Ukrainian Information Service Monthly Bulletin

UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE MONTHLY BULLETIN

Number 1 January 1951 Vol. Ill

Communiqué The Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council (U.H.V.R.), Head-Quarters of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.) and the Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) in Ukraine, as well as the members of the Ukrainian Underground Movement, in­ formed us that the Chairman of the General Secretariat of the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council and the Office of the General Secratariat for Military Affairs, Commander-in-Chief of the U.P.A. and Chairman of the Staff of the O.U.N. in Ukraine Lieutenant General of U.P.A. Roman Shukhevych — Taras Chuprynka on March, 5 th 1950 has found a heroic death in Bilohorscha near Lviv in a fight with Russian-Bolshevik occupants. General Taras Chuprynka General Taras Chuprynka was born in 1907. Immedia­ man of the General Secretariat of the U.H.V.R. At the tely after graduating from the Technical College, he be­ same time he was nominated as Secretary-General of came a leading member of the Ukrainian Military Or­ the Army Affairs and as Commander-in-Chief of the ganization (U.V.O.), to which he had already belonged as U.P.A. by the President of the U.H.V.B As Chairman of a student. In the years from 1927—1929 as a member of the General Secretariat of the U.H.V.R., of O.U.N. and said Organization he principally participated in the Or­ Commander-in-Chief of the U.P.A. in Ukraine General ganization of the Underground Movement against the Chuprynka led from 1943 till 1950 the revolutionary fight Polish occupants. In 1929 he became a member of the of the U.P.A., the Ukrainian Underground Movement and Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists and soon be­ those of the millions of the Ukrainian people against the came one of the leading members. He worked as a mili­ German and Moscovitian-Bolshevik occupants in Ukraine. ary reporter of the Land’s Executive of the O.U.N. He He led the heroic struggle for freedom of the Ukrainian devoted his excellent organizer’s talent, as well as his people, for the independent united Ukrainian State. intrepid boldness to his work. His revolutionary activi­ Owing to the abundant heroic example of boldness and ties against the Polish occupants led to his arrest and sacrifice of a nation, General Chuprynka showed his his long imprisonment in a Polish prison. From 1938'— heroic fight as an example for the whole world. Owing 1939 General Taras Chuprynka played active part in to this heroic fight, the Bolsheviks did not succeed in organizing the military association “Ukrainian Carpa- destroying the organized independent movement of the thian-Sich“ of the young Ukrainian state of Carpatho- Ukrainian people. It is also his work that the Ukrainian Ukraine. From 1939—1940 he invested the position of the Underground Movement in its country of origin in spite commissioner of the O.U.N. in the Ukrainian boundary of all the painful loses of his best leaders, not only exist territories of the so-called “General-gouvernment“. Mean­ longer, but always find new successors among the Ukrai­ while he worked untirengly inn the Military Head- nian people. Committee of the O.U.N. and lectured on the secret mili­ The history of the Ukrainian Liberation Frght from tary courses. 1943—1950, remains inseparable from the person of Ge­ In the middle of the year 1941 we see General Taras neral Chuprynka. His extraordinary organization talent, Chuprynka as organizer and afterwards as Commander of his great military talent and his political personality, the Ukrainian Legion. Upon instructions of the O.U.N.- the revolutionary Ukrainian independence movement Head-Office, he accomplished a series of special orders. In spring 1943 he was nominated as a member of the and especially the entire Ukrainian nation loses in him a O.U.N.-Leading and got charged with the military affairs political and military leader of the first rank. Owing to of it. After some months, in August 1943, he was elected hispolitical principles and hisunlimited personal boldness, as Chairman of the O.U.N.-Leading. In November 1943 he on the other hand his vivid, gay charakter, simplicity in participated in the Conference of the subjugated nations. his dally life, but also his consciousness when he was on At the First Great Meeting of the Supreme Ukrainian duty, General Chuprynka rejoiced the greatest populari­ Liberation Council in June 1943 he was elected as Chair­ ty among his comrades and employees. (Continued on Page S) Page 4 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Number 1 To estimate these possibilities the facts must be clearly at Stalingrad. But how were the Germans able to read» understood. First of all, the old idea of wild groups of Stalingrad in the first place? How did they push forward “bandits“, carrying on a small romantic war at their own a thousand miles against the might and manpower of sweet will, must be got rid of. That was no longer possible Russia? in the last war, or it perished very soon. Against such a To those questions the German military archives give ruthless adversary as the Soviet, it is entirely senseless. the answer: The Germans had millions of eager accomp- In general we may speak of two kinds of partisan war­ lices in Russia. fare, which we will call 1) the tactical, 2) the operational. This fact has been known for a long time to the Rus­ The boundaries between the two are sometimes hard to sian experts of the State Department, and to a small define. There are transition and developments from one number of American officers. To-day a wider circle in sort to the other. The distinction in itself, however, is the armed forces is becoming aware of it and of the correct and necessary in order to get a clear idea. Both psychological blunders which cost the Germans the sup­ kinds were in evidence in the last war. port of innumerable Russians. (The author, who is other­ Partisan warfare is preferably waged by small groups wise well informed in the national problems of the U.S.- of indigenous resistance fighters, who, backed by the S.R. erroneously calls the whole population “Russian“. population, carry out acts of sabotage and above all es- This is by no means correct. The oppressed peoples spionage, attact unaccompanied vehicles, and unguarded cannnot be called “Russians“; Editor.) This awarenessmay billets of the invaders, assassinate important persons in give a new impetus to American military thinking and the army or administration. But they, too, require leader­ planning. It may in fact awaken those U.S. strategists who ship and the support of an outside power, especially the have been obsessed with the atomic bomb. For the lesson supply of munition and arms from the air. They need, of German experience in Russia is simply this: that the besides, wireless connection in order to direct these sup­ decisive element in war against the Soviet regime can be plies and to transmit information. the Soviet people. Or, to put it still more simply, the Under favourable circumstances, when the battle front lesson is that it takes a Russian (here the name is again is near and when air-borne troops are dropped, they can used in a collective sense: Ed.) to beat a Russian. To read form the basis for an active partisan war. this lesson is easier than to apply it, intelligently, to Operational partisan war, — which alone can be in­ our own policies. In the tragic event of a third world cluded in strategical planning, — is carried on by strong, war the U.S. has the power to drop the atomic bomb on half regular troops up to division strength. The Soviet Soviet territory and kill or maim millions of Russians. partisan brigades might serve as a model. In their for­ But can we hope to do something much more difficult — mation and tactics they may be called a new kind of arouse those millions and propel them at the decisive cavalry brigade.“ moment against Stalin’s regime. Having decribed the fight of the Polish and the Ukrain­ We know now that we can forge an instrument to serve ian Insurgent Armies as models for guerilla warfare this purpose — an instrument which, unlike the bomb, the during World War the German author goes on in the Soviets could never espy and use against us. To create same article. “The effective use of large partisan this instrument might well succeed where the products of units was first systematically developed by the Red daring and a minimum of deference to conventional mili­ Army. That was no accident. Vast regions of European tary thought. In a war against Stalin or his successors, as well Asiatic Russia have always offered ideal this instrument might well succed where the products of conditions for a partisan war on a big scale: large atomic fission would fail. To give this instrument a re­ pathless areas with little or no means of communication, alistic name in our arsenal, it might therefore be called having a widely scattered rural population, showing “psychological fission”. moreover, in border countries, national and religious differences and cross-currents. In Ukraine, in the Baltic Psychological fission goes far beyond what we have States and some parts of Siberia, the first world war was known as psychological warfare, for it combines all of continued for years in partisan fighting which went on the arms of war. It entails the concerted use of our mili­ right into 1920. During which the fate of the October tary, political and propaganda skills to unlash all those Revolution, even the unity of the Russian empire often disruptive forces whose menacing existence within the hung on a silken thread. Details of this struggle can be Soviet Union was uncovered by the German invasion. found in Trotzki’s memoires. These were partisan fights (For those who have not read the whole article it must of Reds versus Whites, and against the “minorities“ trying be mentioned that the author, when he speaks of German to shake off Moscow’s yoke. Not only their experiences allies, does not mean elements imbued with Nazi ideology, in defending the Bolshevik revolution, but also the pro­ but the national forces wishing to make use of the Ger- gram of the World Revolution, caused the Soviet dic­ man-Russian war in their fight for independence.) tators at an early date to consider the possibilities of The views quoted show that the importance has been partisans who could operate in the enemy’s rear and even realised of collecting those forces filled with a singleness incite revolutionary movement in collaboration with of purpose, into fighting units in the enemy’s hinterland. Communist groups.“ The boldest and most far-sighted conclusions drawn from the realization of the facts, as far as our know­ An American Opinion ledge goes, are those of two Americans: Professor Burn­ ham in “The Coming Defeat of Communism“ and Wallace The eminent American military expert, Wallace Caroll, an expert in psychological warfare, journalist and head of Caroll, who in the article above mentioned gives the foll­ the Office of War Information Activities in Europe; au­ owing advice to the American government: thor of “Persuade or Perish”, and former adviser in the 1) We must have an air force ready to deliver to any National Defence and State Departments in questions of part of the Soviet Union any message which the American a psychological war, in an article in "Life“, which has government may choose to send to the Soviet people. We become famous (December 19, 1949). “It takes a Russian must have an air force which will be ready at the very to beat a Russian“ says: “There is an unwritten chapter start of a war — and not two years later — to plaster in the history of the last war which we must learn without the Soviet Union with leaflets bearing the pledges and delay. We know how the Russians stopped the Germans (Continued on Page 7) Number 1 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 5 Ukraine and the Nations Subjugated by Bolshevism The realization of the idea that all peoples subjugated a battle-cry, it is on the way to the fifth dismemberment by Russian imperialism are fighting one common of its territory. fight for their liberation must be considered as one of Ukraine never pursued imperialistic aims and will ihe most important successes of the Ukrainian liberation never do so. In this fact resides her strength within the politics. common front. The front of subjugated nations as it has The idea that a nation is sovereign even within her own taken shape in the Antibolshevik Block of Nations (A.B.N.) political organization called State, is of universal appeal leaves to its members entire freedom as to international to all nations at all periods of history. But this idea, like relations and political institutions within their own terri­ any other, comes to real importance only if conscious will tory. The nations concerned have to solve these problems and directed action make a reality of it. at their own discretion. The Ukrainian liberation politics The idea of a common fight of all subjugated peoples rejects messianistic ideas, which only conceal the unres­ has sprung up on the battle fields of the Ukrainian trained greed of sheer imperialism. A strategic principle Insurgent Army (U.P.A.), but it has been developed by is the confidence in the own revolutionary strength. Our the other national insurgent units. struggle for independence is based on this principle. The idea aims above all at the destruction of the Rus- This is the meaning of our slogan: “Subjugated peoples sianEmpi're and at the restoration of the national organisms must liberate themselves.“ of all peoples on the territory of the Soviet Union. Even We think therefore that a “liberation without blood­ our special Ukrainian interests are closely connected shed" is impossible. We have seen after World War I that with this general ail. If for instance the Ukrainians a liberation by others was of no avail to the Polish, Czech should succeed in separating themselves from the Russian and even the Hungarian people. This could not have been Empire while other nations in the Caucasus and in avoided because every true liberation must be paid with Turkestan are continuing to be subdued by Russia, the blood. indépendance and liberty of the Ukrainians would always In this spirit the A.B.N. tries to urge the Great Revolu­ be in danger. A state of affairs, in which only Ukraine is tionary Liberation. It is the spiritof tolerance, understand­ liberated while the other nations suffer from Russian ing and esteem for the national movements and interests domination must be considered to be only a stage on the af all nations. This spirit is creating an atmosphere of way to liberation while never constituting an entire common understanding and sincere comradeship in the victory of our politics. fight for our great and permanent aim: national freedom. This same principle applies to the liberation politics of all peoples subjugated by Moscow. There is no doubt that the sovereignty of such nations as Esthonians. Letts, Two great Scots in the History of Ukraine Lithuanians, Poles, White-Russians, Caucasians depends James Francis Edward Keith (1696—1758), the Marshal on the existence of a free Ukrainian state. Should Ukraine Keith, played a certain role in the history of Ukraine, be dominated by Russia, even in future, the sovereignty during the time when she was a semi-independent state of Bulgaria, Roumania, and Hungary, if not even Turkey under the Russian Empire. In 1728 J. F. Keith entered and Greece, will be in continuous danger. By size and the service of Russia and became a Lieutnant-General, geography Ukraine forms the backbone of the Liberation Colonel of the bodyguard of Empress Anna. In 1731—35 Front of the nations subjugated by Russia. The Ukrainian’s he took part in the war for the Polish Throne, in which fight for liberation is therefore of the greatest importance was involved Russia, Austria and France. At the head of also for other nations. On the other hand Ukraine must the 4.000 Ukrainian Cossacks, in December 1735, he offer a contribution for the common cause which corres­ crossed the frozen Dnipro and entered Volhynia, at ponds to the size and geographic situation of its territory. the time when Danylo Apostol was the Hetman of The first principle of our liberation politics is therefore Ukraine. In 1736—37 he was Commander-in-Chief of the the complete indépendance and sovereignty of all national Ukrainian army; after the capture of the Turkish fortress settlements within their territory. We see our greatest Ochakov he became the Commander af the 50.000 men danger coming from the imperialistic tendencies of indi­ manning the forts along the Ukrainian border against the vidual nations (even the subjugated ones). Tartars. Later, in 1740 at the time when St. Petersburg was For centuries Poland and Ukraine sustained a fight of hostile to the election of a new Hetman, he was nominated destruction against each other. The best human material Governer of Ukraine and a single year of his wise and was sacrificed. National interests within the national humane administration made the Ukrainians complain territory were taken little care of, to maintain the Polish that they should either never have appointed him or, domination in Ukraine. The result were the ruins of the having once done so, never have recalled him. At the burned out Polish colonies, the disappearance of all accesion of the new Czarina Elizabeth, fearing Siberia sor marks of Polish domination and even the physical dis­ himself, Keith stole away from the Empire in 1747,J?rederik appearance of the “dominators“. And on the Ukrainian the Great created him a Prussian Field-Marshal and in side remained only a strong feeling against everything the battle of Hochkirch he was wounded mortally. Polish. The policy which the Czechs apply on Slowakians The role of another Scot, of George Keyt in the history and Ukrainians belongs to the same category. This policy of Ukraine was more mysterious. His name appears in resulted finally in the destruction of Catholic Slovakia connection with the famous Pi'incess Elisabeth Daraban by the puppet government of Prague. This imperialism (Tarakan), the daughter of Czarina Elisabeth and her of the subjugated nations tends to weaken our common morganatic husband, Count Alex Rosumowsky, the brother front and makes them enemies of each other. A Poland of the Hetman of Ukraine, Kiril (1750—63). In her child­ which is fighting against the Ukrainians for Lviv and hood she was carried to the frontiers of Persia, from with White-Russians and Lithuanians for Vilna and other where she fled to Germany, Italy, England and France. territories is at the same time fighting against its own Supported by some Poles, Turkey, acpiainted with the sovereignty. If Poland today takes “Lviv and Vilna“ for British ambassador, the famous Sir William Hamilton, Page 6 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Number l Ukrainians in Foreign Countries! We publish the text of the obituary notice of the of the U.P.A. and the Revolutionary Underground Mo­ Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) to vement have been staying now without him, he, who com­ ihe Ukrainians in the foreign countries after the death of manded in victorious battles all the long years and had Lieut. General Taras Chuprynka. the courage to lead our Ukrainian Army in its fight against the two world-powers — Russia and Hitler-Ger: Our hearts are filled with the deepest sorrow. many and he, who had challenged Hitler and Stalin at Lieut-General Taras Chuprynka, Chairman of the Ge­ the same time. neral Secretariat of the O.U.N. Leading, Commander-in- His work, the U.P.A. outlasted all the long years, until Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.), Chair­ now. He always found new methods of figthing against man of the General Secretariat of the Supreme Ukrainian the enemy. He, as a master of the strategy and tactics of Liberation Council (U.H.V.R.), is dead. Our hearts as well the revolutionary armed and political fight, has created as those of all the Ukrainian Patriots, are full of deep an unrivalled system. Under his ingenious leadership the sorrow. U.P.A. became the real protector of the whole Ukrainian The Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent people for the annihilation by the Moscovite Bolshev­ Army, its creator, the boldest among the bold men is no ism. longer with us. The Leader of the Liberation Movement of Upon his command the members of the Organization of Ukraine left us. the Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) pushed up until the Since Simon Petlura’s and Evhen Konovaletz’» death, furthest corners of the Soviet-Union, where Ukrainians this is the greatest loss, whidi Moscow, our grimmest are living, in order to spread among them the idea of enemy, has inflicted us. Whole Ukraine is mourning freedom in the whole Soviet-Union. Also the Alliance of in these days, every Ukrainian wherever he may live the three Powers of our enemies — Soviet-Union, Bol­ in the wide World. Also other subjugated nations, their shevik Poland and Bolshevik Czechoslovakia were not revolutionary organisors and their insurgent groups, able to liquidate the U.P.A. According to his strategical mourn with us. plan even our small boundary-territories, on this side of Because on the most important position the Greatest the Curzon-Line had the power to resist for long years. is missing now. The creator of one of the most heroic Although the olsheviks are connoisseurs os the tactics armies of all armies, is no longer among us. Also with of the partisans, the U.P.A., owing to his inventive him fell the man who had realized the idea of working spirit, remained unconquered as the only army in this together with all the revolutionary organisations and in­ world. When the Ukrainian people bend its bead in deep­ surgent groups of the subjugated nations, by forming the est grief to-day at the grave of the unshakable Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations in 1943. Commander-in-Chief of the U.P.A., we must honour his His death means not only a loss for us, for Ukraine, leadership, his struggl without any assistance from the not only for the subjugated nations, but also a heavy Western World, to which the fame of our weapons, which loss for the total peace — loving humanity — which are the U.P.A. has raised in name of Freedom against whole standing for a decided explanation with Moscow. So as the world. Although completely fighting on its own on the eve of World War II, E. Konovaletz, was set aside strength, the U.P.A. remained politically unconquered by means of assassination by the enemy, so died now,in and will remain so in future. Time will come that the the grinmest days of Ukraine, in such a time when the healthy powers of whole the world will recognize his whole world is preparing for a decision with Moscow, death means — an irreplaceable loss for the whole the Commander-in-Chief of fighting Ukraine, one of the peacer, loving world. The best leader and connoisseu best Ukrainians of our days. of the anti-Bolshevik partisan tacties is no longer Ukrainians! we must realize the tragedy which has been among us. poured upon is I Let as wander through our far distant Ukrainians! If General Taras Chuprynka is not villages in our memory, over our mountains and through among us any more, that means, he is not dead our forests, where the children, of his spirit, our heroes for us, as also Mazepa, Petlura and Konovaletz are still living among us. this fascinating young beautiful Princess invented the His spirit is still alive and will still remain among us plan, with the aid of the fleet, to invade Russia in order for always, also his commands in the souls of his followers to establish her rule upon Ukraine and Caucasus. How­ in the fight, and in the souls of his commanders till their ever, very dangerous for Catherine II., she was kidnapped death. in Lighorn by the Russian admiral Orlof and died in the Thebestis that we honour the remembrance of the fallen Fortress of S. Peter and Paul. She soud that it was leaders of the Ukrainian Liberation Fight, when we force George Keyt, tenth Earl Marshal (1693—1778), who ser­ ourselves to devote all our efforts, our life and our pains ved under Marlborough, the brother of James Francis, to the Liberation of the Ukrainian Revolutianary who helped her to escape — as a child — from Russia. Frontier. Nevertheless through his brother, the Governor of His death may not remain unexpiated. The enemy will Ukraine, during the first years of the rule of Elizabeth. pay for it, etpensively and with blood. The great spirit of George Keyth could have near relations with the Ukrai­ the leader of the revolutionary fight will remain in our nian aristocracy of that time, and, may be, with her plans home country and will inflame the hearts of new revolts of the liberation from Russia under her own dynasty. for the fight until the final Victory. Always new fighters Besides Keith some other Scots took part in the will take places of the dead, new and always new Ukrainian history: many Scots fought, the 30-Years’ war legions of Ukrainian Figthers will fill up the empty was finished — in the army of the Hetman Khmelnyzky rows of the U.P.A., which has become a symbol of an (1648—56), the ally of Charles ., Gustav of Sweden, — irreplaceable and unbreakable struggle sor freedom and for instance General Kryvonis. D. D. (Continued on Page 7) Number 1 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 7

