Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency W. THOMAS SMITH, JR. This encyclopedia is dedicated to CIA Operations Officer Johnny Michael “Mike” Spann, a former captain of U.S. Marines and the first American killed in combat during the war against terrorism, November 2001. It is also for Dad, the late William Thomas “Bill” Smith, and for my brother, the late Michael Robert Smith. Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency Copyright © 2003 by W. Thomas Smith, Jr. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, W. Thomas. Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency / by W. Thomas Smith p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8160-4666-2 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-4381-3018-7 (e-book) 1. United States. Central Intelligence Agency—Encyclopedias. I. Title UB251.U5 S63 2003 327.1273Ј003—dc21 2002029951 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America VB TB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv INTRODUCTION v ENTRIES A–Z 1 APPENDICES Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Code Names 251 Central Intelligence Agency Command Organization Chart 255 Central Intelligence Agency: Questions and Answers 256 Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency 260 Deputy Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY 264 INDEX 273 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many to thank for assisting me with this pro- you was one of my greatest pleasures during this project. ject. I am especially indebted to Alexandra Owens and And thanks to all of my newspaper and magazine editors Brett Harvey of the American Society of Journalists and who have been so patient with me since this project Authors, James C. Vines of the Vines Agency, Owen began. Lancer and Gary Goldstein of Facts On File, Gordon Beyond that, there is an army of friends and support- Witkin of U.S. News & World Report, retired CIA officer ers who deserve special recognition for keeping my spirits Norman Glasser, and the incredibly helpful librarians and from flagging, often unwittingly. Some of those include library assistants at the South Carolina State Library, the Gil, Mary Ann, and Edmund Bagnell; Debbie Jones Hart; Richland County Public Library, and the Thomas Cooper Daniel Patrick “Danny” Smith; Aida Rogers; Bill McDon- Library at the University of South Carolina in Columbia. ald; Jan K. Collins; Jenny Maxwell; Kevin Hyde; Cecile I would like to thank my immediate family, including Holmes; Pat McNeely; Emily Cooper; John Temple Ligon; Mom (Alba Antointette “Tita” Smith Rowell), Howard Judy Bistany South; Bonny Millard; Judy Henrichs; Tony Tobias Rowell, Annette Smith Fowler, James David Smith, Banco; Cindy Mixon; Judith Trotsky; Danelle Germino Michael Paul Fowler, and William Maxwell Fowler, as Haakenson; and Uncle Woody and Aunt Sandy’s girls. well as so many in my extended family for their unwaver- Though it would be almost an independent work to ing support on all fronts. I would also like to thank my recognize everyone, special thanks to all those not named magazine writing students at USC’s College of Journalism in Columbia, Charleston, Aiken, and Myrtle Beach, South and Mass Communications for allowing me to see that Carolina; Savannah, Georgia; Raleigh, Durham, and there is life beyond the office. So, to Emily Bame, Jane Charlotte, North Carolina; Omaha, Nebraska; Chicago; Barwick, James Battle, Lindsey Bonds, Amy Boyd, Crystal Washington, D.C.; New York; and New Jersey who in Boyles, Ramsey Brantley, Mike Brugh, Justin Capek, some way contributed to the completion of this book. Françoise Cerdan, Cheyliece Gamble, Jennifer Gesi- And finally to God—for without Him, this work would mondo, Meagan Gudridge, Jason Harvey, Ali Jansen, not have been possible. Katherine Knodell, Brandon Larrabee, Verlanda Mitchell, Julie Scott, Nicole Smallman, Sheila Taylor, Philip “Big Phil” Watson, Sharon White, and Gene Wilson, thanks —W. Thomas Smith, Jr. for the enthusiasm you brought to your work. Teaching Columbia, S.C. iv INTRODUCTION The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is arguably one of Diary, former CIA operative turned Agency backbiter the most fascinating, yet least understood, intelligence- Philip Agee would proclaim to his readers that it is “diffi- gathering and covert-action organizations in the world. cult for people to understand what a huge and sinister The mere mention of “CIA” evokes images of foreign- organization the CIA is.” based spies maneuvering in a shadowy “cloak and dag- CIA critics from all corners, in fact, have attempted to ger” world, or, perhaps, small