IRAN & THE BIBLE

What the Bible Says About Persia and ______"In the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, in order to fulfill the word of The Lord spoken by Jeremiah, The Lord moved the heart of Cyrus king of Persia to make a proclamation throughout his realm and to put it in writing: "This is what Cyrus king of Persia says: "The Lord, The God of heaven, has given me all the kingdoms of the earth and He has appointed me to build a Temple for Him at Jerusalem in Judah. Anyone of his people among you - may his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem in Judah and build The Temple of The Lord, The God of Israel, The God who is in Jerusalem." (Ezra 1:1-3) ______PERSIA:

• An empire which extended from India to Ethiopia, comprising one hundred and twenty-seven provinces, (Daniel 6), Esth. 1:1; • Government of, restricted by constitutional limitations, Esth. 8:8; (Daniel 6:8-12). • Municipal governments in, provided with dual governors, Neh. 3:9, 12, 16-18. • The princes advisory in matters of administration, (Daniel 6:1-7). • Status of women in, queen sat on the throne with the king, Neh. 2:6. • Vashti divorced for refusing to appear before the king's courtiers, Esth. 1:10-22; 2:4. • Israel captive in, 2 Chr. 36:20; • captivity foretold, Hos. 13:16. • Men of, in the Tyrian army, Ezek. 27:10. • Rulers of: Ahasuerus, Esth. 1:3. • Darius, Dan. 5:31; 6; 9:1. • Artaxerxes I, Ezra 4:7-24 . • Artaxerxes II, Ezra 7; Neh. 2; 5:14. • Cyrus, (2 Chr. 36:22), (2 Chr. 36:23), Ezra 1; 3:7; 4:3; 5:13, 5:14, 5:17; 6:3; Isa. 41:2, 41:3; 44:28; (Isaiah 45:1-8), 13; 46:11; 48:14, 15. • Princes of, Esth. 1:14. • System of justice, Ezra 7:11-26. • Prophecies concerning, Isa. 13: 17; 21:1-10; Jer. 49:34-39; 51:11-64; Ezek. 32:24, 25; 38:5; Dan. 2:31-45; 5:28; 7; 8; 11:1-4.

______Of all of the human empires that affected the people of Israel, the Persians did something rather unique - they permitted the return of the people of the southern kingdom of Judah to Israel, by God's command (see above verses), 70 years after their exile by the Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar. At its peak, the Persian empire reached from the India to Greece, and from the Caspian Sea to the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea. The Persians are believed to have originated in Media, which today corresponds to western and southern Azerbaijan. They settled in Persia, on the eastern side of the Persian Gulf.

Another Map of Persian Empire from 500 B.C.

Map of from 1994 Encyclopaedia Britnnica Map of Current Iran The Persians were Aryans, speaking one of the eastern Indo-European groups of languages. Two lines developed from an early leader, Teispes, who had conquered in the time of the decline of the Assyrian Empire - one line in Anzan, the other in Persia. Cyrus II, king of Anzan, united the nation, and conquered Media, Lydia, and . His son, Cambyses, took Egypt, which was later ruled by Darius, the son of Hystaspes. Persepolis (see map) was an ancient city of Persia that served as a ceremonial capital for Darius and his successors. From a Biblical perspective, the Persians were a link in the chain of human empires that molded - the Egyptians, from which the Exodus occurred, the Assyrians, who conquered the "Lost Ten Tribes," the Babylonians who conquered the southern Kingdom of Judah, the Persians who permitted the return to Jerusalem, the Greeks, who covered much of the time between the Old and New Testaments, and the Romans, who covered the time of Jesus Christ and beyond.

History of Christians and ______A Brief History of Christianity in Iran

By: Massoume Price, December 2002

Christianity arrived in Iran during the Parthian (Ashkanian) period. In the book of 'Acts of Apostles' (chapter II, V.9) first century AD, it is mentioned that on "the Day of Pentecost (part of harvest festival observed by early Christians) there were at Jerusalem "Parthians, and , and Elamites, and inhabitants of Mesopotamia". Early Christian records mention that Peter and Thomas preached the Gospel to the Parthians and men such as Thaddaeus, Bartholomew, and Addeus evangelized the races of Mesopotamia and Persia, and that Mari, a noble Persian convert, succeeded Addeus in the government of the Persian Christian communities. The bishops, Abrjs, Abraham, Jacob, Ahadabuhi, Tomarsa, Shahlufa, and finally bishop succeeded him (end of the third century). Syriac documents also indicate that towards the beginning of the third century the Christians in the Persian territories had some three hundred and sixty churches, and many martyrs. Arbela, fifty east of river Tigris (Dejleh), the capital of a small Persian border kingdom was the earliest center of Christianity in Iran (present day Iraq). There was a large concentration of Jews in Arbela and in Nisibis in eastern Mesopotamia and while some Jews were instrumental in spreading Christianity others opposed the new faith. The first century Jewish historian, Josephus mentions that a king of Adiabene accepted Judaism about AD 36. Such a conversion made Arbela a natural center for Jewish Christian mission at an early date. Nisibis another major city of the area was also the seat of a Jewish Academy of learning. Christianity spread in both Villages and cities and by the end of the Parthian period (AD 225), Christian communities were settled all the way from , an important missionary center, to Afghanistan. The Chronicles of Arbela report that by this time there were already more than twenty bishops in Persia and Christians had already penetrated Arabia and Central Asia.

Parthian Kings were tolerant of other religions and Christianity kept slowly but steadily advancing in various parts of the empire. At the time of the persecution of Christians in Rome many sought refuge in Iran and were given protection by the Iranian rulers. Though thousands of Persians embraced Christianity, Persia remained Zoroastrian with many adhering to the Cult of Mithra. There never arose an indigenous Persian Church, worshipping in the . The Persian Church was of Syrian origin, traditions and tendencies and for about three centuries, regarded Antioch (in Syria) as the center of its faith and the seat of authority.

With Sassanian (A.D. 226-641), Christianity (and other religions) suffered resentment. Its chief opponents were the Zoroastrian Magi and priestly schools, as well as some Jews. When the Roman emperor Constantine made Christianity the state religion in Rome (AD 312) and himself the sovereign of all Christians, the new fate became associated with Iran's archenemy. Conversion of into Christianly and defection of some Armenian army units to Rome made the matters worse. Religious and national feelings were united and paved the ground for future persecutions that continued in Persia for a century after they had ceased in Rome, where they started in the first place.

The Sassanian kings in general championed , and though some did not mind Christianity, the national feeling always clung to the ancient creed. Nevertheless Christianity kept steadily growing partly due to deportation of several hundred thousand Christian inhabitants of , Cilicia and Cappadocia by Shapour I (240-270AD). The deportees wee settled in Mesopotamia, Persis (Pars) and Parthia. The decision was based on economic and demographic reasons but unintentionally promoted the spread of the new faith. New cities and settlements in fertile but sparsely populated regions such as Khuzistan and Meshan were built. Many Christians were employed in big construction projects and had a large number of skilled workers and craftsmen among them. The city soon became a significant cultural and educational center with the famous library and University of Jundaishapour, home to scholars from all over including many Christian and Jewish scholars. It also became the center of silk production in Iran with many Christians involving in every aspect of silk production, management and marketing.

This period of peace and prosperity for the Christian community lasted until the reign of Bahram II (276-293AD). First persecutions included that of Bahram's Christian concubine Candida, one of the first Persian Martyrs. The persecutions were supported and even promoted by the powerful high priest Kirdir who in one inscription declares how Ahriman and the idols suffered great blows and continues as follows: "and the Jews (Yahud), Buddists (Shaman), Hindus (Brahman), Nazarenes (Nasara), Christians (Kristiyan), Baptists (Makdag) and Manicheans (Zandik) were smashed in the empire, their idols destroyed, and the habitations of the idols annihilated and turned into abodes and seats of the gods".

But these persecutions remained exceptions compared to the fourth century when systematic harassment of Christians began. Originally Christianity had spread among the Jews and the Syrians. But by the beginning of the fourth century, Persians in increasing numbers were attracted to Christianity. For such converts, even during peaceful times, membership in the church could mean loss of family, property, civil rights and even death. Some persecutions under Shapour II (309- 379AD) were as horrid as those administered by the Roman Emperor Diocletian who used to burn or feed the Christians alive to wild beasts, or have them killed publicly at the games by the gladiators.

Towards the beginning of the fourth century the head of the Persian Church selected the city of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian Empire, as his center of authority (Ctesiphon metropolitan). Under his jurisdiction were several bishops, one of them, Yohannan bar Maryam of Arebela was present at the very important Council of Nicaea (325 AD) in Rome. In 340 or 341 AD, the new metropolitan (Archbishop) of Ctesiphon, Shem'on (Simeon) bar Sabba'e, was urged by Shapour II, to collect a special tax from the Christians to finance the costs of war against Rome. His refusal was the prelude to the systematic persecution of Christians. In the Martyrology of Simeon, Shapour is quoted of accusing the bishop of having political motives for his policies. While the Persian sage, Aphrahat, the most important intellectual representative of Christianity in Iran at the time in his Demonstrations compares Constantine with good and the proud Shapour with forces of evil.