Will there be a Revolution in the Soviet-Union? (Continued from Page 4) Soviet soldier and make him worse than useles to the promises of the American government and people. We regime. must have an air force which will be able to deliver not 5) We must prepare to support guerilla warfare on such only atomic bombs but anti-Soviet agents and guerilla a scale as the world has never seen before. We must de­ leaders to any Soviet hamlet. velop weapons such as guerillas have never used before. 2) We must be prepared at the very start, if war should We must train men to think guerilla warfare and to plan come, to answer the prayers of the peasant millions — a guerilla warfare. slogan as simple as “Land for the Peasants“ — which will 6) We must set up a joint staff of civilian and military set the steppes aflame. leaders to devise the plans and techniques which will 5) We must have clear in our minds at the very start, enable this nation — should the need arise — to bring and not after months of bungling, a way to meet the con­ to bear upon the Soviet Union all of the power of psycho­ flicting aspirations of the Great Russians and the minor­ logical fission. ities. (The Author unfortunately gives no suggestions in To all this, air supremacy isessential. If war should come this matter.) Our proposals should be flexible, yet suf­ our air force would be the one sure means of communica­ ficiently concrete to carry evidence of our sincerity. tion between the Soviet peoples and ourselves. The way 4) Wo must have a psychological warfare program de­ in which we used that air force would therefore deter­ signed to sap the strength of the Red army in Central mine to a great extent whether the Soviet millions would Europe or wherever our troops may meet it. We must be become our allies or Moscow’s defenders. ready to win over the privates and the Vlassovs. We must If we bear that in mind, we shall stop thinking of our convince our military leaders that when they think of air force as nothing more than a delivery boy for the the Red Army they must not merely count noses but also atomic bomb. Then the bomb itself will take its proper probe the flaws in its morale — the flaws which the Ger­ place in our strategic plans. The bomb will cease to dic­ mans uncovered in 1941. We must earmark men now with tate policy and strategy and it will become one of a num­ the skill to exploit the psychological weaknesses of the ber of instruments for fulfilling policy and strategy. But assuming that we continue to feel confidant of our superiority in atomic weapons, what should we do with Ukrainians in Foreign Countries! the bomb? The answer is that any quick military ad­ vantages to be gained from its use must be weighed (Continued from Page 6) against the psychological effect upon our potential allies means a symbol against the dark flood of the Bolshevik inside Russia. We must also consider the moral and slavery. The Ukrainian people will still more intensively psychological effects upon the countries allied with us fight against the enemy in order to fulfil the dream of and on the American people themselves. Even then, if the Head-Commander-in-Chief. we feel constrained, to use it, we must answer at least Ukrainians! Let us fill ourselves in his difficult hour two more questions. with the spirit of struggling Ukraine under oath and not to rest till we have readied the aim for which General 1) Would it not be shrewd as well as humane to de­ Chuprynka lost his life. The enemy has miscalculated The limit sanctuaries in areas where potential allies’ are fight will not stop. The unconcjuered U.P.A. will not put assumed to exist, clown its weapons. The enemy will have no success in 2) Would it not be wise policy as well as simple de­ destroying them. When the Head-Commander-in-Chief, cency to issue advance warning to the inhabitants of the Petlura fell, the occupants hoped that the Ukrainians areas which we feel we cannot spare? would give up their struggle for sreedom in their despair. These questions bring us to the basic psychological But new fighters appeared to continue the fight the idea problem arising from our continuing superiority in ato­ of the great Petlura. When Evhen Konovaletz had been mic weapon. If we do use the bomb, we must use it in killed, the enemy triumphed. But again appeared new sudr a way that the wrath of the afflicted people will be men and the fight became bigger — U.P.A. was born, turned against the rulers who brought this catastrophe whole the Ukrainian nation participated in this struggle. upon them, and not against us. This problem must be To-day the heroic Ukrainian people will still continue thought out to-day — not after our too-eager airmen have this struggle according to the sense of its leader. This leveled Moscow, Kiev, Leningrad and Baku. legacy will be kept, because Chuprynka has become the These are some of the lessons which we can learn from symbol of the fight of all the nations against the occu­ our study of the German record. But let there be no mis­ pants. understanding. There is nothing in the German experience The fighting Ukrainians at the first place — O.U.N., or in subsequent events to encourage the assumption that U.P.A., U.H.V.R. will never despair or waver and also war against the Soviets would be easy or desirable. There will not avoid any sacrifice which must be offered at the is no easy way to fight Russia, though, as Hitler proved altar of sacrifice for the freedom of its home-country. there is a hard way.“ General Taras Chuprynka’s fame, as Head-Commander- Similar thoughts, going even farther are expressed in-Chief of the U.P.A., as Chairman of the O.U.N.-Lead- by Professor Burnham in his book, the climax being, that ing and of the General Secretariat of the Supreme Ukrain­ for the American government in the coming world events, ian Liberation Council, the greatest Ukrainian Revolu­ it is far more important to support the Ukraine national tion of the present will be still alive among us. revolutionaries who are figthing against the Moscow cen­ Glory and Honour to the Heroes! tralization than to help France where atomic research is under a communist, Joliot Currie. The advice given by October 1950 Caroll and Burnham has, up to now been only an ex­ The Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.) pression of private opinion. There is nothing to show Page 8 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Number 1 that the American government is inclined to accept this common fate, nothing has been done to bring the nation­ advice, or embody it in their preparations. On the cont­ al, democratic elements behind the Iron Curtain into rary, numerous remarks by Government officials make this community. The only act worth mentioning in this it clear that there is no question of American foreign respect are the radio transmissions in the vernacular to policy taking this course. the subjected peoples, but even this is hampered by fear From a purely military standpoint the German expert and political prejudice. quoted before, says: “A second front based on partisan The American government has not had the courage till support is only feasible within the scope of far-sighted now, to tell these nations clearly that America is ready military and political planning, after timely and careful to make a stand for their freedom and assist them in their preparation in terrain that is suitable, outside the advance struggle. Just how nervous and undecided this policy is, routes of the Red Army. Even under such circumstances may be gathered from “the remark of the competent partisan units can only be used as vanguard for the land­ official for the “Voice of America", according to which ing of strong, effective air-borne troops. Hereby there the announcement of the independence of the Ukrainian are possibilities for a new strategy which may revolu­ people and its separation from the Russian imperium did tionize the laws of warfare hitherto in force. Any im­ not fall within the scope of American foreign politics. provisation of a partisan war on its own would be suicidal madness. And, finally any plan conceived at a distance, In the “Voice of America“, democracy is praised, com­ will be mere dilettantism until active forces of all munism is ideologically denounced, it is true, but the European nations, including the subjected peoples of the national claims of the oppressed peoples to be freed from East, working together as brothers contribute their know­ Moscow and to form national sovereign states are not even ledge and experience to its conception.“ mentioned. On the contrary, the transmissions as expres­ sions of present American foreign policy are sent in the Still on the wrong spirit of a united Russian imperium. This attitude is generally explained by America having to keep the Yalta Way we don’t know in how far the suggestions made by and Potsdam agreements, and by not wishing to interfere Mr. Caroll and Mr. Burnham will be taken into in Russia’s “Internal“ affairs aside from the problem of consideration by the American Gouvernment in the peoples oppressed by Russia being by no means an case of war (they were only made for such a contin­ “inner Russian matter“, the following may be said against gency). We only know one thing, that is that in the post­ that argument: If the recognition of the rights of the war years, in this decisive phase of preparation for war oppressed peoples is regarded as interference in Rus­ nothing has being done to form a second front in the sia’s internal affairs, then how it is that the propaganda Sowiet hinterland to match that of the Russians elsewhere. against Communism as State policy within the Soviet- With regret and deep dismay we see that nothing is un­ Union is not counted as interference? If the declaration dertaken, in spite of the remarks quoted, to make a of human rights for the Soviet citizen is not regarded closely welded community out of the democratically as agitation against the dictators in Moscow, then the an­ minded people and nations behind, and in front, of the nouncement of national freedom for the oppressed should Iron Curtain. Nothing that has been done is sufficient to not be so regarded either? Is the defence of human rights counter-balance the forces of world communism. The de­ admitted in the international relationships and the self- mocratic and anti-communist Ukrainian, Georgian, White- determination of the people prohibited? Is the right of a Ruthenian, Polish. Latvian, Turkestanian and other peo­ people to its own national State not just as sacred asthe ples have no feeling of being drawn into a democratic right of an individual to liberty? world — community, they are not even convinced that such a community can be achieved within reasonable It is fairly obvious that it is not a question of inter­ space of time, or that they would be welcome members ference or non-inteference, but of a false conception of of it, should it exist. From this standpoint the Ukrain­ conditions within the Soviet Union, or the fear of facing ian democratic struggle for freedom after the last the facts of the present political situation in the world. World War was treated by the western democrats was a frightening example. At a time when the Russians were Official American propaganda proves that the Ameri­ making every effort to pave the way for Communist ac­ can Government is for a democratic state form within tivity in the West, the western nations have not only not the Soviet Union but against the national sovereignty of welcomed the historical sight put up by the Ukrainians, the oppressed people. against their Russian oppressors but made fun of it and The contradiction between the principles of the Atlan­ judged it oidy through the glasses of Communist propa­ tic Pact, and the emphasis laid on the self-determination ganda. The same was the case with all the subjected peo­ of all peoples, is very apparent. ples. It would seem that the West took no account of the possible psychological reaction such an attitude was bound Another argument for the present policy of the Ameri­ to lead to. Unfulfilled hopes and disappointment in hop­ can government in east European questions, though less ed for friends can drive people in their bitterness into often heard, is that in reality there are no independent the opposite camp and cause their enthusiasm to evaporate Ukrainian, Georgian, Turkestan etc. nations, that they are for ever. The many errors commited by the Western all ingredients in a great Russian people. After such an Allies in the last war and in the first-war years, with argument it is futile to speak of nationalities for these respect to Russia, have undermined confidence of demo­ people, as they are perfectly satisfied with an all-Russian cratic peoples. Take, for instance, the bitterness felt by imperium. The American example of the 48 States living the Poles when the Allies sacrificed them to the Rus­ peaceably together is even referred to, and tbequestion sians. Such events have killed all trust in inter-state is seriously asked, why it cannot be the same in eastern ireaties between democratic states. Among the east Euro­ Europe. pean peoples. Individuals and nations have become suspi­ It would lead too far, here, to go into the historical facts cious and are afraid of being betrayed bv their closest in order to disprove this argument. For those readers who friends. Though we have observed in the last few years, are not familiar with the real state of things we recom­ an awakened interest in consolidation the democratic mend the numerous books in the English language on the nations in front of the Iron Curtain in view of their history of the Ukrainian and other East European peoples. Number 1 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 9 Not Half Truth but the Whole Truth (From, our correspondent in U.S.A.) On the columns of the different American papers a dis­ It is about time to realize for the Western nations that couraging phenomenon is perceivable. The different publi­ the solution of the Russian question is much older than cists in their various articles and polemics about the future most suppose. It did not emerge with the Russian revo­ world order —a problem of utmost seriousness and im­ lution in 1917, the rivalry between East and West is more portance — approadi the whole question with a somehow ancient and reaches far out in history. This rivalry with superficial attitude. The turmoil, by which the entire Russia was an old preoccupation of the British Foreign globe is infected, is a direct result of mistakes and mis­ Office. To them this particular problem was not new, judgements done in the past by decisions of ideologists, yet nothing was done in spite that many suitable occas­ influential journalist, diplomats. Through advocating false ions did occur. The Communists only continued and foll­ policies, whether by misinformation or blunder, a num­ owed the old reliable pattern of the Czars — to conquer ber of nations suffer under foreign domination. Precise­ neighbors, having seduced them with various promises ly, many decisions born at the “green table“ were super­ of friendship and brotherhood. The division of Christen­ ficially handled by persons, lacking a profound know­ dom between Rome and Byzantium was exploited by the ledge of the problems which they were about to deter­ Czars for imperialistic purposes, nowadays led by Stalin mine. In consequence, numerous difficulties, especially in the same path with the slight change in personalities. in Europe, arose climaxing in the Second World War. Today Stalin, as before his predecessors the Czars, is try­ Strangely enough, at the end of this bloody collision, ing to make capital out of this split promoting himself as a the mistakes were not only repeated but rose to tragic spiritual leader of all nations. The cultural and ideologi­ measures, which may end in a still more disastrous cal division between Russia and the West would there­ clash . . . fore not end simply by overthrowing the Soviet regime. After the First World War — the culminating point in The only and sound solution is to apportion the many modern history — many noble intentions occupied the nationed Empire into sovereign, democratic and national minds of the leading diplomats of this era. Probably the states. most appealing to the vast masses of the subjugated peo­ A Russian Empire, embracing far more population of ples in Europe, was the late President Wilson’s 14 points) foreign origin than of its own will be a continuing bestowing upon all the nations to determine by vote or menace to the entire world. The mendacious propaganda spontaneous manifestation the will to live their own lives. of the Russians so far succeeded to deceive the Western The centuries old ideal of patriots and national awak- nations with the fairy tales of the big brother who is the eners seemed to become a reality. But alas, the precious protector of the smaller one. All those tales have a very intentions to solve successfully the national questions in close relationship to the children’s story of the Red Rid- Europe, whidi caused so many disturbances among the inghood and the Wolf. Falsifying not only recent facts, dissutished peoples, giving from time to time a clear but whole pages in history became a Russian virtue. revelation of the mistreatments by insurgents, always How far this forgery succeeded is easy to apprehend. For bloodily suppressed by the oppressors did not materia­ years not even a word was said in the free press about lize. At least not for every nation. The famous Versailles the injustices done by the “big brother" to those whom treaty only partly justified the hope of nations, suffering he alleged to protect. The old trick of the infamous Po­ under the Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian monarchy . temkina villages in the modern edition continued to de­ and Prussian domination. This treaty was not meant to ceive the very few foreign visitors allowed to inspect the the peoples of Eastern Europe, Western and Middle Asia. “socalistic fatherland“. Among those were the French Their voices-appeals, no matter how strong, were not to Mr. Herriot, who in the time when millions of Ukrainian be heeded by those who “made“ history. It will remain peasants were dying during the artificial famine, in 1933, an eternal mystery why these peoples were omitted to be especially designed to bend their opposition against col- accepted in the big, free human family. They certainly lectve farming — came bade with a colorful description gave more than sufficient proofs of their will and sealed of the "socialistic achievements". He didn’t see, of course, it with blood sacrifices in the struggles to attain the pro­ canibalisin, misery and utter despair of the population, mised freedom. More than adequate evidence were given for the places visited by him were well prepared for the to the world by the Ukrainians, who were among the first diplomats from the capitalist countries. This is not the to shake down the chains of the Czarist oppressors, de­ only case, numerous are those taken in by the Soviet- claring to the whole world the will of the people by a Russian fraud. proclamation of independence in 1918. The nations of Western and Middle Asia were also among the first, who The record is clean, both world wars, the democratic were anxious to subsist as free men in their own sover­ world won on the battlefields, were not won de facto. eign states. These nations were completely overlooked On the crucial issues the diplomacy of the Western hemi­ by the treaty of Verailles, where their destiny was sealed sphere have miscarried the immense responsibility to by shallow attitudes not always free of certain biased sub­ settle the problems which caused them — nanjely the versive Russian elements, who were and are still anxious unsolved questions of the subjugated nations. Both times to save the Russian Empire from its predestined and in­ the diplomacy of the West allowed herself to trap in the evitable fall, by advocating a false and thoroughly un­ pitfall the Russian strategem and political despotism. justified theory of the “one and undividable Russia“. They The 20th century has witnessed two disastrous wars — claim that the nations in question cannot possibly survive yet no problem was really solved. Slavery in still a bigger if they should regain their independence by causes of scale than ever is blooming behind the Iron Curtain, peo­ political and economical incapability. It is not in this ple shot without trials or even convinction. column here to discuss who would not survive without The West “won two wars“ — and in reality lost two whom — official data’s are talkative enough who would battles on the fields of forming a successful foreign po­ be the afflicted one — at least in the role of an Empire. licy. The discussion of a possibility of a third world war Page 10 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Number I

The Bacteriological Warfare of Moscow The Soviet Government has, on its way to provoke a yet in this point. But we have made one fascinating ex­ still greater hate of the West in the hearts of Soviet perience: how masses are destroyed by the bacteria of citizens, invented another means — beside the anti- petechial fever. The Bolsheviks have used this method American propaganda and the atomic bomb: bacteriologi­ already twice during their rule in Ukraine in the thirties. cal warfare. America — thus runs the new slogan — is In this respect there will be few who will outdo the Soviet preparing world destruction not only by making atom scientists. In this field Moscow seems to be very much in bombs but by using bacteriological warfare. The reasons advance of the rest1 of the world. for this propaganda are well known: hate against the The Russian scientists cultivated bacteria of petechial West, especially against the USA, must be sustained by fever already in 1916. They kept them ready all means. through all of World War I and thought perhaps of using But what is the particular aim os this kind of propa­ them in a critical stage of the war against the Germans. ganda? The Soviet Government cries out by their huge But they did not take their opportunity — either because propagandistic megaphones that the Russian people is they did not dare or because they were afraid of the leading in every scientific field. We will not argue this consequences. But they kept the secret until the great point, but we willingly admit that Moscow is indeed “Humanists“ under Lenin rose to power. These most leading in the field of warfare, especially concerning the humane leaders overtook with the power all treasures, destruction of the Soviet population by bacteria. petechial bacteria included. We Ukrainians have as yet no experience how Soviets When the Ukrainian Liberation Army destroyed the are distributing plague. Moscow has not instructed us as armies of the Moscow aggressors and, on the 31st of August 1919, marched into their capital Kiev, Moscow inevitably brings the neccessity to revise the calculations knew that it would never subdue Ukraine by using made in the past. This is a must, there should not be more ordinary arms. Now the Bolsheviks remembered the miscalculations in the future, so costly and expensive in armies of millions of petechial bacteria which they had human sufferings, if the West honestly strives for real inherited from the Czar’s government and the Czar’s peace and real freedom. scientists. Thus the battle fields of Ukraine were infected The extraordinary paradox by which the West is struck with millions of bacteria, lice were distributed in trains — is the direct consequence of the wrong and incomplete and on march routes and the spectre of the bacterio­ knowledge of the Russian question. It is highly dis­ logical warfare crept around among the masses of the appointing to note in the press the repeating of the old Ukrainian population. Men and women were infected by mistakes, which have carried the world thus far. Voices thousands every day. But most of its victims took the are heard to restore the world peace by various means, plague along the Ukrainian units of the “Sichovi-Strilci". some by pacifying “old good Joe“, some propose to To these units, whose courage and efficiency were admired abandon Europe to the Europeans — the isolationist’s all over the world, Bolshevist Moscow paid most of her view some are “generous“ and go as far as asking the attention, and the modern arm was directed with special restoration of the 1939 picture. But none of these publica­ care against them. Tens of thousands of these brave tions contains at least an allusion in the defence of the warriors perished within a few weeks. And from these wronged people, those who were deprived already after units the plague spread to the whole of the Ukrainian first war from the rights of sovereignity. The same super­ Army. ficiality takes the lead again, in the debates over the During the Cossack revolt of 1932/33 the Bolsheviks future world order there are only hints to “democratize“ used poison gas in the Kubanj territory, destroying Russia as it appears today, instead of detecting once and thousands of Cossacks and civil persons. Bacteriological for ever the shameful disgrace done to the different warfare was used in 1917—1920 not only in Ukraine but nations. against the Cossacks, too. In view of the recent attempt of Gen. Lucius D. Clay, Thus it is proved that the Bolsheviks started bacterio­ the widely esteemed personage, who instigated the mo­ logical warfare already in 1919, and this not against a vement “Crusade for Freedom“, a noble try to penetrate forreign aggressor but against people which they claim the voice of freedom to the peoples behind the Iron even today to be of their blood.Ukraine was a second time Curtain — attribute to the discussed phenomenon. It is a victim of an invasion using bacteria of petechial fever, strongly desirable that this great movement does not re­ when the rulers of the Kremlin celebrated their victory main in is narrow boundaries, limited to the five “chosen“, after World War II, while the Ukrainians did not lay but extended to all the subjugated peoples, regardless down arms but continued within the Insurgent Army whether they lost their independence in 1945, 1948 or their struggle for indépendance. In 1946 bacteriological before. Only then shall this enterprise be fully approbat­ warfare which we had already experienced was resumed. ed and would respond the words of the pledge, which But the Ukrainian Army knew this time how to protect promises “freedom to all men and resist tyranny, aggres­ itself. The promising arm did not allow the Bolsheviks sion wherever they appear“. Then the pledge will be a to break the Ukrainian Resistance. The struggle conti­ chalenge to match the word with the deed not restricted nues. to a few, but embracing all the suffering people, hungry We do not write this in order to remind the world of for the truth. this kind of warfare. We are quite sure that, if ever All those who advocate policies, whether through press bacteriological warfare is used, it will be used, not by or directly through their high positions as statesmen, do U.S.A. or Great Britain, but by Moscow. For in this better when they open their minds and reasons to the respect the Bolsheviks are leading indeed. They can call of the times. The whole truth and not half a truth already look back on their first experiences. is the demand of our era. Let the truth, and nothing but the truth conquer, gain victory over lie and injustice. Published by Ukrainian Insormation Service 32 Salvay D. N. Th. Road, London S. E. 22. Great Britain MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE UKRAINIAN IÜÎÔ] n i l O T I O N SERVICE p ------B 1 No. 2 - 3 February - March 1951 Vol. Ill

