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Geohydrology of the Stratified-Drift Aquifer System in the Lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek Trough, Tompkins County, New York

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Geohydrology of the Stratified-Drift Aquifer System in the Lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek Trough, Tompkins County, New York Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Caroline and the Tompkins County Planning Department Geohydrology of the Stratified-Drift Aquifer System in the Lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek Trough, Tompkins County, New York 76°30' 76°25' Town of Ulysses Town of Lansing Village of Lansing Village of Cayuga Heights Town of Dryden City of Ithaca 42°25' L ow Northern area- e r S stratified-drift ix Town of Ithaca mil e C Town of Town of Danby re aquifer ek Town of Newfield an Caroline d W i l l s Central area- stratified-drift e y v i aquifer l l e C r e e k t r o u Southern area- stratified-drift g h v aquifer a 42°20' l le y TIOGA COUNTY TOMPKINS COUNTY Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5230 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front Cover. Figure 4 inside report. Geohydrology of the Stratified-Drift Aquifer System in the Lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek Trough, Tompkins County, New York By Todd S. Miller and Daniel E. Karig Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Caroline and the Tompkins County Planning Department Scientific Investigations Report 2010– 5230 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Miller, T.S. and Karig, D.E., 2010, Geohydrology of the stratified-drift aquifer system in the lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek trough, Tompkins County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5230, 54 p. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010–5230.) iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................4 Description of Study Area ...................................................................................................................5 Previous Studies ...................................................................................................................................7 Data Collection ...............................................................................................................................................7 Geologic Data ........................................................................................................................................7 Seismic Surveys ....................................................................................................................................7 Well Inventory, Test Drilling, and Water-Level Measurements ....................................................7 Water Sampling and Analysis .............................................................................................................8 Geology ...........................................................................................................................................................8 Glacial History .......................................................................................................................................8 Scouring by Ice ...................................................................................................................................12 Wisconsinan Deposits in the Study Area .......................................................................................12 Southern Part of Study Area ...................................................................................................14 Central Part of the Study Area .................................................................................................14 Northern Part of the Study Area .............................................................................................17 Hydrology of the Stratified-Drift Aquifer System ....................................................................................18 Aquifer Types .......................................................................................................................................25 Aquifer Geometry ................................................................................................................................25 Unconfined Headwater Aquifer ..............................................................................................25 Unconfined Deltaic Aquifer ......................................................................................................25 Confined and Locally Unconfined Aquifers ..........................................................................26 Bedrock Aquifers .......................................................................................................................28 Groundwater Levels and Flowpaths ................................................................................................28 Sources of Recharge ........................................................................................................................32 Unconfined Aquifers .................................................................................................................32 Confined Aquifers ......................................................................................................................33 Groundwater Discharge ...................................................................................................................33 Unconfined Aquifer at the Brooktondale Delta ....................................................................33 Confined Aquifers ......................................................................................................................33 Pumping Withdrawals ...............................................................................................................38 Groundwater Quality ...................................................................................................................................39 Physical Properties.............................................................................................................................39 Major Inorganic Ions ..........................................................................................................................39 Nutrients ...............................................................................................................................................39 Trace Elements ....................................................................................................................................39 Comparison to Other Stratified-Drift Aquifers in Tompkins County ............................................43 Summary........................................................................................................................................................43 Selected References ...................................................................................................................................45 Appendix 1. Records of selected wells in lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek trough, Tompkins and Tioga Counties, New York ............................................................................................47 iv Figures 1. Map showing location of 17 stratified-drift aquifer reaches in Tompkins County, New York ..........................................................................................................................3 2. Map showing physiographic features and location of the lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek trough study area, Tompkins County, New York .....................................4 3. Map showing location of stratified-drift aquifers extending across the lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek Basins and across the upper Sixmile Creek and West Branch Owego Creek Basins, Tompkins County, New York ................................5 4. Map showing shaded relief and location of stratified-drift aquifers in the lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek trough in Tompkins County, New York .....................6 5. Map showing surficial geology of the lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek trough, Tompkins County, New York ........................................................................................10 6. Map showing bedrock structure map of lower Sixmile Creek and Willseyville Creek trough Tompkins County, New York ..............................................................................13 7. Diagram showing geohydrologic section A–A’ showing results of horizontal-to-vertical
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