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As Cartas De Londres George Orwell Nas Redes Intelectuais Entre Londres E Nova York (1941-1946)

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As Cartas De Londres George Orwell Nas Redes Intelectuais Entre Londres E Nova York (1941-1946) 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTORIA SOCIAL Matheus Cardoso da Silva As cartas de Londres George Orwell nas redes Intelectuais entre Londres e Nova York (1941-1946). São Paulo 2015 2 Matheus Cardoso da Silva As cartas de Londres George Orwell nas redes Intelectuais entre Londres e Nova York (1941-1946). Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, como exigência para a obtenção do título de Doutor em História Social, sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Sara Albieri. Área de concentração: História Social São Paulo 2015 3 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Matheus Cardoso da Silva As cartas de Londres: George Orwell nas redes Intelectuais entre Londres e Nova York (1941- 1946). Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, como exigência para a obtenção do título de Doutor em História Social, sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Sara Albieri. São Paulo, 27 de Novembro de 2015 _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sara Albieri (orientadora) – USP ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 4 Sumário Agradecimentos. 7 Resumos. 10 Introdução. 13 Capitulo 1 - Capítulo 1 - A experiência da revista nova-iorquina Partisan Review nos anos de 1930. 36 1.1 - A Partisan Review: um projeto de reação à tradição cultural nos EUA; 36 1.2 - Duas tradições em disputa: marxismo versus modernismo; 40 1.3 - Em torno de uma nova estética social: da adesão ao rompimento com o comunismo nos anos de 1930; 44 1.4 - A refundação da Partisan Review e a luta por uma “arte revolucionária”; 46 Capitulo 2 - O Left Book Club e o trabalho intelectual no Popular Front britânico. 63 2.1 - A globalização das ideias dentro da esquerda anglo-saxã no entre guerras; 63 2.2 - O Clube e seu papel na organização do movimento intelectual britânico; 69 2.3 - O Left Book Club como guarda-chuva de uma geração radical; 73 2.4 - A radicalização das ideias na Inglaterra dos anos de 1930; 78 2.5 - O Left Book Club e a Segunda Guerra Mundial; 82 2.6 - As múltiplas faces da esquerda britânica entre as duas Guerras Mundiais; 86 2.7 - A esquerda anti-stalinista britânica durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial; 91 Capitulo 3 - As cartas de Londres: redes intelectuais dos dois lados do Atlântico durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. 98 3.1- Os caminhos de uma nova literatura engajada; 98 3.2- Em busca de uma definição do papel social do intelectual na virada da Segunda Guerra 5 Mundial; 101 3.3 - A aproximação com uma vanguarda radical europeia; 111 3.4 - A Partisan Review e a Segunda Guerra Mundial; 114 3.5 - As Cartas para Londres: a história de uma coluna; 121 3.6 - Orwell e as Cartas de Londres; 130 3.7 - Da luta antifascista à autocrítica nacional; 161 Capitulo 4 - Em torno da recepção do Animal Farm. 167 4.1- O pós-guerra nos EUA; 167 4.2- O pós-guerra em Londres; 179 Conclusão. 213 Bibliografia. 232 6 Dedico este trabalho à memória da mulher que me deu a vida. Minha querida mãe, Creuza Florêncio Cardoso da Silva. Seu legado se perpetua em seus filhos. 7 AGRADECIMENTOS A constituição de uma tese de doutorado que ocupou cinco anos da vida de alguém que a pouco passou dos trinta, é muito mais que a conclusão de uma etapa de uma carreira profissional. Todo o percurso deste trabalho, de seu início no final do ano de 2010 até o presente momento, indica justamente que ela, esta tese, é parte de um processo muito mais amplo, de amadurecimento pessoal. Como parte da minha vida então, este trabalho carrega todas as experiências, os laços de amizade construídos e as memórias de lugares e pessoas que conheci ao longo de todos esses anos. Da mesma maneira, este trabalho carrega suas perdas, especialmente de minha mãe, Creuza, falecida alguns anos antes da derradeira conclusão deste trabalho. Minha mãe que, como mãe, me apoiou em todas as vezes que mais precisei de apoio e me criticou quando eu achava que não deveria ser criticado. Assim como esse trabalho é parte de mim, ele é parte dela, pois eu, como seu filho, sou seu legado e é nele que sua memória permanece. Outra parte de mim – e por consequência deste trabalho – são meu pai, Francisco, e irmão, Thiago, que sempre estiveram do meu lado, mesmo que, em determinados momentos de nossas vidas, nossas ideias não confluíssem na mesma direção. Sem seu apoio, contudo, nada disto teria sido possível. Devo agradecer ainda a minha companheira, amiga, mulher, a pessoa que me ensinou o verdadeiro sentido do amor. É ela também responsável pela pessoa que eu sou hoje. Sem ela, Yuri, esse trabalho também não teria sido possível. Minha querida orientadora de todos esses anos desde o mestrado, professora Sara Albieri, que há muito deixou de ser apenas uma referência intelectual para mim. Mais do que me ensinar a trilhar os labirintos as vezes confusos, as