GENERAL TARAS TCHUPRYNKA on the Anniversary of his Death The U.P.A. is marching to battle Not blood, nor wounds not' the fear of death Can deter us from our way Our aim is clear and we march to final victory March 5, 1951, will be the first anniversary of characters, filled with a determined will for free­ the heroic death of General Taras Tchuprynka, dom and independence, ready for any sacrifice, Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent and undaunted in the face of death. Army (U.P.A.). According to official informa­ It must be left for future historians to write tion from the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation the story of the great Ukrainian soldier in all its Council (U.H.V.R.), the General was killed “ in details. We shall confine ourselves here to a few his underground quarters at Bilohorshcha, a dates and details, to giving a sketch of General village near Lviv, fighting the Russo-Bolshevik occupation forces. After Ataman Simon Pètlura and Colonel GENERAL LUCIUS D. CLAY Konowalez, Tchuprynka is the third great loss in EXPRESSES HIS CONDOLENCE TO THE the last 25 years which the Ukrainian people have UKRAINIAN PEOPLE. had to suffer in their struggle for freedom and General Clay sent the following message of independence. condolence to the President of the A.B.N. on the Simon Petlura led the young Ukrainian Repub­ occasion of the heroic death of General lic and its army in the war against Moscow in Chuprynka, Commander-in-Chief of the U.P.A.: 1918-1920. In 1925 he was killed in Paris, shot 5th December, 1950. by a bolshevist assassin. Dear Minister Stetzko, Colonel Konowalez, one of Petlura’s most faith­ I join you in your sorrow at the tragic death ful comrades, organised and led Ukrainian resis­ of General Czuprynka and in the confident hope tance after World War I, especially in the districts that his loss will not have been in vain. occupied by Poland. It was then a secret military Peoples who want to be free shall yet be free. organisation, called U.W.O. which later became the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists Sincerely yours, O.U.N In 1938 Colonel Konowalez was torn to LUCIUS D. CLAY. pieces by a bomb which bolshevik agents had placed into his hands in Rotterdam. 6th January, 1951. Dear Mr. Stetzko, While Colonel Konowalez was, usually, abroad, Taras Tchuprynka was one of his most capable Thank you for your letter of 22 December. and reliable leaders at home. The career of this I would be glad to have you communicate my outstanding man was the normal and, at the same message of condolences on the death of General time, adventurous life of a modern fighter for T. Czuprynka to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army freedom holding a responsible position. The and to the Ukrainian people. leaders of a people who in their centuries-long Sincerely yours, struggle brought forth a number of such LUCIUS D. CLAY, M.P. Tchuprynka, who for so many years remained, A few quotations from the great number of for obvious reasons, concealed from the eyes of condolences received on the occasion of his death the public, behind a veil of secrecy. His death prove this. tore the veil in two and gave the world an oppor­ tunity to realize in the strong features of this National Bulgarian Front: “ . . . We partici­ versatile personality, the ideals and high aims for pate in your sorrow and lower our Bulgarian which the Ukrainian people, and with them all flags over the grave of your heroic General in the other subjugated peoples under Russian the hour of mourning . . .” imperialism, are fighting and dying. . . . The United Turkestanian National Committee: General Taras Tchuprynka, whose civilian “. . . Through the death of General Taras name was Roman Shukheych, was born in West Tchuprynka, the man of action and fighter for Ukraine in 1907. After finishing the Middle freedom, the Ukrainian people have suffered an School he graduated from the Politechnical Insti­ irreparable loss. The United Turkestanian tute in Lviv. As a young student he joined the National Committee, fighting shoulder to shoulder ranks of the revolutionaries fighting for Ukraine’s with Ukrainian fighters for freedom of nations liberation. In the twenties he became an active and individuals, share this loss as their own . . .” member of the U.W.O. and later was on the The Hungarian Liberation Movement: “. . . military staff of the O.U.N. In the early thirties And yet we hope that with God’s help the fight he was imprisoned in Poland. In 1939, however, will continue more unceasingly along the way the he was occupied in Carpatho-Ukraine during its immortal General has pointed, until victory is short-lived independence, organizing its military won and the peoples are liberated ...” defence of which he became the head. The National Liberation Committee of the From 1939-45 he held various important posts Croats : “ . . . Allow us to assufe you that the in the Ukrainian resistance movement, but Croatian people will never forget this great hero chiefly those of a military character. of the Ukrainian struggle for liberation. He is In 1943 Tchuprynka became C.I.C. of the a shining example of national military honour ...” Ukrainian Insurgent Army and had much to do, These messages could be continued ad lib, but the same year, with the creation of the Anti- we believe that they have shown how much Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.) which was General Tchuprynka was appreciated. We may add decided upon at a convention held in the woods of that through his unassuming character, soldierly Wolhynia under the protection of U.P.A. In frankness and courage, the General was a vener­ 1944, at the first big meeting of the Supreme ated model for all his fellow fighters, and one Ukrainian Liberation Council, General for whom they willingly risked their lives. This Tchuprynka was appointed Secretary General, spirit is not dead, it lives on to-day in the ranks without, however, giving up his post as Com- of the whole resistance, and it will inspire them mander-in-Chief. to-morrow and strengthen in them the hope of Besides his great military talent and gift for final victory for the sacred cause for which the organization, the General disposed of other quali­ General worked, fought and died. ties which enabled him to handle delicate political missions and to solve intricate problems arising therefrom. These became evident during the COMMENTARY negotiations for the formation of the Anti- Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, at which representa­ By Roman Rakhmanny. tives from 13 different nations took part. With unusual political skill and kindliness Tchuprynka The democratic West underestimates the Allies was able to win the members for himself and a which it can have inside the Soviet Empire; the joint struggle, and thus bring the negotiations to West should aid them in their struggle against a successful conclusion. It was due to him, too, the tyranny of the Kremlin! that the different military units from other This is the main thought which we are pre­ nations were accepted and welcomed in the ranks senting in our commentaries for 1951; we are of the U.P.A. and were able to carry on the fight aware of the fact that the West, especially the against bolshevism with mutual good feeling. United States of America, finds itself on the This collaboration, for which the General paved threshold of the greatest conflict in the history the way, has worked well to the present day. of mankind—a clash with Russia. No wonder that this legendary general, revolu­ We have heard assurances from leading tionary and politician was highly esteemed, Americans, such as President Truman, and, respected and popular, not only among his own recently, Senator Taft, that the U.S.A. is willing soldiers and compatriots, but among all the A.B.N. to aid these people who are struggling for free­ peoples as well. dom and sovereign independence, and who have a greater right to that aid than the people who such a concentrated attack, and the victors— are enslaved inside the Soviet Union? For Russia, Poland and Rumania — divided the thirty-three years they have been struggling Ukrainian territory among themselves. against Russian Communist aggression. However, the Ukrainians did not surrender. Take the Ukrainian people as an example. For thirty years the western people have often Thirty-three years ago, on January 22, 1918, this heard about Ukrainian resistance. To-day the 40 million nation proclaimed, through its demo­ same West is admiring the fight of the Ukrainian cratically elected government in Kvkiev, an Inde­ Insurgent Army which is carrying on the struggle pendent Ukrainian Republic. At that time, the in Ukraine for those ideals proclaimed on January Russian Tsarist armies were suffering disaster on 22, 1918, and which were denied them by the the battle fronts, and, in Russia proper, a revolu­ West. tion was taking place. This was the appropriate Communist Moscow, however, always pro­ time for the people enslaved by Russia to claim fessed to take into consideration such desires of for themselves the principle of “ self-determina­ the Ukrainian people, and ostensibly satisfied tion of nations,” originated by President Wilson. them, for after destroying the Ukrainian Repub­ The Baltic countries such as Lithuania, Latvia, lic, it proclaimed, on paper, the Ukrainian Soviet Estonia and Finland, Belorussia, Georgia, Socialist Republic. Thus was the first of the six­ Western Siberia and others, as well as Ukraine, teen satellite republics created, comprising the proclaimed their independent republics. Soviet Union. After the German-Russian war, Russia, however, was not willing to allow those Moscow introduced its satellite, Soviet Ukraine, nations to be self-governing, as this would affect into the United Nations, and allowed Soviet her plans for future aggression. This particu­ Ukraine to have her own flag and national anthem larly applied to Ukraine, which was, and still is, —a privilege which no other Soviet republic the most important source of manpower, indus­ enjoys. trial resources, and is an important strategic military basis against both Western Europe and In this is revealed the international importance the Near East. That is why Lenin and his of the proclamation of the Ukrainian Independent colleagues recognised the Ukrainian republic and Republic on January 22, 1918. For the following immediately attacked it; from outside the Red thirty-three years proved that neither Poland nor Army marched in, and from the inside the Com­ Rumania, who attacked Ukraine when in conflict munist fifth column began to undermine the with Moscow, nor any other European countries Ukrainian republic. can be free and sovereign states while the Ukraine Historical facts prove that Ukraine would have is not independent, and while Russia remains a been able, even then, to defend herself successfully powerful slave Empire. against Russian aggression, if the West had had Poland, Rumania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, any understanding of the Ukrainian problem. But Croatia, Czechia and Slovakia find themselves in it was hostile to Ukraine. the same position that Ukraine was allowed to fall France and Great Britain organised and into thirty years ago—for now they also are satel­ equipped an army of Russian nationalists under lites of Moscow. And what about France and the command of General Denikin and arranged the Great Britain, who underestimated the Ukrainian landing of troops on the beaches of the Black Sea problem and its consequences ? To-day they are in Ukraine. Therefore, in reality, the Russian faced with the same problem of defending their anti-Communist army began a formal war against own independence against Russian aggression. Ukraine which was defending itself against The United States of America are paying dearly. Communist Moscow. Billions of dollars must be assigned for defence Washington took a similar attitude toward the purpose; American boys have to shed their blood Ukrainians. Mr. Lansing, State Secretary of the for the errors of their State Department in 1919 U.S.A., declared to the Ukrainian delegation at in Korea to-day and perhaps will have to in Versailles in 1919 that the Ukraine must submit to Western Europe to-morrow. Whom will they be General Denikin. In plain terms, this meant for fighting ? Soviet Russia who was allowed thirty the Ukrainians a return under the Russian yoke, years ago by the West to occupy Ukraine and from which they had just freed themselves, on fifteen other nations of Eastern Europe and Asia. January 22, 1918. If the West was not then aware of vital facts, In addition to this disastrous situation, the it may understand them to-day. The most impor­ Polish army, well equipped by France for the pur­ tant is the application of the principle of self- pose of fighting Communist Russia, attacked the determination to all nations within the U.S.S.R. Ukrainian western front, while the Rumanian Russia understands this very clearly, for in it army attacked from the south. Thus, two more Russia sees her greatest weakness. The West fronts were created for the Ukrainians. Clearly, must also understand it, for in this lies the key to the Ukrainian Republic was not able to repulse its final Victory. but, thanks to their strength and fighting strategy, EDITORIAL a Third Power has developed which has to be THE VICTORY OF THE NATIONAL IDEA reckoned with. It would be an error to attribute the collapse of Ukrainian nationalism, which paved the way for national socialism and fascism to the failure of the army the Ukrainian people have created, is nationalism alone. It would be making the same the vanguard of the peoples struggling to free error should one reject Ukrainian national inde­ themselves from Russian imperialism. Ukrainian pendence, for a new idea of nationhood is begin­ nationalism, like every other healthy patriotism, is ning to make itself felt all over the world. anti-imperialistic. It has begun to work out new We see even colonial peoples achieving their principles for the relations between peoples, that national sovereignty. India, Pakistan, Indonesia, not only recognise the rights of sovereignty within Korea, Indochina, among others, have gained their ethnographic frontiers, but put theory into prac­ independence. In every nook and corner of the tice in the treatment of Ukraine’s neighbours. No world the cry is being raised for national freedom claims are raised against their territories, for the and justice. Great national and social movements principle is maintained that only such areas as are are stirring and new free peoples are making their really ethnographically Ukrainian belong to appearance on the world’s stage. National libera­ Ukraine. They support the liberation movements tion must include social liberty. Peoples are of all other countries subjugated by Russia. It rising against all dictatorship, and above all Bol­ is in Ukraine’s interests that the other peoples shevist tyranny; they are fighting for a national with whom she works to-day, or will work to­ and social order of their own, in conformity with morrow, achieve their independence likewise, for their characters and of this the worker is the the peace of the world depends on the peoples centre. being free and satisfied. Taking advantage of this situation the Musco­ vite imperialists, in Bolshevist form, abused the ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION national and socialist independence aims to worm their way into the hearts of the peoples; in the IN THE WEST case, for instance, of the peoples of Africa and A Year of Retreats. Asia, to draw them into their own national and 1950, for the West, was a year of deep un­ socialist net of serfdom. ceasing crises. As in every year since the The great stirring ideas of national indepen­ ostensible end of the war, international Bol­ dence and social justice have not grown out of shevism, inspired by Moscow, was constantly treacherous communist doctrine or any other attacking, while the Western democracies, led by abstract theory, but from the depth of human the United States, were as constantly retreating, hearts, from the eternal longing of millions of fighting men for the happiness and peace of the The war in Korea, at the cost of so much human peoples. That is the reason why we see great life and material is not, however, the main symp­ empires disintegrating, and national states taking tom of these crises, but a mere incident. The their place. The symbol of our epoch is not the reason for the Korean crisis is not so much principle of vast empires, but the principle of material as moral and psychological. national freedom and independence. The colonial Treaties with Bolshevism. peoples in all empires, of all races and religions, There is no more tragic political literature in Malayans, Negroes, Indians and Arabs, are history than that of the past thirty years of awaking to a national life of their own. The world Treaties, Pacts, Understandings, Agreements and to-day bears the stamp of national and socialist generally “ peacemaking ” with Bolshevism. For freedom. The struggle of Ukrainian nationalists the West they have been thirty years of illusions, to free their people has not just begun. It is being blasted hopes, political blindness and self- fought at present on military grounds by the complacency. Each “ arrangement ” instead of U.P.A., on whose initiative the Anti-Bolshevist being final, was only another stage of a lost battle. Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.) was founded. The Western Liberals and Socialists lost when In the last war the degenerate instincts of the they co-operated with Moscow in forming so- imperialism and racialism of the master peoples as called “ Peoples’ Fronts.” Fascists and Nazis lost a means of ruling slave peoples were brought to when, under the aegis of Hitler, they made shame. Imperialist and racial pseudo-nationalism “ peace ” with Moscow (the pact of Non- was conquered by that independent nationalism Aggression, 1939). American democrats and which rises from the inner strength of nations. British Conservatives lost when, under the aegis Progress in the technique of war was no obstacle of Roosevelt and Churchill, they accepted a policy to the successful mass action of the revolutionary of appeasement and “ peaceful settlements ” with movements. Even in World War II they created Bolshevism at Teheran, Moscow, Yalta and Pots­ not only newer, more progressive and just ideas, dam. There is to-day quite an exclusive library of of Germany. Thirty years of Bolshevik tyranny, Memoirs and Analyses, especially of American Korean war, the advance of the Chinese masses, politicians and statesmen who have written end­ the Red outburst in Indo-China, Fifth Column lessly about the period of the policy of Roosevelt- work in France and elsewhere—all this and more Hopkins-Davis, and they are most tragic docu­ is insufficient to convince the French that no ments revealing human naivete, ambitions and efforts at peace with Bolshevism have ever been political infancy. All, except Bolshevism, in one or will ever be successful. way or another, lost, while Bolshevism, as Egoism of Great Britain. expediency required, altering fronts, methods, A similar situation exists in Great Britain. In arguments, treaties, marched steadily and systema­ spite of the immense modern developments in war tically on towards its goal—world conquest. technique, the British are still convinced they are Physical Strength Sufficient. out of reach of danger, and that if they were not With unity and rational organisation, and with overrun by Hitler, they cannot be overrun by the help of the millions of the oppressed non- Stalin. And so their policy is appeasement. Russian peoples in the U.S.S.R., the physical Among other changes since Hitler’s day gravely strength of America and Western Europe is even affecting Great Britain is the fact that she now amply sufficient to end Stalinism and acquiesed in handing over Karelia, the Baltic Bolshevism for good and all. States, the German and Polish Baltic coasts, turn­ In 1941 Germany was able to provide 240 ing the Baltic Sea into a Russian lake from which divisions for war against Moscow. What would Britain could be attacked in a matter of hours and have happened if potential divisions of France, without notice. British Commonwealth, Italy, Spain, Benelux and America had been added ? That entire strength is, Isolation of United States. in fact, available now, but there is a lack of moral The entire world began to look to America as and intellectual force, concentration and unity the world leader in defence against Bolshevism. necessary to make them available. The Bolsheviks Ending Roosevelt’s appeasement policy was term this “ defeatist contradictions inside the Truman’s of prevention of the extension of Bol­ capitalist world.” shevism, the defence of Iran, Greece and Berlin, Defeatism in Germany. the Marshall Plan, North Atlantic Pact and so on. Germany is aware of the fact that, whether or But by the end of 1950 arose Hoover’s plan of not she fights against Moscow, she will not be isolationism, the withdrawal of America from spared by Stalin in the event of the latter being both Asia and Europe, and the transformation of victorious. Refusal to fight will be no self-defence the United States into the “ Gibraltar of Western for Western Germany. If she did fight on the Culture.” There was no intention to fight for any side of the West, it would involve heavy sacrifices, other country, as this party says America is not but, with political capacity on the part of the West, able to defend Europe when Europe is not willing it would give her some hope of the restoration of to defend itself, and that the lesson of Korea for sovereignty and the revision of frontiers. America is that the latter must not risk another But it must not be taken for granted that the defeat in Europe. It must be recognised that Western Germans are enthusiastic for any idea ex-President Hoover is the leader of the Repub­ of fighting either Russians or anyone else. Indeed, lican Party, which counts nearly as many votes as polls which have been undertaken show an average the Truman Democratic Party and can paralyse of 85 per cent, against taking any part in a war. any policy of defence in Europe. Its argument is The fact would seem to be that the Western that as the U.S.A. cannot defeat the U.S.S.R. Germans distrust either the will or the ability to neither can the U.S.S.R. defeat the U.S.A., so the conquer or both, while there is no doubt that the best thing is to divide the world between the two Nuremberg trials have shocked the German and live at peace. people, accustomed as they are to obey the orders Not one—Hitler, Truman, Churchill, Roosevelt of those above them. or Hoover—understands or understood that no French Fear. terms and conditions exist which could bring about A somewhat similar situation exists in France a peaceful understanding with Communism, that whose efforts are directed to the prevention of the Bolshevism cannot be defeated unless the whole rearmament of Germany. The French lack the anti-Bolshevik world is mobilised, especially the ability to take the long view and a sense of national liberation forces inside the U.S.S.R. common understanding in the face of danger. In Actually, the year 1950 has been full of order to “ save ” themselves, as they think, they ominous and disastrous events for the world out­ are ready to make “ pacts ” and “ peace ” negotia­ side the iron curtain, a world which apparently has tions with Bolshevism, hoping that these would lost the will, courage, or desire to defend itself. result in peace settlements and the neutralisation Z. P, But no Ukrainian literature from abroad, even old THE RUSSIAN EXILED OPPOSITION works published before the Revolution, is allowed In the Government of every country there is a to penetrate the iron curtain. The only real ruling party which carries out its own programme danger to Russian imperialism is the Liberation in internal and foreign affairs. Other parties Movements of the non-Russian peoples in the which are at the moment the minority are the U.S.S.R. opposition. The foreign policy of any country Russians in exile fulfil a double role : they give may vary in tactics but seldom in arms, and an warnings to the Kremlin from abroad of the Opposition will usually support the foreign policy latter’s mistakes which injure Russian imperialism, of the Government when it seems best for the while they themselves prepare to take over the country and least dangerous. imperialistic Government of the Kremlin should the latter be destroyed, along with the ideology and This refers to Russia as well, although at first territorial integrity of the Russian Empire. it would appear that that country did not tolerate any Opposition, that every decision was unani­ In fact the existing Russian Opposition in exile mous, and that there was no party but the ruling is merely a disguised clique of Moscow Imperial­ one. This, however, is deceptive. ists working day and night to take over power and dictatorship as complete as Stalin’s and, as Russian parties which might be expected to such, as great a danger to the peace and security form an Opposition have always existed and exist of the whole world. A study of Russian history now, beyond the borders of Russia, in exile. The for 800 years shows that no matter under what fact that they have changed their place of residence title a Moscow Government exists, it is Russian, must not suggest that they have changed their first, last and all the time and, as such, determined nature and ceased opposing their Government. In on world conquest. fact, all Russians in exile are nothing else than the Parliamentary Opposition of the Russian Government. At all periods of Russian history, the Russian Governments have preferred to have AGAINST THE IDEOLOGICAL the Opposition beyond the boundaries of their DISARMAMENT OF THE country, where it does not interfere with them LIBERATION STRUGGLE I and is more useful than if it stayed at home. This Opposition diligently safeguards the interests of FALSE CALCULATIONS its own but not of the foreign governments. It prevents its Government making mistakes which When taking into account the actual potential can bring about its overthrow, interfere with its of the Western powers estimated from the destruction of other nations and end its aggressive numerical data of their various factors : popula­ policy. Russian Opposition in exile is no less tion, raw material resources, industry and capa­ patriotic and imperialistic than Kremlin’s Govern­ bility for increasing output, mobilisation prepared­ mental Majority and no less useful to Moscow ness of their armies, navies and air forces, etc., than the foreign pro-Moscow Communist “ Fifth one can be misled to accept wrong conclusions. Columns.” The Russian parties in exile are in Incorrect would also be the