GREEN HORNET Achieves Environmentalteam Breakthroughs

Acid Waste Treatment Benefits Shipyards & Maintenance Facilities Navy Accelerates Its Commitment to Green Buildings Marine Corps Seeks to Reduce Global Water Consumption The Navy’s Environmental Magazine • Spring 2007

CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS Director Environmental Readiness Division Rear Admiral James A. Symonds COVER The F/A-18 Green Hornet team has successfully implemented CURRENTS STAFF a series of environmentally-friendly technologies without Managing Editor compromising the production, performance and deployment Bruce McCaffrey of the aircraft. Bruce McCaffrey Consulting, Inc. U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 2nd Class Christopher L. Jordan [email protected] • 773-376-6200 Contributing Writer Cordelia Shea Art Director 6 Victoria Bermel Graphic Artist Green Hornet Team Achieves Amy Jungers Environmental Breakthroughs Distribution Manager Program Office Implements Green Technologies Lorraine Wass [email protected] • 207-384-5249 Without Compromising Aircraft Performance

EDITORIAL BOARD Chief of Naval Operations Environmental Readiness Division Currents (ISSN 1544-6603) is the official environmental magazine of the U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval David Price Operations Environmental Readiness Division (N45). Participating Commands include the Naval [email protected] • 703-602-2550 Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP). Naval Air Systems Command This magazine is an authorized publication for members of the Department of Defense. Statements Dave Brock made in the N45 Outlook column reflect the official environmental policy of the Navy. The contents [email protected] • 904-317-2038 in the remainder of the magazine are not necessarily the official views of, or endorsed by, the U.S. Government, the Department of Defense, or the United States Navy. Inclusion of any product or Naval Facilities Engineering Command service in any Currents feature article does not constitute an endorsement by the Navy. The Navy Associate Editor encourages all readers to check with the appropriate supervising authority prior to using any Kathi Jones product or service mentioned in the magazine. [email protected] • 805-982-4899 Article submissions should be submitted through the appropriate Command representative using the Currents article template. The Security and Policy Review (SPR) must be completed by the indi- Naval Sea Systems Command vidual Commands before Currents management can consider an article for publication. All other Deborah Verderame inquiries may be addressed to the management of the magazine. [email protected] • 202-781-1837 Browse the Currents archives and subscribe to the magazine at NAVAIR’s environmental web site at www.enviro-navair.navy.mil. Currents is also available on the Defense Environmental Network Naval Supply Systems Command & Information eXchange at www.denix.osd.mil through the “Public Menu” and the “Publications> Roger Fry Navy>Currents—The Navy’s Environmental Magazine” link. Please contact Lorraine Wass, [email protected] • 717-605-5300 Currents’ Distribution Manager, with any changes to mailing addresses or shipping quantities. 62

FEATURES 22 Coming Soon: Hydrogen Fueling 22 Station Project Demonstration Underway at Camp Pendleton DEPARTMENTS

4 N45 Outlook 28 From Landfill to Thriving Marsh Land N45 Completes Strategic Plan Site Cleanup at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek 39 Enhances Marsh Life Trends of the Environment 51 Best Shot Acid Waste Treatment Benefits 32 Shipyards & Maintenance Facilities 58 Technology Tips Working Group Promotes Green Cleaning Heavy Metal Removal Technology Enhances Environmental & Mission Readiness

Navy Accelerates Its 52 Commitment to Green 28 Buildings Adopting Metrics & Policies to Get the Greenest Buildings Practicable

Marine Corps Seeks to 62 Reduce Global Water Consumption Prioritization Survey is First Step Toward Real Reductions N45outlook

N45 Completes Strategic Plan

the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Fleet Readiness and Themes Include Logistics. In addition, we surveyed key stakeholders throughout the Navy. They identified some consistent themes such as the need for an Operational Readiness operational readiness focus, the sustainability of our ranges and operating areas, proactive engagement with regulators, aggressive public & Range Sustainability outreach and the need for sustained compliance. We used these themes as the basis for the plan’s objectives and desired effects. n the spring 2005 issue of An important aspect of the strategic plan is that it is “effects based.” Currents, my The desired effects serve as a bridge between the plan’s long term predecessor, strategic objectives and the tactical tasks we engage in on a daily basis. I Each effect is supported by multiple tasks, and many of the tasks Rear Admiral Mark Boensel, embarked support multiple effects. upon development For example, one of our desired effects is “Navy, joint and combined of a strategic plan operations and to serve as a frame- training planned and work for efforts to executed to fully ensure the Navy’s meet operational ability to operate in readiness require- an environmentally ments and Navy responsible manner, environmental both ashore and afloat. After over two years of objectives.” This work, we completed version one in August 2006 effect is supported and are actively working on implementation by numerous tasks with our partners throughout the Navy. focused on devel- To ensure that our efforts are fully aligned with oping policy, the Navy’s mission, we reviewed and analyzed ensuring appro- strategic guidance promulgated by the Secretary priate resources of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations, and are available, The desired effects (of the plan) serve as a bridge between the plan’s long term strategic objectives and the tactical tasks we engage in on a daily basis.

4 Currents SPRING 2007 N45outlook

Effective strategic planning is crucial to our ability to rapidly and effectively respond to the many and varied challenges which confront us, and those to come.

managing/attending working groups, executing outreach, communicating inter- nally, engaging regulators, supporting research and development, test and evaluation, and providing tools to operators. If you study the entire plan in more detail, you can easily see how other desired effects are supported by the same types of tasks. (A reprint of the plan is provided as the center spread in this issue of Currents.) We are using the plan to help ensure that our day-to-day cally for the Chief of Naval Operations Environmental work is fully aligned with our mission. Because many of the Readiness Division (CNO N45), the desired effects identi- tasks are dynamic, and often relatively short term, we iden- fied are common to many Navy organizations. If your orga- tify and track them outside of the strategic plan. The plan is nization does not currently have a strategic plan addressing intended to be dynamic. I meet with my staff every six environmental readiness, feel free to use ours as a starting weeks or so to review progress on the assigned tasks and to point. I hope that those of you working in the program can identify revisions required, reflecting changes in Navy see how your current workload aligns, and will use it as a requirements and the operating environment. We have also tool to support your efforts. found the plan to be very helpful during our transition to As you review, reflect upon and potentially utilize the plan, the National Security Personnel System as it aligns our please let us know if you find it useful and whether you efforts directly to Navy top level guidance. think any improvements should be made. For further infor- General Dwight D. Eisenhower once said “Plans are useless, mation, or to obtain an electronic or additional hard copies of the CNO N45 Strategic Plan, please contact David Price, but planning is everything.” Effective strategic planning is crucial to our ability to rapidly and effectively respond to CNO N451, at [email protected]. the many and varied challenges which confront us, and Rear Admiral James A. Symonds those to come. While the plan below was developed specifi- Director, Environmental Readiness Division

SPRING 2007 Currents 5 6 Currents SPRING 2007 GREEN HORNET Achieves Environmentalteam Breakthroughs

Program Office Implements Technologies Without Compromising Aircraftgreen Performance

HE F/A-18 GREEN HORNET TEAM HAS SUCCESSFULLY IMPLEMENTED A SERIES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE THE PRODUCTION, PERFORMANCE AND DEPLOYMENT OF THE AIRCRAFT.

Significant efforts were exerted by the govern- tment/industry team, led by the F/A-18 Strike Fighter Program Office (Program Manager— Air (PMA) 265) at the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), to make the original Hornets environmentally friendly. These aircraft, that achieved Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in the twentieth century, also achieved extraordinary breakthroughs in eliminating and/or reducing environmental, safety, and occupational health (ESOH) risks with the development of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. The Super Hornet Block II is the most combat capable, affordable, joint interoperable, multi-mission strike-fighter aircraft in the world today. Seven years have passed since the F/A- 18E/F Super Hornet entered the fleet in 1999. Since that time, the United States Navy (USN) has accepted 260 Super Hornets, stood up 14 fleet squadrons, two Fleet Readiness Squadrons, and three test squadrons.

SPRING 2007 Currents 7 These F/A-18 aircraft achieved breakthroughs in eliminatingextraordinary and/or reducing ESOH risks with the development of the Super Hornet.

Since IOC in 1999, the Navy has used led by PMA265’s ESOH a disciplined, iterative, incremental Manager, Mike Rudy. The GHT development process to manage tech- oversees and guides ESOH The PMA265 nological risk and cost while inte- requirements for PMA265 Green Hornet Team grating the most advanced sensors, acquisition programs, including computers, electronic warfare systems the F/A-18E/F and EA-18G. PMA265 ESOH Manager and precision air-to-ground weapons The GHT mission is to manage and simultaneously giving equal ESOH risks to the maximum PMA265 System Safety Engineers emphasis to ESOH considerations. The extent practicable, while simul- NAVAIR Materials key to these remarkable achievements taneously assuring successful is the cooperative and systematic production and deployment of NAVAIR Power & Propulsion approach of the government/contractor these aircraft. Government and team employed to meet ESOH respon- contractors work together to NAVAIR Research & Engineering sibilities. The same techniques meet ESOH responsibilities and General Electric Transportation successful in the development of the raise awareness of potential Super Hornet are being applied to the ESOH concerns associated with Boeing Corporation development of its electronic attack the F/A-18E/F and EA-18G Raytheon variant—the EA-18G Growler. acquisition programs. Overall objectives for the GHT and Northrop Grumman Corporation The F/A-18E/F and EA-18G program PMA265 include: team, comprised of 150 civilians and Booz Allen Hamilton 35 military personnel, is grouped into 1. Eliminating and/or reducing mission-focused Integrated Product hazardous materials Teams (IPT). The Green Hornet Team (HAZMAT); (GHT) serves as the ESOH IPT and is 2. Identifying material reduction and 4. Addressing safety with regard to recycling opportunities; the systems and human environment, and 3. Implementing design changes that help to reduce ESOH impacts and 5. Participating in promising research potential associated costs; and development initiatives. The F/A-18E/F and EA-18G acquisition programs are committed to the ESOH policies outlined in Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 5000.1 and DoD Instruction 5000.2, which pertain to Compliance, National Environ- mental Policy Act (NEPA), Safety and Occupational Health, and HAZMAT Management/Pollution Prevention The second Growler Airborne (P2). PMA265’s ESOH strategy for the Electronic Attack aircraft F/A-18E/F and EA-18G programs is takes off with Boeing pilot based on Military Standard-882D. The Gregory Bigalk and overall intent is to identify ESOH risk weapons system operator areas and a series of strategies to elimi- Dana Perkins on board. nate or reduce the degree of risk, Photos by Dave Martin

8 Currents SPRING 2007 A new era in naval aviation begins with the first EA-18G Growler aircraft. The next-generation electronic attack aircraft combines the combat-proven F/A-18 Super Hornet with a state-of-the-art electronic warfare avionics suite. The EA-18G is expected to enter initial operational capability in 2009. U.S. Navy photo where practical, and to manage costs, liabilities, and Naval Sea Systems Command, and General Electric (GE) schedule delays for PMA265. As risks are identified, they are Transportation. The TVC is a distinctive and innovative resolved in cooperation with all stakeholders. The F/A18-E/F concept for a high performance gas turbine engine with low and EA-18G programs exemplify integrating ESOH issues emissions and reduced fuel consumption. Combustion is into weapon system design, testing and evaluation, and completed as the partially combusted air from the cavities operations as the following examples demonstrate. mixes with the main airflow. TVC project goals are to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by 50 percent, carbon Installation of Dedicated Pre-cooling monoxide (CO) by 60 percent, unburned hydrocarbons by 80 Switches in the Cockpit percent, and fuel consumption without compromising engine performance attributes such as thrust, weight, and cost. A medium/high risk for the EA-18G program (the AEA Pre- Cooling System) has been successfully mitigated and closed. CONTINUED ON PAGE 14 Aircraft avionic cooling fans were not providing sufficient cool air on hot days to operate the ALQ-218 equipment on the gun bay pallet during built-in-tests (BIT). In an attempt to provide adequate cooling, air was being diverted from the cockpit to the AEA pallet via a series of manual, rather than automatic control procedures. This preliminary design approach presented the potential for hypoxic conditions to the EA-18G crew from insidious loss of cabin pressure and the potential for a catastrophic fan failure if the pre-cool cockpit setup switches did not return to their proper posi- tions after the BIT checks. This hazard was successfully designed out by installing dedicated pre-cooling switches in the cockpit that use a magnetically held switch and relay control logic to control pre-cooling valve commands. Incorporating a High Performance Engine with Low Emissions & Reduced Fuel Consumption The TVC seeks to reduce nitrogen oxides emissions, The Trapped Vortex Combustor (TVC) project is a collabora- carbon monoxide emissions, unburned hydrocarbons, and tive effort among PMA265, NAVAIR Propulsion and Power, the fuel consumption without compromising engine performance.

SPRING 2007 Currents 9 A History of the F/A-18 Strike Fighter

oday, the F/A-18 Hornets and Super Hornets Following a successful run of more than 400 A are flying from the U.S. Navy’s twelve aircraft and B models, the U.S. Navy began taking fleet carriers, from Naval and Marine Corps Air deliveries of improved F/A-18C (single-seat) and Stations, Marine Corps Expeditionary Air F/A-18D (dual-seat) models in September 1987. Fields, and from the air bases of seven additional These Hornets carry the Advanced Medium tnations. The Hornets, and their larger younger Range air-to-air Missile (AMRAAM) and the brothers, the Super Hornets, are multi-mission infrared imaging Maverick air-to-ground missile. strike fighters, combining the capabilities of a Two years later, the C/D models came with fighter or interceptor with those of attack aircraft improved night attack capabilities; the new or bombers. The original F/A-18A (single-seat) components included a navigation forward- and F/A-18B (dual-seat) became operational in looking infrared pod, a raster head-up display, 1983, replacing Navy A-7s and Marine Corps night vision goggles and compatible cockpit F-4s. The Hornet quickly became the battle group lighting, a digital color moving map and an inde- commander’s mainstay because of its capability, pendent multipurpose color display. versatility and availability. Reliability and An F/A-18E Super Hornet going transonic. ease of maintenance Photo by Kurt Lengfield were emphasized in the Hornet’s design, and F/A- 18s have consistently flown three times more hours without failure than other Navy tactical aircraft, while requiring half the maintenance time.

The F/A-18 has a digital fly-by-wire flight control system, which provides Beginning in 1991 the Hornets featured the new excellent handling qualities, and allows pilots to F404-GE-402 engines, each generating almost learn to fly the airplane with relative ease. At the 2,000 pounds more thrust than the original F404- same time, this system provides excellent maneu- GE-400 engines. This restored performance verability and stability, permitting the pilot to degraded by the weight and growth increases over concentrate on operating the weapons system. An the previous decade. impressive thrust-to-weight ratio and superior turn characteristics combined with outstanding energy The F/A-18 has proven to be an ideal component addition capability, enable the F/A-18 to hold its of the carrier-based tactical aviation equation over own against any adversary. In addition, the F/A-18 its 24 years of operations. Throughout its service, was also the Navy’s first tactical jet aircraft to incor- annual upgrades to the F/A-18 weapon systems, porate a digital MUX bus architecture for the entire sensors, and other components have continued. system’s avionics suite. The benefit of this design The latest lots of F/A-18C/D’s have grown to be far feature is that the F/A-18 has been relatively easy more capable (night attack, precision strike, low to upgrade on a regular, affordable basis. observable technologies, etc.) than the original

10 Currents SPRING 2007 F/A-18. However, by 1991 it was becoming clear that avionics cooling, electrical power and space constraints would begin to limit future growth. Additionally, another operational deficiency was beginning to develop. As the F/A-18C/D empty weight increased, An F/A-18E doing spin testing. aircraft returning to the Photo by Randy Hepp carrier with high value unexpended stores were unable to land with the Structurally, the Super Hornet is built largely from desired amount of reserve fuel due to maximum aluminum alloys, with extensive use of carbon carrier landing weight limitations. In other words, fiber composite skins in the wings, and titanium the Hornet’s “bring-back” capability was limited as in several critical areas. The design load factor the aircraft’s empty weight increased over the limit of 7.5Gs is identical to the F/A-18A-D. years. The additional range and bring-back are not as essential to shore based operations. Hornets With a 40 percent increase in range over the will fly for years with the U.S. Marine Corps and F/A-18C/D, 25 percent greater payload, three seven international customers: Australia, Canada, times the bring-back, five times the survivability, Finland, Kuwait, Malaysia, Spain, and the capability to serve as an airborne tanker, and Switzerland. Although the F/A-18C/D’s future growth capacity for 20 years, the Super Hornet is growth is now limited, it continues to fill a critical an immensely successful investment in the role in the U.S. Navy’s carrier battle group and is nation’s defense. To top off these successes, the an excellent complement to the larger, longer- aircraft program is meeting its performance, cost range, more capable F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. and schedule plans laid out in 1991—a unique achievement in the record books of modern The Super Hornet is substantially a new aircraft, defense acquisition. which shares only limited structural common- ality with the F/A-18A-D family of fighters. The most notable visual difference between the While the F/A-18E/F forward fuselage is derived F/A-18A-D and F/A-18E/F, to the casual observer, from the F/A-18A-D design, the wing, center and is the engine inlets. The inlets represent a key aft fuselage, tail surfaces and powerplants are design optimization intended to reduce the entirely new. The baseline avionics system is aircraft’s forward sector radar cross section. It however largely derived from the F/A-18C/D, would be fair to say that the F/A-18E/F employs with planned growth through further evolved the most extensive radar cross section reduction derivatives of the radar, electronic warfare and (RCS) measures of any contemporary fighter, other core avionic systems, and entirely new systems than the very low observable F-22 and the Joint where appropriate. Strike Fighter. While the F/A-18E/F is not a true

SPRING 2007 Currents 11 stealth fighter like the F-22, it has a forward sector SEA (CV 43), F/A-18’s launched HARMs against RCS arguably an order of magnitude smaller than Libyan air defense radars and missile sites, effec- seventies designed fighters. The Super Hornet tively silencing them during the attacks on employs a further evolved derivative of the F/A- Benghazi facilities. 18C/D avionic package. While the AN/APG-73 radar is retained, provisions have been made for In 1991, on the first day of Operation Desert the AN/APG-79 Active Electronically Scanned Storm, two F/A-18’s, each carrying four 2,000- Array (AESA) retrofit. The Super Hornets currently pound bombs, shot down two Iraqi MiGs and rolling off the assembly line are equipped with the then proceeded to deliver their bombs on target. AESA radar and the new Advanced Targeting Squadrons of U.S. Navy, Marine and Canadian Forward Looking Infrared (ATFLIR) targeting pod. F/A-18’s set records daily in reliability, survivability and ton-miles of ordnance delivered. Considerable development has also been committed to an elec- An F/A-18F Super Hornet launches from tronic combat derivative of the the flight deck of aircraft carrier USS JOHN C. STENNIS (CVN 74). F/A-18F—the E/A-18G Growler. U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication This aircraft will replace the EA- Specialist 3rd Class Paul J. Perkins 6B Prowler, which is often considered too slow to keep up with strike packages, with a fully combat capable escort jammer and high-speed anti-radiation missile (HARM) shooter. The Airborne Electronic Attack Variant F/A-18F derivative employs wing tip pods with receiver equipment, a mission avionics package in In 1999 Hornets supported Operation Allied Force the M-61 gun bay, and a mixed payload of AN/ALQ- in Kosovo, neutralizing Serbian troops, armor, and 99 derivative high power support jamming pods and infrastructure, and flying cover for the rescue of a AGM-88 HARM or derivative anti-radiation missiles. downed F-16 pilot.