Aphrahat was an Assyrian born in northern Mesopotamia in the region of Adiabene and was a monk, probably a bishop. His only surviving work Demonstration contains 23 treatises, which he wrote between AD 337 and AD 345. The first ten chapters of Demonstrations deal with ten specific aspects of Christian life and doctrine such as faith, fasting, prayer and humbleness. In this he displays a very simple faith, firmly centered on the Scriptures. For him a "Christian life must be a life of unrelenting warfare between believers and the devil. The most dangerous instrument of satanic temptation is a woman; the safest path for man, therefore, is to renounce the love of a woman, and live alone for Christ. As for women, their highest calling is to espouse virginity and thus rob the devil of his tool for temptation. Since it was not possible for all to remain celibate, Christians may marry, but if they do, it might be best to marry before baptism". In his address to the monks he recommends that "if a monk desires, that a woman bound by celibacy, should dwell with him, it would be better for both parties to marry and live openly together" (Demonstrations VI.4). His ideas were picked up over a century later when the church had to make a decision about celibate clergy.

Shapour was not the only enemy; in the Chronicles of Arbela Christians blame Magi, Jews and Manicheans for promoting hatred against Christians and calling them Roman spies. In fact some Zoroastrian authorities such as mogbed and rad (titles in priestly hierarchy) are named for being directly involved in interrogating and convicting Christians at times of persecutions (Syriac Acts of Martyrs). Some Christian accounts of martyrdoms show anti-Jewish tendency, and the same is true of some writings of the Eastern Church fathers. Weather those Christians had political motives or not needs more research, however surviving literature indicates that they indeed regarded their faith as superior. Their world was not divided between Romans and Iranians but between 'people of God' and the 'outsiders' or 'non believers'. In their literature they identify themselves as 'pure ones', 'just ones' or 'people of God'. Distinctions are made between ethnic Christians, nasraye and deported ones and their descendants called Krestyane. They also referred to themselves as misihaye (those who believe in Messiah (Massih).

Shapour's peace treaty with Emperor Jovian halted the persecutions for a while (AD363). By this treaty, Mesopotamia and Armenia came under the control of Persia. In AD 409, the Persian king Yazdegard I, by an edict of toleration brought an end, for the time being, to the persecution of Christians. He had a Jewish wife and was well disposed towards both Judaism and Christianity and in fact was called the 'Christian King' by some. The edict allowed Christians to publicly worship and to build churches. The peace helped the Christian community to re-organize its life. Tensions eased further when Iranian Christians created their own ecclesiastical organizations with its own hierarchy and eventually became independent from the Western Church.

Though Rome and Constantinople were the centers of the so-called 'Orthodox Christianity', many Christian groups particularly in Mesopotamia opposed their policies and doctrines. In 410, a meeting of Christians was held at the Persian capital under the presidency of Mar Isaac, the bishop of Ctesiphon. An independent new Church was announced and the leader (metropolitan) was called '- Patriarch'. The council confirmed Mar Isaac as the first Catholicos and Archbishop of all the Orient.

The Synod (Ecclesiastical/Church council) also declared its adherence to the decision of the Council of Nicea in Rome and subscribed to the Nicene Creed. Though the church was not fully independent from Rome as yet, Yazdegerd approved of the organization of the Persian church on this basis and issued an edict giving recognition to the Catholicos as the head of the Persian church. Christians in Iran received a definite standing among the population, with freedom to manage their own affairs, but answerable to the state authorities through the Catholicos who became a civil as well as a religious head. The decree also dictated that the election of a Catholicos had to be approved by the king and he became king's nominee.

Early in Yazdegerd's reign Maruthas, a Mesopotamia bishop represented the Roman Emperor at the Persian Court. He was instrumental in re-organizing the Persian Church and spreading Christianity further in Iran and Nisibis became a strong Christian center. Later in the reign of Yazdegerd, the Persian bishop, Abdas of Susa destroyed a Zoroastrian temple in the city; the king ordered the bishop to restore the building at his own expense. Abdas refused and the result was the order by the king to destroy all churches. Before long the destruction of churches developed into a general persecution, in which Abdas was one of the first martyrs. When Yazdegerd died in 420, and was succeeded by his son Bahram V, the persecution continued, and large numbers of Christians fled across the frontier into Roman territory. Bahram demanded the surrender of the Christian fugitives, and once again war was declared against Rome in 422. Although the latter half of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth century was a period of conflict in the Eastern provinces, the period was also a time of expansion for the Christian Church and of literary activity. This literary and ecclesiastical development led to the formation of a Syriac literature in Persia (Syriac being the liturgical language of the Persian Church), and ultimately of a Christian Persian literature. By 420 there were 5 metropolitans including two at Merv and Heart and bishop Dadyeshu was elected Catholicos. He was imprisoned a year later and internal divisions and disputes were intensifying at the time amongst different Christian denominations.

During the rule of Bahram V (421-438) the third synod of the church introduced a radical change. The Synod of Dadyeshu met in 424 under the presidency of Mar Dadyeshu. The first synod of Isaac in 410 had decided that the Catholicos of Seleucia-Ctesiphon be supreme among the bishops of the East. The Synod of Dadyeshu decided that the Catholicos should be the sole head of the Persian church with no one above him. In particular it was laid down that "easterners shall not complain of their Patriarch to the western Patriarchs; every case that cannot be settled by him shall await the tribunal of Christ."

This meant that their Catholicos was answerable to God only and not to Rome, Antioch, Alexandria or Constantinople. Six metropolitans and thirty conventional bishops from all over Persia elected Dadyeshu and he became the first Catholicos equal in rank and authority to any western Patriarchate. This gave the Iranian church the privilege of independent administration and freedom from outside jurisdiction. For a while King Yezdegerd II (439-457AD) welcomed the move and sent the Patriarch of the Persian Church on a mission to meet the Roman Emperor.

The king took a particular interest in the question of religion and studied all religions practiced in Iran. But he remained a zealous Zoroastrian and at the end started persecuting both Christians and Jews. He tried to convert Armenians back into Zoroastrianism; he was defeated once, won again and took hostage the leaders of the Armenian Church and leading members of the local aristocratic families by carrying them off to Iran. The next successor Peroz (459-84) faced many disasters and wars and ended up a hostage. He persecuted the Jews and watched the Christian community going through internal conflict and doctrinal divisions.

In 486 the church made a decision that went against the radical ascetic tendency of the East and against the canon laws of the West. It rejected celibacy and affirmed the rights of all Christians to marry including ordained priests or even bishops. The texts mention social and cultural factors for this verdict. But the state also pressured the church to change its stand on celibate clergy. Zoroastrians held the unmarried clergy in contempt and considered celibacy as a cause of weakness in the empire. The virtue of virginity irritated them and there are accounts of nuns forced out of monasteries to be married and were put to death if refused. This movement against the enforced celibacy of the clergy did not last and the decision was reversed in the sixth century.

Between 450 and 500 the Nestorians, followers of Nestorius the patriarch of Constantinople who created his own brand of Christianity were persecuted in the Roman Empire. They fled to Persia and received protection. had been rejected at a meeting of Christians from all over at 431 in Ephesus (Turkey) and their bishops were forced to flee to Iran. From 488 during the reign of Qubad, the whole Persian Church adopted Nestorianism at the synod of Jundaishapour (Syrian Beth Lapat) and henceforth the Catholicos of Seleucia became the patriarch of the Nestorian Church of Persia, Syria, China, and India. Nestorians believed in the doctrine of the two natures of Christ (human and divine) as opposed to Monophysite's believe in one nature only. The Nestorian doctrine was popular in the Persian border districts, in the 'Persian School' of Edessa and it was also a way to eliminate the suspicion of conspiracy with the Romans.

The 'Persian School" was closed and transferred from Edessa now a Monophysite stronghold to Nisibis and became very famous. The first rector was the leprous Narses (Narsai) a prolific writer he enjoyed immense reputation. He was a great poet and his gift for language made him a master of the Syriac idioms. His scholarship helped the church to be built on strong biblical and theological foundations and was later honored by the title Rabban the Great'. The central aspect of the school was its spiritual discipline, Bible study and missionary work.

This university consisted of a single college, with the regular life of a monastery. Its rules are still preserved. At one time it had more than 800 students. The fame of this theological seminary was so great that it inspired the Italian Pope to establish the Cassiodorus's monastery at Vivarium. Other less important schools existed at Seleucia and elsewhere, some in small towns and another major one at Jundaishapour. The most colorful Christian personality of the period was Barsauma, who fought for the success of the Nestorian confession, founded the new school in Nisibis and was very active politically. He also rebelled against the leader of the Christian community Catholicos Babuwai.

Khosro Anoshirvan's (531-79) wars against Byzantium (540-545) and Emperor Heraclius's victories once more prompted persecutions but peace was resumed afterwards. The king once again guaranteed their freedom of worship and many celebrated Christians such as the philosopher Paul the Persian and members of the famous learned family joined the royal court and Jundaishapour University. His successor Hormizd IV (570-90) furthermore supported Christians. His mother was the Byzantine princess Maria a Christian and his support created a backlash amongst the Zoroastrian clergy with violent results against Christians. Khosro II, Parviz (579-90) regained his thrown from Bahram Chobeen with help from his father-in law Emperor Mauritius and remained loyal to Christians. He paid honor to Virgin Mary and to a number of saints popular among the Syrians. His wife remained a devoted Jacobite and was immortalized in Persian literature as Queen Maryam in the love story "Khosro and Sheereen". However Khosro Parviz soon turned against Christians when new wars broke out once again.

