bacteria belonging to group-1 were present while strain 652 was weakly virulent or avirulent. These in all of the diseased silkworms, the strains in this group results are similar to those described in the literature (Ono were tentatively considered the causal agents of the dis- et al., 1967) and indicate that the characteristics of these ease. Although the detailed identification procedure was bacteria in terms of their pathogenicity were not altered not described in the literature, the bacterial species in during storage. group-1 were categorized as Hafnia sp. and Enterobacter More than five decades have elapsed since these strains were first isolated. During this time, the technology used *To whom correspondence should be addressed. for bacterial identification has changed dramatically, al- Fax: +81-92-642-4421. Tel: +81-92-642-3033. lowing for more precise and accurate documentation of Email: [email protected] well-known and novel bacterial species. These technologi- 36 Iiyama et al. cal advances have greatly advanced the field and have Phylogenetic analyses provided an accumulation of knowledge concerning the Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences for genetic and phenotypic characteristics used in bacterial the 16S rRNA gene and concatenated housekeeping genes taxonomy. In a preliminary experiment, we sequenced the (aptD-gyrB-infB-rpoB) were conducted using MEGA ver- 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of the previously iso- sion 6.0 (Tamura et al., 2013). Phylogenetic trees were lated Hafnia sp. 532 and 652 strains in order to further constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Bootstrap classify these strains at the species level. Surprisingly, this confidence analysis was carried out with 1,000 replica- preliminary test suggested that the isolates be classified as tions in order to evaluate the robustness of the tree topol- members of the genus Enterobacter. Therefore, in the ogies. present study, we sought to more accurately establish the taxonomic position of these two bacterial strains based on Biochemical analyses their 16S rRNA and various housekeeping gene sequences A commercially available API 20E kit (SYSMEX as well as their biochemical characteristics. bioMerieux Co.) was used to investigate the biochemical characteristics of the bacterial strains. The tests were car- ried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In MATERIALS AND METHODS brief, inoculum was prepared using single colonies on the Genome extraction LB agar that were resuspended in 0.85% NaCl solution. Strains 532 and 652 were cultured in Luria-Bertani After inoculation, API plates were incubated at 37°C for broth (Lennox) at 30°C for 18 h. Genomic DNA was ex- 24 h, and then the reactions were judged accordingly. tracted from the cells using the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide method as previously described (Wilson, 1987). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16S rRNA gene sequencing Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene The 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified from the sequences genomic DNA by LA Taq polymerase (TAKARA BIO In our analysis, almost all of the 16S rRNA genes of INC.) with the universal primers 27F (5’-GAGTTTGATC strains 532 and 652 were sequenced. These data have MTGGCTCAG-3’) and 1492R (5’-GGYTACCTTGTTAC been deposited in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under the ac- GACTT-3’). After electrophoresis, PCR fragments were cession numbers LC169757 and LC169758 for 532 and purified by using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up 652, respectively. Notably, the constructed phylogenetic System (Promega Co.). The fragments were sequenced tree revealed that strains 532 and 652 were more closely without cloning with an ABI Prism 377 sequencer (Ap- related with genus Enterobacter than with genus Hafnia plied Biosystems). (Fig. 1). Enterobacter species are often not further classified be- Genome sequencing yond the genus level, as their identification is difficult Paired-end (fragment size, 400 bp) libraries of the 532 (Paauw et al., 2008). Furthermore, the 16S rDNA se- and 652 strains were generated. Sequencing was performed quences of E. cloacae did not form a coherent cluster, but with MiSeq technology using MiSeq Reagent Kits v. 2 more closely resembled a patchy tree. In this tree, the (300-cycle kit; Illumina). After filtering with Trimmomatic clusters of E. cloacae strains interfused with those of E. v. 0.32 (Lohse et al., 2012), assembly was performed us- aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter species, and Lecler- ing Velvet v. 1.2.03 in the DDBJ Read Annotation Pipe- cia species (Hoffmann and Roggenkamp, 2003; Tang et line using the specified parameters for strain 532 (k-mer, al., 1998). Moreover, biochemical and molecular studies 127; expected coverage, 70) and strain 652 (k-mer, 127; on E. cloacae also suggest genomic heterogeneity, resulting expected coverage, 100; coverage cutoff, 20) (Zerbino and in the categorization of six species: E. cloacae, E. asbur- Birney, 2008; Kaminuma et al., 2010). iae, E. hormaechei, E. kobei, E. ludwigii and E. nimipres- suralis (synonym: Lelliottia nimipressuralis) (Mezzatesta Determination of aptD, gyrB, infB, and rpoB gene et al., 2012; Brady et al., 2013). This heterogeneity is re- sequences flected in the low bootstrap values in our phylogenetic Local BLAST was carried out to determine the aptD, tree (Fig. 1, values less than 50% are not shown
