Devolution, Nation-Building and Development Assistance
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Devolution, Nation-Building and Development Assistance: A Case Study of the Welsh Government’s Wales for Africa Programme Kathleen Mulready This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Geography and Planning Cardiff University 2017 Abstract Devolution, Nation-Building and Development Assistance A Case Study of the Welsh Government’s Wales for Africa programme Abstract This study explores Wales for Africa, the Welsh Government’s international development programme. It particularly considers the issues of political decentralisation, and participation in development assistance, on the making of national identity in contemporary Wales. Using a case study methodology, and a conceptual framework of the sub-state and the citizen as development actor, it explores how notions of Welsh subjectivity are tied to iterations of national identity and civic value, constructed around the concept of sustainable development, and ideas of mutual benefit and reciprocity in international development. It focuses specifically on community-based development organisations linked with partner organisations in sub- Saharan Africa. Although the potential benefits of citizen-led development initiatives to right-based approaches are recognised, little attention has previously been paid to the role of international development to sub-state nation-building. The study seeks to address this gap. Situated within the field of interpretive policy analysis, the thesis adopts a context sensitive approach focussed on how a political narrative around nationhood and civic value has been constructed around Wales’ development activities as a symbol of an alternative nation. Beginning with political devolution, the timeframe of the study ends at October 2016. The research involved extensive documentary analysis of policy related material, participant observation at policy and international events, the analysis of semi-structured interviews with interviewees from the public and third sector, and from participants in community-based development organisations. Data from focus groups and participant observation at a development project in Uganda was also scrutinised. By approaching both the sub-state and the citizen as development actors, the study brings together the professional knowledge of policy-makers together with the experience of citizens. The study provides a number of original contributions to knowledge. This is achieved by presenting an interpretive analysis of policy dynamics in a context where attention is largely absent in academic literature. The research also provides a broader contribution to understandings of the policy-making process by presenting an innovative explanation of how representation and interpretation may shape the design and consequences of policy. i Abstract Devolution, Nation-Building and Development Assistance A Case Study of the Welsh Government’s Wales for Africa programme DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ……………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………….…………….……… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of ………(insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed ……………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………….…………….……… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated, and the thesis has not been edited by a third party beyond what is permitted by Cardiff University’s Policy on the Use of Third Party Editors by Research Degree Students. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ……………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………….…………….……… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ……………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………….…………….……… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the Uni versity’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ……………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………….…………….……… ii Acknowledgements Devolution, Nation-Building and Development Assistance A Case Study of the Welsh Government’s Wales for Africa programme Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Alison Brown, whose continuous guidance and positivity has been invaluable. I would also like thank Dr. Justin Spinney for his advice and encouragement. I would also like to thank all the research participants in both Wales and Uganda who kindly gave up their time and shared their knowledge to contribute towards this research. This thesis was facilitated by a studentship from the Economic and Social Research Council. I thank them for their financial assistance. Finally, a big thank you to friends and family and in particular to Tom, Christopher and my parents for their enduring support and patience. Without you all this thesis could not have happened. iii Table of Contents Devolution, Nation-Building and Development Assistance A Case Study of the Welsh Government’s Wales for Africa programme Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................v Table of Figures.............................................................................................................. xi 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of Intent ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Devolution and Identity in Wales........................................................................ 3 1.3 The Wales for Africa Programme....................................................................... 4 Wales for Africa and Sustainable Development ........................................................ 5 1.4 Identity-Making in Wales .................................................................................... 9 1.5 Refining the Scope of the Study....................................................................... 12 Interpretive Policy Analysis and Wales for Africa.................................................... 12 Rationalising a focus on Wales’ Community Links ................................................. 14 An Original Contribution to Knowledge ....................................................................... 14 The Research Questions............................................................................................. 15 The Research Methods ........................................................................................... 15 Timeframe of the Research ..................................................................................... 16 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 17 1.6 The Structure of the Thesis .............................................................................. 17 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Citizenship and Community ............................................................................. 20 Conceptualising Citizenship..................................................................................... 21 v Table of Contents Devolution, Nation-Building and Development Assistance A Case Study of the Welsh Government’s Wales for Africa programme Relational Concepts of Citizenship.......................................................................... 26 Everyday Nationalisms ............................................................................................ 30 1.3 The Sub-State as Development Actor ............................................................. 35 Sub-State Diplomacy ............................................................................................... 36 Sub-States and Sustainable Development Activities .............................................. 38 Ambitions in Nation-Building ................................................................................... 42 2.4 The Citizen as Development Actor .................................................................. 43 Citizenship and Participation in Development......................................................... 44 Traditional Actors in Development .......................................................................... 45 A De-Specialisation in Development ....................................................................... 47 The Fourth Pillar of Aid ...........................................................................................