Khosro Parviz sacked Jerusalem in 610, his Syrian troops looted the city for 3 days, massacred thousands of Christians and religious relics including a piece of the true cross (the one Jesus died on) were carried off to Iran. The cross itself became a center of dispute amongst Byzantium and Iran and eventually was returned as part of a peace treaty. The official teaching of the Nestorian Church at the time of Khosro II is preserved in the treatise "De Unione" composed by the energetic monk Babai the Great.

In the next century the Persian Church kept steadily increasing with a hierarchy of 230 bishops. Christians were scattered over , Babylonia, , Arabia, Media, Khorasan and Persia proper, Turkestan, Merv and both shores of the Persian Gulf. The figure, 'Catholicos of Seleucia' became a powerful entity and the extent of his jurisdiction rivaled the Byzantine patriarchs. On the whole Christian missionaries were successful amongst all groups including high-ranking Iranians. There are accounts of Christians among the landlord classes in Mosul and the surrounding mountains. Khosro III (630) was killed in an insurrection headed by a Christian whose father had been the chief financial officer of the realm. Some of the patriarchs of the Nestorian Church were converts, or sons of converts, from magi priesthood.

Monasteries were introduced in Mesopotamia by monks from Egypt in fourth century and spread quickly. Accounts by Mar Awgin relates that his monastery near Nisibis contained three hundred and fifty monks, while seventy-two of his disciples established each a monastery. Their numbers must have been very high, in addition to the numerous monasteries in Mesopotamia and the regions north of the Tigris, there were scattered monasteries in Persia and Armenia. Besides the cenobites, living in large communities, there were numerous solitaries living in caves or rude huts. spread through monasteries and greatly influenced Islamic mysticism that emerged in the area after the Muslim conquest . While numerous, however, the Iranian Christians were not organized into a national church. They differed from the Nestorians farther west but not enough to gain ecclesiastical independence from Nestorianism. Syriac was the ecclesiastical and theological language and even in Persia proper little Christian literature was produced in Persian and the Scriptures had not been translated into Persian either. A few works were produced in Middle Persian mainly to clarify the legal status of Christians In Iran. The Corpus Iuris by the Metropolitan Mar Ishobukht, dating from 8th century is one that has survived in Syriac translation. Other Christian legal books survived in Syriac are a text by the Metropolitan Mar Simeon and one written under Mar Aba in the reign of Khosro I, Anoshirvan (531-539). Mar Aba was a convert from Zoroastrianism, and had studied Greek at Nisibis and Edessa and intended to prepare and publish a new version of the Old Testament, a task he did not finish. He died in prison and his successor was put to death. In 567 Ezechiel, a disciple of Mar Aba, was appointed Catholicos of Seleucia, under whom lived Bodh the periodeutes, the translator into Syriac of the Indian tales "Kalilah and Dimnah". The Indian literature was made popular in Iran through Jundaishapour University's translations of Indian texts.

With the growth of church many differences arose between different confessions, and this probably is one more reason why the church did not evolve into a national Iranian church. The differences, conflicts and rivalries were significant and created many problems amongst the Christians and eventually helped their downfall and the total defeat of the Christian Church after the Muslim and Mongol conquests both in Iran and outside. Matters were further complicated when some converted from the to the Roman Catholic denomination. This group was called Chaldeans who rejected Nestorianism at the AD 451 Council of Chalcedon near Constantinople. They adhered to their separate Patriarch in Syria and created a massive rift between Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Rome. Supported by Byzantine Emperors they started persecuting other Christian sects and took control of many local churches.

Armenian and Assyrian churches made the matters worse. Owing to the war with Persia, the Armenian Church did not have a delegate at the Chalcedon council nevertheless they took side against Nestorians. The Nestorians of Persia were quarreling with the Orthodox Church of Persia, which was in communion with the Church of Armenia and asked for their help. Armenians responded and their Catholicos Babgen called a meeting not only of his own bishops but also those of the neighboring Christian countries of Georgia and Caucasian Albania.

They assembled at the headquarters of the Armenian Church in Dvin in the year 506. After long deliberations they officially proclaimed their adherence to the Ecumenical Council of Ephesus and rejected both Nestorians and Chaldeans. The result was the unintentional separation of the Armenian Church from the rest of Christendom, that is, of Greco-Roman Christianity. Assyrian Christians were also divided into different confessions. Assyrians (Assori) are one of the oldest surviving Christian groups and currently there are around 550,000 left and almost half still live in Iraq. They are descendents of the ancient Assyrians, a major Mesopotamian Empire from 2000BC, destroyed in 612 BC by the Babylonians and Medes. After this collapse the remnant of the Empire was called Urhai and later Edessa. Many Assyrians fled to the secluded mountains of Kurdistan; some settled in Urumiah in northwestern Persia, and others scattered throughout Asia Minor. Presently they occupy the mountains and plains of southern Turkey, Northern and northwestern Iran and many have emigrated to Europe and North America. They speak various dialects of a Semitic language and have kept Chaldean as their religious language. According to their chronicles, they embraced Christianity in the first century A.D. Up till the 16th century, prior to penetration of the Jesuit and later Protestant missions in the , the Assyrians belonged to two ancient Christian denominations: The Church of the East and The Syrian Orthodox Church, popularly known as Jacobite. The split into two different denominations occurred in the 5th century A.D. and appears to have been politically motivated to secure a measure of safety for the Assyrian minority which was caught between two rival empires: Persian (the locus of the Church of the East) and Roman (the locus of the Syrian Orthodox Church). During Sassanian era majority of the Assyrians in Iran adopted Nestorianism and this created a division between them and the Jacobite Assyrians.

Christianity spread in Iran and affected other sects such as Manicheans (Manavi) and persecutions eventually ended. Despite all improvements, Christians of Iran denied the Sassanian their support once the attacked the Empire. The motive might have been a feeling of affinity with Christian Arab tribes. However once conquered, Christians like Jews became second-class citizens. The conquest of Islam in seventh century put an end to freedom of religion through out the area. All polytheistic and pagan religions were banned all together with all the other Near and Far Eastern religions. Islam does not recognize these as true religions. All major and minor deities were eliminated as false gods. The house of Kabah contained many such deities (including Christian sacred items), all were banished. The followers of all local gods became 'kofar' and were given the choice to either convert or die. Allah a term used by local Christian tribes, meaning god and a local deity, became the only sovereign god, the almighty. Islam was the last and the most superior of all religions and Muslim males were made superior to all others including Muslim females. Christianity and Judaism were accepted as the only other true religions and their holy scripts were accepted as such. However despite a large number of Christian and Jewish tribes in Arabia, their freedom was substantially restricted and their legal status lowered.

They were given the right to practice their religion if they paid a discriminatory religious poll tax called 'jizya'. In Quran, these people are called dhimmis (ahle zimmeh); later Zoroastrians of Iran were included as well. Quran prohibits Muslims from becoming friends with Christians and Jews and the two are forbidden from any participation in building Mosques and none other than Muslims can visit Mecca, once a multi-fate center. They could not marry Muslim women while Muslim men could marry all. Muslims could not become slaves but all others were subjected to slavery as purchased slaves or war booty. However they were exempt from military service and forced labor. Later on Christians and Jew were banned from riding horses while carrying arms and could not increase their numbers through conversion of others. They were segregated and their houses should have not exceeded those of the Muslims in height (the Jewish quarter in Kirman is an example) and church bells were not to be heard. Dress codes were assigned to them and most ended up in segregated neighborhoods.

Courts of 'Shariat' became the only legal vessel between the Muslims and non- Muslims and Quran gave Muslim males superior legal status. For instance if a Jew or a Christian kills a Muslim, there is both 'Ghesas' (Physical punishment) and 'Diyeh' (Monetary compensation). If a Muslim kills a Jew or a Christian, there is no ghesas and they only pay diyeh, which is half of what the Jew or the Christian has to pay. There is no punishment for killing kofar (non-believers) or mortad (converters from Islam into other faiths). In short all except the Muslim males became second- class citizens (dhimmis). The so-called 'Covenant of Ummar' made religious discrimination an institution. Ummar believed Arabia should be purely Muslim and Arab. The large Christian and Jewish communities of Arabia mainly in Najran, Khaybar, Hijaz and Medina were expelled to the conquered territories and their properties confiscated. His bias, brutality and discriminatory actions contributed to his assassination by a Persian Christian slave (Nasrani).

The situation worsens by the time of Harun Al Rashid in eight-century AD. The overwhelming population of the area at the time was Christian, Zoroastrian and Jewish. Their houses of worship were destroyed, they could not build any new ones and jizya was increased substantially. Payment of the jizya was furthermore to be accompanied by signs of humility and recognition of personal inferiority. On payment of the tax a seal, generally of lead, was affixed to the payee's person as a receipt and as a sign of the status of dhimma. By the time of Caliph Al Motevakel in ninth century, non-Muslims were all excluded from employment in government sectors, banned from Muslim schools, had to live in closed quarters and were forced to wear distinct clothing and colored ribbons to indicate they were non-Muslims.