conclusion drawn fact the Parliamentary Opposition to the existing from the comparison of numerical data merely in Government in Moscow, and it is merely a their pure statistical form, referring to the poten­ peculiar “ White ” duplicate of the Red “ Fifth tial of the Western and Bolshevist blocs. It is Columns.” essential to view this question from a different The Russian parties in exile are a foreign angle, namely: to what extent, in what direction agency of Muscovite imperialism. This is why and with what dynamic force are the Western Moscow murders the leaders of the Ukrainian powers using their latent strength and resources National Movements in exile—Petlura, Kono- in checking the Bolshevist advance. When one waletz and others but does not try to kill Denikin, regards it in that manner one can see that in the who passes his life peacefully in America, accused actual relationship and especially in the ideological by none and with no attempt at assassination. and political counter-measures the effective weight Moscow pours out in its propaganda hatred of of the Western potential has not been sufficiently such Ukrainian Nationalist leaders as Bandera exploited. but only rarely mentions the White Russians and To make it clearer let us consider several points. democrats of the Kerensky and Vlassov type, and The unappeasable differences between the then only ironically, referring to them as political U.S.S.R. and the West, and the awareness of the corpses and scarecrows. In the first years of inevitability of a “ total ” conflict between them Bolshevik victory Russian bookshops were full for future existence are permanent features of the of the works of Russian writers in exile—they present international situation, features which were no danger to Moscow’s imperialistic aims. made themselves felt long before, as well as during and after the last war. In this respect little has intolerance, exclusiveness, and regard it as the changed for, notwithstanding the alliance with the cause of international conflicts. “ Every national­ Western powers, the Bolshevists, with all their ism has been discredited by Hitlerism ”—such and tactical modification of policy, have constantly similar arguments one hears very often. Never­ revealed the same underlying general line in their theless none of them is relevant, for in those argu­ external relations, and one direction in their in­ ments the effect is mistaken for the cause. It is ternal development. During the war against true that such views are spread in the West by all Hitler’s Germany, the U.S.S.R. had a knife at her means of propaganda and by institutions con­ throat and the Bolshevists needed help from and cerned in the formation of public opinion. The alliance with the Western democracies more than ruling political circles, however, who stand behind the latter needed the Bolshevists. The Bolshevists, that campaign, are very much aware that the real however, did not introduce any fundamental state of affairs is different. They know that changes, did not throw on the scrap-heap the idea Hitlerism is dead already, that every nationalism of rivalry and of a coming final issue with their is in its nature something quite unique, that dic­ western allies, nor did they ever carry out any tatorship, totalitarianism and intolerance are demobilisation of their anti-western feelings. On features of imperialisms, one of which was the contrary, even in view of the dangers and Hitlerism and to-day in its highest form is difficulties of the war against Germany, the policy Bolshevism. They know that the cause of enmity and strategy of the U.S.S.R. kept strictly to the between peoples and the obstacle to a peaceful conception that, after the end of the war, there is and harmonious co-operation between nations is bound to come a period of rivalry, conflicts and mainly the imperialistic tendency of some peoples, all-out issues with the western allies, and they have namely, to subdue and exploit others; to force alien been preparing accordingly for this eventuality systems upon them and an alien way of life. They without any break, and have succeeded in securing know very well that at the present moment in the for themselves the most advantageous positions. historical arena appear the liberatory nationalisms which resist all imperialistic encroachments, aspire Immediately after the defeat of Germany the to liberty and sovereignty for their peoples, but strength relationship between the U.S.S.R. and the at the same time recognise the same rights for Western powers was definitely in favour of the other peoples as well, respect them and strive for latter in all respects, more than at any time before. peaceful co-operation, and for a free exchange of They, however, did not attempt and were not spiritual and material goods among free nations, capable of exploiting that advantage to any degree, on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty, for in order that they might arrive at a real and lasting vital rights and needs. solution, or at least establish acceptable relation­ ships in their limited area. They have done some­ The true cause of attack upon nationalisms thing quite opposite, for, without any real organised on a world scale, in particular upon the necessity for it, they have given away to the liberation-nationalisms, are efforts on the part of Bolshevists the fruits of victory, have sacrificed some circles to pave the way for imperialisms, new nations, advantageous military bases, they open and disguised, political and economic. The have introduced Bolshevists into the key positions inspirers wish to distract popular attention from of politics, and have carried out a thorough de­ their imperialistic intentions, to put the guilt upon mobilisation on all sectors. All this was performed the shoulders of the nationalisms, and to destroy only to face later the ally of yesterday in most them, because of their resistance. disadvantageous and humiliating issues, which What do they offer us as an alternative to devoured enormous energy and costs, and resulted nationalisms ? —• Internationalism, all sorts of in failures. equalising of national, political, cultural, and economic individualities. Everything, they say, Let us consider now the case of the atomic serves for levelling differences between nations, energy and A-bomb. Everyone knows what first- but in fact for a simpler and easier supremacy of rate place this weapon has occupied in strengthen­ stronger, greater nations over the smaller and ing the confidence of the West in their own weaker. The main originator and organiser of material superiority over the U.S.S.R. To-day, the anti-nationalist campaign has been the chief despite all camouflaging, the world learns more imperialism—Russian Bolshevism, which carries and more facts—people who invented or perfected on not only directly, but also indirectly, by means those weapons have treacherously passed their of its own various agencies, as well as by actions secrets to the enemy, the Bolshevists. inspired abroad. Other partners join that cam­ paign either in an effort to find a common speech ILLUSIONS AND REALITY! and understanding with Bolshevism, or from their The West’s attitude towards all nationalisms own motives and for their own ends are combating is identical. They identify nationalism with nationalisms, the main obstacle to penetration into chauvinism, totalitarianism, dictatorship, racial the subdued peoples. As an illustration of the above general state­ Nor can one negative revolutions from humani­ ments one has but to mention the international tarian motives as a form of necessary struggle for boycott of Spain. Who will believe that Spain freedom either. Revolution is a process and a with her Franco’s government was put outside the form of struggle which involves the fewest vic­ orbit of the international life because of the dic­ tims. It strikes, at the very essence, the real tatorship and one-party or totalitarian system, at originators and defenders of the unjust state of that very moment when the worst dictatorship and affairs, and not their victims who were forced to totalitarianism of the U.S.S.R. and her satellites become their instruments. In comparison with were not on the index, but, on the contrary, en­ war, especially in view of the present methods and joyed one of the honourable places in the system means of mass destruction of people and material of U.N.O. ? It is evident to everybody that the goods, revolution is the most humane form of boycott of Spain is the act, and a diplomatic struggle. Everybody knows that the reserve of success in every respect of Bolshevist Moscow. the Western nations towards the revolutionary Bolshevists, although they are the greatest struggles of other peoples derives its origin from enemies of any nationalism with the exception of the fact that they are well fed and contented, and Russian imperialism, are nevertheless fully aware dislike to have to deal with any fundamental of the attraction that the national idea exercises changes in a world situation which might cause upon people, and of the fact that this idea has the shifting of the international balance of power. been the main driving force of the most powerful They are satisfied with the existing state of affairs, historical upheavals. They, as a rule, combat and prefer to shut their eyes and not to see how therefore directly only those nationalist move­ other peoples are driven into intolerable living ments which are their direct enemies. At the same conditions, how they struggle for a free life and time they are trying to take advantage of the how in the world arena appear for the first time liberation-nationalistic struggles beyond their new nations formerly submerged. sphere of domination, namely the movements of colonial and semi-colonial peoples administered by If we, Ukrainians for example, are not liked the Western powers. In relations with them, because of our alleged “ fanaticism,” it means that Bolsheviks pose as the protectors and advocates our uncompromising fight against Bolshevism, of national liberation movements and nationalistic against slavery, is disliked. Incidentally, that struggles for sovereignty. At the same time we attitude is to a degree less now than it was even cannot detect in the policy of the Western powers a few years ago, when our revolutionary struggle any signs of ability for such a dual attitude. did not harmonise with the official policy of the Western powers, then consisting chiefly in After they had once decided upon the course appeasing Bolshevists and seeking co-operation directed against nationalisms, from their own with the U.S.S.R., and eagerly ignoring their motives, or as a result of Bolshevist inspiration, crimes. The attitude of the Ukrainian Nationalist their policy has shown only a negative attitude to­ movement is not in accord with Western policy, wards any nationalism. In this respect one can in that we know only one relationship towards an see only a very small degree of political reason, aggressor, oppressor and assassin of whole but certainly an abundance of motives obviously national groups and of all freedom—an uncom­ suggested by Bolshevists, motives which are con­ promising fight against him. In Western policy, trary to the best interests of the countries instead, reigned until now a tacitly accepted rule concerned. that one can, without loss of face, divide world ARE REVOLUTIONS UNPOPULAR IN trade, and live in friendship even with such THE WEST? criminals as Bolshevists, provided they limit their When in the West revolutions are disliked as criminal practices to those already annexed nations factors of the historical processes, it is not because and do not advance further, do not threaten and of considerations of principle. In fact, every lead­ encompass the vital interests of their Western ing nation of to-day not only has had revolutions partners. As is generally known Moscow does not in its history, but has elevated them to an honour­ respect these expectations, and the West is being able place. The birth of the U.S.A. was a national compelled to redirect its policy and principles. revolution, and only through it did she become a Before long it will become a fanatical adversary of free nation and cease to be a colony. To-day’s Bolshevism, the reason being that the latter begins France dates her republican era from the Revolu­ to intrude into its store-room. tion. Britain also owes her democracy to a revolution. If those countries can revere their We have already mentioned that those ideologi­ internal revolutions as mile-stones of constitu­ cal and political principles which have influenced tional progress, how much greater must be then until recently the relations between the West and the importance of the national liberation revolu­ the Bolshevist imperialism have proved ineffective tions as processes of liberation of a nation from and have produced much worse results than they foreign rule and enslavement. would had the West exploited rationally its potential and position, and had it fulfilled the ideological outlook, a social order not answering historical responsibility which came upon its the needs of the nation, and the unhealthy state of shoulders. For this treatise it is even more im­ affairs within the governmental system, due to portant to learn what results have the ideological the ideological decline of the Kuomintang. and political influences of the Western powers Americans point out that this was the cause of evoked among those nations which went in their corruption and of hopelessness of further support footsteps after falling under Bolshevist domina­ for Chiang Kai Shek on the mainland. They con­ tion, or still stand in the struggle with the tend that their influence and efforts in China Bolshevist peril. followed the line of repairing those defeats. It There is no need for elucidating the disastrous might be partly true as regards governmental, effects which were brought about by the post-war ecnomic and military apparatus. It is known that policy of the West towards the U.S.S.R. in in the first post-war years there were various Central Europe, the policy which staked all upon missions in China, directed by political and mili­ the “ démocratisation ” of the Bolshevist system, tary statesmen of the first rank. Did they really upon the penetration of the democratic essence into assist and care solely to regenerate the national its content and upon its inner transformation under forces ? From many of tire contemporary reports pressure by peaceful means, and upon that path, one can see clearly that American policy, and misdirected the political thinking and acting of the accordingly the work of American missions, leading circles of the so-called “ satellite ” coun­ followed the general line: to bring agreement at tries, i.e., peoples who in consequence of the war a common table the nationally-minded Chinese and fell under Russian domination. By submitting to the Communists, in order to form a united govern­ those influences of the West, the political action ment, one army, etc. Towards this goal were of resistance to Bolshevisation was directed along directed not only appropriate suggestions and the wrong path, and has applied wrong methods. mediation, but pressure was applied by other Instead of accepting immediately the revolutionary means as well, such as regulation of deliveries. methods of action and the revolutionary system We are convinced that by such permanent efforts of political organisation, those leading circles took to bring about a compromise, demobilisation and the course which consisted in a combination of corruption, were spread most successfully among collaborationism and parliamentary methods of a nation and an army at war. One hand gave, the opposition. The result is well-known—the Bol­ other took away. Probably to this policy of trying shevists finished quickly with those make-believes, to appease all peoples with regard to Russia, the and the political elite, having lost the stake, was Americans owe the fact that now in Korea their either liquidated or else fled the country, while sons are being killed by those very weapons which the masses were left disorientated, helpless, with had been destined for national forces. schisms and dispersed energy; there remained only passivity. . . . WON’T BE LOST IN THE WOOD! We intended the above illustrations to serve for CHINESE LESSON . . . making clear our statement that those ideological An even more instructive example is provided and political principles and methods which were by CHINA. The defeat and internal corruption used by the Western powers in relations with of the national forces in China in the struggle Russia, and in the home policy and concepts which against Communist aggression have no doubt they suggested to other nations, have proved in many causes. As a result of the unnecessary and fact to be wrong, and therefore were harmful to undeserved admission of the U.S.S.R. to the role the cause of defending the world before the of co-victor over Japan, leaving it enormous war Bolshevist flood. booty in Manchuria, Communist forces in China received great reinforcements and equipment, The ideas of the to-day’s liberation movement at the very time when Nationalist forces, of Ukraine are those of Ukrainian revolutionary exhausted by the prolonged war on two fronts, nationalism, and to-day’s liberation struggle is the received from America only a scanty assistance in realisation of its political conception. Our posi­ deliveries with which it was neither possible to die tions have stood the hardest trials which a nor to live. But this result was not the conse­ revolutionary movement can ever experience. Our quence of material causes only. It is generally ideas are our greatest strength, the most appro­ known that in nationalist China there came to priate weapon with which we shall win a victory fruition a process of internal corruption, so that over Bolshevism. No soldier would exchange his the military forces, instead of going to battle, went tried-out weapon for one which he knows has over with all their foreign equipment to the enemy. failed often already, and which proved inefficient We do not possess sufficiently reliable information in battle, although very suitable for parade. as to the character and extent of this corruption We are deeply convinced that the Western nor its causes and basis. We are led to suppose world, confronted with the inevitable necessity of that to a great extent the guilt lies with the wrong taking up the challenge of Bolshevism or awaiting annihilation by it, will, at the fateful moment of Great Britain favours Red China and expects a crucial decision, discard from its political that the recognition of the Peiping regime by the arsenal everything which has tied its hands with West will influence Mao-Tse-Tung to become a regard to Bolshevist imperialism and which has so “ Chinese Tito.” nearly brought complete disaster. France, with fear of the reaction of Russia, is When this happens, the West will begin to cautious as to the armament of Western Germany rearrange its positions and will adapt the uncom­ and of Europe as a whole. promising anti-Bolshevist attitude as well as accept those ideas which can overcome Bol­ The Asiatic democratic countries, of which the shevism. Everything which has appeased most important is India, are only interested in Bolshevism, which has paved the way for it, or their own problems, and, afraid of the pressure which sought compromises with it, will be thrown put on them by Red China, are proposing, at all overboard. Without such an internal change the costs, a new Munich. West would be annihilated. The atom bomb will All this is analogous to the rebirth of American not save it, its secret has, in any case, already isolationism. been given by treachery to Moscow. Indeed, the American press stressed the position The Ukrainian revolution gathers strength and of Mr. Hoover as “ Gibraltarism,” and the New has no intention of turning away or laying down York Herald Tribune called it “ retreatism.” arms, and especially its most powerful weapon— Consequently, it would be necessary to bestow this the ideas of the people; they cannot and will not same name on the worthy Allies of the U.S.A., be taken from us, and, in the end, they will prevail. both European and Asiatic, as to their feelings and attitudes towards Russia and China. We Ukrainians, who have had dealings with DEFEATISM — A NEW ENEMY IN Russia and Communism for a long time, prefer to THE WESTERN WORLD call this attitude “ defeatism.” On this very By Roman Rakhmanny defeatism Hitler built his strategy for the Second World War. Without the “ moral basis ” which The year 1951 began very differently in the two the treaty in Munich created for him, Hitler would opposing camps—the East and the West. The never have been able to begin that war. dictator of the East—Soviet Russian—began his To-day, Comrade Stalin, a great teacher of greatest political and military offensive in Asia, Hitler in politics, is building his strategy on his with the purpose of pushing the U.N. Forces out perfect knowledge of the psychology of the bf Korea. Russia also would like to seat Red western peoples, on their earnest desire for peace China in the Security Council of the U.N. All and their aversion from war. He is aware of the the steps she has taken to achieve the above lack of unity in the Western camp for any firm mentioned aims meet with unanimous praise from stand against Russian aggression. Stalin takes her satellites and from the Communist Parties of advantage of this, as is the practice of every the world. That is why, in the beginning of 1951, totalitarian aggressor, and liquidates his opponents the Eastern block shows itself, at least on the sur­ in turn, one by one. The possibility of doing so face, a united military column, obedient to the is strengthened by every evidence of weakness and orders of her commander. defeatism in the West. Yet how different a picture is being represented at the same time in the West! For within the Tito, dictator of Yugoslavia, a true Communist, most powerful member of this camp, the U.S.A., warns the West against the armament of the appeared what in reality is merely another version Western European countries and Western Ger­ of the old American isolationism. Ex-President many. He also advises them to leave Korea and Hoover advocates that the U.S. should be prepared to talk with Stalin with the purpose of reaching to abandon Asia and Europe to the Communists, “ at least a short appeasement.” and build the Western Hemisphere into the Such opinions of a former “ Stalinist ” only “ Gibraltar of Civilisation.” strengthen defeatism in the Western Sector. That Senator Taft planted his flag close to Hoover’s is why Wilson Woodside, a well-known Canadian and said that the American Nation should limit radio commentator, deserved credit for his fore­ itself to an army of 1,500,000, because it would sight when he stated in his New Year’s commen­ not be able to afford more. tary over the C.B.C. that “ defeatism is already Both these opinions met with a decisive rebuff the greatest danger we face.” by Foster Dulles and by President Truman him­ Therefore, to-day, more than ever before, when self. The European Allies of the U.S.A. were events show that Russia’s aim of ruling over the caught unawares, and were dismayed by the latest whole world has reached its most dangerous, if rebirth of the presumed dead isolationism in the not climactic, phase—the Western disease, defeat­ U.S.A. ism, must be revealed and dealt with effectively. This is especially important for the American been such anxiety among Russian emigres as now. people. For, as is evident from the debates in In Munich which has become the “ capital ” of the Western camp, the American nation may one emigrants, where Russian poltics are hatched, now day be forced to bear the brunt of Russian that Belgrade has been made impossible by Tito, aggression. In this case the American nation the rumours of treason, corruption and Com­ should become monolithic like a column of march­ munist infiltration become more and more insis­ ing soldiers. Victory may be assured by new tent. Exiles, even if they hold leading positions, allies of the U.S.A. who are not suffering from are not trusted; they are avoided. The Russian defeatism, and who have not allowed themselves State Police, which since the end of the war has to be frightened by the Kremlin. changed its old name of N.K.W.D. into M.W.D., Are there such people, such nations ? is said to be ready to repeat its Paris coup of 1927. In 1927 the Soviets had sent as an agent to Paris Yes, there are ! Mr. Woodside states that inside a popular Russian singer, called Plevitskaja. Her the U.S.S.R. there are Movements for liberation. husband, the White Russian General Skoblin, The Ukrainians “ have an active underground betrayed General Kutjepow and later General fighting organisation in the Ukraine, the U.P.A. Miller by order of the Kremlin, and disappeared or the Ukrainian Insurgent Army . . . under­ afterwards himself. A similar condition prevails ground activity is still carried on to-day in in Munich to-day, but with the difference that Ukraine . . . Very extensive reports of this there is a hope of discovering the agents before activity were laid before me, a great many of them the misfortune takes place. Suspicion is directed dating up to the middle of 1950.” above all to the leaders of the “ Union of the “Yes,” also says Colonel Sage, former U.S. Andreas Circle,” one of the oldest imperialist Intelligence Officer, and now a Professor at U.S. organisations, actually to Dr. Nikolaj Fedoro- Military Academy at West Point, “ the Ukrainian witsch Fabrizius and General Glasenapp. people must continue to be in the vanguard of the Glasenapp is in charge of what is known as the anti-Bolshevik struggle among all other nations Imperial Treasure, which is rated higher than it enslaved by Moscow, as they are morally and is worth. It was brought out of Russia by physically stronger than any other nation in Wrangel first to Belgrade, when it passed in 1944 Europe.” into the hands of General .Wenssov, who was to Indeed, for years Ukrainians and other peoples use it to finance the R.O.A. (Russian Army of of the U.S.S.R. have been opposing Moscow liberation). In May, 1945, this treasure fell into without any outside help, but, regardless of this, the hands of American soldiers in Landshut. have not lost hope. On the contrary, they are Later it was handed over to General Glasenapp. calling others to take a similar stand. In the last The Treasure, which had shrunk considerably, few weeks, all the Ukrainian presses in the U.S.A. became still smaller under his management. and Canada, as well as in West Europe, printed Thanks to the morganatic marriage of Wladimir a letter from the underground fighting Ukraine, Kirilowitsch, who claims the Russian throne, which was brought from Ukraine by soldiers of Russian exiles are more republican than the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In that appeal, monarchist in their sympathies and they would like signed by twenty-two leaders of the different to discuss with Glasenapp things that are more underground sections together with the Ukrainian important than the Imperial Treasure. underground Church, the Ukrainians abroad are asked to reveal the true character of Soviet Russia. The president of the National Committee of Also it makes a special appeal to the whole West Russians makes the following accusations : to mobilise all its forces for a struggle with Glasenapp and his colleagues work hand in Russian imperialism. hand with the M.W.D. Fabrizius betrayed the Russian underground movement, called “ Brethren This is another proof that with the appropriate of Truth.” General Duchopelinikow handed the American attitude toward the enslaved nations, the partisans he had organised to the M.W.D. Major American fight against Russian imperialism will Wetljugin has sent the Soviets regular reports end in victory, instead of becoming, as Herbert about exiled scientists. . . . Hoover and other defeatists of the West fear, “ a Everything seems to indicate that these men graveyard of millions of American boys.” have prepared a second “ Paris Tragedy.” THE M.W.D. AND RUSSIAN EXILES So much for the well-informed Dutch paper. It The following lines are quoted from a remark­ is an open question in how far the various facts able article that appeared in “ De Volkskrant,” a are true, but it is clear that the Russian secret Dutch Catholic paper. service has nowhere an easier job than among “ Since 1927, when two Russian officers, Russian exiles, seeing that Moscow, no matter General Kutjepow and General Miller, were what government is in power there, can count on abducted by the N.K.W.D., the Russian state their patriotism as absolutely dependable. It has police in Paris, in broad daylight, there has never not often been disappointed. . . . 