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pluralibacter Gergoviae Als Spender- Oder Empfängerorganismus Gemäß § 5 Absatz 1 Gentsv
    Az. 45241.0205 Juni 2020 Empfehlung der ZKBS zur Risikobewertung von Pluralibacter gergoviae als Spender- oder Empfängerorganismus gemäß § 5 Absatz 1 GenTSV Allgemeines Pluralibacter gergoviae (früher: Enterobacter gergoviae [1]) ist ein Gram-negatives, fakultativ anaerobes, peritrich begeißeltes, stäbchenförmiges Bakterium aus der Familie der Enterobacteriaceae, das zuerst 1980 beschrieben wurde [2]. Es ist weltweit verbreitet und wurde aus klinischen Proben (Blut, Urin, Sputum, Stuhl, Hautabstriche, Ohrendrainage, nicht näher beschriebene Wunden, Abszesse, Lunge, Niere) sowie aus dem Darm eines Roten Baumwollkapselwurms, Wasserproben und Kosmetikprodukten isoliert [2–7]. Das Überleben in Kosmetikprodukten wird dadurch ermöglicht, dass P. gergoviae eine hohe Toleranz gegen Konservierungsmittel wie Benzoesäure und Parabenen aufweist [8]. Aufgrund dieser Toleranz ist P. gergoviae in der Vergangenheit mehrfach als mikrobielle Verunreinigung in Kosmetikprodukten aufgetreten, die daraufhin zurückgerufen werden mussten [9]. Im klinischen Kontext tritt P. gergoviae vergleichsweise selten als Krankheitserreger auf. Das Bakterium löst vor allem bei Immunkompromittierten Infektionen aus, die tödlich verlaufen können. Es verursachte Harnwegsinfektionen oder Infektionen der Operationswunde bei Empfängern von Nierentransplantaten [10], mehrere Sepsisfälle auf einer Neugeborenenstation, von denen die Mehrzahl Frühgeborene betrafen [3], und führte zu einem Septischen Schock bei einem Leukämie-Patienten [11]. Bei Immunkompetenten wurden eine Sepsis
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 ECCMID | 00656 in Vitro Activities of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Comparator Agents Against Enterobacterales
    IHMA In Vitro Activities of Ceftazidime-avibactam and Comparator Agents against Enterobacterales and 2122 Palmer Drive 00656 Schaumburg, IL 60173 USA Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Israel Collected Through the ATLAS Global Surveillance Program 2013-2019 www.ihma.com M. Hackel1, M. Wise1, G. Stone2, D. Sahm1 1IHMA, Inc., Schaumburg IL, USA, 2Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT USA Introduction Results Results Summary Avibactam (AVI) is a non-β- Table 1 Distribution of 2,956 Enterobacterales from Israel by species Table 2. In vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and comparators agents Figure 2. Ceftazidime and ceftazidime-avibactam MIC distribution against 29 . Ceftazidime-avibactam exhibited a potent lactam, β-lactamase inhibitor against Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa from Israel, 2013-2019 non-MBL carbapenem-nonsusceptible (CRE) Enterobacterales from Israel, antimicrobial activity higher than all Organism N % of Total mg/L that can restore the activity of Organism Group (N) %S 2013-2019 comparator agents against all Citrobacter amalonaticus 2 0.1% MIC90 MIC50 Range ceftazidime (CAZ) against Enterobacterales (2956) 20 Enterobacterales from Israel (MIC90, 0.5 Citrobacter braakii 5 0.2% Ceftazidime-avibactam 99.8 0.5 0.12 ≤0.015 - > 128 Ceftazidime Ceftazidime-avibactam organisms that possess Class 18 mg/L; 99.8% susceptible). Citrobacter freundii 96 3.2% Ceftazidime 70.1 64 0.25 ≤0.015 - > 128 A, C, and some Class D β- Cefepime 71.8 > 16 ≤0.12 ≤0.12 - > 16 16 . Susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam lactmase enzymes. This study Citrobacter gillenii 1 <0.1% Meropenem 98.8 0.12 ≤0.06 ≤0.06 - > 8 increased to 100% for the Enterobacterales Amikacin 95.4 8 2 ≤0.25 - > 32 14 examined the in vitro activity Citrobacter koseri 123 4.2% when MBL-positive isolates were removed Colistin (n=2544)* 82.2 > 8 0.5 ≤0.06 - > 8 12 of CAZ-AVI and comparators Citrobacter murliniae 1 <0.1% Piperacillin-tazobactam 80.4 32 2 ≤0.12 - > 64 from analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Viruses That Lyse Plant and Human Strains of Kosakonia Cowanii