Iran being part of the Greater Muslim Empire was subjected to the same rules. Since non-Muslims were forced out of the government institutions, they went into trade and banking. A wealthy class of Christian merchants emerged with cash but little political influence. Christian artisans, including goldsmiths and jewelers, would find employment in the large cities. In his account of the mission of the Nestorian monks, Thomas of Marga relates that the Patriarch Timothy sent his missionary with a company of merchants who were journeying together to Mugan (the plain of Mugan?) on the River Aras (Araxes). Muslim treatment of the religious minorities varied in accordance with the policies of the caliphs and attitudes of different governors. While the Umayyad governor of Iran Hajjaj was ruthless and extremely biased others were more lenient and did not follow all the discriminatory rules. There were many Christian, Zoroastrian and Jewish Philosophers, physicians, scientists, engineers, musicians and court administrators in the first centuries of the Muslim Empire. Later on they all gradually converted or were forced out of government services. The coming of Abbasid improved the position of dhimmi for a while especially during the reign of Al Mansur. He was a devoted follower of the sciences and supported the great translation movement of the 8th century AD. Initiated by the Syriac, Greek, and Persians to preserve the ancient knowledge, the movement started in Syria and flourished in Baghdad. Scientists and intellectuals from all over got together centers of learning were created and thousands of books were translated into Arabic from Greek, Hebrew, Persian and other languages. Bukhtyishu and Masuya (Masawaih) learned families were amongst such people. Both families had served at Jundaishapour University for generations and were instrumental in setting up the Adudi Hospital in Baghdad. Iranian Jews were writing dari (new Persian) in Hebrew characters, Christians used Syriac script to write Persian. The position of non- Muslims varied with time and is shown in the surviving Christian works and chronicles.

John of Damascus (ca. 675-749) and Nestorian Patriarch Timothy I (779-823 or 778- 821) are amongst Christian scholars whose works have survived. John wrote the Fount of Knowledge, a massive work that contained a section "On Heresies." In this chapter he views Islam not as a new religion but as a heretical schism from Christianity. He also viewed Islam as a threat, pointing out while writing Fount of Knowledge; a nearby bishop was executed for preaching against Islam. He calls Muslims Ishmaelites and calls the new religion a forerunner of the Antichrist. He concludes that the Christian veneration of the cross is no more an idolatry than the Muslim veneration of the Kabah; and criticizes polygamy practiced by Muslims.

Patriarch Timothy's dialogue with Abbasid caliph Mahdi has become a classic. Mahdi asked him how intelligent people like him could believe in God having a son. He coolly agreed that the statement was a blasphemy: "Who would say such a thing?" Nevertheless, he continued, "Christ is the Son of God"-not, however, "in the carnal way." And the debate went on for two days. Such literature indicates the doctrinal differences between the two, which added to the military and political conflicts created by conquering the entire Eastern Christendom by the Muslims.

Conquest of Jerusalem in AD 640 resulted in the control of the holiest Jewish/Christian city by the Muslims and has caused never ending feuds ever since between the Jews, Christians and Muslims. While some sites were preserved other major Jewish and Christian holy sites were occupied to build Mosques and stories about Prophet Muhammad's Ascension (Miraj) in Jerusalem were used to justify such actions. The results were centuries of Crusade wars between European Christians to defend Christendom and Muslim rulers of the area and occupation of the city by the Crusaders in AD 1099 and Muslim retake of Jerusalem in 1187. Muslim rule of Christian territories ended missionary works in the area and compelled Christians to expand into India and the orient.

Nestorian Church became the dominant one in Iran, though it did not grow in Iran they gained many converts in India and China. Ctesiphon the Persian capital was totally destroyed during the Arab invasion and the Catholicos seat was moved in 762 to Baghdad. The fate of the Christians in the Muslim territories depended on the will and the mood of the ruling Muslim dynasties. While many rulers were tolerant others were harsh and intolerant. At the turn of the millennium the Caliph al Hakim, turned against Christian and Jews, torturing and killing thousands of people (and Muslims too). He forced all Christians to strictly follow the dress code imposed earlier, and to wear a five-pound cross around their neck. He forced Jews to wear a heavy bell around theirs', and dismissed all non-Muslims from administrative offices. Al Hakim turned loose the Egyptian mob to demolish Coptic Churches and Jewish synagogues, walled off a Jewish street, leaving all inside to die of starvation, and also walled and sealed the doors of a public bath for women, entombing alive all those who were inside. He banned all women from appearing on the streets of Egypt for any reason. At Caliph al Hakim's death, toleration returned, the center of Coptic Christianity shifted from Alexandria to the new capital, Cairo and churches were rebuilt. The Turkish invasion of Iran and the latter Seljuk and Ghaznavi rule was detrimental to the Christians. The Turks were fighting Christian Byzantium and suspected Christians in their territories of having affiliations with Byzantium. The conquest of the eastern territories of Seljuks of Iran by the invading Qara-Khiatai from Northern China made the situation easier for Christians in Balkh and neighboring areas. The Chinese ruler of this group Gur-Khan was a Manichean and as such he had sympathies for Christians, since Manicheans incorporated many Christian elements including Jesus himself in their religion.

On the whole life for Chrsitians was not very different under Turks and all regulations with respect to dhimmis (Zames) were still applied. There were many Christian communities in all the major cities, notably Baghdad and Nishapur. Benjamin of Tudela who traveled in Iran after the death of Sultan Sanjar, the Seljuk ruler, mentions Christian and Jewish communities throughout the Iranian territories.

The Crusades made the situation worse for the Christians in general. Local Christians were caught between two equally hostile forces during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Muslims came to hate all Christians in the Muslim world, while Latin Christians despised the Eastern Christians as heretics. During the Crusades, Latin Christians came to control the Holy Land, but prevented the local Christians from going on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Saddi the grand master of Persian prose and poetry was at one point taken a prisoner during the Crusade wars and ended up as a slave/war captive. A friend who bought him and then forced him to marry his daughter rescued him. Saddi complains a lot about this woman in his writings.

In 1258 the Moguls conquered Baghdad the center of the Muslim Empire. This change was for a time favorable to Christianity, as the rulers openly declared themselves Christians or were partial to Christianity. However under latter Mongol rulers and also due to Tamerlain's (Taymur) invasion of Persia many churches along with mosques were destroyed and thousands of Christians and Muslims were killed.

The early Mogul rulers before embracing Islam were a lot more tolerant towards all religions and employed many Christians including a Chinese Nestorian, Yabh-alaha III, who eventually became the Catholicos of the Syrian Church in 1281. The new Patriarch was a native of Western China; he ruled the Church through a stormy period of seven reigns of Mogul kings. He had the joy of baptizing some of them and there were many Christian women, wives and children of the Khans in the royal court, and for a time he hoped that they would form an alliance with the Christians of Europe against the Muslims. The conversion of the Mogul rulers into Islam ended such expectations.

Some of the Il-Khan leaders were also favorable towards Christians. One of the leaders Arghun in late 13th century in his wars against Mamluk rulers of Egypt sought a military alliance with Christian West. In 1285 he sent a letter to Rome and later an emissary to Pope along with a Nestorian Christian called Isa Kelemechi to start negotiations. How the Christians were treated depended on the politics of the day. The scholar Ibn Taghribirdi praises the last Il-Khan ruler, Abu Said for demolishing Christian Churches. This was partly due to the establishment of the first archbishopric of Sultaniyeh by Pope John XII. Francis of Perugia was the first archbishop and was succeed in 1323 by William Adam, who amongst other duties protected the Christian Armenians against their Muslim neighbors.

During the last five centuries Christianity in Iran has been a tolerated but oppressed and despised faith. From the invasions of Tamerlaine until the accession of Shah Abbas, the Safavid ruler (1582), a period of two hundred years, its history is almost a blank. In 1603 some Armenian chiefs appealed to Shah Abbas for protection against the Ottoman Turks. The Shah invaded Armenia and devastated the area to stop Ottomans from gaining access to provisions. Armenians were driven before the Persian soldiery to the banks of the Aras River, near Julfa. Their cities and villages were depopulated and were allocated in forced settlements. Convents were plundered, and their inmates driven out. Thousands of captives were forced to cross the Aras without proper transports. Thousands died and two Armenian chiefs were beheaded to hasten the progress and their beautiful women were carried off to Persian harems.

Only around 5000 made it to Julfa in Isfahan, where they were granted protection and privileges, such as the freedom to practice their faith in their own segregated neighborhoods. More were followed and there were also some Georgians who were forced to settle in Iran as well. Both Armenians and Georgians were scattered through Central Persia, and some of their descendants still live in villages and towns in Isfahan and in the Bakhtiyari region. A colony of seven thousand was planted at Ashraf, in Mazanderan, where majority were destroyed by malaria; the surviving population was sent back to Armenia later on. The Armenians were master craftsmen and artists and their colony at Julfa prospered and became wealthy, though they were not given any political power.

Under the Safavid kings, the Christians of Azarbaijan and Transcaucasia suffered a lot from the wars between Ottomans and Persians. Both banks of the Aras were generally in the hands of the Persians. Some of the shahs were tolerant, and the Christians prospered; some overtaxed them. The last, Shah Sultan Husayn, oppressed them: he repealed the law of retaliation, whereby a Christian could exact equivalent punishment from a Muslim criminal. He enacted that the price of a Christian's blood should be the payment of a load of grain. Subsequent periods were as bad. Julfa was subjected to great suffering at the time of the invasion of the Afghan leader Mahmood. The city was captured, and a ransom of seventy thousand tomans and fifty of the fairest and best-born maidens exacted. The grief of the Armenians was so heartrending that many of the Afghans were moved to pity and returned the captives. When Mahmood subsequently became a maniac the Armenian priests were called in to pray over him and exorcise the evil spirit.