vezes inquietantes, da academia, me ensinou a ver a vida de uma maneira mais paulatina, calma, organizada e perseverante. Os conselhos de todos esses anos não deram rumo apenas a esta pesquisa, mas à minha formação como indivíduo. Todos as amizades que construí nos últimos anos, dentro e fora da academia. Todas as pessoas que conheci ao longo de muitas viagens (algumas que permanecem amigas até hoje) e todo o aprendizado que todas elas me proporcionaram. De Cartagena, Telmira e seus filhos Sebastián e David; de Quito, Maria Eugênia e Christian; de Esmeraldas, Maria Cecília e Victor; de Manizales, Paola e Patrícia; de Santa Marta, Adriana; de Bogotá, Amy; de Manaus, Brenayon. Cada uma delas deixou algo em mim, e cada pedaço disto carregarei comigo eternamente. Aos colegas “orwellianos” Débora Tavares e Leonardo Trevas, que desbravam as mesmas terras incógnitas do estudo desse personagem chamado George Orwell por estas bandas do globo; à Luciana Garcia Oliveira pelas parcerias e projetos passados e futuros. Àqueles mais próximos, cuja convivência se estendeu por todos esses anos, agradeço pelo companheirismo sincero, pelas ideias trocadas e os 8 momentos de convivência “extramuros” universitário, que me fizeram sentir humano quando esquecia o que era isso, e agradeço por me permitirem conviver com suas famílias. Jayme (estendendo à sua esposa Regiane e sua família), Márcio (e sua família), Douglas (e sua família), Erick, Denner, Rineu, Cristiane, Priscila, Bruna, Marcus e sua esposa Ângela, Suzana e tantos outros. Devo um agradecimento especial a Sidnei Oliveira e sua esposa Lenara, amigos conquistados muito recentemente mas cuja sensibilidade e generosidade não cabem nestas linhas. São pessoas como estas que costumam nos renovar o desejo de seguir adiante em um mundo como este. Devo ainda uma agradecimento extremamente sincero ao Governo Federal brasileiro, através do Conselho de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de doutoramento no país e, posteriormente, pela bolsa de estágio no exterior (PDSE), que me proporcionou não apenas a tranquilidade financeira necessária desde o ingresso no doutorado, no ano de 2011, mas conhecer uma parte considerável do mundo e daí tirar experiências, profissionais e pessoais, que carregarei pelo resto da vida. Faço questão de dizer também nestas linhas, sem o menor pudor de incorrer em proselitismos, que sou símbolo, em grande medida, de um projeto político, o primeiro na história desse país, que deu condições concretas a filhos e filhas de famílias não abastadas de executar pesquisas cientificas nos mais altos níveis possíveis e dali mudar o rumo de suas vidas e de suas famílias. Obviamente tal projeto merece as devidas críticas mas, como o faço aqui, também merece os devidos reconhecimentos. Graças aos recursos financeiros providos pela CAPES, ainda, me foi possível permanecer durante um semestre letivo no ano de 2015, em pesquisa de campo na Inglaterra. Devo um agradecimento especial ao querido amigo Thomas Farines (e estendendo a sua namorada Gabriela Cavalheiro), cuja generosidade também não cabe nestas linhas esparsas. Sua ajuda foi fundamental em todas as etapas daquela viagem. Thomas é também daquelas pessoas que renovam a crença em um mundo descrente. Agradeço imensamente ao Professor Gregory Claeys, da Royal Holloway, University of London, que aceitou me acolher prontamente durante minha pesquisa nos arquivos britânicos. Sua simplicidade, apoio irrestrito e incentivo não apenas aumentou o prazer de estar em um ambiente intelectual tão rico mas me permitiu absorver ainda mais de toda a tradição intelectual com a qual me deparei. Minha pesquisa de campo em terras britânicas foi facilitada ainda por algumas pessoas. A pesquisa entre os arquivos relativos a Victor Gollancz papers foi facilitada pela generosidade do staff da Modern Records Center da biblioteca da Universidade de Warwick, a quem agradeço imensamente. Quanto a pesquisa entre a coleção do Left Book Club e da revista Left News, pertencente a University of Sheffield, devo agradecer toda a ajuda dispendida pelo staff da Special 9 Collections, Western Bank Library, no apoio a minha pesquisa entre seus arquivos, em especial a seu arquivista, Chirs Loftus. Agradeço imensamente ainda a Steven Wright, arquivista da George Orwell Archive, pertencente ao University College London, pela extrema simpatia e acolhida, estendendo os agradecimentos a todo o staff da coleção. Devo agradecimentos gerais ainda aos funcionários das monumentais coleções da British Library e do National Archives, ambos em Londres, e do University of Sussex and Brighton and Hove Royal Pavilion Museum Records, da University of Sussex, cuja estrutura e preparo são indescritíveis. Meus agradecimentos ainda à minha banca de qualificação, formada pelos professores Marcos César de Paula Soares e Francisco Palomanes Martinho. Além das instigantes questões que me colocaram para pensar ainda mais sobre tudo o que propunha à época, os professores Marcos e Francisco me aceitaram como seus estagiários, o que me proporcionou um grande aprendizado durante suas aulas.
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