    viruses Article Novel Viruses That Lyse Plant and Human Strains of Kosakonia cowanii Karel Petrzik 1,* ,Sára Brázdová 1 and Krzysztof Krawczyk 2 1 Biology Centre, Department of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Władislawa W˛egorka20, 60-318 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-387-775-549 Abstract: Kosakonia cowanii (syn. Enterobacter cowanii) is a highly competitive bacterium that lives with plant, insect, fish, bird, and human organisms. It is pathogenic on some plants and an opportunistic pathogen of human. Nine novel viruses that lyse plant pathogenic strains and/or human strains of K. cowanii were isolated, sequenced, and characterized. Kc166A is a novel kayfunavirus, Kc261 is a novel bonnellvirus, and Kc318 is a new cronosvirus (all Autographiviridae). Kc237 is a new sortsnevirus, but Kc166B and Kc283 are members of new genera within Podoviridae. Kc304 is a new winklervirus, and Kc263 and Kc305 are new myoviruses. The viruses differ in host specificity, plaque phenotype, and lysis kinetics. Some of them should be suitable also as pathogen control agents. Keywords: complete genome; bonnellvirus; sortsnevirus; cronosvirus; kayfunavirus; winklervirus; myovirus Citation: Petrzik, K.; Brázdová, S.; Krawczyk, K. Novel Viruses That 1. Introduction Lyse Plant and Human Strains of Kosakonia cowanii is a recently reclassified bacterial species [1] within the Enterobac- Kosakonia cowanii. Viruses 2021, 13, teriaceae family, previously known as Enterobacter cowanii [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Bacteriology
    SECTION 1 High Yield Microbiology 1 Bacteriology MORGAN A. PENCE Definitions Obligate/strict anaerobe: an organism that grows only in the absence of oxygen (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis). Spirochete Aerobe: an organism that lives and grows in the presence : spiral-shaped bacterium; neither gram-positive of oxygen. nor gram-negative. Aerotolerant anaerobe: an organism that shows signifi- cantly better growth in the absence of oxygen but may Gram Stain show limited growth in the presence of oxygen (e.g., • Principal stain used in bacteriology. Clostridium tertium, many Actinomyces spp.). • Distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative Anaerobe : an organism that can live in the absence of oxy- bacteria. gen. Bacillus/bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria (e.g., gram-negative Method bacilli); not to be confused with the genus Bacillus. • A portion of a specimen or bacterial growth is applied to Coccus/cocci: spherical/round bacteria. a slide and dried. Coryneform: “club-shaped” or resembling Chinese letters; • Specimen is fixed to slide by methanol (preferred) or heat description of a Gram stain morphology consistent with (can distort morphology). Corynebacterium and related genera. • Crystal violet is added to the slide. Diphtheroid: clinical microbiology-speak for coryneform • Iodine is added and forms a complex with crystal violet gram-positive rods (Corynebacterium and related genera). that binds to the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-posi- Gram-negative: bacteria that do not retain the purple color tive cell walls. of the crystal violet in the Gram stain due to the presence • Acetone-alcohol solution is added, which washes away of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall; gram-negative bacteria the crystal violet–iodine complexes in gram-negative appear pink due to the safranin counter stain.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2016), 66, 5575–5599 DOI 10.1099/Ijsem.0.001485
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2016), 66, 5575–5599 DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.001485 Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the ‘Enterobacteriales’: proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Mobolaji Adeolu,† Seema Alnajar,† Sohail Naushad and Radhey S. Gupta Correspondence Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Radhey S. Gupta L8N 3Z5, Canada [email protected] Understanding of the phylogeny and interrelationships of the genera within the order ‘Enterobacteriales’ has proven difficult using the 16S rRNA gene and other single-gene or limited multi-gene approaches. In this work, we have completed comprehensive comparative genomic analyses of the members of the order ‘Enterobacteriales’ which includes phylogenetic reconstructions based on 1548 core proteins, 53 ribosomal proteins and four multilocus sequence analysis proteins, as well as examining the overall genome similarity amongst the members of this order. The results of these analyses all support the existence of seven distinct monophyletic groups of genera within the order ‘Enterobacteriales’. In parallel, our analyses of protein sequences from the ‘Enterobacteriales’ genomes have identified numerous molecular characteristics in the forms of conserved signature insertions/deletions, which are specifically shared by the members of the identified clades and independently support their monophyly and distinctness. Many of these groupings, either in part or in whole, have been recognized in previous evolutionary studies, but have not been consistently resolved as monophyletic entities in 16S rRNA gene trees. The work presented here represents the first comprehensive, genome- scale taxonomic analysis of the entirety of the order ‘Enterobacteriales’.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria
    Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria Abiotrophia defectiva Corynebacterium xerosisB Micrococcus lylaeB Staphylococcus warneri Aerococcus sanguinicolaB Dermabacter hominisB Pediococcus acidilactici Staphylococcus xylosusB Aerococcus urinaeB Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensisB Pediococcus pentosaceusB Streptococcus agalactiae Aerococcus viridans Enterococcus avium Rothia dentocariosaB Streptococcus anginosus Alloiococcus otitisB Enterococcus casseliflavus Rothia mucilaginosa Streptococcus canisB Arthrobacter cumminsiiB Enterococcus durans Rothia aeriaB Streptococcus equiB Brevibacterium caseiB Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus auricularisB Streptococcus constellatus Corynebacterium accolensB Enterococcus faecium Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus dysgalactiaeB Corynebacterium afermentans groupB Enterococcus gallinarum Staphylococcus capitis Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp dysgalactiaeV Corynebacterium amycolatumB Enterococcus hiraeB Staphylococcus capraeB Streptococcus dysgalactiae spp equisimilisV Corynebacterium aurimucosum groupB Enterococcus mundtiiB Staphylococcus carnosusB Streptococcus gallolyticus ssp gallolyticusV Corynebacterium bovisB Enterococcus raffinosusB Staphylococcus cohniiB Streptococcus gallolyticusB Corynebacterium coyleaeB Facklamia hominisB Staphylococcus cohnii ssp cohniiV Streptococcus gordoniiB Corynebacterium diphtheriaeB Gardnerella vaginalis Staphylococcus cohnii ssp urealyticusV Streptococcus infantarius ssp coli (Str.lutetiensis)V Corynebacterium freneyiB Gemella haemolysans Staphylococcus delphiniB Streptococcus infantarius
    [Show full text]
  • Skin Creams, Make-Up and Shampoos Should Be Free from Pluralibacter
    www.bfr.bund.de DOI 10.17590/20170922-145503 Skin creams, make-up and shampoos should be free from Pluralibacter Updated BfR Opinion No 038/2020 issued 7 September 20201 The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) has assessed the health risks associated with cosmetic products contaminated with P. gergoviae. Only externally applied products - such as skin creams, make-up or shampoos - were considered. Since its introduction in 2005, an increasing number of products posing a microbiological risk have been notified via the European rapid alert system for consumer products "Safety Gate" (formerly RAPEX). Ten cosmetic products listed in the RAPEX database were affected by confirmed contamination with P. gergoviae. If products contaminated with P. gergoviae are used, the bacterium can enter the body via open wounds or the mucous membranes. Severe infections may develop in people with pre- existing conditions. In the opinion of the BfR, externally applied cosmetic products should be free of P. gergoviae in order to avoid a health risk for humans. The health risks associated with the use of such cosmetic products cannot currently be quantified due to the lack of reliable data. 1 Subject of the assessment In this opinion the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) assesses the potential health risks of topically (externally) applied cosmetic products contaminated with Pluralibacter (P.) gergoviae. 2 Results Cosmetic products contaminated with P. gergoviae may pose a health risk to consumers. Cosmetic products should therefore not be contaminated with facultatively pathogenic P. ger- goviae in order to avoid a health risk, especially for sensitive risk groups. P.
    [Show full text]
  • Lallement Et Al Biogeoscience 2018 Supplementary Material Final
    Supplementary Material Potential biodegradation of phenol in cloud waters Audrey LALLEMENT 1, Ludovic BESAURY 1, Elise TIXIER 1, Martine SANCELME 1, Pierre AMATO 1, Virginie VINATIER 1, Isabelle CANET 1, Olga V. POLYAKOVA 2, Viatcheslay B. ARTAEV 3, Albert T. LEBEDEV 2, Laurent DEGUILLAUME 4, Gilles MAILHOT 1 and Anne- Marie DELORT 1* . 1 Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont- Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France 2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia 3 LECO Corporation, 3000 Lakeview Avenue, St. Joseph, Michigan, 49085, USA 4 Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France *Corresponding author: [email protected] Figure SM1: Back trajectories of the air masses corresponding to cloud events at the PUY station. A) 120 h back-trajectories of the air masses sampled were determined using the HYSPLIT model (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory). Sampling times: November 05 th , 2013 (green); June 27 th , 2014 (purple); February 16 th , 2016 (blue); October 21 th , 2016 (pink) and October 26 th , 2016 (red). B) Distribution of air masses origin as described in Deguillaume et al. (2014). Figure SM2: GC-MS analysis of the cloud sample collected the 16th of February 2016. A) Total ion chromatogram of the cloud sample: Phenol peak is highlighted with blue. B) Mass chromatogram based on the current of ion of m/z 94 (characteristic for phenol). C) Mass spectrum of phenol: Raw (caliper) spectrum, D) deconvoluted (Peak True) experimental spectrum and E) library spectrum. Identification score was very high – 919.