The history of Christianity in Iran enters a new phase with the attempts by The Nestorians to join the Catholic Church and the arrival of Christian missionaries in Iran. In 1233 the Nestorian Catholicos sent to Pope Gregory 1X an orthodox profession of faith and was admitted to union with the Church of Rome. The subsequent patriarchs confirmed this union and eventually Nestorianism was renounced and several thousand Persian Nestorians became Catholics and changed their name to Chaldean Christians, and because of Turkish persecution, chose Urumiah in Persia as the center for the patriarch. The following Christian leaders all remained faithful to Rome with their patriarchal see at Urumiah and Khosrowa. By the 17th century there were some 200,000 Christians in Iran, however as of 1670 the relations between the Persian patriarch and Rome were severed once again, mainly due to pressure by the Christians who had remained loyal to Nestorianism and though there were attempts by some patriarchs to re-establish links with Rome the gap between the two widens.

At the end the Nestorians completely severed their relations with Rome, and transferred their patriarchal residence from Urumiah to Kotchanes, in Kurdistan (Iraq). Meanwhile, the Chaldeans who remained faithful to the Catholic Faith, selected an independent Catholic patriarch, Joseph I, who was confirmed by Pope Innocent and was given the title of "Patriarch of Babylon", i.e., of Seleucia- Ctesiphon, the ancient patriarchal see of the Nestorian Church. In 1695 he resigned and went to Rome, where he shortly afterwards died. His successors were Joseph II, III, IV, V, and VI, all belonging to the same family of Mar Denha. They governed the Chaldean Church during the eighteenth century, and their patriarchal residence was transferred from Persia to Mesopotamia - to Diarbekir, Mosul, and Amida successively. By 1900 the Chaldean patriarch of Babylon had 5 archdioceses and 10 dioceses, with around 100,000 followers and moved their center to Baghdad. The first missionaries arrived at the time of Moguls in the 13th and 14 centuries both in Central Asia and in Persia and did not succeed. In the early part of the seventeenth century, the kings of Persia sought friendly relations with Europe. This gave a new impetus to Catholic missionary enterprise, and Carmelite, Minorite, and Jesuit missionaries were sent and were well received by Shah Abbas the Great. He allowed them to establish missionary stations all through his dominion and Isfahan became a popular center for missionary work. Soon others such as Augustinians and Capuchins arrived. They enlarged their missionary field, extending it to Armenians and for the first time openly to Muslims. The most distinguished of these missionaries was Father de Rhodes of Avignon, known as 'The Saint' who was so popular that the Shah, his court and many ordinary people in Isfahan attended his funeral in 1646. Under Shah Sultan Husayn and later on Nadir Shah persecutions started again. The missionaries were forced to flee, and thousands of Christians were compelled either to migrate or to apostatize.

The second epoch of Catholic missionary work in Persia begin in 1840 by the Lazarists and started with a French civil servant Eugene Bori, a fervent Catholic, he was sent to Persia in 1838 on a scientific mission by the French Academy and the Minister of Public Instruction. He founded four schools, two in and Isfahan for the Armenians, and two in Urumiah and for the Chaldeans. They were joined later on by the French Sisters of Charity and other priests who took over the schools founded by Bori. The establishment of a new French representative at the Persian Court helped and the Lazarists were permitted by the Persian Government to continue their work unmolested and one of their priests Father Luzel became a great favorite with Mizra Aghasi, the prime minister at the Qajar court. They built a new seminary and a large new church and trained new priests by teaching them Latin, French, Syriac, and Armenian, as well as theology. Besides the seminary, two other colleges were opened, one for boys, the other for girls, the latter under the care and direction of the Sisters of Charity. To these were soon added one hospital and one orphan asylum, where all including Muslims were admitted. Nasr-ed-Din Shah allocated a yearly allowance of 200 tomans ($400) towards the maintenance of the two institutions. Soon after, two more hospitals were opened, one at Urumiah and one at Khosrowa. By late 19th century most missionaries expanded to and established schools, churches and hospitals at the capital. The missionary schools were instrumental in providing modern thought and education for the Iranians and they were the first who established girls' schools in Iran.

Catholics were not the only Christian group interested in missionary work in Iran. The earliest Protestant missionaries Moravians arrived in 1747 but had to withdraw because of political disturbances. The next missioner was Henry Martin, a chaplain in the British army in India, who, in 1811, went to Shiraz and completed his Persian translation of the New Testament in this city. The German missionary Reverend Pfander arrived in 1829 and in his famous books Mohammedanism and "Mizan-ul- Haag" (The Balance of Truth), argued in favor of the superiority of Christianity over Islam. American Protestant missionaries arrived in1830s. They established a school in Urumiah but like most other non-Catholic missionaries lost many adherents to the Catholic missionaries.

The first successful Protestant missionary attempt took place in 1834, when the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions (Congregational) commissioned Justin Perkins and Asahel Grant (1835) and their wives to establish a mission among the Persian Nestorians. Between 1834 and 1871 some fifty-two missionaries were sent by this organization into Iran with several physicians. In 1870 their work was transferred to the Board of Missions of the American Presbyterian Church, and the mission was divided into those of the Eastern and Western Persia, the former including Tabriz, Tehran, Hamadan, Rasth, Ghazwin, and Kirmanshah: the latter, the Province of Azarbedjan (Urumiah, Khosrowa) and parts of Kurdistan, , and Armenia. By 1910 the American missionaries managed to establish 62 schools and 4 hospitals educating and providing health care for both Christians and Muslims. More missionaries arrived from other countries including and they managed to convert several thousand Nestorians into the . The converts were motivated to seek Russia's protection against sporadic persecutions by the Muslim rulers of Iran and religious authorities.

The end of the 19th century is the beginning of fundamental changes in Iran and the start of the Constitutional Revolution. Christian partisans such as Yaprem Khan, his daughter Setareh along with other minorities participated in the movement. They were instrumental in forming the first multiethnic Secret Society of 1905, which began the debate on political change. Jews, Christians, Bahai and Zoroastrians fought hard with the constitutionalists to form a National Consultative Majlis instead of an Islamic Majlis as demanded by the religious hierarchy. Along with other religious minorities they succeeded in their efforts to ratify laws that gave equality to Muslim and non-Muslim (male) citizens in 1907 and defined a new concept of Nationality not based on religious origins (with the exception of Bahai who were not recognized). The constitution of 1906 put an end to the segregation of religious minorities, but it was at the time of Reza Shah and the next Shah that they were able to freely integrate in the larger Iranian society.

According to this constitution Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians had the right to elect one delegate each to the Majlis, but they could not participate in elections of other delegates. The constitution also prohibited non-Shiite Muslims from becoming a member of the Government. This was ignored by the Pahlavi regime and there were non-Muslim high government officials even Bahai by the 1970's.

The Islamic Revolution of 1979 guarantees religious freedom of the Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians. According to the new constitution the religious minorities are permitted to follow their own religious laws in matters of marriage, divorce and inheritance. The constitution also made Shariat the legal code and therefore gender and religious discriminations are an integral part of the system. Bahai once again are not recognized at all, Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians each have their own representative at the Parliament and are not legally forbidden from employment in the government sector. But since the authorities only employ Muslims and a 'Shariat test' is required, in reality these people are once again barred from working for the government.

Iran's indigenous Christians include an estimated 250,000 Armenians, some 32,000 Assyrians, and a small number of Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Protestant Iranians converted by missionaries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Armenians are predominantly urban and are concentrated in Tehran and Isfahan; smaller communities exist in Tabriz, Arak, and other cities. They are the largest Christian community in Iran and their leader Archbishop Manukian resides in Tehran.

A majority of the Assyrians are also urban, although there are still several Assyrian villages in the Lake Urmiah region. Although Armenians and Assyrians have encountered individual prejudice, they have not been subjected to mass persecutions except for the murder of a few priests during the last decade. In the twentieth century, Christians in general have participated in the economic and social life of Iran. The Armenians, especially, achieved a relatively high standard of living and maintained a large number of parochial primary and secondary schools.

Since the revolution the administration of the Christian schools has been a source of tension between Christians and the government. The Ministry of Education has insisted that the principals of such schools be Muslims, that all religious courses should be taught in Persian, that any Christian literature classes have government approval, and that all female students observe hejab inside the schools.

In the 20th century a nationalistic movement amongst all Assyrians started in the region and there have been attempts by different Assyrian groups to reunite. The patriarchal seat of the Church of the East since World War II has been moved to Chicago, U.S.A. Civic organizations have emerged in both "Nestorian" and "Jacobite" centers with publications to promote national unity. During First World War the Assyrians joined the Allies in the hope of attaining sovereignty in their ancient homeland in case of an Allied victory. This antagonized the Turks and the Persians, and resulted in the massacre of great numbers of Assyrians and their uprooting from their homes in Persia and Turkey. Since the revolution like other Iranians massive immigration of Christians has reduced their numbers nevertheless many have remained in Iran and still participate in the social and economic activities of the country despite restrictions.