12 To be exact, the Ukrainian broadcasts by the A UKRAINIAN VOICE ON THE “ Voice of America ” are not Ukrainian in con­ “VOICE OF AMERICA” tent. The demands of the Ukrainian people, A Member of the Ukrainian Underground Movement striving first of all for national liberation, are not discusses a Transmission expressed, but instead are broadcast the desire of Russian imperialists of all political shades to A journal of the Ukrainian Underground be­ suppress the aspirations of the Ukrainian people, hind the Iron Curtain, “ Organ for Propaganda and to secure by any means the retention of and Information,” publishes a letter from a radio Ukraine within the great Russian imperium, either listener in its number of May, 1950 (No. 4 III under the occupation of Moscow or of Petersburg, year), in which he expresses his opinion of the to erect, in effect, on the ruins of the U.S.S.R. a “ Voice of America” as broadcast for the peoples new variety of a united indivisible Russia. of U.S.S.R. The letter runs as follows: The tendency of the authors of these Ukrainian “ In the middle of December, 1949, the “ Voice broadcasts by the “ Voice of America ” may be of America ” (probably the State Department is noticed by their interpretation of certain facts meant) discovered that besides the Russian, there concerning the Ukrainian fight for liberation. is a Ukrainian people of 40 million in the Thus the “ Voice of America ” interprets the U.S.S.R., and began to broadcast in Ukrainian. proclamation of the Ukrainian Republic by the But all those patriots who hoped that the trans­ Ukrainian National Council, January 22, 1918, as mission in Ukrainian would be Ukrainian, not only the determination of the political leaders at that in form, but also in content, were sadly dis­ time, not to submit to the Bolshevist Government appointed. in Moscow as a “ one party dictatorhip,” and not, What resulted was what usually transpires in the as it really was, a decision made by the Ukrainian Soviet Union—the form is Ukrainian, but the people after the bitter experiences suffered, not content ? At any rate, it is far from being really only under the Tsar’s Government, but also under Ukrainian, i.e., what it should be in a transmission the “ actual ” government of Prince Lwow, in intended for a subjugated people with a thousand- which Russian cadets played a leading role, and year old political and cultural history, and again under the social revolutionary Kerenskij and centuries-old tradition, and a state of its own, and the Bolshevist government of Lenin. a struggle for independence that is just as old; a They all regarded Ukraine as an integral part people which, besides social, economic, and general of the Russian imperium, and rejected most political oppression, has to suffer cruel national decidedly all attempts made by the Ukrainian oppression. All of which makes it hate the people themselves to achieve a state of their own. Muscovite Bolshevist tyrants from the bottom of As interpreted by the “ Voice of America” it its heart, longs for the fall of the Bolshevist sounds as if Ukraine only wanted to be free from “ Dungeon of Nations,” and for its own national Bolshevist Russia, but not from Russia entirely. and social liberation, a people which has carried It suggested that, if there had been no Bolshevist on for six years a tenacious underground and dictatorship, Ukraine would not have proclaimed revolutionary struggle to achieve its aims. the manifesto, i.e., would not have declared its complete national independence. The Ukrainian students and schoolboys of Kiev If you wish to be informed of conditions behind who fell on January 29, 1918, at Kruty where they the Iron Curtain objectively, and at first hand, protected the Ukrainian capital from armed subscribe to and read the Russian Bolshevist Muravian bandits and the in­ dependence of the young Ukrainian Republic A.B.N. CORRESPONDENZ from Russian Bolshevist conquerors, are called by the monthly periodical of the Anti-Bolshevist the “ Voice of America ” “ Ukrainian socialist Bloc of Nations issued in English, French and youths.” That’s where you are wrong, “ Voice of German ; subscription for one year :— America ” ! The Ukrainian students and school­ GREAT BRITAIN - 6 Shilling» boys who heroically defended the capital of the U.S.A. and CANADA - 1 Dollar Ukrainian Republic at Kruty were freedom-loving FRANCE and TUNIS - 300 Francs young people aspiring to the independence of BELGIUM - - - 60 Bel. Francs Ukraine and its separation from Russia. That GERMANY - - - 2.50 D-Marks was their highest ideal, an ideal they placed higher than party convictions. . . . Why does the In other countries at prices to correspond. “ Voice of America ” suppress that ? For in the Orders lo be sent to : name of these ideals they gave up their lives. A.B.N. Correspondence, Box 70, This truth as to the real aims of the Ukrainian Munich 33, fight for liberation in the years 1917-1920, and Germany. the real character of the Manifesto of the Central Council and the battle of Krutv, no one can peoples under Russia, have cleverly brought up falsify, not even the forgers of Ukrainian history a question which is likely to arouse the world’s in the “ Voice of America.” interest in their anti-Moscow policy. The Ukrainian people keep the memory of that In the war the Ukrainians were the first to event sacred. Thousands of insurgents and attempt to realise their aims for an independent revolutionaries who have, for Ukrainian indepen­ state, and to show their anti-Bolshevist attitude by dence, fallen in battle against the Muscovite going with the Germans. After trying to set up Bolshevist occupation, thousands of members of a formation of their own within the “Wehrmacht” the Ukrainian Underground Movement who are (German Army) which came to nothing owing to continuing this struggle to-day, and the patriots Hitler’s intransigent attitude, they finally, in 1943, who regard Ukraine’s national independence as recruited a Ukrainian S.S.-Division from their highest ideal, have all been brought up in the volunteers. tradition of the Manifesto and the heroism at 96,000 men enlisted, a remarkable number when Kruty. And these are the facts which the “ Voice one remembers that in spite of the lively recruit­ of America ” interprets ih its own way, to make ing activities carried out by S.S. in Denmark and it appear as if the Ukrainian people were ready Norway, not more than 80 recruits a month to accept the idea of a Russian imperium. From enlisted. the contents of the broadcast for Ukrainians, and Moreover, a great number of Ukrainians were by reason of information received by us, it is easy occupied as auxiliary helpers for various German to see who is behind these transmissions. It is all army formations. Their number has never been too much like Kerenskij and company, Russian ascertained, but they are estimated by those who political emigrants of the years 1917 and 1918, for should know" at some 60,000. It must also be anyone to be misled. One of this circle, A. remarked that these volunteers came almost en­ Jablonskij (Kerenskij will be no stranger to him) tirely from West Ukraine, as the then Reichs wrote the following in the Russian emigrant paper Commissioner Koch refused to allow the East “ Woroschdenije ” : “ To the fighters for indepen­ Ukrainians to acquire a claim to equal rights in dence who dream wildly of a state from the that way. . . . Carpathians to the Caucasus one must speak The A.B.N. sees no possibility, other than with clearly. If you want to take the Black Sea away violence, i.e., by war, of overcoming Bolshevism. from Russia, then take it, but only by force.” The For that reason the A.B.N. seeks connections with attitude of these circles towards the Ukrainian the Western Powers and takes up America’s question has in no way changed. Part of the policy. On the other hand, the political confidence Russian imperialists rule in Ukraine, the other in the Western Powers has been badly shaken for part are preparing in their exile to relieve them. the following reasons: We who are fighting for liberation in the (1) The extradition of leading men of East Ukrainian Underground can only give the State European peoples to the Soviet has acted like Department the following advice : a cold shower and produced deep suspicion. “ If the broadcasts by the ‘ Voice of America ’ (2) There is a strong misgiving among the A.B.N. are really intended to be heard by the Ukrainian leaders, and especially among the Ukrainians, people, then they must not be influenced by that America has imperialistic views in its Russian imperialist emigrants, bitter enemies of contention with Russia. Ukraine independence and candidates for a res­ (3) The Anglo-American attitude is regarded as toration of the Russia of 1917. The Ukrainian school-masterish. people will not listen to Russian broadcasts in the On the other hand, no imperialism is to be ex­ Ukrainian language.” pected from Germany, at least not for some time “ A L istener in U kraine.” to come, and not as it was during World Wars I “ A UKRAINIAN ADVANCE” and II. It is believed that the Germans have learned from the bitter experiences in the past and The well-known Swiss paper “ Die T at” of are therefore anxious to take a part in the conflict Zurich published a noteworthy article by one of with Russia. its correspondents, January 13, 1915, on the readi­ Should the United Nations accept the Ukrainian ness of the Ukrainians to put an expeditionary offer which, by the way, has been joined by the force of its own at the disposal of the United Estonians and Latvians too, an interesting ques­ Nations for the war in Korea. The following is tion in International Law will arise—and that may an extract from the Swiss article. be what the Ukrainians have in mind, for under “ The leaders of the Ukrainian emigrants have the joint flag of the U.N. soldiers in South Korea, offered the United Nations a Ukrainian Legion only members of the U.N. are fighting; a 5,000 strong for the war in Korea.” Ukrainian legion in Korea would therefore form, With this announcement the Ukrainians, who at least, a precedent, which might be of the greatest play a leading part among the emigrants of the importance for Ukraine. FOR FREE UKRAINE able not only in open acts of sabotage and Slovak Mr. Harold Stassen, President of Pennsylvania partisan activity, but also in the increasingly University, urged the United States to support a inimical attitude of the population in all spheres programme of “counter revolution” to help of public life. people in Russia and elsewhere whose peoples The correspondent estimates the strength of the were denied freedom. Slovak partisans at some 5,000 men, with hiding- Mr. Stassen returned recently from a round- places and camps chiefly in the Tatra mountains. the-world trip, and said unrest was rising among They are equipped with light automatic weapons peoples behind the iron curtain. and field wireless sets. Their numbers are “ I believe the Kremlin faces a counter revolu­ recruited, for the most part, from the army and tion, which will include the Red Army itself.” expropriated peasants. The Slovak partisans are In a broadcast he attacked the administration in close contact with the Ukrainian Insurgent foreign policy and the retreatism advocated by Army. some members of his own party. The hostile attitude of the Slovak partisans To withdraw from Europe, the Near-East and towards the Communist regime has delayed the “ Asia would be so narrow, shortsighted and sel­ Bolsevist three-year plan very considerably. fish that America would decay internally from the gravity of its own sin ” he said. UKRAINE’S LIBERATION He said, in proposing a seven points pro­ The Secretary-General of the Pan-American gramme of action. Ukrainian Conference handed Mr. Trygve Lie, 1. Independence for the Ukraine, Estonia, Secretary-General of the U.N., a Memorandum Latvia, Lithunia, Turkestan, Poland, Byelorussia, pointing out the fact of Ukraine’s subjugation by Checho Slovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria and Soviet Russia, and the continuous struggle of the Hungary. Ukrainian people for liberation. The U.N. was 2. Release of political prisoners in concentra­ requested to examine the situation and to grant tion camps and under forced labour in the Soviet the Ukrainian people, not the Moscow-imposed Union. Government, the right to take its proper place 3. Giving of lands to the peasants. among the freedom-loving, democratic peoples of 4. The right of people to choose their own the U.N. way of life. The Memorandum was signed by Stepan 5. Genuine trade unions. Shumejko, Secretary of the Pan-American 6. A free and united Germany. Ukrainian Conference, and sent in the names of 7. Return of Manchurian assets to a new the Ukrainian representatives assembled at the democratic China. Conference, i.e., those of the U.S.A., Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela and Paraguay. TURKESTAN “ BASMACHI” The American press mentioned this new action The “ Ukrainian Word ” in Buenos Aires by the Central Committee of Ukrainians in (Argentine) reports, December 24, 1950, that in American countries in the U.N. reports. The Turkestan the revolutionary anti-Communist “ New York Herald Tribune,” for example, pub­ organisation “ Basmachi ” is active. In the years lished the announcement of the Memorandum in 1935-41 thousands of young Turkestanians, called its official column reserved for U.N. news, under up for active service in the Soviet army, fled to the heading “ Ukraine.” the mountains and joined the “ Basmachi.” During World War II the Turkestan popula­ tion caused the Bolshevists a great deal of trouble. ON THE WAY TO KIEV On the outside it looks as if Turkestan was With well-concealed, illegal propaganda of the absolutely quiet. Anyone, however, who stays Ukrainian Underground about us, we left our there some time will soon discover that an under­ home town of B. by train, July 6, 1950, for Lviv, ground movement is active. From there the journey was continued to Kiev. At the very beginning of our journey, at the The latest news from Turkestan confirms that station of B., we encountered “ bolshevik order.’ ever stronger units of the “ Basmachi ” are taking The booking-office clerk kept his cash box closed part in their heroic fight for independence. in spite of the long queue in front of him. Tickets are only sold at the last minute and then people SLOVAKIA AGAINST COMMUNISM who are known and M.V.D. officials have priority. According to reports by the Vienna correspon­ Very few of those waiting were able to buy dent of the “ Daily Telegraph,” resistance against tickets; most of them had to get them on the train Communism is growing in Slovakia. It is notice- and pay an additional charge. After a long journey we reached Lviv where ings, scantily dressed children, haggard-looking there was a wait for the connection to Kiev, so peasants going about bare-foot and in rags. The we first showed our tickets and then had a look blank faces showed no pleasure in their work, at the town. At the booking office in Lviv the they were like slaves, and they are slaves, slaves scene was the same as at B. Long queues of wait­ of the Kolchos and Russian imperialism. ing, grumbling, people, an unfriendly woman clerk, everywhere dirt and poverty. At long last At Shmerynka the train stopped for some time. we had our tickets and could start off by tram to The station is partly destroyed and in a most see the town. Slowly the shaky old tram crawled neglected state. Weary looking, bare-foot along, giving us at least the opportunity of seeing peasants were sitting or standing about. In con­ a good deal. Involuntarily the question arose in trast to civilians, the Militia and Red Army men our minds, “ How long will this beautiful town were well dressed. The luggage of the passengers have to suffer occupation by eastern invaders ? ” leaving the train here is examined by the militia. But almost at once the hope arose that this phase For every pound of excess luggage a fine is would not last and that our town would one day charged. be ours again. Taking advantage of the delay we went into the waiting room. Everywhere there was dirt, people Twelve years ago the Poles ruled here, and a sleeping on the benches, the air thick with black Polish professor and politician declared that in tobacco. At the buffet we discovered that prices twenty-five years there would not be a Ukrainian are much higher than in Lviv. At last it was time in the whole place. And to-day? All that is to start on the last lap of our journey. gone. The Poles have disappeared almost com­ pletely from Lviv, there are but a few hundreds When we reached our destination our com­ left. Now the prevailing note is Russian. Soldiers panions found their mothers and sisters waiting and party people abound and Russian is spoken to welcome them. Questions about conditions in everywhere. The shop assistants in the few West Ukraine came next, then our clothes were existing shops, who are practically without excep­ admired and there was much talk of house-keep­ tion Russians from beyond the borders, always ing. Not a very pleasant item in the lives of the give the same answer when addressed in women in the Soviet. One mother told us she Ukrainian, “ Just wait please” and hasten to had a cow and a calf at home, but the calf had to serve Russian-speaking army or party customers be given up. who are plastered with medals. After a short rest we went on our way. As there were no means of transport we had to walk. The station again—still another hour to wait. Peasants with heavy burdens on their backs We looked about at the badly damaged building, passed on us on their way to market. They had once the most beautiful station and a most no money for fares. important junction. Now it is a heap of ruins One of my companions became faint and had from its destruction in 1945. Not a sign of to be carried into a house and laid on a bed in a reconstruction. clean little room. The bed was a bunk without The Kiev train was announced, and we went pillows, and a torn curtain did duty for a door. out to the platform, where a horrid din arose as There were remnants of maize bread on the table would-be passengers fought for seats. Screams and an empty jar. A motherly old woman and curses rose to fever pitch and ended in a hastened to help our sick friend. When she regular boxing match. Not till the train moved learned that we were from West Ukraine, she out did the clamour die down. It grew dark and shook her head saying : “ What brings you to us ? we travelled through the night without any lights. Do you want to see our misery? Be glad that Early morning, July 7, 1950. Endless fields, you have no Kolchos at home. Only to-day they usually without any trenches between, stretched are burying a young girl who hanged herself in on either side of the train. They were carelessly her despair.” tilled and the harvest prospects looked bad. In our compartment the harvest was discussed. It had been bad everywhere in Ukraine the pre­ DEPORTATION OF THE JEWS vious year, and it looked now as if the peasants In the “ New Leader ” a former member of the were once more facing hungry times. Now and Hungarian Parliament, Dr. Bela Fabian, declares again the train ran past a village. The difference that the Cominform has declared war on Zionism. between these and the western Ukrainian villages According to information at his disposal, 35,000 was striking. While in West Ukraine the new Jews were deported to Siberia from Lviv alone. regime had not changed the outward appearance Almost the whole Jewish population of Ukraine, of the villages, here in the east they distinctly bore Byelorussia and the Crimea met with the same the stamp of Bolshevik collectivization; squalid fate. The anti-Jewish campaign in Hungary mud houses, with tiny windows, no farm build­ began in 1949. THE LEAGUE FOR THE Kowal, as well as the whole Ukrainian Under­ ground Movement, and promise to spare no means LIBERATION OF UKRAINE to help struggling Ukraine in every possible way (,Special report from Toronto) in order to accelerate the day of our political liberation. On December 24, 1950, the second Conference of the League for the Liberation of Ukraine met The further resolutions of the Conference in Toronto. At the Conference the activity of treated the following points : Intensification of the Central Bureau of the League was reported propaganda abroad in favour of the idea of the and a lecture held on the directives for the year struggle against Russo-Communistic imperialism; 1950/51. After a lively discussion the Confer­ further enlightenment of Ukrainian circles, and ence passed resolutions respecting the question of the creation of a National Ukrainian Centre in organization, the situation at home and abroad of Canada. the Ukrainian problem, and further tasks to be The Conference, the importance of which need undertaken by the League. hardly be stressed, met with the attention and sympathy it deserved among the Ukrainian emi­ Respecting the questions of organization, the grants in America and Europe. Conference stated that the League had made important progress in the year 1949-50 by interesting more and more Ukrainian circles in UKRAINIAN INSURGENTS IN Canada. UPPER SILESIA With regard to international politics, the Con­ ference stated that “ the devolpment of the present Through the failure of the Polish police in international situation was progressing normally, their conflict with Ukrainian Insurgents who are and that preparations of the democratic world for operating in groups in Upper Silesia, the Polish coping with the Russo-Communist danger might Government has been compelled to organise fight­ be brought to a satisfactory close, if the demo­ ing detachments from the Upper Silesian popula­ cratic world took an uncompromising attitude tion. Hitherto the fighting in Upper Silesia towards the Russian danger, and insisted on the against the well-armed Insurgents has ended with complete annihilation of the Russian imperium in the defeat of the Poles, as recent eye-witnesses every form whatsoever, the division of the said report. Polish losses have been considerable. imperium into sovereign ethnic national states, and the re-organization of the world on the prin­ We recommend everyone who is interested in the subjugated ciple of complete freedom for every individual peoples’ struggle jor freedom behind the Iron Curtain to read the and every nation without regard to size, race or most informative literature issued in English by the Scottish religion, as the aim of this struggle as well as of League for European Freedom :— an eventual war. 1. “Convention of Delegates of the Independence Move­ We approve of and support the efforts of the ments of the Anti-Bolshevik Nations.” Introduction by Government of Canada to consolidate the united John F. Stewart. Price 6d. anti-Russian, anti-Communist front and to over­ come the danger of the Communist “ Fifth 2. “Red Russia and the Independence Movements in Column.” the U.S.S.R.” Introduction by John F. Stewart. Price Is. The second Conference of the League for the 3. “The Russian Danger : Europe’s Only Defence." Liberation of Ukraine is of opinion that all By Jaroslav Stetzko. Price 6d. human and material means must be used in the fight against Russian Bolshevism. Above all the 4. “The Workers in Soviet Russia.” By John F. Stewart. experience and forces of all the people subjected Post Free. by Russia, including those of the exiles of these 5. “Russia : The Sick Man of Europe.” Introduction by peoples, must be made full use of.” John F. Stewart. Price 6d. As to the internal Ukrainian position, the Con­ 6. “Will there be a Revolution in the Soviet Union?" ference stressed the fact that in its struggle for Introduction by John F. Stewart. Price 6d. Ukraine’s final liberation it enjoys the support of 7. “The Strength and Weakness of Red Russia.' all Ukrainian circles. After a short Commemora­ (Congress of Delegates of Independence Movements within tion Ceremony in honour of the Commander-in- the U.S.S.R. held in Edinburgh.) Introduction by John F. Chief of the U.P.A., General Taras Chuprynka, Stewart. 145 pages. who recently died a heroic death, the Conference passed the following resolution : “ We greet the Orders may be sent either to the Editor, Ukrainian Infor­ Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council mation Service, or direct to Mr Bohdan Tarnawskyj. (U.H.V.R.), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ukrainian House, 6 Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh, 9, (U.P.A.), its new Commander, Colonel Wasyl Great Britain. Published by the Ukrainian Information Service, 28, Minster Road, London, N.W.2, and 6 Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh, 9 Printed by John Wilson, 66 HighStreet, Edinburgh /•fC füüH l-"'•’•••a — - f-vvr .w 4y u » u/w >u, U'M.V III im , y, gin u^UIMOl UUI jllC(/»(ll IHC ,/lccuuifi uy IIUHUIl* UIIU IIIUII i

MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE UKRAINIAN i mOTION SERVICE§ No. 4 April 1951 Vol. I ll

“ THE VOICE OF AMERICA”

Major P. Poltawa of the U.P.A., and head of Army (U.P.A.), under the Supreme Ukrainian the Information Service of the Supreme Liberation Council, the representatives of all Ukrainian Liberation Council behind the Iron Ukrainian areas, all political parties and all Curtain, on the “ Voice of America” broadcast in classes. Ukraine has always been a champion in Ukrainian: the fight of the free world against bolshevik In the relay of a declaration by the President tyranny. of Pennsylvania University, Harold E. Stassen, The American people have fought, and are on the necessity of giving the non-Russian peoples fighting to-day, for freedom against all tyranny. in the Soviet Union their independence, the fact They stand at the head of the free world in its that the word “ Ukraine” zoos omitted caused struggle against bolshevik oppressors and tyrants. surprise and indignation, not only among the Thus we have a mutual enemy, i.e., the bolshevist, Ukrainians themselves. This “ little incident” despotic, imperialistic clique, which is trying to was probably due to chance, but is rather a get the whole world into its power, and we are characteristic and highly regrettable pointer to the following the same objective—the building up of real tendency of this broadcast. The justified a just and progressive world order, based on criticism of the transmissions sent by the “ Voice respect for the rights of man and of nations. One of America,” especially those intended for the means in this battle against bolshevist tyrants is Ukrainian population in the Soviet Union, is the “ Voice of America,” with its broadcasts for emphasized by the notable remarks of this leader the Soviet Union. As soldiers in the fight for of the Ukrainian underground movement. liberation behind the Iron Curtain, we know very Although Major Poltawa chiefly stresses the well of the tremendous importance information standpoint of the Ukrainian Independence Move­ which is true and free has for the Soviet masses. ment, still, his well-thought-out remarks, based on To assure the effect of such information, it is his long experience of the country itself, hold essential that the psychology, the way of looking good for the opinion of competent circles of other at things, and the feelings of the Soviet masses nations subjected by Bolshevism, and fighting are duly taken into account. That is a perfectly along with the Ukrainian people for liberation, comprehensible and indispensible condition for his facts move us to give his remarks in some every kind of informative propaganda. detail. A verbatim report of his criticism has In the case of the transmissions done by the been submitted in English to acting State Secre­ “ Voice of America ” for the Soviet Union, I am tary E. Barrett, by the Secretary-General for bound to say that the conditions first mentioned Foreign Affairs, in the Supreme Ukrainian are not always fulfilled and for that reason the Liberation Council, Mykola Lebed. desired success is not forthcoming. As an active Major Poltawa introduces his remarks by member of the armed forces in the Ukrainian declaring that his notes were written in the con­ fight for liberation, I regard it as my duty to set viction that the people of the United States and down some remarks, in order to show how these the Ukrainians have one and the same goal, the broadcasts should be handled, so that both in form struggle for liberty and victory over Bolshevism. as well as contents they may answer the require­ The Ukrainians have been fighting bolshevik ments of those fighting behind the Iron Curtain, tyranny ever since 1918. In 1943, this fight and express the feelings of the Soviet people. received a new impetus, in the form of an Under­ 1. The Soviet masses must be roused from their ground Movement which is still going on. The apathy, from the thought that they stand isolated forefront of this fight is the Ukrainian Insurgent in the world, and the consciousness of their defenceless position in face of Bolshevist tyranny. II. It is inexpedient, from the capitalist point The most characteristic feature met within the of view, to criticise the bolshevist regime. The Soviet masses is a kind of psychical paralysis, Soviet masses hate the bolshevist regime and bol­ caused by the utter terror of the all-embracing shevist “ socialism,” but they have no yearning for police supervision of the M.G.B.—M.V.D., and capitalism, which was abolished in the whole terri­ their horrible, inhuman and everlasting oppres­ tory of the present Soviet Union in the period sion. This state is also due, in no small part, to from 1917 to 1920. The Soviet masses are for the success the regime has had in crushing all the most part decidedly against the return of capi­ anti-bolshevist resistance, for the terrorism of the talism, due to the outcome of the 1917-1920 M.G.B.—M.V.D. has broken the heart of the Revolution, which it is a mistake to belittle. Soviet citizen; he has lost all hope of any change, Reality demands real political expediency .too has gained the conviction that there is no use fight- Every wise policy must look real facts in the face, ting against the regime, that the evil must be put American propaganda directed to the peoples in up with, and that he will have to end his days in the Soviet Union must take that into account. that bolshevik hell. Bolshevist rule must above all be criticised from There are also other, outside reasons for this the view point of the progressive elements among depression; for what reaches his ears through the the peoples of the Soviet Union who do not wish broadcasts from the West? What impression must to re-establish the old order when bolshevism is he get from the continual assurances given by overthrown, but a new, just and progressive social the western world in its propaganda for the Soviet order. Union, that bolshevist order in the Soviet Union The Ukrainian Underground Movement in is an internal matter for its peoples, and that the which U.P.A. is incorporated, is a part of the pro­ Western Powers, above all U.S.A., have no inten­ gressive element in the fight against bolshevism. tion of interfering in internal affairs ? Such an The Ukrainian Liberation Movement upholds attitude deprives the Soviet citizen of his last tiny national independence, co-operative property in hope of an improvement in his lot, and increases industry and trade, the principle of private owner­ his feeling of isolation and defencelessness. Small ship for the peasant, and democratic government wonder that his apathy grows. His will to resist in the real sense of the word. his oppressors, his courage too, is undermined, for he cannot understand the Western attitude, nor the III. Criticism of bolshevism must therefore be policy of the U.S.A. He asks himself why based on the point of view of each individual non- Western propaganda takes this line, a question Russian nation subjugated by Moscow, and must which in our opinion is only too well justified, proclaim a re-organisation of the bolshevist considering the contrary tactics of the bolshevists; imperium according to principles of national and they declare the principle of non-interference, but state independence for all peoples in the Soviet in reality they publicise scathing criticism on the Union. The object must be the liberation of non- internal conditions in U.S.A., openly calling upon Russian peoples. The importance and the actuality the masses to rise and fight against their govern­ of the national impetus in the Soviet Union of ment. today is decidedly underestimated by the West, The first and most important step to set the fight and that is a pity. The national sensibility in the for freedom in motion behind the Iron Curtain is individual Soviet peoples, and their struggle for to shake the Soviet masses out of their apathy, independence, represent a power which may, their feeling of isolation and hopelessness, which under no circumstances, be undervalued, much less can only be accomplished if the Western peoples disregarded. The policy of denationalisation and are able to convince Soviet peoples that they sym­ russification practised by czarist and bolshevik pathise with them and wish to be active allies and Moscow — always with terrorism — has perhaps friends. It is a question of making the Soviet swamped or suppressed the aspiration for free­ peoples realise that the Americans are against the dom and independence in one nation or the other, bolshevist rule of terrorism, wherever it may be, but when the time comes its tremendous power even in the Soviet Union itself, and that they are will be shown. The moment the Soviet Union be­ on the side of the Soviet peoples in their just, gins to disintegrate, that aspiration will be one of national and social struggle for liberation. The theme of American propaganda must not the most important political factors; for the long­ be emphasis on the principle of non-interference ing for nationhood is strong among the Soviet in internal Soviet affairs, but, on the contrary, peoples, especially in Ukraine. It has merely been must show active interest and the will to support suppressed, and therefore kept concealed, but it is these peoples in their struggle for freedom. As alive, and will have irresistible force once it is set soon as the Soviet peoples feel that America is on in motion. their side, they will lose the consciousness of their During the 1917-1920 Revolution, the non- isolation, will throw off that deadening apathy Russian peoples were in a much more backward which is engulfing them, and that will be the first state in the question of nationalism than today, important step on the way to rousing the Soviet and yet the revolutionary spark kindled the masses to fight bolshevist tyranny. national idea, giving the whole movement a posi- U Krai > "F *“ tively national sentiment and anti-bolshevik people. Actually, however, it is just the contrary; character. That is a generally known historical it is not Ukraine, but Russia which would be fact. Today the non-Russian peoples in the Soviet forced to reorganise its economics completely, Union are much more awake to their national and should Ukraine regain her independence. Ukraine cultural possibilities, and more alive to their sub­ is not only in a position to exist as an independent jection and exploitation, in spite of all the terror- economy, but also to play an important role in isation and the mendacity of bolshevik national European commerce. It is not Ukraine which policy. depends on Russia but vice versa; Russia needs The American broadcasts must appeal directly Ukraine’s resources. The Russians know that, to the individual non-Russian peoples, strengthen and Lenin was right when he declared that our their national consciousness, and make full use of “ Donez Basin is the centre, the real basis, of the the fact of their political and cultural history; in whole of Russia’s economy. There can be no a word,appeal to their patriotism. question of building up heavy industry or social­ IV. The “ Voice of America ” should make the ism until the Donez Basin has been brought to a proper level.” most of the fact of an internal anti-bolshevist struggle within the Soviet Union, and of the This is the chief reason why in 1917-1920 the Ukrainian Liberation Movement. Russians crushed the revived Ukrainian State It is hard for us all to understand why, though with the weight of their troops. the bolshevists never miss an opportunity of During the last 30 years, much has changed. reporting the least dissatisfaction, disturbance or New industrial centres have arisen, new branches fight in any workers’ organisation in the U.S.A., of industry have developed, and the importance of the Phillippines or anywhere else, American pro­ different industrial centres within the Soviet paganda almost entirely overlooks the anti­ Union has shifted. These facts have neither bolshevik struggle in Ukraine and in other changed the importance nor the character of non-Russian territories. This attitude makes it Ukrainian economy; it has retained its funda­ extremely easy for the bolshevists, for it allows mentals, which guarantee its economic indepen­ them to convince the world that a national political dence and potentiality for enormous development unity, hitherto never experienced, prevails between in the future. the regime and the public. We shall not handle Ukraine’s agriculture In democratic countries a campaign against the except to point out that the “ granary of Europe,” government can be carried on by legal and peace­ as it used to be called, produces far more grain ful means, whereas in the Soviet Union, that is than it can consume, and that it has always covered an impossibility. There, underground and parti­ the main part of Russia’s grain export. Further, san methods are the most suitable, and, indeed, we must draw attention to the fact that Ukraine, only possible means. It is wrong of the West to if a change in the political and social position took criticise the fight of the Underground Movements place, would be able, in a comparatively short time, by the standards recognised in democratic coun­ say 20-30 years, almost to treble the present pro­ tries. Information about the Ukrainian struggle duction of corn, and increase the livestock for liberation, for instance, given by “ the Voice fourfold. of America,” would be of value for the rest of It goes without saying that Ukraine’s position the world if it exposed the real conditions pre­ on the Black Sea, almost in the centre of the water vailing in Soviet Russia and revealed the true routes between the Near East and Europe, makes face of bolshevism. Such information, too, would Ukrainian agricultural products even more vital not be without influence on the resistance offered for the markets of the world. Even the Russians by the masses in Russia against the despotism and dare not deny Ukraine’s independence in the terrorism of the Moscow regime. sphere of agriculture; on the contrary, they recog­ (Editor’s N ote : These remarks by Major nise her great part in the question of the Soviet Poltawa, U.P.A., bear the date “ August 1950, Union. The Russian argument for the “ impossi­ Ukraine, Underground,” and were published by bility ” of Ukraine’s living economically apart the Ukrainian weekly, “ Sueasna Urajina,” March from Russia is based on industry. We shall there­ 18, 1951.) fore approach this question. Ukraine’s industry is very young, not only when compared with Western Europe, but also in com­ ECONOMIC CAPACITY OF UKRAINE parison with Russia. At the beginning of the By N. Oeeshko nineteenth century, Ukraine had no industry at all. According to the statistics for 1807, there were The Russians often bring forth the argument to only 502 small factories, and the total figure for justify their imperialist claims on Ukraine, that factory hands was only 15,000, even in 1825. The Ukraine could not exist economically alone. The development of the coal mines started at the begin­ Russians do not even believe this fiction them­ ning of the nineteenth century. In 1806 the output selves, they only use it to confuse badly-informed was 4,000 tons and in 1839 still only 15,000, Ukrainian miormanon service, April ivsl

In 1830, the sugar industry rapidly developed, than the Russian, For example, a workman in and for a long time took the lead in Ukrainian 1900 in Ukraine produced 1714 pud of cast iron; industry. in the Ural, however, only 294 pud. The ratio In 1861, when serfdom was abolished, for iron ore was 19.3 thousand pud to 3.3 thousand Ukraine’s industry made rapid strides. Not only pud. i i ’ll! did total production increase, but the importance World W ar I led to a certain amount of of Ukraine in the industry of the whole Russian shrinkage in some branches of industry, while at Empire became even greater. This may be seen the same time others were increased, especially from the following figures. In 1866, the output tire chemical industry (owing to the lack of im­ of coal was 230,000 tons, i.e., 49.5 per cent, of the ports). The Revolution and the Russian-Ukrainian total Russian output, while the figures for cast war resulted in almost complete stagnation, the iron a re : total loss for Ukraine being far greater than that Year Total Russian Empire Ukraine % of Russia. Compared with 1913, for example, the 1860 19.6 mill, pud ------total production in 1921 amounted to—coal 18.4 1880 26.1 „ 1.3 mill. pud. 5% per cent.; ores 0 per cent.; cast iron 0.8 per cent.; 1900 170.8 „ 91.5 „ 51.7% salt 26.7 per cent.; sugar 2.9 per cent.; locomotives 1914 264.1 „ 186.2 „ 70.5% 9.9 per cent., and so on. It was characteristic of the development of Later, as we know, the time of the N.E.P. (the Ukrainian industry that it always had something new economic policy) came, and then the epoch colonial about it. Firstly, the development was of industrialisation. not to meet Ukraine’s own requirements, but those of the metropolis; secondly, Russia’s customs The total production increased rapidly : policy gave Ukraine no chance of having a part in European industry; thirdly, Ukraine soon be­ 1913 2,100 m. roubles came a field for foreign capital. French invest­ 1923 (beginning of N.E.P.) 880 „ ments amounted to 215 millions, Belgian—110 1928 (end of N.E.P.) 2,820 millions, British—26 millions and German—21 1932 (end of five-year plan I) 6,927 „ millions. 174 million roubles were invested in the 1937 (end of five-year plan II) 16,152 „ metallurgic industry, and 114 millions in the coal Let us see how this process of industrial pro­ industry, all foreign capital. duction developed. Ukraine retained her colonial Even before the war, Ukraine took the lead in character. Policy and amount were determined the industry of the whole Russian Empire. by, and in the interest of, the metropolis, that is Moscow. Further, the increase in industry was Before the World War, Ukrainian production considerably lower in comparison with the total reached 2,100 million roubles annually. Ukrainian national revenue because new industrial centres production and its share in the total production were constructed in Russia itself at the expense figures for the whole empire will be seen by the of Ukraine and other Russian “ colony ” following table. countries. Production Share in % On February 9, 1946, Stalin said, when inaugu­ 338 mill. pud. 71.3 Iron ore (1913) rating the new Five-Year plan, that capitalistic 186.2 70.5 Cast iron (1914) industrialisation thrives from three sources 68.3 Steel (1911) 70.9 „ (1) by annexing and exploiting colonies; (2) by Salt (1914) 57.9 „ 52.1 — crushing other countries by force of arms and Soda (------) 77.6 collecting tribute; (3) by investments (concessions, Sugar (1914) 86.0 82.4 loans, etc.) under secret conditions. Stalin then Agricultural asserted that Russia had employed none of these 20.4 Machines • (1912) 49.0 measures, but had carried out its industrialisation Locomotives (------) 353 40.0 with the self-denying collaboration of the workers, The bulk of Ukraine’s production was sent to peasants and scientists “ of the Soviet people.” At Russia. In 1840, when the coal output was only what price this was done, we see from the funda­ 1500 tons, nearly half of it was shipped to mental law of bolshevist economy which the self­ Petersburg. same Stalin promulgated on the eve of the First Five-Year plan, as follows : “ above all, power Of the 70.9 pud of steel produced in 1911, only must be seized, and then this power must be used 24 m.pud remained for home consumption, the as a mighty lever for the organisation of working rest went to the Baltic States, to the area round conditions.” Moscow, the Volga and Poland. It is interesting to note that technically The bolshevist economists who developed that Ukrainian industry was on a much higher level thesis declared that “ if the law of the average U M a i u r n . . ------—------“ I " “