    [Show full text]
  • What Can We Learn from the RAPEX Database?
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Microbiological Safety of Non-Food Products: What Can We Learn from the RAPEX Database? Szilvia Vincze *, Sascha Al Dahouk and Ralf Dieckmann Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] (S.A.D.); [email protected] (R.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 April 2019; Accepted: 3 May 2019; Published: 7 May 2019 Abstract: For consumer protection across borders, the European Union has established the rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products (RAPEX), with the overarching goal of preventing or limiting the sale and use of non-food products that present a serious risk for the health and safety of consumers. In our study, we comprehensively analyzed RAPEX notifications associated with products posing a microbiological risk from 2005 through 2017. Additional information was retrieved from national laboratory reports. A total of 243 microbiologically harmful consumer products triggered notifications in 23 out of 31 participating countries. About half of the products were reported by Spain, Germany, and Italy. Notifications mainly included contaminated toys, cosmetics, and chemical products. Depending on the notifying country, measures taken to prevent the spread of dangerous products were predominantly ordered either by public authorities or economic operators. The interval between microbiological diagnosis and the date of RAPEX notifications considerably varied between RAPEX member states, ranging between a few days and 82 weeks. The nature and extent of RAPEX usage substantially differed among member states, calling for harmonization and optimization. Slight modifications to RAPEX could help to systematically record microbiological hazards, which may improve the assessment of potential health risks due to contaminated non-food products.
    [Show full text]
  • Large Scale Function-Based Genome Prospecting for Industrial Traits Applied to 1,3-Propanediol Production
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.25.457110; this version posted August 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Large scale function-based genome prospecting for industrial traits applied to 1,3-propanediol production. Jasper J. Koehorst ID 1*, , Nikolaos Strepis ID 1,2*, Sanne de Graaf1, Alfons J. M. Stams ID 2,3, Diana Z. Sousa ID 2, and Peter J. Schaap ID 1 1Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology | Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands 2Laboratory of Microbiology | Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands 3Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal Due to the success of next-generation sequencing, there has been normally used. However, over larger phylogenetic distances, a vast build-up of microbial genomes in the public reposito- strategies that use sequence-based clustering algorithms are ries. FAIR genome prospecting of this huge genomic potential hampered by accumulation of evolutionary signals, lateral for biotechnological benefiting, require new efficient and flexible gene transfer, gene fusion/fission events and domain expan- methods. In this study, Semantic Web technologies are applied sions (5). Furthermore, when applied at larger scales, such to develop a function-based genome mining approach that fol- strategies suffer from high computational time and mem- lows a knowledge and discovery in database (KDD) protocol.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Resistance in Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Fish Sold in Western Australia
    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2018 Antibiotic resistance in Gram negative bacteria isolated from fish sold in Western Australia Hannah Kathleen Robinson Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Food Science Commons, Nutrition Commons, and the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, H. K. (2018). Antibiotic resistance in Gram negative bacteria isolated from fish sold in esternW Australia. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2161 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2161 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of a New Enterobacter Onion Bulb
    log bio y: O ro p ic e M n A d e c i l c e p s p s A Applied Microbiology: Open Access Liu, et al., Appli Micro Open Access 2016, 2:2 ISSN: 2471-9315 DOI: 10.4172/2471-9315.1000114 Research Article Open Access Identification and Characterization of a New Enterobacter Onion Bulb Decay Caused by Lelliottia amnigena in China Shiyin Liu1,2, Yingxin Tang1,2, Dechen Wang1,2, Nuoqiao Lin1,2 and Jianuan Zhou1,2* 1Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China 2Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China *Corresponding author: Jianuan Zhou, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China, Tel: +86 20 3863 2491; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: April 21, 2016; Accepted date: May 17, 2016; Published date: May 20, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Liu S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Objectives: Enterobacter is a genus with numerous species associated with clinical relevance, plants, foods and environmental sources. However, the taxonomy of Enterobacter is complicated and confusing. In order to identify the taxonomy of the causal agent isolated from decay onion bulbs in China and provide an example to identify plant pathogens, we used biochemical technologies in combination with molecular biology to confirm the status of the pathogen.
    [Show full text]