Most Christians in Iran celebrate Christmas according to the traditions of the Eastern Church. As of December first they start what is known as the "Little Fast." By avoiding eating animal products. The Eastern Christians celebrate Christmas on January 6th according to the Julian calendar but many churches have services on December 25th as well. The Christmas dinner is called the "Little Feast" and a traditional dish is a chicken stew called harasa, Turkey dinners are becoming popular as well. Gifts were generally not exchanged but children received new cloths for the occasion, however gift giving has become a routine and children enjoy both gifts and new cloths. Lighting candles, decorating the Christmas tree and singing hymns, marks the holiday and family and friends are visited.

The Assyrian New Year is celebrated on April 1st, Kha B'Nissan, based on ancient pre-Christian traditions of Assyria. However as Christians, Assyrians celebrate the major Christian holidays including Easter and Christmas according to the Eastern traditions. Easter is seen as the theologically most important holiday as it commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Consequently, it is called Eida Gura or big holiday. Christmas, commemorating the birth of Christ, is called Eida Sura or small holiday. Other Christians celebrate the season according to the traditions of the Western Church. New Year's Eve was celebrated with grandeur In Iran before the revolution and all major hotels had huge and elaborate parties open to all including the Muslims. Since the revolution Christians can only celebrate New Year in their own clubs and neighborhoods and officially Muslims are barred from participating, nevertheless many still join their Christian friends at private parties for a time of merry and joy.

THE PEOPLE OF IRAN

People of Iran

Resource: prayirannow

The Door of Persian world is Wide-opened For hundreds of years Islam has had the door locked shut on Muslims under its grip... but there's change in the wind. A new day has dawned and now, right now, a strategic opportunity lies before us, and we dare not let it slip through our fingers. For the first time in modern history, there is openness to whole concept of freedom in Persian countries of the world, and yet the battle for hearts and minds is being waged.

NOW IS THE TIME... for individuals who know first-hand of the saving power of Jesus Christ, and know the difference He can make in an individual's life, to join with us to reach Muslims around the Iran, Afghanistan.. With God's liberating message of hope and salvation through His Son, Jesus Christ. We are currently reaching more than 70 million Muslims and Persian speaking on a weekly basis true TV and Internet ministries.

Location: Kurds everywhere in the world dream of a day when they can possess "Kurdistan," an area that includes land within the , Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Armenia. While Palestinians command most of the media's attention, the Kurds remain the largest people group without a sovereign homeland. Diyarbakir, in southeastern Turkey is widely accepted as the ancient capital of the Kurds.

History: The Kurds are among the world's oldest civilizations. They have lived along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia for at least the last 3,000 years. 7th Century- Arabs sweep into the area and conquer the Kurds. This begins for the Kurds centuries of living under the rule of others. The Seljuk Turks, Mongols, and the later occupy the land. In the late 13th century, the Ottoman Empire takes control. 1923 A.D.- Turkey is recognized as an independent nation, and the Treaty of Lausanne is signed. Under the terms of the treaty, Turkey is no longer obligated to grant Kurdish autonomy. The treaty divides the Kurdish region between Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. 1946 A.D.- Iranian Kurds set up the short-lived Mahabad Republic with Soviet backing. It is swiftly crushed by Iran. The Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) is founded and is dedicated to the creation of an independent Kurdistan. 1979 A.D.- Iran's Islamic revolution sparks a Kurdish revolt in Iran that is then quickly snuffed out by Iran. 1988 A.D.- Iraq retaliates against Iraqi Kurds for supporting Iran during the Iran-Iraq war, and through the "al- Anfal" ("spoils of war") campaign, slaughters thousands of civilians and displaces 1.5 million people. Thousands flee to Turkey. 2004 A.D.- In March, Syrian Kurds riot and fight with police for several days after a brawl at a soccer game. It was Syria's worst unrest in decades. Languages: Kurds, more than most ethnic groups hold tightly to their culture and language. While the Kurds of Iran speak Farsi, most consider their mother tongue Kurdish. There are several dialects of Kurdish, including, Kurmanji, Zaza, Sorani and Badanani. Kurmanji and Sorani are the major sub-dialects. Most of the Iranian Kurds speak Sorani Kurdish. Population: While numbers vary, it is believed that there are about 40 million Kurds living in the "Kurdistan" region. There are about 18 million in Turkey, 12 million in Iran, 6 million in Iraq, 1 million in Syria, and 500,000 in Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. There are also large Kurdish populations in Europe. San Diego and Nashville have become home to many Kurds who were displaced during the first Gulf War in 1991. Lifestyle: Kurds have generally led a rural lifestyle as shepherds and farmers. They are also renowned for their carpets and handicrafts. This is changing in Turkey and Iraq as civil unrest has forced the Kurds from the villages to the cities. Unfamiliar with life in urban areas, the Kurdish men, women and children are forced to take menial jobs or sell produce. The more zealous Kurds keep their children out of school to keep them from ideas that they fear might dilute their Kurdish identity. Spiritual Identity: After 14 centuries of Islamic influence, most Kurds are either Sunni or Alevi Muslims. The Alevi Muslims are more tolerant and accepting of other beliefs. While Sunnis, which in Arabic means, "one who follows the traditions of the Prophet," are obviously more conservative. In Iraq and Armenia, there is a small sect of religiously distinct Kurds, called Yezidi Kurds. Yezidi Kurds fear and worship Malaki Tawis, (believed by some to be synonymous with Lucifer) rather than Allah. Yezidi Kurds believe that God, as a disinterested creator, gave them over to Malaki Tawis. Yezidi Kurds live their lives in dread of Malaki Tawis. Status of Christianity: In many cases, cultural pride takes a clear precedence over religious conviction and that pride becomes a barrier to the gospel. The number of Christian materials available in the different Kurdish dialects is growing as interest in the Kurds' spiritual welfare rises. In spite of the availability of these materials, response to the gospel among the Kurds has been slow. There is also constant hostility between the Sunni Muslim Kurds in the north and the Shiite Muslim Kurds farther south

The Northwest Location: The Northwest region of Iran is made up of five provinces, which includes West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Gillian, Mazanderan, and Gilaki. The major cities of Northwest Iran are Tabriz, Orumieh and Rasht. History: Some historians believe that this area pre-dates Mesopotamia, which is considered one of the earliest civilizations. Some archaeologists believe that the is actually the Garden of Eden because of its location in relation to the four rivers mentioned in Genesis. 530 B.C.- The rule of King Cyrus the Great ends (559-530 B.C.). 858 A.D.- Tabriz destroyed by a catastrophic earthquake. 13th century- The city of Rasht is first settled. 1500's A.D- Provinces are sites of fierce fighting between Ottoman and Persian Empires. Between wars and natural disasters the area suffers great losses. 1826 A.D.- Russians invade and occupy Northwest Iran. 1918: Most of Orumieh's Armenian Christian population leaves the city. Most of the remainders were massacred by Ottoman troops. 1990 A.D.- A 7.7 earthquake rocks northwest Iran, killing over 50,000 people.

Languages: Farsi is spoken by almost everyone in the northwest. Also spoken are Azeri, Mazanderani, and Turkmen. Azeri and Turkmen are Turkic languages and can be understood by Turkish speakers with little difficulty. The Azeri language is so close to Turkish that the Azeri people are known as "Turks" in Iran. Population: The population of the northwest provinces of Iran is about 17 million. Azeris, who mostly live in the northwest provinces, make up 25 percent of Iran's total population. Tabriz, the area's largest city has a population of 1.2 million. Lifestyle: Over half of the people of northwest Iran live in the cities of the region. Even the city dwellers are forced to grow some produce. The rest of the people in northwest Iran either live in villages or in nomadic tribes. Most of the people work either in industry or agriculture. Many of the people of northwest Iran have become successful merchandisers in Iranian Bazaars. Spiritual Identity: More than anywhere else in Iran, the northwest provinces have some spiritual diversity. The area is the birthplace of Zoroastianism and the Baha'i faith. There is also a residual Armenian influence left from the Armenians who were forced to evacuate after World War One. Orumieh has the largest per capita Christian population in Iran. The Bab, founder of the Babi Islamic sect, which evolved into the Baha'i religion, was executed along with 40,000 followers in 1850 in Tabriz. Baha'is are nonviolent and incorporate other beliefs into their own. The Baha'i of Iran suffer more religious persecution than any other . These days, in spite of the spiritual variety in northwest Iran's history, most everyone is a Shiite Muslim. Status of Christianity: Northwest Iran still has fingerprints from Christian influences from Russia and Armenia. Evangelical Christianity, vastly different from the orthodox Christianity, is slowly gaining ground. Men and women are working to spread the Gospel among the Azeri, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talesh, and Turkmen peoples of northwest Iran. The Jesus film has been shown in the provinces. There are a few evangelical churches in the region. The New Testament, Christian literature, and God's Story, have been translated into Azeri. Christian recordings, Bibles and radio broadcasts are also available in the northwest provinces. At least two missions agency are reaching out to the people of northwest Iran. Tehran