norm of profit had retained its importance, our work. There are some collective farms which are country would have had no heavy industry.” kept in a good condition to be shown to foreigners. (Leontjew) In West Ukraine agriculture has not yet been entirely collectivised. Those peasants not on Thus slave work in industry and agriculture is collective farms are penalised by enormous taxes. the foundation of Soviet economy. As an instance, the village of Pidpetchery in the Stanislau area, with its 700 farms, had to deliver VOICE FROM HOME 6,000 crots of grain and subscribe 100,000 roubles for the State Loan in 1949 alone. The Ukrainian poet, M. Bojeslaw, a fighter in the UKraiman insurgent Army ( U.P.A.j, Demnd It is rare that a farmer owns more than one Uie iron curtain, nas addressed an open letter to cow, but even from his one cow he has to give up Ukrainian emigrants, iie describes nrst ot all the 62 gallons of milk a year of at least 4 per cent, fat position at dome, and tnen makes an appeal to tne content. Per farm, 160 eggs must be delivered emigrants, in tne tollowing we give extracts of annually, and a correspondingly high rate of other tne most important passages in his letter. products. Since 1950 even tne goats have come under the delivery order. Per goat, about 8 The poet begins by stating that fate has un­ gallons of milk have to be given to the State. It happily rorceo tne Ukrainians living abroad to is quite impossible to become exempt from these leave tneir home country and lead tne lives of deliveries. retugees. He teels tne sorrow and the longing of these people tor their own country, and begs tnem In 1949 peasants were paid 5 roubles for 100 kg. to receive ms letter as if it were that of a nrotner grain, while at the same time one kilogram of rye coming trom home, to share the suffering and cost 1.90 roubles at the state shops—there are no hopes of their people with his brothers in a strange others. A pair of shoes for a ten-year old girl land. costs 80 roubles. When a peasant is not able to deliver his 62 gallons of milk, he has to deliver For the suffering which Ukraine has to endure 10 kg. of meat instead. For 1 kg. of butter the under the bolsnevist regime is the greatest in the State pays 5.60 roubles, but if he wants to buy history of this people. No class has escaped, the same butter from the State shop it costs him whether peasant, worker, professional man or 35 roubles. clergyman, tney have all the same bitter lot of a slaves existence in deprivation and toil. Not The villages live in constant fear of the press- even the children have been spared. School gang. Peasants are caught and sent to Siberia, children are forced to join bolshevist organisa­ young peasants to the mines and other industries— tions. Refusal to do so brings severe punishment. and recently to the communist army in China. Teachers who are not energetic enough in their This trapping of human beings, of course, re­ communist education; or who go to church, are quires strong police forces, and the methods either dismissed or in most cases severely employed remind one of the Tartar raids in punished. The old priestly body is decimated and ancient times. anyone who desires to become a priest today must In districts where Ukrainian resistance is active be screened by bolshevist Security Authorities; he a whole army of police, agents and spies has been is thus an agent of the regime rather than a pro­ set up. The bolshevist work too, of course, with tector of the faith. The Church itself continues propaganda, i.e., leaflets, newspapers pasted on to be disregarded—tolerated merely as a means of walls, and speeches against the Ukrainian fighters, propaganda. In Ukrainian towns hardly any tying to discredit them in the eyes of the people. Ukrainian is heard spoken. Anyone speaking None of these methods makes any impression on that language in public is looked upon with sus­ the Ukrainian population. picion by security people and their agents, and is in danger of being sent to some out-of-the-way The second half of the letter, a strong appeal place in Siberia. for unity for Ukraine, fills us with joy. But every bad deed which defames the name of our country Owing to the prevailing terrorisation, no one is and stains its honour makes our suffering greater. secure from one day to the next. No one can sleep peacefully. At any minute there may be screams for help, especially in the villages. The A FEW REMARKS ON THE population is absolutely impoverished. Literally not even a beggar is spared by the different direct VLASS0W MOVEMENT and indirect rates of taxes. Increased interest has been shown of late by The position of the collective peasant is the West European and American politicians in the worst. Cases are known when the collective Vlassov affair during World War II. As the peasant was paid only 300 gr. of grain for a day’s third World War might break out at any minute, o ci m */Oi the West Europeans and Americans are studying freedom on June 30th, 1941, in Lviv, was shortly this experiment of Hitler’s ever more seriously. after arrested by his Security Police (S.D.), He “ Was Hitler successful,” they ask themselves, was, therefore afraid to form any large units of “ in getting Russian to fight against Russian ? ” Ukrainian P.O.W.s. It was only when the position Before anwering this question we must em­ became critical that he consented to the formation phasise the fact that at the beginning of the of a separate Ukrainian unit in West Ukraine, German-Soviet war, only about half the total “ The Galcian Division,” at first with volunteers strength of the Red Army was made up of and later with conscripted recruits. Russians as more than half of the population in As the position became worse at the end of the Soviet Union belongs to other nations. All 1942, Hitler caused an anti-bolshevist Liberation these different nations, at one time or another, Army to be formed with Soviet prisoners of war. became victims of Russian imperialism, and they Lieutenant-General Vlassov, a Russian, declared cherish no other wish than to be free from the himself willing to organise an army of that kind. alien domination of Russia, and thus rid them­ selves of bolshevism. The Soviet prisoners were treated much more severely than the prisoners of other nations. At It is therefore no wonder that they regarded the the beginning of the war, Hitler even wished to war started by Germany against Moscow in 1941 exterminate them. Their rations were miserable as a suitable opportunity to free themselves of and thousands, perhaps millions of them, starved Russian imperialists. For them the old saying to death. It was a real hell upon earth in which held good “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” these prisoners lived, and it was therefore not sur­ Moreover, the U.S.S.R., being cut off from the prising that when the Vlassov recruiting officers outside world by the Iron Curtain even before appeared in the camps, the inmates, even those of 1941, it was not known that the inmates of the the R.O.A. (Russian Army of Liberation), Russian “ dungeon of nations ” regarded every­ enlisted just to get out. Among these men there thing they read in the papers and all Russian pro­ were of course many Ukrainians. As soon as they paganda as untrue. It was thus a foregone con­ realised, however, that they were commanded by clusion for the Germans to be accepted by the Russian generals who had no other thoughts than non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union as to re-establish the Russian empire, these men liberators from Russian domination. Before 1941 demanded an army of their own, a Ukrainian their countries had been occupied and subjugated army under Ukrainian commanders. Under the by the Russians, and therefore in the June of that pressure of this unanimous demand Hitler was year, a traitor in their eyes was one who was forced to yield, and to order the setting up of a friendly to the Russians, not one who collaborated Ukrainian Army of Liberation (U.W.W.). with the Germans. Under these circumstances it can easily be The Ukrainians who were already in the understood why millions of Red Army soldiers of Vlassov army were not allowed to join their com­ non-Russian nationality went voluntarily over to rades in the Liberation Army, the consequence of the Germans in the first month of the war, while which was that they deserted from the R.O.A. into the real Russian soldiers, even those who are anti- the U.W.W. whenever they were able. bolshevist, like General Vlassov, usually fought The Ukrainians, Cossacks, Byelorussians, tenaciously, and only capitulated when their Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijans, North situation was hopeless. Caucasians, Idel-Uralians and Turkestanians in Shortly after the war began the Germans these detachments within the German Army, formed several units composed of Turkestanian, categorically refused all co-operation with General Idel-Uralian, Armenian, Azerbaijanian, and Vlassov, in spite of every effort made on the part Cossack, as well as Ukrainian and Byelorussian of German officers. prisoners of war whom they used as auxiliary Attempts to use Russians on the eastern battle troops behind the front lines in the eastern theatre front usually ended in their going over to the of war. In the beginning, these troops were loyal bolsheviks. Thus Hitler did not succeed in to the Germans. When, however, they discovered making Russians fight against Russians. While that Hitler was following the same policy of im­ the Ukrainian, Cossack, Idel-Uralian, Caucasian perialism and oppression as Moscow, their and Turkestanian companies were chiefly used in suspicion of and dislike for the Germans grew. the east, Vlassov’s army had to be kept as far Hitler treated the Ukrainians and Byelorussians away from it as possible, so it was sent to France, quite differently, for, while he could still promise where the men often behaved brutally. With the other non-Russian peoples, in the first month Germany’s capitulation the Russian people’s of the war, that their independence would be “ fight for freedom ” staged by Hitler vanished assured as soon as his troops marched in, he could without a trace. The other nations’ fight for free­ no longer promise the Ukrainians any such thing, dom against the Soviet Union has never ceased because the government set up by the fighters for and is going on today. Um

U.P.A. and W.I.N. CORRECTED THE CURZON LINE

The Ukrainian weeky, “ Sucasna Ukrajina” limited here to the year 1946. The W.I.N. (Ukraine Today), published in their number of operated only in some parts of the Lemke— February 4, 1951, a most remarkable article on Ukrainian Carpathian area and had not such a an agreement concluded between the Ukrainian fully developed underground administration as Insurgent Army (U.P.A.) and the Polish Under­ was the case in other areas, so that a fixed frontier ground Movement—Freedom and Independence line was unnecessary. It was merely agreed that the (W.I.N.) by which a new frontier has been fixed U.P.A. was to operate in its own areas, and only between the two peoples. in cases of extreme necessity was it to cross into The author of this article, E. Prirwa, himself Polish territory. an officer in the U.P.A., has been for some time It is remarkable, that the first agreement and on this side of the Iron Curtain. We give the afterwards a closer collaboration came about in article verbatim : just those areas in which the relationship between “ In World War II we experienced conditions the Ukrainian and Polish Underground Move­ hitherto unknown to history—Underground States ments had been most troubled. The state of war created by Liberation Movements in areas between the two movements lasted till April 1945. occupied by the enemy. An Underground State Polish underground circles tried to make use of with its own administration, its own army, and the Bolshevik administration to get the Ukrainian even its own diplomatic service, was created by population removed from their Polish homes. the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and another by Polish underground groups joined the M.O., the our western neighbours, the Poles, or rather by so-called home guard, working with purely Bol­ their Underground Movement, which called itself shevist detachments, they terrorised the Ukrainian Arrnija Krajowa (A.K.) during the German population and forced it to move into the occupation, and Freedom and Independence Ukrainian Soviet Republic. In the autumn of (W.I.N.) under the bolshevik occupation. 1944 they succeeded in evicting the Ukrainians The Ukrainian Underground State (U.P.A. from the Cholmer country. In the winter of the Republics) existed on Ukrainian territory in the same year, terrorism increased in the San area and Soviet Union up to 1946, after which the fighting the district of Lubachiw. In April 1945, the was only carried on by small groups; behind the U.P.A. destroyed 12 M.O. bases in this district Curzon Line, however, it continued till the middle in a single night. Our counter-attack and the of 1947, when superior enemy forces drove the defeat of the Polish Underground in other areas whole Ukrainian population away from their caused a complete change in the conception of the homes in what was formerly called Poland, and Polish Underground Movement. Just after our the U.P.A. thus lost their base, so that they were counter-attack, a representative of W.I.N. obliged to transfer their operations to Soviet approached us to arrange collaboration with the Ukraine. The Polish Underground State was in U.P.A. existence until the so-called “ Disclosure Action ” At the very first meeting a great deal was took place in 1946. achieved. Both sides declared that they were not We have before us a map of the Ukrainian- interested in a truce only, but in a political alliance Polish frontiers along which the present frontier for the fight against the mutual enemy, against the between Poland and the Soviet Union runs con­ Muscovite-Bolshevik occupation, and so both sides tiguously with the Curzon Line. The correction declared for an immediate truce along the of this line, agreed upon by representatives of the Ukrainian-Polish frontier. In the course of time U.P.A. and W.I.N., is marked. The demarcation it was proposed that local meetings, leading even­ line from the upper Bug to the lower San was tually to discussions between the Chief Commands fixed in mutual discussions lasting from April to of the U.P.A. and the W.I.N. should take place. September 1945, in the areas of Pidlashe, Negotiations between the representatives of the Hrubeshiw and the San. Through what has Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council actually occurred in the meantime, this line can no (U.H.V.R.) and the Polish Government in longer be called a line of demarcation because it London were to follow, at a later date. actually represents the Ukrainian-Polish frontier, In the meantime, however, a number of urgent forming the basis of co-operation between the problems demanded immediate attention and solu­ Ukrainian and Polish Liberation Movements tion. It was necessary, for instance, to settle a from which, in the course of time, in different sphere of operation for each Movement, as well sections a real comradeship has developed. as problems of administration. Ukrainian people From the lower San to the town of Piwnichna were living in areas where the W.I.N. operated in the West, the line is drawn showing the sphere and vice versa. Some possibility for the welfare of the U.P.A. Collaboration with the W.I.N. was of each population in a foreign district had to be found, and the question of competence for juris­ diction and negotiation in these districts had to be solved. Polish underground circles exercised a certain influence over the Polish-Bolshevik formations, as for instance, in the M.O., in the W.P. (Polish Army) and administration. So the attempt had to be made with their help to neutralise the anti- Ukrainian actions of these formations. Further­ more the U.P.A. command had to keep in contact with them for reconnaissance and other opera­ tions. Thus a great number of problems emerged even during the first meeting, which were solved over the heads of superiors in command, and be­ fore any political agreement could be concluded between leading circles of the two underground movements. That no political treaties were achieved between the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council (U.H.V.R.) and the Polish Government in London is a well-known fact. Both our leading circles and those of the Poles—as the attitude of the members of the underground clearly showed —were ready and willing to bring about an agree­ ment. The Polish exiles are still dreaming in London of Lviv and Wilno. The underground people were quite different. On May 28, 1946, when the “mines ” blew up the barracks of the M.V.D, and Polish Security Police (U.B.P.) in the little town of Hrubeshiw, and detachments of U.P.A. and W.I.N. together released the Polish and Ukrainian political prisoners, there were

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UKRANIAN-POUSH FRONTIERS (Oupyrignt 1951 by "Suvusua Ukrajiu») friendly discussions at the village of Chernychyn until night fell, then withdrew and joined the near Hrubeshiw, between representatives of the Underground Movement. The soldiers of a High Command of the W.I.N., M.O., and Captain Polish detachment at Hrubeshiw also refused to W., and M.D. and Lieutenant Z. of our side. The fight against the U.P.A., with the result that the representatives of both sides shook hands and N.K.V.D. arrested some 80 of them. There were declared that Hrubeshiw would point the way into many such examples. the future for the Ukrainian and the Polish In the San area there was a robber band of people and that “ decisive conversations ” must Wolynians which we regarded as belonging to the take place soon which would lead finally to a Polish Underground until a representative of the political alliance. latter asked us to destroy them, as they were The “ line of demarcation ” was fixed for the plundering the Poles as well, and bringing disgrace first time at the second meeting of U.P.A. and upon them. W.I.N. representatives in May 1945, from the The Ukrainian population had been evicted township of Lashiv, to the middle San area. We from southern Cholmerland and Pidlashe in 1944. were represented at the conference by M. In 1947 this district was entirely under the Kornychook and a non-commissioned officer of influence of the W .I.N .; it was, however, a section the U.P.A. On the Polish side there were Messrs. of the U.P.A.’s sphere of operations. During a U. and H. Conferences like this were later held conference between W.I.N. and U.P.A. the march in other sections, as shown in our map. routes for our detachments were settled and not In all these conversations each side agreed to only that, the W.I.N. even undertook to feed and, forget all injuries suffered through the other, until if necessary, clothe our men and care for the the governments of the independent Ukrainian wounded. and independent Polish States had spoken. More­ over, on the Polish side the return of all goods and As time went on the co-operation and friend­ chattels which had been stolen from the Ukrainian ship between W.I.N. and U.P.A. became even population in the district of Lubachiw, either by closer. Underground literature was exchanged as members of the Polish Underground Movements well as news. W.I.N. bought medicine for the or by Polish peasants, was promised. After the U.P.A., arms, paper, etc. Large joint operations truce the cattle were returned first of all. were arranged, as, for instance, during the evic­ The U.P.A. had the right of administration and tions of 1946, when representatives of each side operations only in the recognised Ukrainian area. met at Hrubeshiw at the end of April or beginning The same held good for the W.I.N. for the Polish of May, and settled the following tactics against areas within the line of demarcation. An excep­ the eviction of the Ukrainian population. The tion was made only at Pidlashe where Polish W.I.N. to influence the Polish troops not to drive villages and W.I.N. bases lay within the LT.P.A.’s out the Ukrainians, to persuade the Polish popu­ sphere of operation, and where the Ukrainian lation to give shelter to some of the Ukrainians population was cared for by the U.P.A. and the during that time, and finally the W.I.N. was to Polish administered by the W.I.N. March routes relieve the U.P.A.’s campaign by independent for the W.I.N. between Polish territory and its operations of their own. In the attack on bases in Ukrainian areas were laid down. Hrubeshiw there were joint detachments of U.P.A. and W.I.N. When Werbkowyvhy and Jurisdiction, especially in cases of high treason, Kosmiv were attacked W.I.N. supported the lay in the hands of the U.P.A., as far as the U.P.A. by scouting for them. Ukrainian population in Ukrainian districts was concerned. For Ukrainians living in Polish dis­ In the summer of 1946 the relations between the tricts, the W.I.N. was only to act after consulting two movements were most friendly. Our represen­ the commands of the U.P.A. Jurisdiction for the tatives were in Polish territory and theirs in Polish population was settled in the same way. Ukrainian. Friendly conversations and dis­ The U.P.A. followed its own laws where officials cussions were carried on and mutual plans for the of the Polish-Bolshevik administration, army and future were forged. Among the Poles there were police were concerned. Only in certain cases of many who had little confidence in our alliance, and people under the influence of the W.I.N. did the believed it would be of short duration, and that latter reserve the right of jurisdiction. Poles and Ukrainians would soon be at each other’s throats again. There were, however, others For instance, the W.I.N. informed us that the whole M.O. in the area of Lubachiw was under who declared that there must be lasting friendship their influence and that that particular M.O. would between them, especially in the face of danger to not take part in anti-Ukrainian actions. When in both, from north and west. May 1945 the N.K.V.D. wanted to use this M.O. “ Anyway,” said Captain W. of W.I.N., “ how against the U.P.A., the M.O. commander dis­ can we claim an historical right for the indepen­ obeyed his orders and it came to a fight between dence of Warsaw if we refuse to acknowledge M.O. and the Russian security police as well as that right to Ukrainian Lviv and Lithuanian the Polish troops. The M.O. held its position Wilno ? ” ------_ . —

U.P.A. EXPEDITIONS IN RUMANIAN into contact with the Rumanian peasants. The insurgents were well received and aroused much TERRITORY IN 1949 interest. The necessary information was readily This report is taken from “ Oseredok Propa­ volunteered and supplies given. Soon after they ganda i Informaczyi ” (Centre for Propaganda left the mountains, and continued their march and Information), No. 4, 3rd year, May 1950. through Rumanian-Ukrainian villages. They These sheets appear illegally in Ukraine, and are passed through the district around the towns of published by the Ukrainian Underground Move­ Vichev and Siget. In some villages a halt of two ment. The report below is an extract from notes or three days was made. The Rumanian militia made by Captain Khmara, Commandant of a was afraid to leave the towns, while guards at U.P.A. detachment.— Editor. the bridges retreated without a fight. Everywhere U.P.A. expeditions outside the frontiers of the the detachment was made welcome. Thousands Soviet Union, through the territory of the so- of leaflets were distributed in villages and towns. called People’s Democratic Republic, have a Innumerable discussions were held to enlighten special place in the history of the Ukrainian the people on political subjects, some meetings Underground Movement. The inhabitants of were also arranged. Lieutenant Perebyjnis, who these republics, who are actually under the speaks Rumanian, was able to answer the many domination of the Kremlin, are today the natural questions put to him by the Rumanian people. allies of the Ukrainian people, also subjugated by Efforts were also made to get into touch with the Moscow. Rumanian Underground. The insurgents remained Between 1945 and 1947, detachments of tire for two weeks in Rumanian territory. U.P.A. went on expeditions outside the Soviet When the Rumanian Government heard of the Union, through Chechianslovakian and Polish, presence of the U.P.A. detachment, they sent as well as Byelorussian territory. These expedi­ troops armed with guns and mine-throwers tions strengthened the friendship with other sub­ against them. Thanks to information received jugated peoples and awakened their interest and through the population, the insurgents were able sympathy for the Ukrainian revolutionary struggle to withdraw to the mountains in time. The shells for liberation. They also spread the idea that sent after them into the woods missed their target. revolutionary underground methods were indis- Although the frontier guards had been pensible in the fight against bolshevik oppressors. reinforced on both sides, Captain Khmara was In 1949, in summer, a U.P.A. detachment under able to lead his men by devious paths back to the command of Captain Khmara was sent by quarters in safety, by July 27, 1949. General Taras Chuprynka, C.-in-C. of the U.P.A., The news of this expedition spread like wildfire on a propaganda expedition through some areas through the whole of Rumania and contributed in of the so-called Rumanian Democratic Republic. no small measure to strengthening the anti-Soviet The glorious tradition of U.P.A. was to tbe upheld attitude there.______by these expeditions. The object was to enlighten the Rumanian popu­ PARTISAN REVOLT IN SLOVAKIA lation as to the aims and methods of the Ukrainian (U.I.S.)—Slovakian members of the Under­ fight for freedom, and the spoliatory character of ground Movement, “ White Partisans,” have been bolshevist despotism, and finally to call up the circulating leaflets in Slovakia, of late, in which Rumanian and Ukrainian populations beyond the the claim of an “Independent Slovakian Republic” frontiers for a revolutionary fight against bol­ is again raised. They also recall the priest, Dr. shevik imperialists and their agents. Before they Tiso, their President, who was murdered by the marched off, the U.P.A. detachment was supplied Bolsheviks. with the necessary number of leaflets and revolu­ “ Slovaks! We languish in the woods, you are tionary literature in the Rumanian and Ukrainian at home. We do not ask you to sacrifice your languages. Lieutenant Perebyjnis was attached lives, we only expect unity, brotherhood and love to the expedition as Captain Khmara’s political from you. Let your behaviour be worthy of real adviser. Slovaks who are fighting for their liberty. Plelp On June 17, 1949, the detachment set off from us, the “ White Partisans,” and support the their headquarters for the Rumanian frontier. In Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.).” the Zhabje area, the other side of mount Pip Iwan, There has been a close connection between the they halted to reconnoitre. Up on an Alpine pas­ Slovakian and Ukrainian resistance groups ever ture, a U.P.A. patrol encountered a bolshevist since the summer of 1947, when, in the course of frontier unit, which they dispersed after a short the heavy fighting against the combined strength engagement. Two frontier guards were killed, of the Polish, Soviet—Russian, Czech and the insurgents captured arms and equipment. Hungarina—Rumanian police and army units, the At noon the same day the detachment crossed U.P.A., to escape encirclement, crossed over to the over into Rumanian territory. At the Alpine ham­ wooded hills of Slovakia and found help and let of Hersht, the detachment halted again and got support among the Slovakian people. Ukrainian »