The use of a buddy refueling pod in conjunction Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001 saw with four 480-U.S gallon wing tanks is a standard Hornets engaging Al Qaeda and Taliban forces in role for the F/A-18E/F. Afghanistan, polishing the close liaison with Special Forces and Marines on the ground that A key role in USN service is tactical tanking, using proved so successful later in Iraq. a buddy refueling store. With the retirement of the KS-3 Viking tankers, the F/A-18E/F has become Beginning in 2004 and throughout the initial the sole carrier based tactical tanking asset. Unlike phases of Operation Iraqi Freedom, six aircraft the KA-6D and KS-3, an F/A-18E/F gas truck is carriers (four equipped with Hornets and two not a tanker to be trifled with by hostile fighters. with both Hornets and Super Hornets) provided around-the-clock support to U.S. Army and U.S. F/A-18’s played an important role in the 1986 Marine Corps forces charging up the Tigris strikes against Libya. Flying from the USS CORAL Euphrates valleys and to Special Forces scattered

12 Currents SPRING 2007 throughout northern and western Iraq. Additional Hornets flown by U.S. Marines and by the Royal Australian Air Force supple- mented this onslaught.

On 11 February 2000, the National Aeronautic Association awarded the F/A-18E/F its Robert J. Collier Trophy for the greatest achievement in aeronautics in America, with respect to improving the performance, efficiency, and safety of air or space vehicles, the value of which has An F/A-18E doing a wind been thoroughly demon- up turn during a flight test. strated by actual use during Photo by Randy Hepp the preceding year.

On 14 November 2000, the F/A-18E/F team was awarded the 2000 Aviation Week Quality Center Award. This award recognizes superior quality management in civil, military and space organizations and facilities. The Super Hornet team was chosen for consistently remaining on or ahead of schedule and under budget, meeting or surpassing key performance parameters and flying the first The F/A-18E—the fourth E engineering and manufacturing development Super Hornet deploying aircraft one month early. the spin safety chute. Photo by Vernon Pugh, Jr. The F/A-18E/F’s AESA radar team was awarded the Aviation Week & Space Technology 2002 The F/A-18 has been in the forefront of carrier Laureate for Electronics. This radar, the aviation’s capabilities and campaigns for 24 years. AN/APG-79, promises to be more lethal, surviv- Throughout these years, it has been enhanced able and reliable than any airborne fire control and kept ahead of the threat. The newest edition radar today. of this success story is poised for at least another quarter century of evolutionary development, The EA-18G has been selected for the 2006 David with greatly expanded roles into missions such as Packard Excellence in Acquisition Award, the electronic warfare. Because of the F/A-18, carrier Defense Department’s most prestigious team aviation is superbly prepared for the challenges in award for acquisition excellence. the 21st century.

SPRING 2007 Currents 13 PMA265 is focused on solutions that do not impingetechnical on aircraft thrust while allowing for a significant reduction in noise decibel levels.

TABLE 1: TVC Emissions Reductions (in pounds) CONTINUED FROM PAGE 9 Carbon Nitrogen Unburned Table 1 reflects the overall projected Monoxide Oxides Hydrocarbons air emission reductions that could be achieved with the TVC, while Emission reductions per Table 2 reflects the overall projected landing take off (LTO) cycles 14.92 17.14 27.38 fuel consumption reductions. The Estimated emissions reductions combined projected air emission and fuel consumption reductions per annum at all locations* 2,543,010 2,921,393 4,666,729 that could be achieved with the TVC Estimated emissions reductions offer a viable way to further protect over 25-year life cycle 63,575,239 73,034,826 116,668,234 the environment and sustain our natural resources. Achievement of * Based on an estimated total F/A-18E/F fleet average of 170,443 LTO cycles per annum at all locations at sea and ashore. these benefits would help reduce impacts on air quality in areas desig- nated as non-attainment by the U.S. TABLE 2: TVC Fuel Consumption Reductions Environmental Protection Agency. Pounds Mass Gallons Non-chromated Plating Ground Idle (G/I) state per LTO* 23 3.37 & Primers Annual reduction consumption Boeing is working on qualification in G/I state 7,848,561 Over 1.15 million of several non-chromated plating Estimated fuel consumption and primers for F/A-18E/F and EA- 18G application. Non-chrome reduction over 25-year lifecycle Over 196 million Over 28.7 million primers and paints under study for * This fuel savings estimate is based on the 42.5 minutes at G/I during the LTO. use as a tie-coat include zero Volatile Organic Compound, waterborne, and water-reducible primers. The substitutions are equivalent in performance to their predecessors; yet do not pose the hexavalent chrome exposure health risk. Additionally, for aircraft with the previous paints and primers, Boeing has implemented a process of surface reactivation in lieu of sanding to prevent the release of chrome into the air. The previous process (hand sanding) took 14.5 hours per aircraft. The use of surface reactivation, for 14.5 hours per aircraft, at an average of 48 aircraft An F/A-18F Super Hornet is chained to the flight deck per year, provides a human expo- of aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69). sure to chrome avoidance of 696 U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Jason Johnston labor hours.

14 Currents SPRING 2007 The Basics About the F/A-18 Strike Fighter Contractor Boeing (McDonnell Douglas Aerospace) Northrop Grumman (Airframe) General Electric (Engines) Raytheon (Radar) F/A-18C/D Hornet F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Power Plant Two F404-GE-402 afterburning engines, each in the Twin F414-GE-400 engines, each in 18,000 pound thrust class,which results in a combat the 22,000 pound thrust class. On an thrust-to-weight ratio greater than 1-to-1. Depending interdiction mission, the E/F will fly up on the mission and loading, combat radius is greater to 40 percent further than the C/D. than 500 nautical miles. Accommodations The F/A-18C and F/A-18E are single seat aircraft. The D and F models are flown by two crew members. The aft seat in the D and F may be configured with a stick and throttle for the training environment (or without when crewed with a Weapons System Officer). Performance F/A-18C maximum speed at level flight in F/A-18E maximum speed at level flight altitudes of 36,089 feet: Mach 1.7 in altitudes of 36,089 feet: Mach 1.6 Armament F/A-18C/D can carry up to 13,700 pounds of F/A-18E/F can carry up to 17,750 external ordnance. pounds of external ordnance. Weapon stations include: two wingtip stations for Two additional wing store stations Sidewinders; two outboard wing stations for air-to- have been added. air or air-to-ground weapons; two inboard wing stations for fuel tanks, air-to-air, or air-to-ground weapons; two nacelle fuselage stations for the AIM-120 advanced medium-range air-to-air missile, AIM-7 Sparrow, or sensor pods; and one centerline station for fuel or air-to-ground weapons. Mission & The F/A-18C/D Hornet can perform both air-to-air The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet is able Capabilities and air-to-ground missions. to perform a strike tanker mission Cockpit displays and mission avionics are whie carrying a self-protection air-to- thoroughly integrated to enhance crew situational air missile loadout. awareness and mission capability in high threat, The E/F model also has greater and adverse weather/night environments. payload flexibility, increased mission Cockpits are night vision goggle compatible. radius, survivability, payload bring Multi-Sensor Integration and advanced data link back, and a substantial avionics capabilities further enhance situational awareness. growth potential. Total Program $39.5 million $60 million Unit Cost (FY98 calculations)

SPRING 2007 Currents 15 PMA265 has an record managing major acquisition programsexemplary while simultaneously integrating DoD ESOH requirements with the acquisition program process.

Reducing Hazardous Waste average cost of $500 per barrel) and a effective and technically possible During Engine Manufacture cost savings of $25,000 in 2004 vice approach for jet noise reduction. 2003 disposal costs. Basing of naval aircraft (and high General Electric, the prime contractor performance carrier aircraft in partic- for the F414 engines used in the F/A- PMA265 is also actively participating ular) has become problematic because 18E/F and EA-18G, has achieved with other organizations on potential, of civilian community protest and liti- dramatic reductions in hazardous viable technology solutions for gation. Carrier deck noise mitigation is waste and success in P2 at their F414 reducing noise levels generated by also an ESOH issue. Long-term manufacturing plant in Lynn, MA. high performance aircraft. PMA265 is hearing loss is of particular concern as Over 2,000,000 pounds (lbs) of working with the Office of Naval a real occupational health issue and a hazardous waste was generated annu- Research (ONR), GE Transportation, large financial liability the federal ally and stored in 10 above and the National Center for Physical government is incurring from long- ground/underground storage tanks in Acoustics at the University of term disability claims. 1997. This was reduced to 281,000 Mississippi to determine the most cost lbs in 2004 resulting in a 90 percent hazardous waste stream reduction. This was achieved through the use of off site recycling of jet fuel, oils/coolants, carbon filters and lead film. No operational hazardous waste tanks are currently used at the facility. Additionally, the use of toxic chemicals has declined from 225,000 lbs to 41,000 lbs. Chlorinated solvent use has been nearly eliminated, use of HCFC-141b discontinued and high- risk production units eliminated. Improved Inventory & Waste Management System Northrop Grumman Corporation developed an improved inventory and waste management system to minimize HAZMAT and environmental waste on the F/A-18E/F and EA-18G. The project, beginning in 2004, focused on reducing the amount of virgin paints and chemicals exceeding their shelf life and being disposed of as hazardous waste. Changes made to Northrop Grumman’s HAZMAT and waste management procedures proved to reduce approximately 2,500 An F/A-18F Super Hornet has its gallons of hazardous waste (50 arresting gear down prior to landing. U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate gallons of waste/barrel with an Airman Adam Cobb

16 Currents SPRING 2007 PMA265 is focused on technical solutions that do not impinge on aircraft thrust while allowing for a significant reduction in noise decibel levels. PMA265 and their partners have evaluated multiple noise suppression concepts experimentally and computationally including chevrons, corrugations, high-pressure microjet droplet spray injection and high-pressure microjet air injection. GE Transportation’s Jet Noise Reduction Technology Development for the F414/F404 of fluidic chevrons is particularly attractive. Similarly, PMA265 is looking at the Boeing-Beveled Angle Nozzle Noise Reduction initiative. PMA265’s ESOH Manager, Mike Rudy, has been nomi- nated to serve on a standing North Atlantic Treaty Organization committee that seeks technical, affordable and feasible solutions to jet noise problems caused by high performance jet aircraft. PMA265 is working with several government organization efforts to raise ESOH awareness and promote sustainability within acquisition programs. PMA265 participates in the Hard Chrome Alternatives Team (HCAT) and Propulsion Environmental Working Group (PEWG) to remain abreast of technologies potentially applicable to the F/A-18E/F and EA-18G Programs. The HCAT is committed to replacing chrome plating on commercial and military aircraft. The ESOH problem with hard chrome arises during production, plating, and other maintenance processes, which may result in the release of carcinogenic hexavalent chromium ions or personnel exposure to the toxin. Replacing hard chrome with alter- Pilots conduct a pre-flight inspection on an F/A-18F Super Hornet. natives, such as high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), would U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Jon Hyde help to eliminate ESOH risks. Depending on results from current HVOF tests, it could be a future alternative for the F/A-18E/F and EA-18G. PMA 265 monitors PEWG initia- The Green Hornet ESOH team will continue to collaborate tives, which are focused on methods to extend the life of with ONR, other DoD organizations, private industry, and systems and reduce waste in all factors of production, academia to mitigate current air emissions, hazardous mate- reduce cost of product ownership, and minimize safety rials, and jet noise concerns for the promise of substantial, and health risks, and improve environmental security. additional ESOH risk reductions all while ensuring the PMA265 also works with the Strategic Environmental continued successful production, performance and deploy- Research and Development Program and the ment of the aircraft. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program in developing new ESOH initiatives (such as the TVC). The Green Hornet team’s ESOH risk management efforts have not gone unnoticed. The winner of DoD’s David CONTACT Packard Excellence in Acquisition Award in 2006, PMA265 Mike Rudy has an exemplary record managing major acquisition F/A-18 Program Office (PMA265) programs while simultaneously integrating DoD ESOH requirements with the acquisition program process. 301-757-7638 Indicative of this success is winning the Chief of Naval DSN: 757-7638 Operations Environmental Readiness Division’s Award for [email protected] Environmental Excellence in Weapon System Acquisition consecutively in 2001, 2003 and 2005.

SPRING 2007 Currents 17 Solving the SolventPuzzle

higher flashpoint solvent is safer but is NAVAIR Experts Seek Replacements for usually a less effective cleaner, so each product is designed to be used for Dry Cleaning Solvent different applications. Ideally, main- tainers can select a product with the hydraulic system assemblies, weapons, highest flashpoint available that effec- inding a suitable substitute tively performs a task. for dry cleaning solvent has engines, wheel wells, bearings, and puzzled experts from the more. They are also effective at A complement of environmentally Naval Air Systems cleaning parts in parts washers. friendly products must eventually be Command (NAVAIR) for The original product line currently available for use in a variety of applica- Fquite some time now. But thanks to covered in Commercial Item tions, in locations with differing regu- the dedication of a number of engi- Description A-A-59601, commonly latory requirements neers and other professionals from known as P-D-680, is being phased out prohibiting/regulating the two existing across the Navy, with support from the in some locations because it contains military specifications. For example, Army and a joint service solvent unacceptably high levels of hazardous performance can be measured by the substitution working group, the pieces air pollutants (HAP) and volatile ability to degrease or remove are falling into place. organic compounds (VOC), which dirt/debris, anti-corrosive properties, contribute to certain health problems residue remaining after complete It is known by many names— drying, dry time, or other factors, Stoddard Solvent, P-D-680, and photochemical smog respectively. To reduce the toxicity and negative which are evaluated against require- Commercial Item Description A-A- ments. The performance of the 59601, MIL-PRF-680 Type II cleaner, effects of this compound, a new specification called MIL-PRF-680 was devel- cleaning product is directly related to Varsol, dry cleaning fluid. But it comes the chemical make-up of the product. from a family of solvents for which oped. There are three types of P-D-680 solvents, and four types of MIL-PRF- More often than not, the regulatory environmentally friendly alternatives restrictions conflict with the perfor- are being sought. These products may 680 solvents. The difference between types is basically in the flashpoint. A mance requirements, making a solu- be used as a cleaner or rinse for tion virtually impossible. The aircraft wheel and corrosion control manuals are being reviewed to identify all references to MIL-PRF-680 and investigate alternate non-aqueous solvents that may be used.