Location: Tehran is situated in the northern part of Iran, about 1,200 meters above sea level and just south of the Alboroz Mountain Range. The city sits in a valley, making it susceptible to air pollution (like Denver). The Jajrud and the Karaj Rivers run on each side of the city. The capital forms its own province, also called Tehran. History: 1221: Tehran is established as the most important regional town after the city of Rayy is destroyed by the Mongols. 1722: Tehran is raided and occupied by the Afghans. 1729: Nadir Shah liberates Tehran from Afghans. 1788: Agha Mohammad Khan, the head of the Qajar dynasty, makes Tehran the capital of Persia. 1925: Shah Reza Pahlavi takes over as the Qajar dynasty crumbles. The new Shah begins to ambitiously develop Iran's capital. 1979: Shah is overthrown in people's revolt. Students and young people storm American embassy and hold 52 Americans hostage for over 400 days. 1999: State of the art Tehran metro opens. Languages: The majority of the people speak Farsi (Persian) in Tehran. There are also a number of people who speak Armenian, English, French and Russian. Population: The population of Tehran is said to be anywhere from 10 to 14 million people. Most of Tehran's inhabitants are Persians, but Azeris represent 25 percent of the population. Other important minority groups include Kurds and Gilakis. Tehran is about 99 percent Muslim while the remaining percent consists of Christians, Zoroastrians and Jews. Lifestyle: Tehran is a shadow of it's pre-revolution self when it was one of the most modern cities outside of the Western Hemisphere. Still, Tehran remains the economic, political and social capital of Iran. Tehran is filled with historic sites, theaters and museums. In addition, Tehran has no fewer than 40 institutions of higher learning. Tehran stays connected to the west through the Internet and satellite television (which is deemed illegal). Tehran sadly grapples with the problems of most mega-cities. Prostitution and drug abuse are rampant and the divorce rate is said to be near 60 percent. Spiritual Identity: Tehran, possibly more than anywhere else in Iran is going through a spiritual identity crisis of sorts. Young men and women have become disillusioned with Islam and have begun to search elsewhere for truth. Many have embraced Zoroastrianism while others have looked eastward to New Age religions. Still, a good number have. Status of Christianity: Even as Iran returns to a more conservative time and brakes are put on reforms, the churches of Tehran are full and vibrant. Church leaders while cautious, report that every Friday (the traditional day of worship in Iran) their congregations are filled to capacity. One church has had to provide five services to accommodate the swelling numbers of attendees. Also in force is the underground church, which too is growing. Recently Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ was shown in Tehran movie theaters. A Tehran native living outside of Iran recently reflected on what he would do if Iran would open up, "The first thing I would tell them is that Jesus loves them and that he is their only hope." Citizens of Tehran are hearing that message every day in churches and on satellite television. Eastern

Location: The eastern provinces of Iran make up a large portion of Iran's land. The eastern provinces encompass large deserts and mountain ranges. Some of the important areas of the region include Kerman, Sistan, Baluch, and Mashhad. Mashhad is considered Iran's holiest city. History: 3000 B.C. - Evidence unearthed shows that Baluchistan province was inhabited as far back as 3000 B.C. 312 B.C. - During Alexander the Great's reign, Bahman Pour Gashasb establishes the Arg-e Bam kingdom in Bam in southeast Iran. People lived in the ancient citadel up until almost 200 years ago. 3rd Century - Ardeshir I, founder of the Sassanian dynasty, settles the area of Kerman. In the past, the area has been referred to as "Karmania," "Kermania" and "Zhermanya," meaning bravery and combat. 9th Century - Imam Reza is poisoned and martyred in the city of Sanabad. Reza was the eighth Imam and spiritual leader of the Shi'ite Muslims. Many Iranians believe Reza to be the Imam of all Muslims. After Reza's murder, the city is renamed Mashhad, which means "place of martyrdom." 1839-1841 - Britain enters into war with Afghanistan, which ends in disaster. The war spills over and involves the people of southeastern Iran. 1958 - The Sultan of Oman, changing the border and size of Iran, sells Gwadar, in the Baluchistan province, to Pakistan. 1968- Town of Ferdows is leveled by earthquake, killing 2000 people 2003- A deadly earthquake hits the city of Bam. The earthquake kills more than 40,000 people and leaves hundreds of thousands homeless and destitute. Languages: Among the 10 million people in the eastern provinces, Farsi is most widely spoken. However, among the different tribes, their own languages are spoken. The Baluch speak Baluchi, which is also spoken in neighboring Pakistan. Population: While the eastern provinces comprise one-third of Iran's landmass, there are only about 10 million people living in the rugged eastern provinces. Lifestyle: While much of the eastern provinces have breathtaking scenery, there is little in the way of industry and economic advance. Springtime in Kerman Province means mountains full of tulips and poppies. These flowers are too often used for heroin and opium. The eastern provinces are the most remote and poorest areas of Iran. With little hope of employment, a large number of young people turn to drugs for escape from the harsh realities of life. The industries of the area include metals, pistachios, dried fruit, carpets, dates, and decorative stones. Spiritual Identity: With the eastern provinces so remote and difficult to control, many people here have either become nominal Muslims or held onto their traditional beliefs. The most common non-Muslim belief in the area is Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism emphasizes monotheism, man's free will, resurrection, final judgment, heaven (the word "paradise" comes from Old Persian), and hell. It also teaches about an almighty, kind, loving and forgiving God. Much of Zoroastrianism significantly influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. On the other hand, Mashhad is considered the holiest of all cities. Every year, Mashhad sees millions of pilgrims coming to pay homage to Imam Reza, father of the Shi'ite sect of Islam. Thanks to the harsh conditions of the eastern provinces, there is also a fatalistic view of god and faith. One man, who had lost scores of family members in a recent earthquake, viewed his aching loss as fate determined by an unconcerned god. He accepted his bleak and hopeless future as his own. Status of Christianity: In the past there have never been more than 100 believers in the region. These days, that is changing. According to some evangelical organizations, there are over 80 Christian fellowships made up entirely of Muslim-background believers. Against the backdrop of a tragic disaster, a local man watched as American believers provided food, water and shelter to earthquake victims. As he observed how they did their exhausting work without complaint and with loving spirits, questions began to form in his mind. His questions were answered by another Iranian, "They came here to help people, and they do all they do because they love people, which is what Jesus tells them to do." The man watched for a few more days and approached the same Iranian believer with one more question, "How can I become a Christian like these men?"

Central Provinces Location: The Persian Central Provinces (PCEN) consists of five provinces in the central part of Iran. These five provinces include Esfahan, Hamedan, Markazi, Semnan and Qom. The region is composed of an urban center in the city of Esfahan, foothills, plains, rich farmland, and the Zagros, Alborz, and Rasvand mountain ranges. History: 1000 B.C. - Zoroaster becomes one of the first teachers to consider such things as monotheism, man's free will, resurrection, final judgment, heaven (the word "paradise" comes from Old Persian) and hell. Zoroaster also taught about an almighty, kind, loving and forgiving God. He believed man's salvation in life and in the afterlife could only be ensured through Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds. Many of these concepts had a significant influence on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. 549 B.C. - Cyrus the Great defeats Astayages, last king of the Medes in Hamedan (Ecbatana). Cyrus soon afterwards allows Jewish exiles to rebuild temple in Jerusalem (Ezra 1). The Jews regard Cyrus as 'the Lord's anointed'. 9th Century - City of Qom is founded and quickly becomes an important city in Muslim world. 1387 - Tamerlane invades Esfahan. Before subduing the city, the Mongol emperor and his men kill more than 70,000 of Esfahan's citizens. 1979 - Military forces loyal to Shah of Iran surrender to revolutionary militia ending Shah's dynasty. Ayatollah Khomeni returns to Qom from exile and makes it the seat of power. Languages: Farsi is the predominant language spoken in the PCEN. There are, however, several ethnic minorities residing in the region who speak their respective "heart languages" such as Armenian, Romany, and Arabic. Population: There are over seven million people living in the PCEN. Some of these seven million people include Jews, Gypsies and Armenians. Lifestyle: Esfahan is one of Iran's top tourist destinations with its markets, history and beautiful landmarks. The tourist trade drives much of the city's economy. Other Esfahan citizens are either employed in administrative or industrial work. In other parts of the PCEN most agriculture constitutes the people's main business where the land is conducive to growing things. Spiritual Identity: The majority of people living in the PCEN are Shia Muslims. There are those among the ethnic minorities who do not claim Islam as part of their religious identity. The Armenians profess a traditional or apostolic Christianity and the Jews cling to their Judaic heritage. Status of Christianity: The central provinces of Iran are home to dozens of historical churches. The fact that these churches are merely museums is testament to the lack of Christian influence in central Iran. The Christian fire has not completely gone out... Recently, a believer in one of the central provinces was in a store and he noticed a cashier reading a book. Upon closer inspection, the believer noticed that the cashier was actually reading a Bible. Buoyed by finding another believer, the two men agreed to meet to study the Bible. Nomads

