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Research and Development in the Computer and Information Sciences

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Research and Development in the Computer and Information Sciences Bureau of Standi Itatlonal M™"' Library, &M DEC 3 0 1970 NBS MONOGRAPH 113, VOLUME 3 Research and Development in the Computer and Information Sciences U.S. RTMENT OF AMERCE Volume 3. Overall System Design Considerations— National Bureau A Selective Literature Review of tandards - NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards ' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. Today, in addition to serving as the Nation's central measurement laboratory, the Bureau is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end the Bureau conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program areas. These are: (1) basic measurements and standards, (2) materials measurements and standards, (3) technological measurements and standards, and (4) transfer of technology. The Bureau comprises the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Radiation Research, the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and com- merce. The Institute consists of an Office of Measurement Services and the following technical divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic and Molec- ular Physics—Radio Physics - —Radio Engineering - —Time and Frequency '-' —Astro- physics -'—Cryogenics. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to im- proved methods of measurement standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials; relates the physical and chemical prop- erties of materials to their behavior and their interaction with their environments; and provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies. The Institute consists of an Office of Standard Reference Materials and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry—Polymers—Metallurgy—Inorganic Materials—Physical Chemistry. THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Gov- ernment; cooperates with public and private organizations in the development of technological standards, and test methodologies; and provides advisory and research services for Federal, state, and local government agencies. The Institute consists of the following technical divisions and offices: Engineering Standards—Weights and Measures — Invention and Innovation — Vehicle Systems Research—Product Evaluation—Building Research—Instrument Shops—Meas- urement Engineering— Electronic Technology—Technical Analysis. THE CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH engages in research, measurement, and ap- plication of radiation to the solution of Bureau mission problems and the problems of other agen- cies and institutions. The Center consists of the following divisions: Reactor Radiation—Linac Radiation—Nuclear Radiation—Applied Radiation. THE CENTER FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in the selection, acquisition, and effective use of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Center consists of the following offices and divisions: Information Processing Standards—Computer Information — Computer Services — Sys- tems Development—Information Processing Technology. THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measure- ment System, and provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum ac- cessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data—Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information ' —Office of Technical Information and Publications—Library—Office of Public Information—Office of International Relations. 1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234. - Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302. '' Located at 5285 Port Royal Road. Springfield, Virginia 22151. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Maurice H. Stans, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lewis M. Branscomb, Director Research and Development in the Computer and Information Sciences 3. Overall System Design Considerations A Selective Literature Review Mary Elizabeth Stevens Center for Computer Sciences and Technology National Bureau of Standards •Washington, D.C. 20234 U- 5 'National Bureau of Standards, Monograph 113, Vol. 3 r » » Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Monogr. 113 Vol. 3, 147 pages (June 1970) CODEN: NBSMA Issued June 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C 13.44:113, Vol. 3), Price SI. 25 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS FEB 1 2 1971 i ^ o n Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 70-603263 Foreword The Center for Computer Sciences and Technology of the National Bureau of Standards has responsibility under the authority of Public Law 89-306 (the Brooks Bill) for automatic data process- ing standards development, for consultation and technical assistance to Federal agencies, and for supporting research in matters relating to the use of computers in the Federal Government. This selective literature review is one of a series intended to improve interchange of informa- tion among those engaged in research and development in the fields of the computer and informa- tion sciences. Considered in this volume are the specific areas of overall system design considerations, including the problems of requirements analysis, system networking, terminal design, character sets, programming languages, and advanced hardware developments. Names and descriptions of specific proprietary devices and equipment have been included for the convenience of the reader, but completeness in this respect is recognized to be impossible. Certain important developments have remained proprietary or have not been reported in the open literature; thus major contributors to key developments in the field may have been omitted. The omission of any method or device does not necessarily imply that it is considered unsuit- able or unsatisfactory, nor does inclusion of descriptive material on commercially available instru- ments, products, programs, or processes constitute endorsement. Lewis M. Branscomb, Director in I I I Contents Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Requirements and resources analysis 1 2.1. Requirements analysis 3 2.1.1. Clientele requirements 3 2.1.2. Information control requirements 3 2.1.3. Other system design requirements 5 2.2. Resources analyses 5 2.2.1. System modularity, configuration and reconfiguration 6 2.2.2. Safeguarding and recovery considerations 6 3. Problems of system networking 7 3.1. Network management and control requirements 7 3.2. Distribution requirements 8 3.3. Information flow requirements 8 4. Input-output, terminal design, and character sets 9 4.1. General input-output considerations 9 4.2. Keyboards and remote terminal design 10 4.3. Character set requirements 12 5. Programming problems and languages and processor design considerations 13 5.1. Programming problems and languages 13 5.1.1. Problems of verv large programs and of program documentations 14 5.1.2. General-purpose programming requirements 14 5.1.3. Problem-oriented and multiple-access language requirements 16 5.1.4. Hierarchies of languages rfnd programming theory 17 5.2. Processor and storage system design considerations 18 5.2.1. Central processor design 19 5.2.2. Parallel processing and multiprocessors 20 5.2.3. Hardware-software interdependence 20 6. Advanced hardware developments 21 6.1. Lasers, photochromies, holography, and other optoelectronic techniques 21 6.1.1. Laser technology 21 6.1.2. Photochromic media and techniques 22 6.1.3. Holographic techniques 23 6.1.4. Other optoelectronic considerations 24 6.2. Batch fabrication and integrated circuits 25 6.3. Advanced data storage developments 26 6.3.1. Main memories 26 6.3.2. High-speed, special-purpose, and associative or content-addressable memories 27 6.3.3. High-density data recording and storage techniques 28 7. Debugging, on-line diagnosis, insirumentation, and problems of simulation 29 7.1. Debugging problems 29 7.2. On-line diagnosis and instrumentation 30 7.3. Simulation 31 8. Conclusions 33 Appendix A 35 Appendix B 129 List of Figures Page Figure 1. A generalized information processing system 2 Figure 2. Photochromic data reduction 23 V 1 ! Research and Development
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