18 Currents SPRING 2007 To baseline information about commonly used products, a Updated HAT & ESA Fact Sheets contract was put in place by NAVAIR’s Aging Aircraft Integrated Product Team with Science Logistics, Inc. and Now Available for Download Tiburon Associates, Inc., both of which are part of the San Antonio based National Sustainment Technology Center, to or more information about HAT and ESA, AIR 1.6 has document the product names, their types of uses and usage fmade available for download updated fact sheets from amounts, and the positive and negative attributes of each. the NAVAIR environmental web site. Visit www.enviro- navair.navy.mil then select “Fact Sheets” to download The report was completed in the spring of 2006 with support from Eric Rasmussen at the Naval Air Warfare PDFs of these and other fact sheets about the other prod- Center—Aircraft Division, Lakehurst, NJ. Rasmussen devel- ucts and services provided by AIR 1.6. oped software, called HAT (for the Hazardous Materials Authorized Use List (HMAUL) Analysis Tool) that scans For more information about HAT, contact Eric Rasmussen digital documents for various types of information, such as at 732-323-7481 or [email protected]. military specifications, National Stock Numbers, and For more information about ESA, contact Eric Friedl solvents (by various names), and provides tabular output at 805-982-3688 or [email protected]. that lists the page number of each material reference and other pertinent data. The HAT software, whose development was sponsored by NAVAIR’s Program Management Competency’s Environmental Programs Department (AIR 1.6), has been vital in scanning hundreds of technical manuals during the revision process to ensure that the manuals comply with environmental regulations. Rasmussen’s input and the HAT software allowed for the quick, efficient and comprehensive identification of MIL- PRF-680 references that would have otherwise required the review of each manual page-by-page to accurately document the specific instances of MIL-PRF-680. Another source of data for this effort came from Eric Friedl, from the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), who manages the Environmental Systems Allocation (ESA) database. ESA, developed jointly by AIR 1.6 and NFESC, tracks actual usage of hazardous materials (and generation of hazardous waste) across the naval aviation maintenance community down to the squadron level. ESA data provided a breakdown of consumption rates for each product by platform, location, activity, work center, and amount. The results of the analyses conducted using HAT and ESA software contained great insights into the pervasiveness of references to MIL-PRF-680 in aviation maintenance manuals as well as a much better appreciation of the volume and distribution of the solvent’s use at maintenance facilities. This report plays an important part in the efforts to look at MIL-PRF-680 replacements that have been taking place for the last two years. Dr. El Sayed Arafat from NAVAIR Patuxent River, MD, conducted laboratory tests to assess different cleaners and blends to evaluate possible alternatives. A family of chemistries classified as cyclic siloxanes, which are HAP- free and contain zero-VOCs, are showing promising results.

SPRING 2007 Currents 19 The goal to make many processes that employ MIL-PRF-680B NESHAP- and VOC-compliant is now within reach. The puzzle is nearly solved.

A matrix of data on available products, usages, potential replacements, funding, testing, and fielding is being updated and shared among the team to track progress and establish priorities. (This matrix is available for review at https:// js3.ctc.com/gd.asp.) The JS3 Methodology is being used to develop the acceptance criteria for alternative cleaners for all processes. (For more insights into the JS3 Methodology, read our article entitled, “Working Group Promotes Green Cleaning: Environmentally Friendly Alternatives Captured in On-Line Database, “ in this issue of Currents.) An example of two areas with wide impact are the aircraft wheel manual (NAVAIR 04-10-1) and cleaning and corrosion control manuals (NAVAIR 01-1A-509-1 through -4). These manuals are being reviewed to identify all references to MIL-PRF-680 and investigate alternate non-aqueous solvents that may be used on board ships or in other restricted areas. It is hoped that the results of this research and testing will be the development of an alternative MIL- Aviation Structural Mechanic 2nd Class Michael Olver cleans the PRF-680 specification that incorporates newer and safer tire rims on a P-3C “Orion”. Aircraft are washed every 28 days as part of preventative maintenance and corrosion control schedule. products and processes. U.S. Navy Photo by Photographer’s Mate 2nd Class Catherine R. Kee Wayne Zeigler from the Army (another co-chair of the JS3WG) was instrumental in adding HAP-free verbiage to It is hopeful that these new types of cleaners, along with the latest revision of MIL-PRF-680 (the Army is the custo- others, will meet the requirements of a new specification dian of MIL-PRF-680). Subsequently, MIL-PRF-680B has being developed. Other products are also under considera- been established, which is compliant with the current tion for future laboratory and field testing. National Emissions Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), but still does not meet VOC requirements. That brings us to today and to other folks who are involved in identifying the issues and solving the problems related to The goal to make many processes that employ MIL-PRF- this particular family of solvents. The Joint Service Solvent 680B NESHAP- and VOC-compliant is now within reach. Substitution Working Group (JS3WG), supported by the The puzzle is nearly solved. Joint Group on Pollution Prevention and the Navy’s Pollution Abatement Ashore program, promotes teaming across the Department of Defense (DoD), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), to ensure CONTACT joint service coordination and assist in the exchange of Ebbie Crockett solvent substitution information across DoD and NASA. Naval Air Systems Command Tom Torres from NFESC (and a co-chair of the JS3WG), has been coordinating an effort to streamline these efforts, 619- 545-2010 share information, and bring about standardization of DSN: 735-2010 solvent substitutions. The JS3WG was engaged to address [email protected] the specific challenges associated with finding a suitable replacement for MIL-PRF-680.

20 Currents SPRING 2007 Navy Earth Day 2007: DON’T MISS OUT! Submit Photos & Summaries by 11 May 2007

pril is the traditional timeframe for many Navy Kenneth P. Hess and Marine Corps commands to host or EG&G Technical Services, Inc. participate in activities to celebrate Earth 2450 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 A Arlington, VA 22202-3828 Day. To help increase awareness of this effort across the

Department of the Navy, Currents would like to high- To ensure that your event or activity is considered for light some of the Earth Day initiatives that take place our Navy Earth Day 2007 summary spread, we need to worldwide this year. receive your materials by Friday, 11 May 2007.

We are particularly interested in Earth Day events that Contact: Kenneth P. Hess help build informal partnerships with the public or EG&G Technical Services, Inc. other agencies in 2007, as well as new or innovative 703-418-3417 DSN: 333-9434 activities that may inspire other commands and instal- [email protected] lations to get involved in Earth Day for the first time. Of course, information about traditional Navy and Marine Corps Earth Day activities is still welcome and encouraged.

Please send us a short written summary of 150 words or less, high-resolution photographs (300 dots per inch, minimum 3 x 5 inches, uncom- pressed JPG or TIFF format), and separate photo captions. Lower resolution photos may not be usable.

Please e-mail your summaries and photos to Kenneth Hess at [email protected],or snail mail materials to the following address: Coming Soon: Hydrogen Fueling Station

Southwest Region Fleet Transportation Project Demonstration Underway at (SWRFT) and is being coordinated by HQMC and the Assistant Secretary of Camp Pendleton the Navy (Installations and Environment). Additional support to determine cost and benefits of future ersonnel from the Naval from the Department of the Navy integration into their administrative Facilities Engineering Service (DoN) includes the acquisition and vehicle fleets. This effort will also Center (NFESC) are over- installation of the hydrogen fueling support the development of the seeing the demonstration of station through NFESC. DoN also statewide hydrogen highway in a hydrogen fueling station offered MCB Camp Pendleton as the California. Testing on a military installa- and fuel cell vehicles at Marine Corps location of the test site for demonstra- P tion brings the advantages of alternative tion efforts in the San Diego area. Base (MCB) Camp Pendleton, CA. fuels experience, available maintenance Funded by the Department of Defense facilities, a secure test site, and a Motivations (DoD), through the Environmental genuine interest in new, clean and effi- Environmental and economical factors Security Technology Certification cient transportation technologies. drive the development of fuel cell Program (ESTCP) and Headquarters Discussions between the California vehicles (FCV) and the hydrogen Marine Corps (HQMC), and Ztek Fuel Cell Partnership (CAFCP) and the infrastructure. The best known envi- Corporation, a small scale steam Office of the Assistant Secretary of the ronmental benefit resulting from FCVs methane reformer station will be built Navy lead to the idea of launching a is the elimination of most of the to demonstrate real-world application joint demonstration project involving a criteria pollutants associated with of on-site hydrogen fuel production. small test fleet of fuel cell vehicles and internal combustion engines (ICE), The long-term vision of the project is a hydrogen fueling station. The project which include carbon monoxide, for DoD to demonstrate fuel cell vehi- is being hosted by Marine Corps hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and cles and hydrogen fueling infrastructure The long-term vision of the project is for DoD to demonstrate fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen fueling infrastructure to determine cost and benefits of future integration into their administrative vehicle fleets.

22 Currents SPRING 2007 particulate matter. Greenhouse gases Hydrogen production involves high hydrogen at higher pressures to (i.e., carbon dioxide) can also be costs. In addition to the raw materials achieve 5,000 pounds per square reduced, although those reductions are and processing, handling and storage inch (psi) fills—the conventional dependent on the specific approach of hydrogen at high pressures is a industry pressure. taken to hydrogen production. In challenge. Hydrogen gas needs to be addition, the use of FCVs avoids stored under high pressures to be The hydrogen fueling station will cumbersome waste issues associated transported in quantities that will generate hydrogen using a compact with ICEs (i.e., engine oil, transmis- yield reasonable mileage between steam methane reformer. Its fuel sion fluid, coolant). fueling stops. However, this storage processor will use a three-step tech- technology has yet to reach its peak. nology to produce hydrogen from The economical advantages of FCVs The hydrogen storage vessel at Camp natural gas: steam reformation, include sustainability and efficiency. Pendleton is designed to store water-gas shifting, and purification. Since 9/11, it has been sustainability that brought greater attention to the alternative energy option. Embracing FCVs will help to limit our Nation’s dependence on limited reserves of petroleum, most of which must be The Basics About the California Fuel Cell Partnership imported from the Middle East and Central America. AFCP is a collaboration of 31 member companies who are working Ctogether to promote the commercialization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In addition, fuel cells can produce CAFCP members include automobile manufacturers, energy providers, govern- energy at greater efficiencies than ment agencies, fuel cell technology companies and transit authorities. ICEs, which are limited by the Carnot- cycle. (Note: The Carnot Cycle, from Automotive members provide fuel cell passenger vehicles that are placed in thermodynamics, shows that a heat engine cannot convert all of its heat to demonstration programs, where they are tested in real-world driving conditions. energy, even under ideal conditions. Energy members work to build hydrogen stations within an infrastructure that Realistically, a typical fuel cell yields 40 is safe, convenient and fits into the community. Fuel cell technology members percent, whereas a typical ICE yields provide fuel cells for passenger vehicles and transit buses. Government 16 percent.) To create a practical busi- members lay the groundwork for demonstration programs by facilitating steps ness, the technological shortcomings to creating a hydrogen fueling infrastructure. associated with hydrogen production and storage must first be mitigated. For more information, visit CAFCP’s web site at http://www.cafcp.org. Establishment of hydrogen-fueled vehicles and infrastructure would help comply with the Clean Air Act, Energy Policy Act, and the new Executive Order 13423 (“Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy and Transportation Management”). Technology Hydrogen must be produced since it does not occur naturally. The best- known raw materials for hydrogen production include hydrocarbons (steam reforming of natural gas), and water (electrolysis). At Camp Pendleton, the raw materials used to produce hydrogen are methane and water (i.e. steam).

SPRING 2007 Currents 23 The station is designed to support a fleet of up to 35 light duty FCVs at MCB Camp Pendleton. This will be more than sufficient, as the production level of FCVs is currently limited. If upgraded to a full scale unit, the fueling station could supply a fleet of over 200 vehicles, with each driving 10,000 miles per year. This would substantially improve the economics of hydrogen production. This particular demonstration will assess the fueling station system’s performance, emissions, reliability, durability, and safety. Cost and performance will be monitored for compar- ison with other hydrogen delivery alternatives that are currently being demonstrated. The technical vendor chosen for collaboration, Ztek Corporation, will provide a compact version of a traditional methane reformer. This system is designed with provisions for incorporating a solid oxide fuel cell for stationary power generation. Such a combined vehicle/stationary power system is a prospective long-term project, as it would enhance the overall process efficiency and balance the demand. NFESC’s role in the demonstration partnership is to purchase a compressor, storage, and dispensing (CSD) system to deliver the hydrogen to the fuel cell vehicles, sized specifically for the processing capacity of Ztek Corporation’s reformer. As previously mentioned, the system will supply vehicles with 5,000 psi of hydrogen. On-site storage capacity is 30 kilograms, with 50-60 A hydrogen storage vessel at Camp Pendleton. percent of that ready for use through a fast-fill dispensing

A conventional steam reforming process flow chart for hydrogen production.

24 Currents SPRING 2007 operation. This means that the storage are encouraged for light-duty vehi- will have the capacity to fill three vehicles, one of DoN’s aims for sustain- cles, each with the energy equivalent able fuel. of four to six gallons of gasoline. The equipment contains several safety Plans and the Timeline: features in addition to a standard Ready by Next Year? breakaway hose fitting (an automatic shutdown in the event of a leak). The project startup was initially scheduled to take place by the end of The Site: MCB Camp Pendleton 2005. However, it was delayed for both budgetary and administrative To demonstrate real-world applica- reasons. For instance, the project was tion, a site was chosen to maximize required to conduct environmental the fueling station’s potential to serve and safety assessments that were both the government and the public’s beyond the original scope. Progress of commercial interests. The hydrogen a cooperative research and develop- fueling station at Camp Pendleton ment agreement took time as well. will be situated in a publicly acces- The budgetary impact resulted when sible area, where strenuous base the cost of the CSD equipment access processes can be reduced. turned out to be substantially higher Other advantages of the demonstra- than suggested by the preliminary tion site location include available industry estimates. facilities and space considerations. The underlying vision is to develop The budgetary shortfall led to delays one of California’s “hydrogen corri- in contracting for the site preparation. dors” and support travel between two Also, the contracting vehicle of the major metropolitan areas—greater original plan for the site preparation Los Angeles and San Diego. For any fell through. Further progress is hydrogen fueling station, an ideal site pending site preparation contracts. would offer operation, maintenance, The first of two equipment deliveries, data collection support (since consisting of the CSD equipment, was research and development is still a made in September 2006. The second large part of FCVs), and good public delivery, which includes the fuel relations. Several other metropolitan processor, will be made upon comple- areas in California, Florida, and the tion of the available site utilities and District of Columbia are also being equipment foundation. The system is considered for implementation. expected to be commissioned and operating before the end of the 2007 Another important reason for winter season. choosing Camp Pendleton was its experience. SWRFT has several compressed natural gas (CNG) stations supplying 360 to 400 vehi- CONTACT cles with fuel. Installation of ethanol facilities is also being planned. The David Cook experience with CNG is especially Naval Facilities significant because it involves storage Engineering Service Center and handling technology similar to 805-982-3477 that of hydrogen—both involve gaseous fuels that need to be DSN: 551-3477 compressed. With time, a decline in [email protected] Hydrogen compressor assembly (top) and CNG fleet is anticipated as ethanol, dispenser rotate (above) at Camp Pendleton. hydrogen fuel, and hybrid electrics

SPRING 2007 Currents 25 WE CANwith DO your IT, help! How to Get Published in Currents ou know you have a great story to share What new methods, techniques or technologies have ywith Currents’ readers. Your experience and you used to get the job done? innovative approach will help others What natural resources have you protected and how? improve their own work. So, what does it take to get the word out? Here are five pointers that will How did you and your colleagues respond to new regu- help you get your story published in Currents. latory requirements? We can do it, with your help! Don’t assume that others outside your fenceline know what you’ve accomplished. Tell your story and people will listen. Have a good story to tell! Many of our readers may not, however, understand the specialized language that you use or appreciate the inti- Any good story starts with a good idea! Currents mate details of your topic. So focus on the key points that reaches a broad audience across the world— will capture our readers’ interest. You may want to browse from environmental program managers to through our past issues to get a feel for the type of hands-on technicians. These folks are looking for language and writing style used in the magazine. You can ideas to better and more efficiently execute their find Currents on the web via the Naval Air Systems own environmental programs. They want infor- Command’s environmental web site (at www.enviro- mation that is as practical as it is innovative. So navair.navy.mil, then click “Currents”) and the Defense focus your article on providing the lessons Environmental Network & Information eXchange (at you’ve learned while executing your own www.denix.osd.mil through the “Public Menu” and the programs at your own activity. 1. “Publications>Navy” link). What have you done well? Highly technical reports, stories that already are well- What have you done differently? publicized, stories without a government sponsor, stories How have you been able to do more with less? that focus on individuals rather than methods, and undis- guised product promotions won’t make it onto the pages of Currents.