Location: The central and southern provinces are home to the Nomads of Iran. During the winter, the Nomads move from the hills into the dry arid plains of central and southern Iran. History: 11th Century- The Qashqa'i begin entering Iran from central Asia 14th Century- The Bakhtiari arrive from Syria. Mid-18th Century- Karim Khan Zand, ruler of southern Iran, appoints a Qashqa'i as tribal leader of a province. The Qashqa'i name means "those of a horse with a white-starred forehead" or "those who fled." 1930's- Reza Shah exiles, imprisons or executes nomadic leadership. The Shah goes on to confiscate their pastures and uses the military to stop their nomadic lifestyle and enforce dress codes. 1941- Allied forces banish Reza Shah and the nomads of Iran resume their nomadic lifestyle. 1957- A Tribal Teachers' Training School in Shiraz is established, assuring that tribal identities will be encouraged rather than erased. Languages: The Qashqa'i language, which is unwritten, is linguistically similar to Azeri (Azerbaijani). Most of the Qashqa'i can communicate in Farsi, which is the national language of Iran. The Qashqa'i call their language "Turki." The Bakhtiari speak a dialect of Persian called Luri and are Shiite Muslims. Politically the tribe used to form a confederacy under a chief appointed by the shah, but this position has now been abolished. The confederacy was most effective in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the Bakhtiari played an important role on the national level in Iran's constitutional movement. More recently many tribesmen have left the traditional way of life for employment in the oil industry in the cities. Population: There are said to be over three million nomads living in Iran. Within these three million people there are over 500 Tribes and independent clans. Lifestyle: The Nomads of Iran travel with their livestock according to seasonal weather. As they settle in the central provinces they live in large, black goatskin tents. While they subsist from their agrarian efforts, much of their income is from the tourist trade. Handicrafts and leatherworks are popular among tourists. However, the Nomads, particularly the Quashqa'i, are famous for their carpets. Nomads often define their group and clans in terms of tents. The Nomads use the word "Tent" as a denotation for their home. Spiritual Identity: Like most Iranians, the Nomads claim to be Shia Muslims, although few are practicing Muslims. In national political skirmishes, nomadic leaders have allied themselves with the Muslim clergy. While they keep the Islamic traditions when observing marriage and death, very few observe daily prayers. Neither do many fast during Ramadan the Islamic holy month of fasting. Status of Christianity: The Nomads of Iran live their lives closed off from mainstream society. Reaching them with the gospel has proved to be challenging. However, people are bringing the message to the Nomads. The bible, God's Story and the Jesus film are among the resources in the languages of the Nomads of Iran. There are a few believers among the Iranians. Those believers long for a church where they can be with other brothers and sisters in Christ. In an attempt to help Nomads deal with their harsh economic situations, Christian businessmen have begun to work with Nomads to help develop Nomad businesses.

Iranian Arabs Location: Iranian Arab communities are known to be in five locations. 1. In Kuwait along the Kuwait/Iran border. 2. In Iraq along the Iraq/Iran border and especially in the city of Basra. 3. Three provinces along the Persian Gulf: Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Hormozgan. Most live in the southern regions of Iran with the majority living in the southwestern province of Khuzestan while others live along the coast of the Persian Gulf. History: 636-642 AD: The Arabs are believed to descend from Abraham's son Ishmael. Until the seventh century A.D., they lived almost entirely in the Arabian Peninsula. In that century, the "prophet" Mohammed founded the religion of Islam, and the Arabs began a process of conquest that would spread them, their language, and their culture across much of Africa and Asia. As they migrated, many Arabs settled in Persia. The Arab conquest changed the whole course of Iranian history. Islam, the religion of the conquerors, superseded the ancient Iranian faith, Zoroastrianism. Arabic, the language of the conquerors, replaced Iranian (Persian) as the administrative and cultural language of Iran for nearly five centuries. 1980-1988: During the Iraqi-Iranian War, Iranian Arabs sought to break away and create their own state. This desire manifested itself when Iranian Arabs stormed London's Iranian embassy demanding autonomy for their southern region of Khuzestan (April 30, 1980). The Iranian government publicly denounced the take-over. The group, which claimed responsibility for the siege, the Arab Popular Movement in Arabistan, gave a number of press conferences in the following months, referring to what it described as "the racist rule of Khomeini". The British police eventually quelled the takeover. May 2003: War: USA/IRAQ: Hundreds of Iranian Arab refugees were stranded at a desolate border crossing in Iraq living in makeshift huts made from crates, blankets and corrugated iron and waiting for permission to cross the frontier into Iran. Most of the refugees had lived in Iraq for more than two decades, since the start of the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War. Following the fall of Saddam Hussein, hundreds of Iranian Arab refugees were driven from their homes near the Iraqi city of Al-Kut by armed gangs of Iraqis who said the land belonged to them. Languages: (Arabic dialects) Iranian Arabs have retained their Arabic language and many of their old customs, but they have lost some of their ethnological characteristics. There is no linguistic family relationship between Arabic and Persian, although Persian vocabulary has been heavily influenced by Arabic and is written in Arabic script. Population: Between 1.5 and 2 million in the Gulf provinces of Iran (approximately 3% of Iranian population) and close to 500,000 in Iraq and Kuwait. Lifestyle: Iranian Arab in urban areas may be employed as bureaucrats, technicians, and industrialists. In contrast, the Iranian Arab living in rural areas continue to practice a traditional lifestyle, resisting change in any form. Daily lives are governed by values and rules of conduct that are centuries old. Villagers are loyal to their communities, have high standards of hospitality, and tend to place great emphasis on family honor. They are mostly farmers and fishermen and many of those that live along the Persian Gulf coastal plains are pastoral nomads who keep herds of cattle, sheep, and camels. The Persian Gulf coastal provinces contain most of Iran's oil reserves so naturally many are employed in the agriculture and oil industries. Spiritual Identity: Most ethnic groups in Iran are Shiite Muslims. Iranian Arabs are about 40% Shiite and 60% Sunni. Who are the Sunnis? Sunnis are Muslims who are considered the more "orthodox" believers. Sunnis follow all of the most traditional beliefs and actions. Who are the Shi'ites? The term Shi'a is a shortened form of Shi'at Ali, which means "the party of Ali" - and at the time of Ali's death in 661, that is probably all it was: a party or tendency of people who supported Ali's claims to the caliphate. Over time, they became the largest non-Sunni sect in Islam. A Sect common among the Iranian Arabs: Alawis. The term Alawis actually just means "followers of Ali." Alawis is so far from traditional Islam that many Muslims do not recognize them as Islamic. For example they believe in an incarnation - the idea that God can be made flesh, for example in the case of Ali who is believed to have created Muhammad. Status of Christianity: Currently an accurate accounting of believers in the coastal provinces is unknown. As for the Scriptures, it is unclear whether Farsi or standard Gulf Arabic translations of Scripture are sufficient to reach Iranian Arabs. If another Arabic dialect is necessary the following statistics are revealing. There are no Scriptures available, no known recordings, no Jesus film or other forms of media. Only one mission agency works with the Arabs of Iran. The spiritual climate is closed to the gospel, though it appears the country at large is increasingly disillusioned with Islam and is open to an alternative. In spite of this increased level of receptivity, those who follow Jesus Christ will face moderate to severe persecution. Iranian Refugees Location: Iranians live literally all over the world. There are large numbers of Iranians living in Western Europe and the United States, particularly in the Los Angeles area. There are also many Iranians living in Turkey. History: 6th Century BC - Iranians under Achaemenid rule begin colonizing non-Persian areas of the empire. 4th Century BC - Alexander the Great conquers Persia and Iranians outside of Persia find themselves cut off from their home. 7th Century AD - Arabs, who quickly transform the country into an Islamic state, raid Iran. 1970's - Claiming religious persecution, the Bahai begin leaving the country. 1980's - Following the 1979 revolution, Iranians leave in large numbers, fleeing the strict rule of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2003- Iran is declared to have the highest rate of "brain drain" (the exodus of young, well educated men and women). Over 150,000 educated Iranians leave Iran every year.

Languages: Iranians who live outside of Iran quickly become fluent in their host language. These languages include English, German, Dutch, French and Arabic. Population: There are millions of Iranians who live outside of Iran. There are no fewer than 100,000 in Turkey alone. In recent years, Canada has accepted the highest numbers of Iranian refugees. Lifestyle: Once Iranians become legal residents of their host country, they generally assimilate into the local culture and society. Life for refugees is difficult with long days of inactivity and feelings of being unwanted. Their sense of worth erodes as they come from a well-to-do life to a life of squalor and poverty. Refugees who have not been recognized as asylum seekers live under the stress of being caught by police and in turn being deported back to Iran. Undocumented refugees are forced to take menial jobs and work long hours for little pay. The children of these undocumented refugees often do not go to school and suffer from the lack of education. Spiritual Identity: Since most Iranian expatriates leave Iran to escape government oppression and since Iran's government is an Islamic theocracy, most of the Iranian Diaspora are non-religious. Shortly after the beginning of the second Gulf War in May 2003, Iranian refugees in Iraq learned that they would be welcomed back to Iran. Between 600 and 700 Iranian refugees made the return trek to Iran. As it turned out, the refugees found themselves trapped in the middle of a minefield. They ended up unable to return home and unwelcome in Iraq. Many Iranian refugees find themselves in a spiritual no-man's land. Status of Christianity: Iranians worldwide are responding to the message of Christ. Once they become believers they often become involved in local churches. Some even begin ministering to other Iranian refugees. Some Iranian refugees have tried to use the Christian church as a means to securing asylum. A lot of Iranians have suffered at the hands of religious men, but have found acceptance and unconditional love in Christian communities. One refugee left Iran bent on revenge on the men who tortured him and ruined his life. While outside of Iran, he became a believer when he had a vision of Jesus telling him that he could be forgiven when he would forgive his tormentors. Recently he was asked what he would do if he could return to Iran. "I would find those who tortured me and tell them about Jesus' love.