Etude Du Potentiel Herbicide Des Extraits Végétaux Des Espèces Xero-Halophytes Tunisiennes Et Détermination De Leurs Modes D’Action

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Etude Du Potentiel Herbicide Des Extraits Végétaux Des Espèces Xero-Halophytes Tunisiennes Et Détermination De Leurs Modes D’Action Etude du potentiel herbicide des extraits végétaux des espèces xero-halophytes Tunisiennes et détermination de leurs modes d’action Promoteurs : Pr Haissam Jijakli – Pr Riadh Ksouri Année civile : 2020 COMMUNAUTÉ FRANÇAISE DE BELGIQUE UNIVERSITÉ DE LIÈGE - GEMBLOUX AGRO-BIO TECH Etude du potentiel herbicide des extraits végétaux des espèces xero-halophytes Tunisiennes et détermination de leurs modes d’action Sofiene Ben Kaab Dissertation originale présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique Promoteurs : Pr Haissam Jijakli – Pr Riadh Ksouri Année civile : 2020 © Ben kaab sofiene, février 2020 Résumé Les adventices constituent une contrainte majeure pour l’agriculture. En effet, connues par leur pouvoir allélopathique important, ces adventices peuvent causer des dommages économiques sévères atteignant 34% dans les grandes cultures. Dans cette optique, suite à la forte limitation des herbicides chimiques sur le marché et plus spécifiquement le retrait progressif du glyphosate, la demande du public pour des herbicides alternatifs d'origine biologique et davantage respectueux de l’environnement, est croissante. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la politique de minimiser l’utilisation des herbicides chimiques principalement le glyphosate. Les travaux de recherche effectué dans le cadre de cette thèse ont permis de sélectionner 2 extraits végétaux à forte activité herbicide à savoir, l’extrait phénoliques de Cynara cardunculus et l’huile essentielle de Rosmarinus officinalis. Par la suite nous avons procédé à un fractionnement bio-guidé afin de déterminer les composés bioactifs majoritaires. Ainsi, la myricitrine extraite de C. cardunculus a été identifiée pour la première fois comme molécule à potentiel herbicide. Ensuite, nous avons élaboré une nouvelle formulation à base de ces deux extraits végétaux sélectionnés qui pour la première fois améliore en même temps leurs efficacités et leurs stabilités. Finalement, l’étude des modes d’action de l’extrait phénolique de C. cardunculus a été réalisé par l’analyse des paramètres physiologiques et biochimiques de la plante cible traitée par nos deux extraits végétaux et en même temps par l’étude de l’interaction des molécules bioactives avec la membrane lipidique de A. thaliana. Abstract Weeds are a major constraint for agriculture. Indeed, known by their significant allelopathic power, these weeds can cause severe economic damages up to 34% in field crops. In this context, following the strong limitation of chemical herbicides on the market and more specifically the gradual withdrawal of glyphosate, the public demand for alternative herbicides of biological origin and more respectful to the environment, is increasing. This thesis is part of the policy of minimizing the use of chemical herbicides, mainly glyphosate. The research work carried out in the framework of this thesis allowed the selection of 2 plant extracts with high herbicidal activity, namely the phenolic extract of C. cardunculus and the essential oil of R. officinalis. Subsequently, we proceeded to a bio-guided fractionation to determine the majority bioactive compounds. Indeed, myricitrin extracted from C. cardunculus has been identified for the first time as molecules with herbicidal potential. Then, we have also developed a new formulation based on these two selected plant extracts which for the first time improves both their effectiveness and their stability. Finally, we studied the modes of action of the phenolic C. cardunculus extract. This was done by analyzing the physiological and biochemical parameters of the target plant treated by our two plant extracts and at the same time studying the interaction of bioactive molecules with the lipid membrane of A. thaliana. REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail a été conduit dans le laboratoire de Phytopathologie Intégrée et Urbaine sous la direction du Professeur Haissam JIJAKLI en collaboration avec le Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinale sous la direction du Professeur Riadh KSOURI. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude à Mr Haîssam JIJAKLI, Professeur à Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège pour m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et pour l’appui qu’il m’a apporté sur le plan scientifique. Je suis particulièrement sensible à l’honneur que m’a fait Mr Riadh KSOURI, professeur au Centre de Biotechnologie Borj Cédria (CBBC), pour m’avoir accueilli dans son équipe au Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (LPAM). Mes premiers remerciements vont à Mr Olivier PARISI, ancien assistant à la Faculté de Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège pour m’avoir facilité plusieurs tâches d’expérimentation et qui m’a accordé du temps pour les relectures et les corrections pendant toute la période de cette thèse. Qu’il trouve ici l’assurance de ma haute considération. Un grand merci pour Mr Abderazzek SMAOUI, Maître de Conférences au Centre de Biotechnolgie Borj Cédria pour m’avoir donné de précieux conseils concernant les plantes choisies pour ce travail, qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma grande reconnaissance et le témoignage de mon respect. Je remercie également les membres de mon jury de thèse, comme ceux de mon comité de thèse, pour le temps qu’ils auront dédié à mon travail. De même, je remercie l’ensemble de mes stagiaires, chercheurs et techniciens des deux laboratoires pour leur encouragement et leur aide. Mes derniers mercis vont à ceux qui s’en sont tenus aux coulisses de cette thèse, et sans qui pourtant rien n’aurait été possible : ma famille et mes amis. Pour cela je dédie ce travail en témoignage de l’amour, de l’amitié et de la reconnaissance que je porte à ma mère Leila et à mon père Larbi et mes frères Malek et Rafâa pour tout ce qu’ils ont fait pour moi, pour leur chaleur, leur amour, leurs patiences et leurs tendresses. Enfin, j’espère du fond du cœur que tout ce petit monde, trouve ici un mot de reconnaissance, et que chacun se reconnaisse en ce qui le concerne. J’espère aussi que l’effort déployé dans le présent travail réponde aux attentes des uns et des autres. Table des matières REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................... 7 Liste des Figures ....................................................................................... 12 Liste des tableaux ..................................................................................... 17 Liste des abréviations ................................................................................ 18 Introduction générale .................................................................................. 1 1. Données bibliographiques ....................................................................... 3 1.Contexte et problématiques .................................................................. 5 2. Allélopathie et les différentes méthodes de contrôle des adventices...... 6 2.1 Les adventices ............................................................................... 6 2.2 Allélopathie ................................................................................... 7 2.3 Moyens de lutte contre les adventices .......................................... 11 3 Les extraits végétaux et les leurs potentiels herbicides ........................ 20 3.1 Métabolites secondaires : les composés phénoliques et les huiles essentielles ........................................................................................ 20 3.2 Les plantes médicinales et aromatiques (PAM) ............................ 28 3.3 Métabolites secondaires phytotoxiques : Mode d’action et intérêts potentiel dans la gestion des adventices ............................................. 31 4. Références ........................................................................................ 39 2. Objectifs généraux de la thèse ............................................................... 47 3. Etude du potentiel herbicide des extraits végétaux (Cynara cardunculus, Rosmarinus officinalis) ............................................................................. 51 Highlights ............................................................................................. 56 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... 56 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 57 2. Materials and methods....................................................................... 58 2.1. Plant material, extraction and fractionation procedures................ 58 2.2. Formulation ................................................................................ 61 2.3. HPLC analysis ............................................................................ 62 2.4. Pre-emergence activity under laboratory conditions .................... 62 2.5. Post-emergence activity under greenhouse conditions ................. 63 2.6. Statistical analysis ...................................................................... 64 3. Results .............................................................................................. 64 3.1. Effect of the plant extracts on weed germination and seedling growth .............................................................................................. 64 3.2. Effect of the plant extracts on post-emerged weeds under greenhouse conditions ....................................................................... 67 3.3. Effect of C. cardunculus fractions on seed germination and seedling growth ................................................................................
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