Get a reality check! Once you’ve got a good story to tell, check with Bruce McCaffrey, Currents’ managing editor, to see if the magazine is the right forum for your article. Obviously your story needs to have a strong, environmental angle without being really technical. Send an email to Bruce (at [email protected]) or go to the Currents link on NAVAIR’s environmental web site and use the contact form. Bruce will get back to you with a “reality check” on your article. He can also provide you with some insights into how your article might be2 crafted to achieve maximum. impact (and increase your chances of getting published). Follow our template! Get approval from your Once your article has been vetted, ask Bruce for a copy Public Affairs Officer! of the Currents article template—it’s a Microsoft Word Finally, all submissions must be vetted through the document that contains all of the elements we’ll need appropriate Command representative using the to consider your article for inclusion in the magazine. Currents article template. (A listing of Command Not only will it help you format your article and provide representatives on the Currents Editorial Board is the information we need to publish your article, it is a included on the inside front cover of the maga- requirement for all submissions (and will greatly zine.) Your Public Affairs Officer (PAO) must also increase your chances of getting published.) clear the article for release before Currents 3Remember that acronyms. probably won’t hold the 4management can consider. it for publication. Once same meaning for our readers as they do for you. So you’ve received the go-ahead from your Command please define all of the acronyms you use. representative and your PAO, you can submit your article for our consideration. How long should your article be? Don’t worry about the length of your submission. Take the space Any good story starts you need to tell your story. A with a good idea! one-page article is usually 550 words; a two-page article is about 1,100 words, and so on. High resolution Stick to our schedule! images add visual interest to your Know our submission deadlines, especially if your article. The article article is time critical. Currents is published four template includes times a year. So our deadlines for article submissions a section for you are the last Friday of: to provide file- January (for our Spring issue), names, captions April (for our Summer issue), and photo credits for each image July (for our Fall issue), and that you submit. October (for our Winter issue). Send images as You can also refer to your Currents calendar for our separate .jpg article submission deadlines.5. files (no images in Word or Power- That’s all it takes to see your Point files, please). name in print in the Navy’s Keep your images award-winning environ- looking good by providing an original resolution (when mental magazine— the photo was taken) of at least 300 dots per inch rather 1. Have a good story to tell! than using software to increase the size of the image. Your original file dimensions should be at least 2,100 by 2. Get a reality check! 1,500 pixels. So if you are using a digital camera, please 3. Follow our template! set your file size to the largest size possible. 4. Get approval from your Be sure to provide all contact information, including Public Affairs Officer! appropriate contact name, organization, telephone 5. Stick to our schedule! and DSN (if appropriate), email address and any associ- If you follow these five ated web site. guidelines, we can do it, All of this is outlined in the Currents article template. with your help! From Landfill to MarshThriving Land

the landfill along the edge of a tidal Site Cleanup at NAB Little Creek marsh, waste such as wooden pilings, paint cans, various concrete debris Enhances Marsh Life and empty metal containers were found on the ground. Two small paths, the step-by-step risk assessment ponds associated with Site 8 ersonnel from Naval process reveals the uniqueness of each contained still more concrete debris, Amphibious Base (NAB) site; not every site will need the same metal debris, a steel tank, and Little Creek’s type of remedy or level of clean up. A partially submerged metal containers. Environmental Restoration former construction and debris landfill Program and the at NAB Little Creek in Virginia From the human health and ecological Chesapeake Bay Program teamed up P Beach,VA (Site 8) drew together the investigations that followed, removal of to restore a contaminated tidal marsh usual batch of remedial specialists, yet the landfill waste was the selected that benefits the natural ecosystem the outcome showcased the beneficial remedial action, primarily to address and human residents alike. reuse of this Superfund site. the ecological risk and Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Environmental remediation completed Site 8 at NAB Little Creek served as a (VDEQ) solid waste regulations. Next under the Comprehensive construction/demolition debris landfill came the creative partnering project to Environmental Response, from 1971–1979, containing wastes design a tidal wetland and recreational Compensation, and Liability Act such as wooden pilings, broken area. The Navy partnered with the U.S. (CERCLA) umbrella is a multi-phased concrete, concrete piping and similar Environmental Protection Agency process that involves a diverse group demolition debris. Other waste found (EPA), the Virginia Institute of Marine of experts. Sites are identified based on in the landfill included debris from Science (VIMS), the Chesapeake Bay potential human and ecological risks, buildings destroyed by fire, paint Program, and VDEQ to design a analyzed, reviewed and ultimately cans, mercury-contaminated carpet restored tidal wetland. A habitat restored by a team of property owners, from a dental clinic, and steel storage restoration specialist from VIMS was state and federal regulators, and stake- tanks. In the northwestern section of asked about the idea of wetland restora- holders. Despite following similar A former construction and debris landfill drew together the usual batch of remedial specialists, yet the outcome showcased the beneficial reuse of this Superfund site.

28 Currents SPRING 2007 The restored wetlands consisted of a semi-circular tidal channel winding around smooth cordgrass flat that is partially submerged at high tide.

Concrete debris collected from the landfill, prior to removal. tion and developed a draft design concept. The Navy successfully sold the idea to all of the stakeholders and EPA’s Biological Assistance and Technical Group (BTAG) worked closely with the Navy’s Chesapeake Bay Program, VIMS, and the Navy’s contractors to refine and finalize the concept. Approximately 29,000 tons of contaminated soil, sedi- ment, and debris were removed from the 1.2 acre landfill. The restored wetlands consisted of a semi-circular tidal channel winding around smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) flat that is partially submerged at high tide. Mimicking the neighboring marsh, other appropriate vegetation was planted along elevation gradients, depending on their salinity and flooding tolerance. EPA and VDEQ agreed to the Navy’s proposal of a “No Further Response Action Planned” following the waste removal, judging that any low level risk remaining would be outweighed by the overall positive benefits from the natural wetland habitat created. This decision helped save time and money by eliminating the need to go beyond Step 3B of an ecological risk assessment, as well as install long term monitoring, and perform a formal CERCLA five year review. Site 8 borders existing salt marsh wetlands that meander alongside a tidal creek flowing toward Little Creek Cove. Essentially, the restored wetland at Site 8 extends an existing Watchable Wildlife Area just southeast of the site, which consists of a viewing platform overlooking the sea Aerial view of the former landfill a few weeks after grading and planting. of tidal grasses and creek below.

SPRING 2007 Currents 29 View from a picnic platform, overlooking the intertidal flat of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. At high tide, the water will cover most of the plant, trapping nutrients and sediments and providing refuge for fish from predators. Photo by Jen Wright

Typical wildlife seen throughout the Chesapeake Bay can be viewed from the new observation decks, including belted- kingfisher, osprey, several wading bird species, all of whom are searching for a fish meal in the creek channel, as well as crustaceans such as blue crabs and fiddler crabs. The environmental restoration of Site 8 resulted in an enhanced tidal wetland with educa- tional and recreational qualities that exhibit the Navy’s commitment to the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act. The successful restoration of this site is evident as various wildlife and plant species have already established themselves and populated the new tidal wetland. Prior to remediation, campers from a Moral Welfare and Recreation camp- ground across the street were using the contaminated site to walk their dogs, but can now utilize this site for its true recreational value. As part of the remediation, two handicap-access picnic platforms were installed, along with stationary binoculars for wildlife viewing and informational signs about the site and wetlands. A jogging path meanders around the wetland border and loops back to the main road, providing recreational opportunities to visitors. Recent construction activities at NAB Little Creek have also benefited from this project. When a large waterfront construction project went before the regulatory community, approvals were received by the Virginia Marine Resource Commis- sion, VDEQ, and the Army Corps of Engineers. However, the City of Located down the creek channel towards Virginia Beach Wetlands Board the site is the Watchable Wildlife platform, required compensation for construc- sitting within a natural salt marsh. The restored tion impacts (filling of inter-tidal tidal wetland at the former landfill will provide areas). The Site 8 wetland restora- increased habitat for many different species, allowing tion project has been well received them to migrate from the neighboring wetlands.

30 Currents SPRING 2007 Status of the vegetation three months after planting. Photo by Jen Wright

as mitigation for these impacts— FOR MORE INSIGHTS saving the Navy time and money. The site restoration at Little Creek has For more insights into NAB Little Creek’s efforts to monitor and restore sea enhanced the recreational facilities for life and its associated habitats, read our article entitled, “Bringing Sea Life campers and facility personnel, spot- Back to Little Creek: Planting Sea Grasses While Maintaining Mission lighting that CERCLA cleanup can jointly benefit natural ecosystems and Readiness,” in the summer 2006 issue of Currents. human residents alike.

CONTACTS Scott Park NAVFAC Mid-Atlantic 757-444-4154 DSN: 564-4154 [email protected]

Jen Wright NAVFAC Atlantic 757-322-8428 DSN: 262-8428 [email protected]

SPRING 2007 Currents 31 AcidTreatment Waste Benefits Shipyards & Maintenance Facilities

hazardous waste that must be treated. Heavy Metal Removal Technology This waste has a pH value of 0.5 or less and contains heavy metals such as Enhances Environmental & Mission copper, nickel, zinc and lead. In some cleaning applications, the flush Readiness effluent amounts to thousands of gallons of hazardous waste. In others, cooled heat exchangers and he Navy is developing an just a few hundred gallons of condensers, Uniform Industrial Acid Waste Treatment hazardous waste are generated. For the Process Instruction 5050-903, issued Technology (AWTT) recla- past three or four years, PSNS & IMF by the Naval Sea Systems Command mation system that will and Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard have (NAVSEA) authorizes the use of separate marine fouling each generated many thousands of either SAFE-D-SCALE or RYDLYME and heavy metal sludge from ship gallons of flush effluent each year from T as approved descaling agents. waste water. This will enable the water this process, which costs from $1.13 to be reused several times as needed in The acid chemical cleaning process per gallon to $3.25 per gallon to the process and eventually enable the can significantly improve the coeffi- process, depending on the location effluent to be discharged to the sewer. cient of performance for heat and volume of flush waste. In addition exchangers and condensers and there- to the cost of processing the waste, the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and fore enhance the Navy fleet mission potable water used for the flush must Intermediate Maintenance Facility readiness. Also, it eliminates any expo- be purchased for the rinsing operation, (PSNS & IMF) maintains submarines, sure of personnel to trace heavy metals and the waste collected in tanks and aircraft carriers and other surface during manual cleaning of heat transported in a timely manner to the ships at facilities in Bremerton and exchangers by mechanical means. treatment plant. Additionally, if the Everett, WA, and in San Diego, CA. flush project is scheduled for a In order to remove marine growth However, use of this chemical has also weekend, extra cost is involved to and scale from shipboard seawater- resulted in production of liquid transport and treat the waste.

In some cleaning applications, the flush effluent amounts to thousands of gallons of hazardous waste. In others, just a few hundred gallons of hazardous waste are generated.

32 Currents SPRING 2007 This innovative technology will effectively reduce or eliminate liquid hazardous waste normally offloaded to shore facilities, when integrated with the pierside flush equipment.

To mitigate these costs, reuse precious water, and reduce heavy metal sludge from the waste water, enabling the the generation of liquid hazardous waste, Dr. Richard Lee water to be reused several times as needed in the process of the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) and eventually enabling was tasked to develop and design a portable, on-site water the effluent to be reclaiming system under the Navy’s Pollution Abatement discharged to the sewer. Ashore (PAA) program. The PAA program is sponsored by the Chief of Naval Operations Environmental Readiness Through a joint effort Division and managed by the Naval Facilities Engineering between NFESC and Command. In particular, Dr. Lee was tasked to develop a contractor ZYIC, LLC, an system which would separate the marine fouling and AWTT system consisting of

The Basics About the PAA Program he PAA program supports Fleet readiness by mini- tmizing operational risk, constraints, and costs while ensuring shore-based environmental stewardship and regulatory compliance. The program seeks to accomplish this mission by Navy Pollution Abatement Ashore Program investing in innovative and cost-effective technologies, processes, materials, and knowledge that enhance environmental readiness of Naval shore activities and weapons system acquisition programs.

The PAA program validates Fleet environmental requirements, develops proven environmentally beneficial solutions, and facilitates integration of solutions to the Fleet.

For more information, visit the PAA program web site at www.paa.navy.mil or contact Scott Mauro, the PAA Program Manager at 805-982-4454, DSN: 551-4454 or FIGURE 1: Various components of the [email protected]. AWTT three-stage pH conditioning and processes of flotation, flocculation, and sedimentation. Photos by Richard Lee

SPRING 2007 Currents 33 FIGURE 2: Operations conducted at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Keyport, WA. Dr. Lee was tasked to develop U.S. Navy photo by William Sparks a system which would separate the marine fouling and heavy metal sludge from the waste water.

Before the AWTT system can be used, however, any required discharge permit must be obtained for the location involved. The costs associated with obtaining a proper permit are not included in this discussion. This innovative technology will effectively reduce or eliminate liquid hazardous waste normally offloaded to shore facilities, when integrated with the pierside flush equipment. FIGURE 3: Operations conducted at the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, CA. To ensure a successful transition of Photo by Richard Lee AWTT to the fleet in a timely manner, NAVSEA (Code 04RE) developed an Implementation Strategy Plan in June three-stage pH conditioning and a horse trailer, and has been demon- 2006 to include the number of sites, processes of flotation, flocculation and strated at Keyport, WA and San type of ships, pier-side constraints, sedimentation has been developed, Diego, CA. A future demonstration is effluent and rinse water storage capa- designed, and successfully demon- scheduled for Pearl Harbor Naval bility and requirements. strated/validated for its performance. The Shipyard. Programmable Logic AWTT system is capable of handling 15 Controllers are being considered to gallons per minute continuously to automate the process further and reduce total heavy metal concentration make the AWTT system even easier to from over 3,000 milligrams per liter operate. Candidates for this system CONTACTS (mg/l) to the level of concentration that are those processes that generate an Paul Stirling is below most local daily discharge limits acidic liquid effluent from a hundred for sewer discharge. It has demonstrated gallons or less to twenty or thirty Puget Sound Naval Shipyard & IMF that the AWTT system is much superior thousand gallons. 360-476-2886 in heavy metal removal efficiency, DSN: 439-2886 The cost for operating the unit on capital, and operation and maintenance [email protected] site is under 30 cents per gallon, vice costs to the existing commercial-off-the- $1.13 to $3.25 per gallon disposal shelf technologies such as electro-coagu- fee for hazardous waste treatment Richard Lee lation, dissolved air flotation, and ionic plant processing, not including Naval Facilities Engineering exchange. Two patents for the AWTT hazardous waste transportation Service Center method and apparatus, filed jointly by charges. Additional savings are real- Dr. Lee and Dr. Ye Yi of ZYIC, have 805-982-1670 ized from reusing the fresh water. been granted by the United States DSN: 551-1670 The capital cost for an automated Patent Office. [email protected] system is about $130,000 and the The operational AWTT system is payback period is estimated to be contained in a utility trailer similar to less than 10 months.

34 Currents SPRING 2007 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) N45 Strategic Plan

Mission We provide the Navy with environmental readiness leadership by monitoring, evaluating, and shaping domestic legislation and regulations, international requirements, and emergent issues. We develop, advocate, sponsor, and resource Navy environmental policy, guidance, manpower, projects, and technology to ensure the Navy’s ability to effectively operate worldwide in an environmentally responsible manner—afloat and ashore. Vision Through anticipation and innovation, N45 proactively shapes and leads the Navy Environmental Program to enable and sustain Navy readiness while protecting and respecting the environment. Guiding Principles Consistent with those of the CNO, the following principles guide and inform our actions every day:

1) Warfighting Focus. We are first and foremost a fighting, 6) Accountability and Integrity. Wherever we go, whatever we sea-going service—the guardians of a rich heritage of do, we represent the ideals and people of this nation. We bravery in battle and courage under fire. must hold ourselves accountable to high standards and comport ourselves with integrity and honor befitting the 2) Dedication to Our People. Our success in defense of service. this nation depends upon the men and women of the United States Navy—active, reserve and civilian—and 7) Alignment. Alignment is the degree to which resources, their families. Personal and family readiness are vital to processes, and communications support vision and mission. combat readiness. Our strength and our future also rely A properly aligned organization can accomplish anything on our diversity. it attempts. Each of our Sailors and Civilians should share an understanding of our vision and mission and be able to 3) Naval Teamwork. The Navy and Marine Corps provide describe how he or she contributes to them. the nation versatile military capabilities across the spectrum of conflict. Ours is a special relationship—a 8) Risk Management. Risk is inherent in everything we do. national treasure—born with this Republic and strength- Managing it should be a continuous process that perme- ened through war and peace. ates—but does not dominate—our daily lives. Every Navy leader should be willing to take prudent risks in the conduct 4) Jointness. The future of national and international of their actions. security lies in interoperability and cooperation among the Services, the interagency, international partners, 9) Commitment to Change. Success in this new and uncertain and non-governmental organizations. Naval forces bring security environment demands that we continue to transform to the fight unique maritime and expeditionary prowess, the way we think, operate, and fight. It also requires leaders but we are only as good as the contribution we make to to set the right expectations, eliminating to the maximum ex- the overall effort. tent possible the uncertainty caused by that change through constant dialogue and free flow of information. We must 5) Leadership. Everything starts and ends with leader- sustain a sense of urgency about change in all we do. ship. Nothing else we accomplish, no other priority we pursue, is of much consequence if we do not have 10) Effects-Based Thinking (EBT). A relatively new but powerful sound and effective leadership in place to enact it. We planning concept, EBT requires us to begin each new task all have a responsibility to develop our own leadership with the end state clearly in mind. It allows us to continually potential and that of the Sailors in our charge. monitor progress against a discrete set of metrics, reallo- cating resources or effort as required to achieve concisely stated desired effects. Priorities We support the CNO’s priorities —

n Sustain combat readiness... with the right combat capabilities—access, speed, agility, adaptability, per- sistence, awareness, and lethality—for the right cost.