teams of parachuting put teeth into such statements by pointing to the disas- commandos operating in some remote region of Latin trous Agency-led invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in America, Africa, or Southeast Asia. 1961, the unrestricted mail-intercept operation from 1952 In its brief history, the CIA has been all of that. But it to 1973, a series of mind-control drug experiments con- is much more. As the federal government’s incarnation of ducted on unwitting human beings, and numerous allega- the world’s second-oldest profession, the CIA employs tions of CIA-backed assassinations and assassination tens of thousands of workers, with only a fraction serving attempts. “The CIA should be shut down because its ban- at the agency’s clandestine “tip of the spear.” Those num- ner has too many Cold War stains,” said Lt. General bers, like much of the CIA’s inner workings, remain clas- William Odom, a former chief of the National Security sified. But the Agency’s reputation, stemming from its Agency, the U.S. government’s super-secret eavesdropping direct involvement in some of history’s most important and code-cracking entity. events, has earned those men and women who serve at But “shutting down” the largest, most important arm the tip a place among the pantheon of great American of secret defense in and for the United States would be heroes and heroines. nothing less than catastrophic for the free world. The Born of a series of federal organizations that sought to CIA, according to an article in U.S. News & World Report, bring all of America’s foreign intelligence gathering efforts is an agency with a multibillion-dollar annual budget, under one roof, the CIA has existed as the senior member “satellites that can see through clouds, more secret com- of the U.S. intelligence community for over fifty years. partments than a Tudor castle, and an army of analysts The Agency’s responsibilities run the gamut from the col- who can dissect everything from the Ukrainian military to lection and analysis of information from a variety of Hindu fundamentalism.” Even so, the CIA has been sources to producing finished intelligence, conducting unable to eliminate completely the rash of highly sophis- worldwide covert operations, and overseeing the myriad ticated terror attacks that—though international in federal agencies tasked with the collection of both foreign scope—have often directly targeted America and her and domestic intelligence. allies. But it has not been without its detractors. John “J.” Failures will always be held up to the cruel glare of Edgar Hoover, the infamous director of the Federal scrutiny, though the successes of the men and women Bureau of Investigation, fought tooth and nail for FBI who work for the CIA’s directorates, offices, and centers control of all foreign intelligence-gathering activities are often unknown. Still, those same men and women before, during, and after World War II. During the highly have and will continue to put their often-anonymous publicized congressional investigations into CIA mis- lives in peril all for the sake of freedom and the great deeds during the mid-1970s, Senator Frank Church experiment of democracy. referred to the Agency as a “rogue elephant on a ram- Since the Agency’s inception in 1947, countless books page.” In his best-selling expose Inside the Company: CIA have been written in an attempt to shed light on this v vi Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency little-known U.S. government entity. But until now, there As the writing of this encyclopedia came to a close and has been no single, comprehensive reference work detail- I realized that there was always going to be just one more ing the particulars of the CIA from its pre–World War II entry, I concluded that such a book is always a work in beginnings as the Office of the Coordinator of Informa- progress. The Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence tion to the wartime Office of Strategic Services through Agency is even more so, as the surface information and the dark years of the Cold War to its current role in the secrets of America’s most colorful but shadowy arm America’s uncertain war on terrorism. grudgingly reveal themselves. Here the Agency comes to life through nearly 550 historical, biographical, and general entries followed by an extensive list of CIA-related acronyms, abbreviations, and code names. But the encyclopedia can never be —W. Thomas Smith, Jr. complete. March 2002 A Abel, Colonel Rudolf Ivonovich (1902–1971) enemy lines and penetrate the Abwehr, the Nazi intelligence Colonel Rudolf Ivonovich Abel (a.k.a.