n Build a fleet for the future... balanced, rotational, forward deployed and surge capable of the proper size and mix of capabilities to empower our enduring and emerging partners, deter our adversaries and defeat our enemies.

n Develop 21st Century leaders... through a transformed manpower, personnel, training, and education organization that better competes for the talent our country produces and creates the conditions in which the full potential of every man and woman serving our Navy can be achieved. Objectives To address these priorities, our specific objectives are to:

I. Shape: Influence internal policy and external environmental requirements that affect Navy readiness.

II. Understand: Improve our understanding of the potential effect of Navy operations and training on the environment.

III. Invest: Optimize Navy environmental readiness resource expenditures.

IV. Inform: Provide information, guidance, and training that support environmental compliance, facilitate operations and training, and enhance readiness. Desired Effects Once accomplished, these objectives will have the following desired effects: A. Navy, joint and combined operations and training planned and executed to fully meet operational readiness requirements and Navy environmental objectives. B. Laws, regulations, and policies based on sound science that consider risks, costs, and benefits. C. Navy acquisition of reasonable, practicable, and affordable systems that both enable operator activities and meet environmental requirements. D. Timely, accurate, and reliable information to inform Navy policy development and decision-making. E. Navy-sponsored environmental RDT&E that enhances operational readiness and reduces life cycle cost. F. Environmental readiness community properly aligned, trained, and supported. G. Effective tools and training provided to Navy operators to support operational readiness in compliance with environmental laws and regulations. H. Full, sustained, and cost-effective environmental compliance and restoration. I. Navy environmental readiness resources aligned with CNO priorities. J. Positive relationships with regulators, legislators, and the public through enhanced understanding of Navy environmental stewardship. Contact For more information about the N45 Strategic Planning Process, contact: David Price, N45 Strategic Planning, Enterprise and Innovation Branch Head 703/602-2550, [email protected] TRENDSof the environment

personnel, a solicitation for proposals to address 27 high PAA Program Collects Fleet priority needs collected has been executed. Successful Needs proposals will result in new projects beginning in FY08. For FY07 (and every year), the PAA program executed a formal process for collecting outstanding environmental FY07 Process Yields Solicitation for Proposals to needs from the Fleet. Fleet Address Priority Needs personnel or their representatives actively participated The Pollution Abatement Ashore (PAA) program’s FY07 to identify and document needs collection process yielded 66 needs submittals from various operational chal- Navy Pollution Abatement Ashore Program across the Navy. After a thorough review by program lenges. After a thorough review by the PAA program’s Technology Development Working Group (TDWG), 27 needs were selected as the basis for new projects. The TDWG is comprised of tech- The PAA Program’s Priority nical experts from the following Navy System Commands: Investment Areas the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), need can be considered by the PAA program if it the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), afalls within one of the following Navy Environ- the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and mental Enabling Capabilities (EEC): the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Range Sustainment (EEC-2) (SPAWAR). Investments in innovations that address environmental impacts and restrictions at Navy ranges to Fleet personnel or their ensure that Naval training ranges and munitions testing/manufacturing ranges are fully available and representatives actively participated efficiently utilized. to identify and document various Ship-to-shore Interface (EEC-4) operational challenges. Investments in innovative techniques to manage ship hazardous material/waste offload to shore facilities. Once needs were compiled, the TDWG met to consider all of the needs—determining whether a need was valid (within Weapon System Sustainment (EEC-3) the scope of the PAA program, not already being addressed by the program, etc.) and then rank those needs based on Investments in Fleet maintenance operations with the program’s investment priorities. (See our sidebar entitled, the overall objectives of reducing the cost of compli- “The PAA Program’s Priority Investment Areas.”) Scott ance and increasing mission readiness. Mauro, the PAA program manager, then published an announcement for preliminary proposals that address the Air and Port Operations (EEC-4) Navy shoreside priority environmental needs. Investments that address issues pertaining to air and Priority Fleet Needs port operations that ensures Fleet readiness. Needs that pose significant operational risk to the Fleet and fit the program’s investment priorities were the mostly Regulatory and Base Operations (EEC-5) highly ranked. Needs that were not highly ranked by the Investments in cost-effective methods for identifying, PAA program in FY07 will be retained (for historical analyzing, and managing environmental constraints purposes) and re-evaluated on an annual basis. related to current and projected regulatory impacts. The following twenty seven highly-ranked Fleet operational needs (with environmental solutions) resulted from the program’s validation, consolidation and ranking process.

SPRING 2007 Currents 39 TRENDSof the environment

Area Need Number Need Title Command

Range Sustainment (EEC-2) N-0500-08 Use of Range Scrap for Construction of Artificial Reefs NAVFAC at Remote Navy Ranges N-0496-07 Determination of Level of Detonation and Location of NAVFAC Point of Impact of Ordnance on Operational Ranges N-0434-07 Comparative Analysis of Marine Mammal Acoustic SPAWAR Models Weapon System N-0484-07 Elimination of Overspray in Shipbuilding and Facilities Contractor Sustainment (EEC-3) Maintenance Operations N-0465-07 Stability of Bio-Based Products Used in Maintenance NAVFAC Operations N-0442-07 Alternative to Wet-Installed Fasteners to Eliminate the NAVAIR Use of Hazardous Sealants N-0354-06 Demonstrate a Product That Will Easily Remove NAVAIR Powdercoating N-0353-06 Non-chromate and Environmentally Friendly Alternatives NAVAIR for SAE AMS-M-3171 (formerly MIL-M-3171) Surface Treatment Processes for Magnesium Alloys N-0352-06 Reduce Toxic Release Inventory Emissions and Hazardous NAVAIR Waste Disposal Resulting from Application and Removal of High Temperature Metallic Coatings on Aircraft Engines N-0290-06 Environmentally-Compliant Coatings Removal NAVAIR N-0494-07 Improve Shipyard Compliance with Environmental NAVSEA Protection Agency Air and Water Pollution Control Regulations and New Occupational Safety and Health Administration Chromium Standard During Welding and Cutting Operations N-0455-07 Removing Plastisol Coatings NAVSEA N-0454-07 Replacement for Aircraft Tie Down Chains NAVSEA N-0446-07 Method to Remove Oil from Honeycomb Material NAVAIR N-0444-07 Environmentally Compliant Corrosion Preventative NAVAIR Compounds N-0437-07 User Friendly Oxygen Cleaning Alternatives to Navy NAVAIR Oxygen Cleaning N-0479-07 Plastic Media Blast Recycling to Support Aircraft Repair NAVAIR and Maintenance

40 Currents SPRING 2007 TRENDSof the environment

Area Need Number Need Title Command

Ship-to-Shore Interface (EEC-4) N-0452-07 Nutrient Assisted Microbial Digestion of Hydrocarbons NAVSEA N-0488-07 Shore and Ship-to-Shore Oil Spill Prevention NAVSEA Regulatory and Base N-0451-07 Department of Defense Analysis of National Emissions NAVFAC Operations (EEC-5) Inventory N-0474-07 Improved Assessment Strategies for Vapor Intrusion NAVFAC N-0472-07 Metals Source Identification and Load Reduction in NAVFAC Stormwater Runoff N-0470-07 Automated Health Assessment of Coral Reefs NAVFAC N-0486-07 Test and Evaluation of Biofuels in Boilers NAVFAC N-0475-07 Improved Data Quality Objectives and Risk Assessment NAVFAC Strategies for Emerging Contaminants N-0468-07 Centralized Mobile Acid/Base Recycling NAVSEA N-0495-07 Contaminated Waste Oil to Value Added Products NAVFAC

The deadline for preliminary proposals that will address the For more information about the FY07 priority needs as well program’s highly-ranked needs was 13 April 2007. These as other information about the PAA program, visit the proposals are intended to ensure priority Navy shoreside program’s web site at www.paa.navy.mil. environmental needs are being addressed. Successful proposals will result in CONTACT new projects beginning in FY08. Scott Mauro Naval Facilities Engineering Command These preliminary proposals will be evaluated and ranked 805-982-4454, DSN: 551-4454 by a representative of each of the program’s Functional 202-685-9324, DSN: 325-9324 Working Groups and the TDWG. The Chief of Naval [email protected] Operations Environmental Readiness Division approves the preliminary preproposals that advance to full proposals, based in part, on the recommendation of the TDWG.

SPRING 2007 Currents 41 TRENDSof the environment

9. Environmentally sound disposition of electronic equip- New Executive Order Affects ment at end of life. Environment, Energy & Section 3 of the order details expectations for all federal agency leaders. Heads of agencies are to: Transportation 1. Implement agency-wide sustainable practices in each of the areas listed above. President Bush Sets Goals for Energy Efficiency, Acquisition & Renewable Energy 2. Implement Environmental Management Systems. 3. Establish programs for related training, compliance The Navy now has new goals to achieve in the environ- review, and leadership recognition. mental arena. 4. Designate and empower a senior civilian official to Executive Order 13423, “Strengthening Federal implement the E.O. requirements. Environmental, Energy and Transportation Management”, establishes several new environmental goals for federal 5. Ensure that all new contracts comply with the new agencies. President Bush issued the Executive Order (E.O.) requirements. on 24 January 2007. In addition to the new goals, the E.O. 6. Ensure that all new legally-binding agreements consolidates and updates several previous E.O.’s and related between an agency and a tenant comply with the new requirements. At the time of this writing, the first set of requirements. implementation instructions were expected shortly after a public comment period slated to end 23 February 2007. 7. Report to the Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ) Chairman as required. E.O. 13423’s overarching policy states “It is the policy of the United States that federal agencies conduct their envi- 8. Inform and assist the Office of Management and Budget ronmental, transportation, and energy-related activities Director, CEQ Chairman and the Federal Environmental under the law in support of their respective missions in Executive as needed. an environmentally, economically and fiscally sound, integrated, continuously improving, efficient, and sustainable manner.” The Department of Defense and Of particular interest to Navy personnel responsible for environmental, energy and transportation management, are the Navy have actively pursued the following areas in which new goals are set: many of the goals defined 1. Improving energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. in the previous E.O.’s and are 2. Expanding use of renewable energy from new renewable positioned to meet the new goals. sources. 3. Reducing water consumption. Detailed implementing instructions are currently being prepared, as provided in Section 4 of the E.O. This use of 4. Strengthening sustainability requirements in goods and implementing instructions allows the possibility of future services acquisition. in-scope changes to implementation without a formal 5. Improving pollution prevention, particularly related to change to the E.O. itself. toxic and hazardous materials. As noted above, this E.O. updates and consolidates the 6. Promoting sustainable building practices, including content and related requirements of several previous E.O.’s. complying with the “Guiding Principles for High The five orders revoked by E.O. 13423 are: Performance and Sustainable Buildings.” 1. Executive Order 13101: Greening the Government 7. Reducing petroleum consumption by vehicle fleets. through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition (14 September 1998) 8. Reducing energy consumption by electronic equipment.

42 Currents SPRING 2007 TRENDSof the environment

2. Executive Order 13123: Greening the Government “Closing the Circle” awards, one for sustainable design and a through Efficient Energy Management (3 June 1999) second for alternative fuels. (See our articles entitled, “Navy Presented with Energy Security Award” in our fall 2005 issue 3. Executive Order 13134: Developing and Promoting and “Closing the Circle with White House Awards” in our Biobased Products and Bioenergy (12 August 1999) winter 2007 issue.) 4. Executive Order 13148: Greening the Government A copy of E.O. 13423 is available at www.ofee.gov/ Through Leadership in Environmental Management eo/EO_13423.pdf. Additional information on many of (21 April 2000) the areas addressed in the E.O. can be found at 5. Executive Order 13149: Greening the Government http://www.fedcenter.gov. FedCenter.gov is the Federal Through Federal Fleet and Transportation Efficiency government’s home for comprehensive environmental (21 April 2000) stewardship and compliance assistance information. The Department of Defense (DoD) and the Navy have actively pursued many of the goals defined in the previous E.O.’s and are positioned to meet the new goals. DoD was one of twelve CONTACT agencies to sign “The Federal Leadership Memorandum of Paul McDaniel Understanding to adopt Guiding Principles for High Performance and Sustainable Buildings.” (A copy of the MOU Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center is available at: http://www.fedcenter.gov/programs/greenbuild- 805-982-2640 ings.) In 2004, DoD was the first federal agency to issue a DSN: 551-2640 comprehensive green procurement policy, a policy that was [email protected] used as model for other agencies. The Navy has won awards for alternative fuel use and recently won two White House

What’s Happening in Your World? DEADLINE FOR FALL 2007 ISSUE IS 27 JULY

hat’s happening in your world that our readers need Currents are dramatically Wto know about? We need to know by Friday, 27 July. increased if you follow this template. Bruce is avail- We are already collecting more, great content to fill the able at 773-376-6200 if pages of our fall 2007 issue. So if you have a story that you you have any questions or want us to consider, you need to submit your final text and would like to discuss your images by 27 July. story ideas.

You can request a copy of our article template by sending We look forward to reading your an email to Bruce McCaffrey, our Managing Editor, at stories about all the great work [email protected]. This template has proven to you’re doing as the Navy’s stewards of be a tremendous asset in helping us edit and track your the environment. The power of your experi- article submissions. And your chances of being published in ences is even greater when share them with our readers.

SPRING 2007 Currents 43 TRENDSof the environment

mendations for handling proposed actions that have an ESA National Marine Fisheries component. Ron Tickle, N45’s Operational Environmental Readiness and Planning Branch Head, provided an Service & N45 Offer Training overview of the Navy’s compliance strategy for mid- frequency active sonar. Focus Is on Compliance Consultations for At-Sea Finally, Dr. Frank Stone, N45’s program manager for living Initiatives marine resources, and Dr. Ray Cavanagh, senior scientist with Science Applications International Corporation, The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the explained the sound pressure level and dose response Chief of Naval Operations Environmental Readiness curve methodology the Navy is now using to more scientif- Division (CNO N45) offered a joint training session on ically calculate the potential effects of active sonar on effective consultations under the Endangered Species Act marine mammals. (ESA) and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) from 16–19 January 2007. The training, which focused on consultations for projects in the marine environment, took place at Naval Station Norfolk, VA. This training is an opportunity for Craig Johnson, who serves as National Interagency Navy personnel to have a clearer Consultation Coordinator for NMFS, delivered an in-depth presentation explaining NMFS’ requirements for consulta- understanding of how they can tions under the ESA. He also described what takes place on satisfy compliance obligations when the regulatory side once documentation is submitted for a project, and covered special considerations for threatened they submit documents to us. and endangered species. —Craig Johnson, “Projects involving marine ecosystems are some of the hardest analyses to do,” said Johnson. “We (NMFS) bring a National Marine Fisheries Service lot of knowledge to the table, and the Navy does too.” “This is an opportunity for Navy personnel to have a clearer Approximately 50 people attended this first training understanding of how they can satisfy compliance obliga- session, including Navy biologists, environmental planners, tions when they submit documents to us,” Johnson added. legal counsel, range managers, contractors, and other “It will help them get their projects in the water easier and personnel involved in at-sea testing. faster, and with a whole lot less frustration.” At the time of this printing, additional training sessions are Jolie Harrison, who works as a biologist in the Incidental scheduled for 26-30 March 2007 in San Diego and 13-17 Takes Program, Permits, Conservation and Education August 2007 in Honolulu. N45 encourages anyone Division of NMFS’ Office of Protected Resources, provided involved in implementing the Navy’s mid-frequency sonar an overview of the process for getting authorizations under policy, and/or planning environmental actions with at-sea the MMPA. This included important questions to ask, real- components, to attend the training. istic timelines, procedures for submitting applications, and interactions pertaining to the National Environmental Policy Act. CONTACT “Not as many people have been involved in MMPA consults, so we focused on the basic process,” said Elizabeth (Lisa) Phelps Harrison. “People were really well informed—we had a lot Chief of Naval Operations of good questions.” Environmental Readiness Division CNO N45 representatives also gave presentations during 703-604-5420 the training. Linda Petitpas, N45’s technical point of contact DSN: 602-5364 for ocean acoustics issues, presented guidelines for docu- [email protected] menting proposed actions that involve sound in the water. Elizabeth Phelps, N45 marine scientist, provided recom-

44 Currents SPRING 2007 TRENDSof the environment

Environmental Planning Chief of Naval Operations Environmental (Team) Award Winners Named for FY 2006 China Lake Environmental Planning Team, Naval Air Weapons RDML Symonds Recognizes Leonard E. Winter, Naval Facilities Station China Lake Exceptional Environmental Engineering Command Southeast Environmental Planning Team for Leadership Environmental Quality the Pier 6 Replacement and (Industrial Installation) Dredging Project, Naval Submarine Base New London The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Fleet and Industrial Supply Center Environmental Readiness Division Puget Sound, Manchester Fuel Rear Adm. James A. Symonds, director announced the 24 winners in the fiscal Department of the CNO Environmental Readiness year 2006 CNO Environmental Awards Division, congratulated the winners in competition on 20 February 2007. Fleet Readiness Center East, Cherry Point a Naval message. The annual CNO Environmental Awards Environmental Quality “The Navy must continue to plan and program recognizes Navy people, ships execute all operational readiness and installations for their exceptional (Overseas Installation) requirements while simultaneously environmental stewardship. The awards Commander Fleet Activities fulfilling our environmental responsi- will be presented 7 June 2007 at the Sasebo, Japan bilities,” said Symonds. “To do so, the U.S. Navy Memorial & Naval Heritage U.S. Naval Station Rota, Spain Navy must work effectively with other Center in Washington, DC. U.S. Naval Support Activity Bahrain stakeholders to ensure that laws, regu- The fiscal year 2006 competition lations and policies are based on Environmental Quality sound science and consider risks, categories included natural resources (Small Ship) conservation, cultural resources costs and benefits. Your work has management, environmental quality, USNS JOHN ERICSSON (T-AO 194) proven this can be done and done pollution prevention, environmental USS LAKE CHAMPLAIN (CG 57) exceptionally well. You have demon- restoration and environmental planning. strated that our Navy has among the USS O’KANE (DDG 77) finest environmental programs in the The winners are listed below in alpha- Pollution Prevention world. Bravo Zulu.” betical order: (Non-industrial Installation) Award winners advanced to the Natural Resources Conservation Naval Station Everett Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) (Large Installation) Naval Surface Warfare Center, Environmental Awards competition in Naval Air Station Fallon Port Hueneme Division all categories except for the Environ- mental Planning Team Award category Naval Support Activity Crane Pollution Prevention which has no equivalent at the Naval Weapons Station Charleston (Individual or Team) SECNAV competition level. Cultural Resources Management Awni M. Almasri, Commander (Installation) Navy Region Southwest Asia Commander Fleet Activities Pollution Prevention Afloat Team, CONTACT Sasebo, Japan Naval Sea Systems Command Pollution Prevention Team, Easter Thompson Cultural Resources Management Commander Navy Region Chief of Naval Operations (Individual or Team) Mid-Atlantic Environmental Readiness Division Cultural Resources Management 703-604-5426 Team, Commander Navy Region Environmental Restoration DSN: 664-5426 Hawaii (Installation) [email protected] Cultural Resources Team, Alameda Point Commander Navy Region Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Northwest Plant McGregor

SPRING 2007 Currents 45 TRENDSof the environment

rate. Essentially, it sets a “level of concern” for perchlorate of Navy Moves to Identify 24 parts per billion (ppb) until such time that federal or state standards are promulgated. This level is based on the Potential Perchlorate Problems U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued Drinking Water Equivalent Level and “Cleanup Guidance”, which Response to OPNAV Sampling & Management resulted from a thorough review of the existing research by Letter is Released the National Academy of Science. The Navy’s Response to the OPNAV Letter The Navy has taken steps to determine if perchlorate is In response to the OPNAV letter, the Navy will sample for found in the drinking water, wastewater, groundwater or perchlorate where there is a reasonable expectation that a soil on our installations. perchlorate release has occurred as a result of Navy activi- Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid ties. In determining the likelihood of perchlorate contami- (HClO4). They occur both naturally and through manufac- nation, the installation will consider the volume of turing. They have been used as a medicine for more than perchlorate used or disposed, and/or the intensity of 50 years to treat thyroid gland disorders. Perchlorates are perchlorate related functions at the installation. These func- also used as an oxidizer in rocket fuel and can be found in tions could include: explosives, airbags, fireworks, lubricating oil and Chilean The manufacture/maintenance of solid-fuel rocket or fertilizers. Ammonium perchlorate is the mostly widely missile motors or munitions containing perchlorate; used perchlorate compound. Production of ammonium perchlorate first began in the United States in the mid- The use of perchlorate-containing munitions for training 1940s. Past handling and/or disposal related to the uses or testing purposes; mentioned above are the most typical route for perchlorate to enter into the environment. The demilitarization of perchlorate-containing munitions using techniques such as “hog-out” of rockets; and Perchlorate salts are highly soluble in water, and because perchlorate adheres poorly to mineral surfaces and organic Open burning and open detonation operations. material, it can be very mobile in surface and subsurface Simply handling perchlorate-containing ordnance on an aqueous systems. Also, since it is relatively non-reactive in installation is not considered a likely source of releasing typical groundwater and surface water conditions, perchlo- perchlorate into the environment. rate contamination may persist for extended periods of time.

The OPNAV letter sets a “level of concern” for perchlorate of 24 parts per billion until such time that federal or state standards are promulgated.

Perchlorate can interfere with iodide uptake into the If Perchlorate is Detected at a Naval Installation thyroid gland. Because iodide is an essential component of 1. For the Installation Restoration and Munitions Response thyroid hormones, perchlorate disrupts how the thyroid programs, if perchlorate is detected in water above 24 functions. In adults, the thyroid helps to regulate the body’s ppb, the Navy will prepare a site-specific risk assess- metabolism. In children, the thyroid plays a major role in ment. Where the risk assessment indicates that perchlo- proper development, in addition to metabolism regulation. rate concentrations could potentially result in adverse The Navy has taken steps to determine if perchlorate is health effects, the site will be prioritized for appropriate found in the drinking water, wastewater, groundwater or risk management. soil on our installations. An Office of the Chief of Naval 2. For Navy-owned drinking water systems, installations Operations (OPNAV) letter of 16 May 2006 (modified by that currently sample for inorganic analytes are required OPNAV letter of 15 September 2006) explains the current to sample for perchlorate at least once in two consecu- sampling and management policy with respect to perchlo- tive quarters and were to have completed the sampling

46 Currents SPRING 2007 TRENDSof the environment

by the end of 2006. Where sampling confirms the pres- Survey database. This will allow the Navy to assess the poten- ence of perchlorate, installations shall notify their chain tial problem of perchlorate on our bases and act appropriately of command regarding appropriate follow on actions. for protection of human health and the environment. Actions shall reduce exposure to perchlorate as appropriate to protect human health. 3. For permitted wastewater effluent discharges, the Navy shall sample perchlorate at installations where there is a CONTACT reasonable expectation that a perchlorate release has Wanda Holmes occurred as a result of Navy activities. Any results above Chief of Naval Operations the method reporting limit for the analytical method Environmental Readiness Division used shall be reported to the chain of command for appropriate action. 703-602-2571 DSN: 662-2571 The Department of the Defense and the Navy are being proac- [email protected] tive in sampling for perchlorate on our installations. All the sampling results are being entered into the Navy Perchlorate

Have You Moved? Do you still want to receive Currents? We need to know.

As you might imagine, it’s quite a challenge to keep the Currents distribution current. Many of our military subscribers move from one assignment to another almost as often as we publish the magazine.

So if you have moved recently, would like to be removed from our distribution, or want more copies of the magazine, please contact Lorraine Wass our Distribution Manager at 207-384-5249 or [email protected].

As always, you can subscribe to the magazine at the Naval Air Systems Command’s environmental web site at www.enviro- navair.navy.mil and browse our archives there. Currents is also available on the Defense Environmental Network & Information eXchange at www.denix.osd.mil through the “Public Menu” and the “Publications>Navy>Currents— The Navy’s Environmental Magazine” link.

SPRING 2007 Currents 47 China Lake Participates in National PublicLands Day

already living in China Lake and pros- Participants Preserve Circa-1800 pering with the riches from the hills such as pine nuts, deer, bighorn Stone Barracks sheep, antelope and a myriad of plant seeds. Water was precious not only at of the rich soils on the east side of the hanks to the hard work the spring sites scattered throughout Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. of volunteers, as well as the mountains but in the valley floor financial and in-kind also. As the new immigrants moved With the immigrants came the need into the mountains, they began donations, personnel for protection from the folks who were from TNaval Air Weapons Station (NAWS) China Lake were able to participate in their first National Public Lands Day Project and help preserve a little part of California’s history— a circa-1800 three- room stone barracks. More than 80 years before the Navy settled in at China Lake, the United States Army Cavalry left its mark on the installation’s North Range. Just before and during the Civil War, immigrants were rushing to the Coso Mountains and Owens Valley to look for silver and gold and to take advantage Volunteers complete the fine tuning after weeds were pulled from the interior of Old Fort Coso. More than 8,000 pounds of weeds were removed.

48 Currents SPRING 2007 The barracks, built of dressed local stone by a master stonemason, have started to deteriorate.

National Public Lands Day volunteer Bill Gossett gets ready to use his crane to support the west fireplace of the barracks at Fort Coso. depleting the natural resources. The farmers with their cattle, horses, oxen and other livestock became targets for the native population. The new immigrants appealed to the United States for protection from the depredations of the native population. In 1862, Fort Independence was established for the purpose of providing protection for the miners, farmers and ranchers. Coso Village, located on China Lake’s North Range, was a hub of activity containing 300 to 500 residents between The support structure on the west fireplace of 1860 and 1880. The native population of Shoshone (Koso) the barracks at Old Fort Coso. and Californio people did not take kindly to intrusions by the flood of immigrants, primarily from the South, so conflicts occurred. As a result, three structures were built with an architectural design in hand. Over the years, the at McGuiness Springs or Granite Springs, which is now building has been reused, possibly up until the Great called Darwin Springs; a redoubt, an ammunitions storage Depression. Weeds and other vegetation overtook the facility and a three-room stone barracks. The redoubt is in building and began affecting the walls and chimneys, with great condition as is the ammunitions storage facility, even the roots pushing them out. Rocks have fallen from the after 150 years. chimneys, creating a safety as well as historic preservation issue. The outpost is eligible for listing in the National The barracks have started to deteriorate. It was built of Register of Historic Places and protected under the National dressed local stone, obviously by a master stonemason and Historic Preservation Act.

SPRING 2007 Currents 49 Thirty-three volunteers worked 440 hours and donated more than $2,500 worth of materials, tools and heavy equipment.

Through the support of Carolyn worth of materials, tools and heavy The National Park Service, Death Shepherd, then-Head of China Lake’s equipment. The Station’s partners for Valley; and Environmental Planning Department, the project were: The Friends of China Lake the Department received a small stipend from the Department of The Fort Independence Indian Tribe; Archaeology. Defense’s (DoD) Legacy Program to The Far Western Anthropological While the building is not open to the purchase lumber and supplies to Group; general public, it is nonetheless an stabilize the barracks. China Lake is integral part of NAWS China Lake one of 40 DoD installations, including The Eastern California Museum; history and the installation is very eight Navy bases, which received The Maturango Museum; proud of its ability to acquire monies similar funding in 2006 from the DoD to help preserve the stone barracks. for National Public Lands Day. The Searles Valley Historical Society; China Lake went from having a Thirty-three volunteers worked 440 building that could have tumbled at hours and donated more than $2,500 Epsilon Systems Solutions; any time, to a strongly reinforced structure that should withstand the elements until an historic stabiliza- tion plan can be developed and the stone used to construct the barracks re-mortared. Photos by Mark Pahuta.

CONTACTS Peggy Shoaf Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, CA 760-939-1683 DSN: 437-1683 [email protected]

Russ Kaldenberg Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, CA 760-939-1350 DSN: 437-1350 [email protected] Many of the participants of China Lake’s first National Public Lands Day celebrate after the fort is stabilized and cleaned up.

50 Currents SPRING 2007 ONE OF MYBest Sh ts

With its wings frozen in time like a conductor of an and can be found in coastal areas, sandy beaches, orchestra, this Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) and lagoons. It can also be found in and around negotiates a landing on a rail leading to the boat slips waterfronts and marinas. at the marina at Naval Base Point Loma. This pelican is a plunge diver. That is, it drops from the Naval Base Point Loma as well as the Naval Amphibious air with its wings partly folded and dives into the water Base Coronado in San Diego, CA are among a few of to catch its prey. Brown pelicans can live 25 to 30 years. the places listed by the National Wildlife Federation as I obtained a special pass to be able to photograph this great birding destinations in the United States. area. To capture this particular image, I used a Nikon Naval Base Point Loma is home to a variety of birds D2X camera with a 500mm Nikon lens. To freeze the including the California Brown Pelican. The California motion of the pelican’s wings, I used a shutter speed of Brown Pelican is on the U.S. Endangered Species List 1/1600 seconds and an aperture of f/5.6.

Photo by CDR Wallace “Chip” Gaber Strike Operations Officer USS ABRAHAM LINCOLN (CVN 72) [email protected]

Submit your own Best Shot to Bruce McCaffrey, Currents’ managing editor, at [email protected]. Navy Accelerates Commitment to GreenBuildings

The United States Green Building Adopting Metrics & Policies to Get the Council established LEED-NC as the standard for new construction. LEED- Greenest Buildings Practicable NC rates buildings on a 69-point scale against factors in five categories: tion from Navy buildings. He directed he Navy is accelerating its 1. Sustainable Sites that all Navy and Marine Corps commitment to green (14 possible points) commanders take the steps to plan, buildings by adopting a program, and budget to achieve at least sustainability metric for 2. Water Efficiency the Leadership in Energy and buildings, participating in (5 possible points) Environmental Design (LEEDTM) silver an agreement to achieve high perfor- T level performance rating in new and 3. Energy and Atmosphere mance and sustainable buildings, and replacement buildings. In his memo, (17 possible points) promoting the Navy’s own sustainable Mr. Penn stated, “While designing for development policy. 4. Materials and Resources energy efficiency to the ASHRAE stan- (13 possible points) In his 4 August 2006 memorandum, dard has been a minimum requirement, The Honorable B.J. Penn, Assistant sustainable design strategies credited by 5. Indoor Environmental Quality Secretary of the Navy (ASN) for LEEDTM, particularly those aimed at (15 possible points) energy efficiency beyond ASHRAE, offer Installations and Environment took a There are five more points available increased opportunities for lifecycle cost major step forward to reduce the envi- for “Innovation and Design Process.” ronmental impact and energy consump- savings in federal facility design.” “Sustainable design strategies, particularly those aimed at energy efficiency, offer increased opportunities for lifecycle cost savings in federal facility design.” —The Honorable B.J. Penn Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Installations and Environment

52 Currents SPRING 2007 By designing, building, managing, maintaining, and disposing of buildings in a responsible way, the Navy can continue to meet its environmental commitments.

In 1998, through the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Reduced Energy Use (NAVFAC) Sustainable Development policy, the Navy adopted Sustainable design can reduce annual energy use by LEED-NC as its sustainability metric for buildings. The policy 30–50 percent. set LEED certification as the requirement with certification requiring at least 26 points. To reach the silver level, a building Reduced Pollution must collect at least 33 points. By meeting this higher level, the Lowering energy use will result in decreases in sulfur Navy will substantially reduce its environmental and energy dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon dioxide emissions. footprint. This is especially true since the Navy must also meet Reduced Impacts on Natural Ecosystems the reduced energy requirements of the Energy Policy Act Sustainable design decreases facility impact on wildlife, (EPACT) of 2005 which requires that building designs be 30 ecosystems, and other resources. percent more efficient than American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Reduced Resource Use Standard 90.1-2004. (For insights into other EPACT require- Water saving fixtures and vicinity-appropriate land- ments, read our article entitled, “The Energy Policy Act of 2005 scaping reduce water use. Use of longer lasting and recy- & Its Effect on the Navy: Act Lays the Groundwork for cled or reused materials cuts the use of new resources. Development of New Resources, Technologies & Conserva- tion,” in the summer 2006 issue of Currents.) Since the Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 Military Construction (MILCON) program is already underway, the earliest that the memo will translate into design guidance to meet the Silver standard is most probably the FY 2009 program. Buildings have an enormous effect on the environment. They fundamentally affect people’s lives, and the health of the planet. In the U.S., buildings are responsible for: 42 percent of the energy; 40 percent of the atmospheric emissions; 30 percent of the raw materials used; 25 percent of solid wastes; 25 percent of water use; 10 percent of other releases; and 12 percent of land use. By designing, building, managing, maintaining, and disposing of buildings in a responsible way, the Navy can continue to meet its environmental commitments. According to the “Business Case for Sustainable Design in Federal Facilities” a document published by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Federal Energy Management Program, and other sources, the benefits include:

SPRING 2007 Currents 53 According to this Business Case, sustainable design has the following additional benefits: Lower Energy Costs The reduction in energy use translates directly into energy cost savings. Reduced Operating and Maintenance Costs Water savings and sustainable landscaping measures, as well as buildings commission and use of longer-lasting materials save much more over their lifetimes than their incremental first costs. Productivity Studies show that organizations may lower absen- teeism and increase productivity when buildings are healthier, more pleasant places to work. Better Health and Well Being Scientific studies link health, psychological well- being, and task performance to sustainable features including good ventilation, personal controls, day lighting, and low-emitting interior materials. Costs associated with sick building syndrome may also be reduced. Better Image Environmental stewardship fosters community acceptance, political support, better ability to attract and retain desirable employees, fewer complaints from This entire Business Case can be surrounding communities, and less time and cost to downloaded from the following web site: deal with negative issues. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/bcsddoc.pdf. So sustainability makes financial as well as environmental sense. Any increased first cost for LEED requirements is quickly recovered by reduced lifecycle costs. According to “The Economics of Green Buildings”, a publication co-sponsored by the Greater Vancouver Regional District and the City Program at Simon Frasier University, there are numerous examples that demonstrate that building green does not cost more. It documents a case of commercial building in Sacramento slated to achieve a LEED- Silver rating at an added cost of less than one percent and a payback period of less than two years. Dennis Talton, the NAVFAC lead for sustainable The Federal Energy Management Program web site (at www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/) development, states,” The NAVFAC contains information that can help federal government agencies save energy, Sustainable Design Program is aggres- save taxpayer dollars, and demonstrate leadership with responsible, cleaner energy choices. sively pursuing sustainable design to

54 Currents SPRING 2007 reduce the total ownership costs of Navy buildings and bases.” The ASN memo was just the latest effort on the part of the federal government and Navy to embrace green building principles. It follows a January 2006 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), signed by the Department of Defense and 16 other agencies, titled “Federal Leadership in High Performance and Sustainable Buildings.” This MOU accelerates the Navy’s commitment defined in NAVFAC’s Sustainable Development Policy. NAVFAC’s policy is to “reduce the lifecycle cost of shore facilities by incorporating sustainable development The Whole Building Design Guide web page (at www.wbdg.org) provides practical guidance for creating successful, high-performance buildings through the application of an concepts and principles in the plan- integrated design approach and an integrated team approach during a ning, programming, design, construc- construction project’s planning and programming phases.

Building 850, Naval Base Ventura County.

SPRING 2007 Currents 55 Light shelves in Building 850 bring daylight into the building A bank of inverters transforms the direct current from the and reduce lighting energy use. photovoltaic panel into alternating current for use in Building 850.

tion, operation and maintenance, sustainment, restoration and modernization of all facilities and infrastructure.” SERDP & ESTCP Demonstrate The memo will accelerate the broad set of integrated steps Commitment to Sustainable the Navy is using for sustainable development. Dennis Talton reports, “Tools to meet our commitment to sustain- Infrastructure able development include new and improved on-line and avy advancements in green buildings have the classroom training, planning and design tools, criteria, and specifications. We are also developing and deploying tech- nsupport of research and development funding from nologies conducive to sustainable development.” One key the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Navy reference is the Whole Building Design Guide web Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security site at http://www.wbdg.org/. Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). And again, the memo will only quicken what, for the Navy, is becoming standard practice. For some time now, where the SERDP pursues high-risk/high-payoff solutions to the shovel hits the dirt, the Navy has been building green. Fifty Department of Defense’s (DoD) most intractable environ- percent of MILCON projects in FY 2005 were LEED certified mental problems. ESTCP promotes innovative, cost-effective or certifiable at design. environmental technologies through demonstration and vali- One example of successful green building design is Building dation at DoD sites. Both programs have established concen- 850 at Naval Base Ventura County. This LEED Gold trations (thrust areas) in sustainable infrastructure. SERDP- building won a 2006 White House Closing the Circle and ESTCP- funded sustainable infrastructure projects are (CTC) award. Its many benefits include: helping the Navy meet its commitment to high performance 100 percent daylighting in all occupied spaces; and sustainable buildings. Supply of 68 percent of the total annual energy cost For example, ESCTCP has funded a new project for the through a 30 kilowatt photoelectric array; design, monitoring, and validation of a high performance Xeriscape landscaping with native plants that have sustainable building. And SERDP is currently conducting a minimal irrigation requirements; and study to develop a “Sustainability Assessment for a 40 percent reduction in interior water consumption Military Installation: Methodology Review and through the use of waterless urinals, low-flow toilets, Development” that includes a mission sustainability frame- automatic lavatory faucets and low-flow showerheads. work and draft metrics. You can find more information about this building, and many more case studies describing Navy successes with

56 Currents SPRING 2007 Solar water heating reduces energy use at Building 850.

green buildings, at the U.S. Department of Energy web site for Sustainable Design and Operations: For More Information http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/ sustainable_casestudies.cfm. or information on the There is a lot more work to be done. “Those of us f2006 CTC Navy in the energy, environmental, and facilities worlds award winners, read our can become advocates for the policy and reviewing article entitled, “Closing MILCON requirements, planning, design, construc- the Circle With White tion and commissioning at the appropriate times in House Awards: Navy the project cycle,” said Jim Heller, director of the Gets Nods for Navy Energy Programs Division at the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center. Sustainable Design & Alternative Fuels, “ in By taking the right steps at the right time, we can the winter 2007 issue ensure that the Navy’s gets the greenest buildings of Currents. You can practicable to meet environmental and financial goals. subscribe to the magazine or browse the Currents archives by visiting the Naval Air CONTACT Systems Command’s Joe Connett environmental web site at www.enviro-navair.navy.mil. Currents Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center is also available on the Defense Environmental Network & 805-982-1570 Information eXchange at www.denix.osd.mil through the DSN: 551-1570 “Public Menu” and the “Publications>Navy” link. [email protected]

SPRING 2007 Currents 57 TECHNOLOGYtips

Working Group Promotes Green Cleaning

other rules that would regulate the surface coating of Environmentally Friendly ground-based military equipment. This includes but is not limited to the NESHAP for the surface coating of Alternatives Captured in Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (MMPP) and Plastic Parts and Products (PPP). These NESHAPs contain On-Line Database an exclusion that applies to surface coating operations performed at DoD and NASA installations. However, the ersonnel from the Department of Defense (DoD), commercial industrial base must comply with the MMPP, the National Aeronautics and Space PPP, fabric and all other surface coating NESHAPs when Administration (NASA), and the Defense Logistics manufacturing or maintaining military vehicles and PAgency (DLA) have developed an on-line database equipment. to promote the exchange of information about alternative cleaning products and processes that increase worker EPA is developing a new rule for the surface coating of all safety, reduce the environmental footprint, and increase ground-based equipment performed at DoD and NASA operational productivity. installations so that these sites will not have to comply separately with multiple NESHAPs for the same surface Historically, vehicle, equipment, aircraft, and ship mainte- coating processes. This new rule is the NESHAP for surface nance activities have used organic solvents such as MIL- coating of Defense Land Systems and Miscellaneous PRF-680, xylene, and methyl ethyl ketone to remove soils Equipment (DLSME). (including dirt, grease, soot, and burned-on carbon) from various components of DoD systems. With ever-tightening EPA is expected to offer at least three methods for restrictions on the use of photo reactive Volatile Organic complying with the rule, as it has generally done with Compounds and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP), the use past surface coating rules; compliant materials, facility- of many organic solvents has become increasingly expen- wide emission rate, and pollution controls. The Army sive due to the environmental controls and reporting Environmental Support Office (ESO) performed a busi- requirements needed to comply with the more stringent ness case analysis and concluded that the compliant mate- regulations. Because of materials compatibility issues or rials method provides more military value than the other process impact, DoD continues to use large quantities of options. Thus, the use of HAP-free cleaners is critical to a organic solvent cleaners at great expense. successful DoD compliance strategy. The JS3 Working Group promotes a coordinated response to solvent issues related to the DLSME NESHAP regulatory requirements.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regu- The Joint Service Solvent Substitution (JS3) Working Group lates HAP sources under the Clean Air Act (CAA) has developed an on-line database to promote the exchange through National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air of information about environmentally friendly cleaning Pollutants (NESHAP). DoD surface coating operations products. The JS3 Working Group is comprised of repre- include painting, stenciling, marking, bonding, pre- sentatives from each DoD service, NASA, and DLA. The JS3 treating, cleaning, and stripping of weapon systems and Working Group was established in 2004 to encourage military equipment. EPA has already published rules that communication, and collaboration and to promote a coor- regulate the surface coating of aircraft and watercraft on dinated response to solvent issues related to the DLSME installations owned or operated by DoD as well as several NESHAP regulatory requirements.

58 Currents SPRING 2007 TECHNOLOGYtips

The JS3 Working Group charter identifies these priorities: ments for alternative cleaners and products and provide a 1. Ensure joint service coordination and assist solvent repository for completed, substitution information exchange among DoD services ongoing, and proposed and NASA, solvent substitution efforts to 2. Establish a JS3 methodology to assist in developing leverage data and prevent criteria and test protocols and delineate steps required to duplication of effort. ensure full use of alternatives, and Solvent substitution for DoD 3. Develop and support a JS3 database to provide a maintenance activities is a conduit for private industry to obtain process require- complex process requiring significant coordination and testing. A plan needed to be The JS3 methodology developed to successfully replace technical manual. a current solvent with an environmentally friendly alternative cleaner. Personnel from the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, with input from the JS3 Working Group, developed a methodology for establishing the acceptance criteria needed for the approval and successful use of alternative cleaners. The methodology was published as Technology Memorandum TM-2361-ENV. Acceptance criteria includes material compatibility; environmental, safety, and occupational health criteria; chemical properties; and performance. This methodology does not identify alternative cleaners, but rather identifies the critical steps necessary for the acceptance of alternative cleaners for DoD industrial maintenance activities. By gaining the endorsement of a joint methodology, the JS3 Working Group has increased the likelihood of leveraging among the services and enabled DoD to engage industry with broad application challenges. The methodology directs the project lead to engage all stakeholders and to develop an implementation strategy early in the program. The JS3 web site.

The JS3 methodology. The DoD vision for solvent substitution.

SPRING 2007 Currents 59 TECHNOLOGYtips

The JS3 database is a web based information system that allows exchange of historical, ongoing, and proposed solvent substitution efforts.

Acquisition reform efforts within DoD have also pushed the are strongly encour- search for alternatives to focus on process requirements as aged to submit their opposed to looking for alternatives by quantifying the prop- respective solvent erties of the historical cleaner. substitution efforts to maximize database It is also important to ensure that information collected and benefits. The JS3 A warfighter using solvents for cleaning. generated for alternative cleaners is stored centrally and database can be readily available. The JS3 database is a web based informa- accessed from the Joint Group on Pollution Prevention web tion system that allows exchange of historical, ongoing, and site at www.jgpp.com. First time users are required to estab- proposed solvent substitution efforts. The process descrip- lish an account before being granted access to the site. tion and acceptance criteria entered in the database allow DoD agencies to identify leveraging opportunities and DoD and NASA will continue to coordinate efforts to find provide an opportunity for industry to see the details on alternative cleaning products and processes that not only processes under investigation. DoD and NASA personnel increase worker safety and reduce the environmental footprint but increase operational productivity. The JS3 database is the primary mechanism for both exchanging information and engaging industry to solve DoD’s process challenges. PAA Program Sponsors Formation of J53 Working Group & Cleaning Solvent Database CONTACTS he Pollution Abatement Ashore (PAA) program Tom Torres tfunded the formation of the JS3 Working Group that Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center developed a joint test protocol to validate environmen- 805-982-1658 tally compliant solvents DSN: 551-1658 for use in DoD cleaning [email protected] applications. The PAA program also funded the Wayne Ziegler development of the JS3 Navy Pollution Abatement Ashore Program Army Research Laboratory database to collect and disseminate information on 410-306-0746 environmentally compliant cleaning solvents. For more DSN: 298-0746 information about the PAA program, contact Scott [email protected] Mauro, the PAA program manager, at 805-982-4454 (DSN: 551-4454), 202-685-9324 (DSN: 325-9324) or [email protected]. You can also visit the program’s If you would like to share your pollution prevention success stories, web site at www.paa.navy.mil. or would like additional information on the Navy’s technology transfer program, contact Andrew Drucker at 805-982-1108, DSN: 551-1108 and [email protected].

60 Currents SPRING 2007 REACH OUT!

Navy’s Environmental Road Show Coming to an Event Near You

ore than ever before, the Navy needs to take advantage of opportunities to get the word out about its environmental successes. Fleet Mweeks, air shows, Earth Day events, and other venues where the Navy has a strong presence are part of our strategy to accomplish this goal—but we need your help. Each year, the Chief of Naval Operations Environmental Readiness Division (CNO N45) supports a road show of outreach events with If you know of large-scale events a Navy environmental display, free handouts, and EQ Pelican, the at which the Navy should have an Navy’s environmental quality mascot for kids. If a public affairs environmental presence, need envi- officer or manager of environmental programs in your organiza- ronmental materials to support an tion has materials to provide or availability to speak to people event, or have other ideas for during an event in your area, please let us know. making people aware of the Navy’s If your region, ship or installation participates in fleet weeks or air efvorts in the environmental arena, shows and has good environmental programs to talk about, you please contact us. could add a fact sheet about those programs or a few short envi- Increasing awareness of the Navy’s ronmental bullets to your overall outreach materials. Sample infor- environmental stewardship helps us all. mation is available from CNO N45 and the Secretary of the Navy’s Environmental Outreach Repository (at www.denix.osd.mil/denix/ Reach out and share your successes! DOD/News/Navy/Outreach/navyoutreach.html). Contact: Kenneth P. Hess Of course, Currents is always seeking new and informative EG&G Technical Services, Inc. content on environmental initiatives. Currents provides informa- 703-418-3417 tion online via the Naval Air Systems Command’s environmental DSN: 333-9434 web site (www.enviro-navair.navy.mil/ then click on the [email protected] “Currents” link), is read by over 8,000 environmental profes- Official U.S. Navy photo: Members of the sionals both inside and outside the Navy, and is a very popular Blue Angels flight demonstration team fly a handout at our public events. Bottom line—send your articles and high-speed maneuver during one of the photos to Currents to increase the exposure of your successes! Navy’s many annual outreach events. Marine Corps Seeks to Reduce Global Water Consumption

USMC Headquarters personnel Prioritization Survey is First Step Toward embarked on a program to help installations conserve water in order to protect Real Reductions and preserve this important natural resource, and to comply with Executive Okinawa (home to thousands of U. Order (E.O.) 12902 (later replaced by ersonnel from the Facilities S. Marines, other service members, E.O. 13123). The goal of the program and Services Division at the and their families) frequently experi- was to “jump start” actions to implement Headquarters of the United ences water shortages that threaten water management programs and ensure States Marine Corps rationing. The island depends on compliance with the Executive Order. (USMC) executed a prioriti- heavy rains and typhoons for its Each installation was provided with an zation survey as a first step toward P water supply, and if they miss a effective review of water related opera- reducing water consumption and typhoon or if a typhoon is delayed, tions and maintenance practices, water saving utility costs at Marine Corps the reservoir water levels drop uses, and potential water conservation installations across the globe. rapidly enough that the Island projects—and engage installation government issues advisories personnel in the process. Engagement Background requesting people to conserve water. proved a central element in successfully Marine Corps installations located in In some parts of California, water responding to Executive Order require- many parts of the United States and demand outstrips the availability of ments and by consequence improving Japan have different water resource local supplies. Effective water Marine Corps protection of scarce water management issues. For installations conservation programs help to elimi- resources. With the new Department of located in water scarce areas of nate waste and extend the avail- Defense Instruction requiring the California and Okinawa, water ability of water resources with the Services to implement the Department conservation is critical to protect positive side benefit of reducing of Energy recommendations for water water supplies from shortages. utility operating costs. management and conservation practices, All the installations where leak surveys were conducted had water leaks; some large installations had leaks totaling as much as 100,000 to 300,000 gallons per day. Almost all leaks identified were repaired immediately.

62 Currents SPRING 2007 this program will be continued to both assist installations in implementing those recommendations and evaluate the success of measures already implemented. Many installations produce their water from local supplies, and potable water costs to these installations (yearly operations and maintenance costs) are relatively low and stable from year to year. At the same time, a number of Marine Corps installations are located in regions where water availability is considered limited (Okinawa, Japan; Southern California; Arizona), or municipal infrastructure is not available or developed (portions of the east/southeast in the U.S.). In addition, lean funding and aging systems contributed to fewer water conservation initiatives than, by contrast, efforts in energy conservation even though water conservation efforts could have positive benefits beyond reducing day-to-day operation costs. Conducting a Prioritization Survey A centralized approach was adopted to avoid competing for base resources and to create an overview of water systems and operations status and opportunities for conservation. At the same time, USMC Headquarters personnel wanted to break into the day-to-day routine by engaging the facility maintenance force and provide an immediate benefit to the installation. This was achieved by including a leak detection survey Cooling tower side-stream filtration system to reduce bleed-off with each water audit. This approach brought expertise and water losses at Marine Air Ground Task Force Training focus, enabled informed management of follow-on resource Command (MAGTFTC) Twentynine Palms, CA.

The Basics About Executive Orders 12902, 13123 & 13423 Executive Order 12902 (8 March 1994) required comprehensive facility audits for energy and water conservation measures and required agencies to implement all cost-effective water conservation projects.

Executive Order 13123 (3 June 1999) mandated reducing water and associated energy conservation through goals to be established by the Secretary of Energy. The Department of Energy established Best Management Practices (BMP) and guidelines for implementation by agencies. Additionally, the E.O. required water savings and associated energy to be included in performance contracts where possible.

Executive Order 13423 (24 January 2007) requires agencies conduct their environmental, transportation, and energy- related activities under the law in support of their respective missions in an environmentally, economically and fiscally sound, integrated, continuously improving, efficient, and sustainable manner.The specific water conservation goal is for agencies to, beginning in FY 2008, reduce water consumption intensity, relative to the baseline of the agency’s water consumption in fiscal year 2007, through life-cycle cost-effective measures by two percent annually through the end of fiscal year 2015 or 16 percent by the end of fiscal year 2015. This is the first numeric reduction requirement for water conservation and achieving it will require the continued implementation of BMPs and cost effective conservation measures.

SPRING 2007 Currents 63 allocation, created the opportunity for the generation of good ideas, and engaged the installation maintenance organization. The initial effort focused on prioritizing the effort. USMC Headquarters personnel conducted a prioritization survey (preliminary assessment) of all Marine Corps installa- Recycle water pond at MAGTFTC tions utilizing all available where recycled water is used data and ranked them for golf course irrigation. based on the potential for reducing water consumption and saving utility costs. Installations producing their own water at a very low cost placed higher on the list where available data suggested excessive water use. After completing the prioritization survey, water audits and leak detection surveys were conducted at each installation in the order in which they were ranked. During leak detection surveys, it was discovered that a number of installations were losing significant quantities of water through leaks in their water mains, hydrants, valves and service lines. The water mains were old, and most of the installations had not conducted leak surveys to detect and repair leaks. In addition, significant opportunities for water reuse, fixture replacement, and other conservation efforts were found. The first installation audited was Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), Kaneohe Bay in 1997. On the very first day of the leak survey, a large leak in the water main was identified and Tactical Vehicle Wash Rack at MAGTFTC where recycled water repaired immediately. At that time, MCBH purchased potable is used for washing vehicles. water at $1.96 per thousand gallons, and the entire cost of the leak survey was recovered in about six months of water cost savings from the repaired leak. Some of the camps at Marine Corps Base Butler, Okinawa, Japan, purchase potable water from the Okinawa Prefecture Enterprise Bureau at eight Sound Water Conservation Measures to ten dollars per thousand gallons. The leak detection survey resulted in identifying and repairing leaks worth annual cost Conduct regular leak detection surveys. savings of $600,000. The reduction in water losses from repairing leaks in various camps will greatly help to conserve Meter all major water uses the valuable water resources of Okinawa. All the installations where leak surveys were conducted had water leaks; some Use creative landscaping techniques. large installations had leaks totaling as much as 100,000 to 300,000 gallons per day. Almost all leaks identified were Maximize the use of reclaimed water. repaired immediately. USMC Headquarters personnel found the leak detection survey to be a very important tool for Replace old plumbing fixtures. protecting and preserving water resources. Leak surveys should be conducted periodically; recommendations are to perform leak detection once every five years, particularly at

64 Currents SPRING 2007 installations where the water mains are community by accepting the use of 220,000 gallons per day and at the old. In addition, periodic monitoring of reclaimed water for approved non- Marine Air Ground Task Force flow at critical locations in the water potable applications, thereby enhancing Training Command, Twentynine distribution system can be an effective conservation efforts in those regions. Palms, CA of 750,000 gallons per day management tool, enabling early detec- by implementing many of the recom- tion of variations in water use, and to Domestic water consumption accounts mendations/projects contained in the help locate leaks in the system. for a large portion of the water use at earlier reports. Marine Corps installations, offering Many installations use significant quan- another potential opportunity for signifi- Opportunities remain for further tities of water for landscape irrigation. cant savings. Most installations have conservation but the goal of “jump The water consumption is as high as 50 relatively old plumbing fixtures, some starting” action leading to active percent of total consumption at some so old that toilets use as much as five conservation efforts has been achieved. installations. At one installation where gallons per flush, showerheads use four USMC Headquarters will continue contractors operated the irrigation gallons per minute, and faucets use four these efforts to help protect a vital system, sprinkler systems were turned gallons per minute. resource for its installations and the Military installations can set a good example for the rest of the community by accepting the use of reclaimed water for approved non-potable applications.

on at the start of workday and turned USMC Headquarters personnel surrounding communities. Water off at the end of the day, leading to found that fixtures could usually be conservation is an effective tool to water losses through runoff. Irrigated replaced economically through pre- protect and preserve valuable water areas are often very large and priced contracts to take advantage of resources. Military installations have xeriscaping (landscaping that uses a available funding. In-house mainte- an opportunity to set a good example variety of indigenous and drought- nance forces could also economically and protect increasingly scarce water tolerant plants, shrubs, and ground accomplish fixture retrofits. resources for everyone. cover) and creative landscape manage- Opportunities remain for many ment were not generally used, even in Marine Corps installations to replace arid locations. While some installations plumbing fixtures in older buildings. use treated effluent from wastewater Care must be taken, however, to use treatment plants for golf course irriga- technology that offers a same or CONTACTS tion, none used reclaimed water for better user experience. For example, Dave Heinrichs general irrigation. There are a number where some installations installed inexpensive water conservation Facilities and Services Division of opportunities, particularly in states Headquarters Marine Corps that are implementing water reuse showerheads in bachelor housing programs as in California (Texas, and family housing, tenants removed 703-695-9781 Arizona and Florida have programs as them because of poor shower quality. DSN: 225-9781 well), to use tertiary treated effluent for [email protected] all irrigation requirements, provided Another Round of Water Audits adequate safety measures are taken to A new round of water audits is A. “Pad” Padmanaba protect public health. Water reuse can underway for the Marine Corps that Environmental Technology and be a major contributor in protecting and will evaluate the impact of the first Management preserving the water resources, particu- round of audits and apply the lessons 301-770-2320 larly in arid locations where water is in learned from earlier audits. Initial short supply. Military installations can results showed reductions in water [email protected] set a good example for the rest of the usage at MCBH Kaneohe Bay of

SPRING 2007 Currents 65 SERDP & ESTCP Recognize Superior Projects at SymposiumAnnual

of concern. Current estimates indicate Crane Researcher Acknowledged for perchlorate is present in groundwater in at least 30 states and may affect the Eliminating Perchlorate Oxidizers from drinking water supplies of more than 20 million people in the southwestern Pyrotechnic Flare Compositions United States. For his groundbreaking research leading to the development of perchlorate-free pyrotechnic composi- ix Project-of-the-Year Award (ESTCP) including a scientist from tions for military flares, Dr. Robert recipients were recognized at Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Shortridge, from NWSC Crane annual technical symposium Crane, IN for his research on perchlo- received the Project-of-the-Year Award sponsored by the Strategic rate-free pyrotechnic compositions. for Weapons Systems and Platforms Environmental Research and Until now, pyrotechnic compositions from the Department of Defense’s Development Program (SERDP) and S in signal and decoy flares that are vital (DoD) SERDP program at its annual the Environmental Security and to military operations contained Partners in Environmental Technology Technology Certification Program perchlorate, an emerging contaminant Technical Symposium & Workshop held in Washington, DC, 28–30 November 2006. The perchlorate-free pyrotechnic compositions for flare devices developed by Dr. Shortridge and his team will allow the military to continue realistic training using these devices without fear of contaminating soil or water with perchlorate. These alternative compositions, which consist of high-energy metallic fuels and alloys and non-chlorine-containing inorganic oxidizers, ensure that signal and decoy flare devices will have equal or superior performance compared with existing flares, will eliminate the potential for groundwater contamination from perchlorate, and will result in significantly lower life-cycle costs. SERDP Weapons Systems and Platforms Project-of-the-Year Award recipient Dr. Robert Shortridge showcases his award-winning project that developed perchlorate-free A full-scale demonstration of the pyrotechnic compositions for signal and decoy flares. performance of flares containing these

66 Currents SPRING 2007 The perchlorate-free pyrotechnic compositions for signal and decoy flares developed by SERDP’s Weapons Systems and Platforms Project of the Year will allow the military to continue realistic training using these devices without fear of contaminating soil or water with perchlorate. compositions is now underway and safely identify munitions during development, this technology has through ESTCP, the cosponsor of the remediation of sites suspected of transitioned to ESTCP for field Symposium & Workshop. containing unexploded ordnance demonstration. (UXO). This inno- SERDP and ESTCP Project-of-the-Year vative technology Awards recognize outstanding research results in signifi- and technology developments with cant cost savings significant benefits to DoD. The 2006 by distinguishing awards were presented by Mr. Bradley inert munitions P. Smith, SERDP Executive Director, from explosive and Dr. Jeffrey A. Marqusee, ESTCP munitions, while Director, during the opening Plenary reducing false Session. In addition to the SERDP alarm rates (i.e., Weapons Systems and Platforms identifying non- award received by Dr. Shortridge, five UXO items as other awards were presented. UXO). “It also results in improved Munitions Management, SERDP safety by avoiding Project of the Year unnecessary deto- Dr. Wesley Cobb, University of nations and their Denver, Research Institute, Denver, unintended envi- CO; Acoustic Identification of ronmental conse- Unexploded Ordnance quences,” said SERDP Munitions Management Project-of-the-Year Award recipient Dr. Wesley Cobb (middle) and members of his research team present Dr. Cobb developed a sensor system Dr. Marqusee. Following its rapid their award-winning technology for quickly and safely that uses acoustic waves to quickly distinguishing live from inert munitions.

SPRING 2007 Currents 67 SERDP Executive Director Mr. Bradley Smith (top left) and ESTCP Director Dr. Jeffrey Marqusee (top right) recognize Dr. Linda Abriola (top middle) and members of her research team, recipients of the SERDP Environmental Restoration Project-of-the-Year Award, for their research on the impacts of DNAPL source zone treatment.

Environmental Restoration, Research and Development address military-specific issues, SERDP Project of the Year Center—Construction creating military-LEAM, or mLEAM. Engineering Research Laboratory And the Sustainable Installations Dr. Linda Abriola, Tufts (CERL) and Dr. Brian Deal, Regional Resource Assessment University, Medford, MA; University of Illinois at Urbana- model, of which mLEAM is a compo- Evaluation of the Benefits of Champaign; A Dynamic Spatial nent, provides the military with a Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Decision Support System for sophisticated screening tool to assess (DNAPL) Source Zone Treatment Sustainable Military Communities sustainability issues both on and Dr. Abriola and colleagues integrated The researchers adapted and around the base. The technologies multidisciplinary laboratory, field, and extended the Land use Evolution and advanced by Drs. Westervelt and modeling studies of DNAPL contami- impact Assessment Model (LEAM) to Deal and their team allow for high- nants in groundwater. As a result of this work, DoD now has a much improved understanding of the impacts of specific source zone treatment options on contaminant fluxes and how DNAPL contaminant plumes develop and evolve. This project has provided site managers with protocols to assess the effectiveness and the costs and benefits of source zone treatment options, ensuring that remediation dollars produce a real benefit in terms of reducing risks to human health and the environment. Sustainable Infrastructure, SERDP Project of the Year Dr. James Westervelt, U.S. Army SERDP Executive Director Mr. Bradley Smith (left) and ESTCP Director Dr. Jeffrey Marqusee (right) Corps of Engineers, Engineer congratulate Dr. Brian Deal (second from left) and Mr. Bill Goran (on behalf of Dr. James Westervelt), recipients of the SERDP Sustainable Infrastructure Project-of-the-Year Award.

68 Currents SPRING 2007 quality, targeted land-use planning, which enables military commanders and community leaders to work together to make long-term regional development decisions that benefit both the base and the surrounding civilian community. “These technologies are like SimCity for military installations,” said Smith. ESTCP Project of the Year Dr. Kirk Hatfield, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Demonstration and Validation of Water and Solute Flux Measuring For advancing non-chromate aluminum pretreatments that provide corrosion protection to Device weapons systems, Mr. Bill Nickerson was honored with an ESTCP Project-of-the-Year Award. Dr. Hatfield and his team demonstrated and validated the Passive Flux Meter as a tool to quantify contami- risk analyses to support risk-based use on weapons systems. For decades, nant fluxes from known sources remediation decisions. all weapons systems pretreatments for zones. Estimating groundwater flow aluminum included hexavalent and contaminant discharge is funda- ESTCP Project of the Year chromium, a strictly regulated, known mental to understanding the nature Mr. Bill Nickerson, Naval Air human carcinogen. The pretreatments and extent of contamination at DoD Systems Command Materials are necessary for corrosion protection sites. Lauding the project as demon- Engineering, Patuxent River, MD; and other functions that prolong the strating a “new paradigm,” Dr. Non-Chromate Aluminum life of weapons systems. This new Marqusee said the new technology is Pretreatments technology, which is being used across expected to result in significant cost all the services, eliminates worker savings through more accurate Mr. Nickerson and his team demon- exposure to chromium, complies with groundwater monitoring data and strated and validated alternative chro- environmental regulations, and reduces mate-free aluminum pretreatments for liability and risk associated with chromium containing wastes. “This project shows the benefits of demon- strating a technology across multiple services, which leads to rapid transition to the field,” said Dr. Marqusee. Prior to the presentation of the awards, those attending the opening session of the Symposium & Workshop heard from a distinguished panel of Plenary Speakers on current and emerging environmental issues pertinent to DoD. Rear Admiral James A. Symonds, Director of the Chief of Naval Operations Environmental Readiness Division, emphasized the critical role of research in helping the Navy study how sonar may affect marine Dr. Kirk Hatfield receives an ESTCP Project-of-the-Year Award from SERDP Executive Director Mr. Bradley Smith (left) and ESTCP Director Dr. Jeffrey Marqusee (middle) for his passive mammals. “The bottom line is we need flux meter technology, which will lead to more accurate groundwater monitoring data to know more than we know now,” and analyses in support of risk-based remediation decisions. said Rear Admiral Symonds.

SPRING 2007 Currents 69 “We need solid scientific evidence to answer the questions. SERDP research is extremely important to us in During the opening Plenary Session, three this area.” distinguished speakers (Rear Admiral James A. Symonds (top), Mr. Alex A. Beehler During his address at the (above), and Mr. Lester R. Brown (left)) plenary session, Mr. Alex A. challenged participants to seek innovative Beehler, Assistant Deputy approaches to DoD’s high priority Under Secretary of Defense environmental concerns. (Environment, Safety and Occupational Health), highlighted opinion, scientists must harness and including the Project of the Year reducing energy consumption and iden- improve on existing tools, such as Awards, as well as preliminary infor- tifying and using alternative energies as wind power and hybrid vehicles, while mation about the 2007 Symposium & high priorities for DoD both to protect also studying and developing new Workshop scheduled to be held 4–6 and improve the environment and to renewable energy sources and other December 2007, in Washington, DC, save money. “Historically at DoD, envi- environmentally friendly technologies. is available at www.serdp.org under ronmental concerns have been separate the “Symposiums & Workshops” link from energy concerns,” said Beehler. The plenary session kicked off the two or at www.estcp.org under the “That’s changed in recent years. The and a half day symposium and work- “Related Events” section of the military is now taking a more holistic shop that featured a comprehensive “Calendar/Events” link. Details about approach to these issues. And SERDP technical program focusing on 12 envi- the Call for Poster Abstracts for the and ESTCP are uniquely positioned to ronmental topic areas of high priority 2007 Symposium & Workshop will help bring about a successful marriage to DoD and an exhibit hall of poster be posted on both web sites in early of the environment and energy.” presentations and exhibit booths show- June 2007. casing a record number of technologies Reinforcing Mr. Beehler’s focus on and scientific advancements from a energy as a high priority, renowned variety of environmental research environmental analyst and author programs. Together, the technical Lester Brown stressed that current sessions and exhibit hall venues offered CONTACT levels of energy consumption cannot the more than 1,000 attendees valuable be sustained in the coming years and Valerie Eisenstein opportunities to exchange information urged efforts to work to develop and SERDP and ESTCP Support Office and discuss opportunities for tech- demonstrate technological advances 703-736-4513 nology transfer and partnerships. aimed at conserving resources, maxi- [email protected] mizing renewable energy sources, and Additional information about the stabilizing the world’s climate. In his 2006 Symposium & Workshop,

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on’t miss the boat—get the environmental news By now, Currents subscribers dyou need from Currents. Want to know what’s hap- know about these and the pening in the area of new fuels including biodiesel? The many other initiatives Currents latest rules and regulations that’ll affect your work? covers. You can too. Innovative technologies that’ll make your job easier? Navy personnel are protect- From ship to shore to the sky above, Currents keeps you ing our environment while informed. If you’re onboard with this issue, you’ll maintaining military readi- already know about . . . ness in new and creative ways. Each quarter, The F/A-18 Green Hornet team’s successful imple- Currents overflows with mentation of a series of environmentally-friendly interesting, informative, technologies without compromising the production, and entertaining articles performance and deployment of the aircraft. that uniquely capture the The Marine Corps’ execution of a prioritization sur- essence of what the U.S. Navy vey as a first step toward reducing water consump- is doing to uphold our envi- tion and saving utility costs. ronmental commitments. The Navy’s acceleration of its commitment to green You can subscribe to buildings by adopting a sustainability metric for Currents via the Naval Air buildings, participating in an agreement to achieve Systems Command’s high performance and sustainable buildings, and environmental web site at promoting the Navy’s own sustainable develop- www.enviro-navair.navy.mil ment policy. or by sending an e-mail Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek’s efforts to message to our Distribution Manager, Margaret restore a contaminated tidal marsh that benefits the Anderson, at [email protected] with your natural ecosystem and human residents alike. complete mailing address. It’s free.

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