Apart from fighting the foe, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army prints and distributes brochures, U.P.A. VANGUARD AGAINST leaflets, books and other forms of literature, RED TYRANNY exhorting the Ukrainian people to keep on fighting The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U.P.A.), until victory has been won, and Ukraine has once spearhead of the Ukrainian Underground Move­ more become a free and independent nation. ment to liberate Ukraine, “ regards itself as the vanguard of the free world against the world of Communist and other tyrannies,” declared Mikola THE LANGUAGE OF FIGURES Lebed, Foreign Secretary of the Supreme The thirty-fifth volume of the revised complete Ukrainian Liberation Council, in an address given works of Lenin appeared recently in Moscow. It on February 14, in the Linsly-Chittendon Hall is published by the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute before the Yale Political Union, Yale University, in an edition of about a hundred thousand. The New Haven, Conn. State publishing houses of the various republics The address was read by Mr. Walter Dushnyck, have been instructed besides to issue this work in Ukrainian American newspaperman. Several their respective languages. The works of Stalin hundred persons, mostly students, attended the and other Party literature which the Politbureau lecture. At its conclusion, following general dis­ considers important and necessary for the State cussion, they passed a resolution urging support to have circulated will be handled in the same way. of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement. It is therefore not surprising that the editions of “ The Ukrainian Insurgent Army fights as an party literature run into such huge figures, to the Underground Army within the Soviet Union, des­ detriment of philosophical and other literature. pite the fact that the free world chooses to be deaf A survey of Soviet book production in the last and dumb about its activities,” Mr. Lebed thirty years shows a conspicuous number of these declared before an audience which filled the hall. giant editions of party and propaganda literature. The speaker went on to say that the Ukrainian In the first place is the bolshevik “ Bible,” a Insurgent Army fights for freedom and against Short Outline of the History of the Russian tyranny by anyone. He brought out the fact that Communist Party of Bolsheviks. On its eleventh it fought against the German Nazis during the anniversary, at the end of 1949, it had an edition last World War, has fought against the Russian of almost 50 million copies. It has been translated Soviets before and since World War II. into 38 languages. The German edition reached The fight is continuing, he continued, even ten million copies. The works of Lenin and though it receives no help from outside. Its chief Stalin in three decades appeared in some 11,500 support, he pointed out, is the Ukrainian people editions with a total of over 685 million copies. themselves, villagers, townsmen and city dwellers. Adding to these countless popular editions and the commentaries on the two “ classics ” of bol­ The speaker further asserted that the Reds are shevism, it does not require much imagination to conducting a biological warfare against the realise with what the libraries in the Soviet Union soldiers and followers of the Ukrainian Insurgent are crammed. All that at a time when neither Army. They spread disease and poison through sociological nor political works of non-communist the distribution of canned goods, chocolates and origin are published at all. other items which have been treated. The area of distribution is generally where the Ukrainian These two figures alone will show under what Insurgent Army is known to be operating. pressure of propaganda the peoples of the Soviet Union have to live. According to Mr. Lebed, as told at the Yale lecture and based on factual evidence, Soviet In comparison, how modest the figures are for Russia has lost more than 35,000 special M.G.B. world classics that have been translated into the and M.V.D. troops in battle against the Ukrainian respective languages and of course “ edited ” in Insurgent Army. Soviet Russia is forced to tie the last three decades. up many troops in order to keep the Ukrainian Schiller leads with 683,000 copies, then Cer­ Insurgent Army in check. vantes with 650,000, Goethe 590,000 and Byron In the field of religion, the speaker brought out, 499,000. During the same period the not very the Ukrainian Catholic Church is part of the important, but Communist, French author, Andre Ukrainian Underground Movement for the Barbusse, achieved 2,075,000 copies. In spite of national and religious liberation of the over 40 the marked tendency to close the Union off from million Ukrainian people. The U.P.A.-ites give all Western influence, the desire of the non- it all protection possible. He said that hundreds Russian peoples of the imperium to become of priests who have managed to escape execution acquainted with western literature seems to be or banishment to a concentration camp are active invincible, for in the period covered by the report, within the ranks of the U.P.A. Victor Hugo in 41 languages of the Union, Shakespeare in 20, Romain Rolland in 19, Heine in 1/, Maupassant in 15, Schiller and Dickens in FROM THE PRESS OF THE WEST 15, were published. The Russian language dominates all tne otner languages to such a degree “ RESISTAinCu: IN UKRAINE” tnat tnere is not a snadow ot equality as tar as the languages of the diiferent soviet Republics At the beginning of February the Dutch weekly are concerned. As an example, in 1946, in the “ Elsviers Weekblad ” published an interesting whole soviet Union, /0,20u,UU0 copies of polite article on Ukraine by the well-known publicist literature were printed: 65.5 million copies were L. Basseches, entitled “ In Ukraine an Ember of in Russian and tne remaining 6.4 million were Resistance, of Reviving Nationalism, is Glowing.’’ left tor the others, though the number ot Russians In connection with the news of the death of (Muscovites) is less than the total population of General Chuprynka, the author discusses the the otner states, in otner words tne Muscovite Resistance Movement in Ukraine from an histori­ State claims tor itself tenfold opportunity to ex­ cal point of view. The present struggle is the tend its literary development over the “ brother ” continuation of the struggle for a Ukrainian State peoples in the Soviet Union—a test of the trend and for complete separation from Moscow. ot its cultural policy, showing it m vivid colours. “ Resistance in Ukraine,” L. Basseches says, Another example, tne works of the greatest poet “ has, without over-estimating it, general political of the second largest nation ot the Soviet Union, importance. Since the middle of the last century the Ukrainian, laras shewchenko, have only had the Ukrainian question has remained an unsolved an issue ot 6.5 million copies in thirty years, wmle problem in European politics. Since 1917, that is, Gorki's works in Russian and otner languages had after the fall of Czarism, this problem has entered an edition of 44.5 million copies, Even a still a stage of great interest for the present time. dubious tigure like Ilja Ehrenburg has the honour Glowing as it does under the surface, the world of an edition ot more than 6 million copies of his has taken little heed of it. There is no people, in persiflage of Western culture. Europe in any case, which has such an unhappy, sanguinary, but also wildly romantic history. In the report of “ the thirty years of Soviet Even today scholars do not agree as to whether Achievement,” the figures for Esthonia, Latvia the Grand Duchy of Kiew was a predecessor of and Lithuania are included. For Latvia, for in­ the totalitarian Russian State, or only the first stance, only three authors are mentioned, J. Rainis period in the history of Ukraine.” with 156,000, A. Uptis with 345,006 and W. Lazis It cannot be denied that an article of this kind with 159,000 copies. The figures for two Turk­ is of the greatest importance in the present inter­ menian writers are given, Macnmut-Kuli, 450,000 national situation. It does not matter that it and W. Kerbabajew 950,000. appears only in a newspaper of a “ small ” coun­ In this connection it may be of interest to note try, for it will be read, not only by Dutchmen, that from 1946-1949, some 4,500 children’s books but also by members of foreign embassies. That were published in editions reaching 140 million the article was written by a well-known publicist, copies. who, up to a short time ago, had no very high opinion of the Resistance Movement of subjugated Finally, something about the Soviet press which, peoples behind the Iron Curtain, and showed not according to the latest figures, has a total of 33.5 only a negative tendency but often gave utterance million copies. The two leading papers “ Prawda ” to erroneous and distorted information. We are and “ Iswestija,” dispose of a million copies each. therefore led to suppose that M. Basseches has It must be remembered that the press in the Soviet realised his error and will in future show the Union is strictly party-bound. The general line impartiality to be expected from such an eminent of the Politbureau which is to be followed is given publicist. by the two above-named papers, so that the press And if there are scholars today who cannot in the different Republics has no other material agree into what historical connection the Grand than that supplied by the Moscow newspapers, Duchy of Kiew is to be placed, they have probably local news excepted, of course. What the Soviet not taken the trouble to study historical sources people themselves think of these two newspapers first hand, but have preferred to accept Russian is strikingly shown by a bon mot circulating in propaganda and imperialistic falsifications with­ Moscow. It must be said beforehand that out criticism. That the number of these scholars “ Praw da” means truth and “ Iswestija” news, is growing less it but a proof of the encouraging and so it is said that there is no truth in “ Prawda ” progress in this sphere. and no news in “ Iswestija.” The above-mentioned published figures may SLOVAK PARTISANS contribute to showing up the legend that equality “ Die Neue Wiener Tageszeitung ” published a prevails among all the “ Brother nations ” in the report, February 24, this year, of heavy fighting U.S.S.R. between Czcho-Slovakian Government troops and Ukrainian >ltl tiuc, n p ill 1 7 0 1 lo Slovak nationalists in the Tatra Mountains. The ment. The tommy-guns could kill Communists, paper, which is said to have good connections with the medicines would save anti-Communists, the Slovak nationalists, purports to have learned cameras would make pictures for our intelligence, that the Czech Minister of the Interior, Nosek, and printing presses would spread propaganda. has had orders from the Soviets to put an end to “ Of course, I know it would be unorthodox all partisan activity and sabotage hv the middle of for the United States to send aid to a group in March. another country. But you have to recognise your opponent.” FOR HELP TO THE INSURGENTS Dobriansky is an Economics Professor at In a broadcast report in a Toronto newspaper, Georgetown University, a Catholic school here. 11 Saturday Night,” the following remarks are He is American-born of Ukrainian descent, and made. has kept contacts in Ukraine. “ We could put a number of obstacles and diffi­ He said the Underground numbered 200,000 at culties in Stalin’s way by supporting the countless the end of World War II. During the war, the refugees who, with the small means at their dis­ group fought the Nazis, he said. posal, are developing an anti-bolshevik activity, Now, he said, they oppose the Communists. and helping the energetic Insurgent Underground Soviet Security Police have combed the areas so in Ukraine. frequently, he said, that the Underground has had “ Why do we not encourage the millions of to break into bands of 20 to 50 men, who still Ukrainians in America, most of whom are anti­ maintain liaison. communist in attitude, to carry on a propaganda “ The call themselves the U.P.A., Ukrainian campaign in favour of their brothers in the Soviet initials for the Ukrainian Insurgent Army,” Union ? ” Dobriansky said. “ They occasionally raid rail­ From America we hear that the representatives way stations and tear up rails. of the A.R.N. peoples there are trying to get help “ But mostly they have been carrying on pro­ for the Underground Movements in the Soviet paganda—distributing leaflets and trying to Union and the satellite states as speedily as infiltrate the Red Army.” possible. slovakian Partisans March 5th 1951 The Vice-President of the Slovakian Liberation “Stars and Stripes” Committee, M. Igor Bazovsky, who is just now UKRAINE FOES OF STALIN ASK AID in London, has addressed the following letter to FROM U.S. the Editor of the “ Daily Telegraph” : Sir, By J ames E, Roper May I comment on the fights of Partisans in An anti-Communist Underground Movement Slovakia, which you mention today in your paper ? in Ukraine has asked the U.S. for help, it was Slovak Partisans are by no means “ National revealed here. Communists,” they are anti-Communist national­ Dr. Lev E. Dobriansky, President of the ists. Their activity goes back as far as 1946 and Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, said 1947, when the closest ties were established with he received the plea through underground Ukrainian Insurgents. channels. This Slovak Nationalist Insurgent Movement Dobriansky said thousands of Ukrainians, has been organised and led by the Slovak Libera­ Slovaks, Georgians and Lithuanians belong to an tion Committee in collaboration with the underground organisation operating in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the anti-Bolshevik Carpathian Mountains. Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.). The Underground Headquarters, he said, is at I am, Sir, a mountain site in Ukraine. It is near the borders Yours faithfully, of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Vice-President of Slovak Rumania. Liberation Committee. “ I have a written request from the anti- Igor Bazovsky, Communists,” Dobriansky said. “They want tommy-guns, medicines, photographic materials, portable printing presses and ink and paper. FROM THE SOVIET PRESS ASKS A HUNDRED MILLION DOLLARS UKRAINIAN CLASSICS IN RUSSIAN TRANSLATION “ The United States should spend $100,000,000 on this project—it would be a worthwhile invest­ The Moscow newspaper, “ Iswestija ” published an article on March 2, 1951, on the new trans­ ed e fight against Bolshevism—is a fight for lations of the work of Ukrainian classic writers Sod, 3forr\e and family into Russian. In this article it says that Russian readers for the first time have received transla­ 14 UKrainwn imunimuuu j c i v i u c , r+ p m iVM

tions of the works of the Ukrainian national writer Taras Shewchenko, who lived in the first ATTEMPTED REVOLUTION IN half of the last century. It is carefully indicated CZECHOSLOVAKIA in the article that the translations are not complete. The Russians have not translated those poems in The Soviet press acknowledges that an attempt which Shewchenko declares that the Ukrainians has been made in Czechoslovakia to overthrow the are oppressed by the Russians. As an example we present regime. In an article in the Moscow quote the following verse : paper, “ Iswestija,” March 1st, 1951, on the sub­ Lose your hearts, girls, to black eyes, ject, it is said among other things : Not to Russians, “ In his communication, Kopezkij has revealed They are aliens in our land the contents of documents which illustrate the And unhappy they’ll make you . . . espionage of Otto Schling, the old agent of the Then there is the poem “ The Ruined Grave,” Western imperialists. From these documents, in which Ukraine condemns Her Hetman Bohdan too, the pernicious activity of M. Schwermowa is Khmelnytzkyj for making an alliance with Russia made evident. She was the head of a wide-spread in 1654. Shewchenko declares that all the mis­ conspiracy aiming at overthrowing the Party and fortune which came upon the Ukrainian people State, detaching Czechoslovakia from the peace was a consequence of this alliance. group directed by the Soviet Union, and reintro­ “ Oh, Bohdan, unwise son, ducing capitalism . . . Stefan Bashtowanskij See your mother, see Ukraine now . . . revealed to the Central Committee of the Com­ Even the ancient graves munist party of Czechoslovakia, the espionage Are desecrated—- carried out by Vlado dementis, and the hostile By the Russians.” party policy of the bourgeois-nationalist wing of An edition of the works of the gifted Ukrainian the Communist Party in Slovakia. The Central poetess, Lesja Ukrajinka, appeared recently in Committee unanimously accepted the motion to three volumes in a Russian translation. expel V. Clementis, G. Gussak and L. Nowomeskij “ Iswestija” remarks that there has never been from the Central Committee and the Party, and such a splendid edition of Lesja Ukrajinka’s to deprive them of their seats in Parliament.” works in the Ukrainian language. From the Moscow newspaper we learn further, that her THE RUSSIANS RULE EVERYWHERE dramatic play “ The Orgy” has not been trans­ lated into Russian. This play would arouse in Many West European and American politicians fail to understand why the anti-bolshevik libera­ every Ukrainian the wish to fight against the Russian occupation for an independent state. We tion organizations of the non-Russian peoples in do not doubt that many of the passages of works the Soviet Union regard complete independence from Russia as their most important claim. If that are translated into Russian, especially when it concerns their political tendency, differ widely they read the Soviet government press of March from the original Ukrainian text. Both Taras 1st, 1951, they would find sufficient explanation. Shewchenko and Lesja Ukrajinka were Ukrainian The “ Iswestija” of March 1st, 1951, for patriots, with the liberation of Ukraine from instance, publishes the list of the deputies Russian domination at heart. “ elected ” by the Ukrainian people for the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic FORCED QRATITUDE on February 25th, 1951, Kiev. The Ukrainian The “ Radjanska Ukrajina” (a paper of the Parliament voted for Stalin, Molotov, Kaganowich Central Committee of the Communist Party of and Khruchov; Dnipropetrowsk elected G. M. Ukraine and the Soviet Ukraine government), Malenkow, Kamenez-Podolsk, K. E. Voroshilov, Kiew, published a remarkable article on January Saporoshje, N. A. Bulganin; Winniza, A. A. 30, 1951, from which we take the following : Andrejew, Cherson, A. N. Kosygin; Charkow “ The great Russian people has helped the M. A. Suslow; Lviv, N. M. Schwernik, etc. The people of Ukraine to throw off the yoke of social list does not contain all the names of the elected and national oppression, to win its own State and deputies, but only the prominent ones, and actually protect it in heavy fighting against the enemy. we are not at all interested in the others as they “ It is only due to the firm friendship and real are in any case only “ props ” who have to vote help of the great people and the brother nations, at everay division just as they are ordered to by that the eternal dreams and hopes of the Ukrainian the above-mentioned prominent members, Among people for a free existence and an independent all the names published there is not one Ukrainian, state of its own, in which all Ukrainian territory nearly all are Russian. The lists of the other is included, has at last been realised. Parliaments, the Byelorussians, Usbekian, “ Under the Soviet star, in the family of the Armenian, Esthonian and other non-Russian united Soviet peoples, the re-united Ukraine Republics of the Soviet Union show the same blossoms for all time. ...” fact. Ukrainian im uiuiaiiuu ocrvicc, A\prn 1^31 15

Can there be more convincing proof that bol­ very well the ardent desire of the Ukrainian people shevism was brought into our countries from for freedom and their own State, independent of Russia by Russians ? Is it not perfectly clear that Russia. For that reason the despots in the by driving the Russian occupation from our Kremlin are trying to convince the Ukrainians countries, bolshevism will vanish automatically that their passionate wish has been gratified, and from our territories? that the Soviet Ukraine (recognised by the United Nations as an independent State) is really SCHOOL WITHOUT LIGHT independent. A fine new school has been built for us at It would be a good thing if the politicians of Wolkowysk (Grodno area), but the manager of the West would at last realize too, that the the Municipal Electric Works, Comrade demand for an independent Ukrainian State is Burownikow, cannot make up his mind to connect raised by the whole Ukrainian nation and not only it to the electric network. In the evening the by a group of “ separatists,” as the mendacious school is wrapped in darkness and in that dark­ propaganda spread by Russian emigrants would ness the bureaucratism of Mr. Burownikow would like them to believe. towards the necessities of the school is revealed. Neither Rayon, nor the district authorities are SOVIET STATISTICS able to convince him that knowledge is light, and On January 27, 1951, the Soviet press that to learn properly, electric light is needed too. published the report of the Central Office for A NEW HOSPITAL BUILDING Statistics of the Soviet Union on the fulfilment of the Five-Year Plan (1945-1950) to develop In the Mumry settlement, Astrakhan area, they Soviet economy in 1950. From this bulky docu­ began to erect a hospital. In the course of three ment we take the following figures which are years, a dreary-looking, two-storeyed building was supposed to give in percentages a comparison erected, with no windows, no doors, no hospital between the productions of 1950 and 1949 : staff and, of course, no patients. According to the report, this percentage is about Nevertheless the hospital was opened. Radio 117 for cast-iron, steel, petrol, goods trucks and Astrakhan announced even in 1941 that it was in soda, and about 116 for electric energy. The use. That announcement apparently had such an report, which fills almost two pages of a news­ effect on the builders that they decided, that, as the paper, goes on to say : hospital was now open, they need build no more . . . and they did not. “ In the plants of the Ministry of Metallurgy (“ Krokodil,” Moscow 30/1/51). more steel was produced per square meter of the area of Martin surfaces than last year. In oil A NEW HISTORY BOOK plants, the percentage of light oil produced has increased. In the plants of the Ministry for Emirow’s book presents a collection of facts Mines the productivity of amalgamted coal mines and documents which have been rather illogically has increased. In the plants of the Ministry for evaluated. His ideological and theoretical level is Electric Power, there has been a reduction in the low. In treating a number of important questions amount of fuel consumed to produce electricity.” the author disregards Lenin’s and Stalin’s con­ ceptions of the socialist revolution and civil war And so it goes on. The reader of this report altogether. He has not been able to free himself of the Central Office of Statistics of the Soviet from the burgeois-nationalist distortion of the Union will look in vain for such figures as are history of the fight for the setting up of Soviet contained in the statistics of every normal state. power in Dagistan. Moreover, Emirow quotes He will try in vain to find out from those without criticism and most superfluously a number “ statistics ” how much cast-iron, steel, coal, of enemy documents and allegations. electric current was actually produced in the Soviet Union last year. Actual statistical figures are (“ Kultura i Shisnj,” Moscow, 31/1/51) obviously not published in the Soviet Union “PRAVDA” ON THE UKRAINIAN STATE because they would reveal to the whole world that the state of Soviet economy is not what it should The Moscow “ Pravda ” published a long article be. Any figures contained in Soviet statistics must on the Soviet Ukraine, on January 28, 1951, from be accepted with caution, as they are known to be which we quote: published for purposes of propaganda. Authentic “ The hearts of the Ukrainian people are filled proof has been given that even statistics of popu­ with fervent love and gratitude for their liberator, lation have been forged, as great efforts have been Comrade Stalin, through whom all Ukrainian made to conceal from the world the enormous territory has been combined into one united losses suffered by the subjugated nations at the Ukrainian State. Now in the Soviet Ukraine all hands of their bolshevist murderers. The differ­ these territories are united.” ence between the population figure given and the From this statement by the Moscow paper it actual population amounts to about 20 millions, to must be clear to everyone that Moscow knows be deducted practically exclusively from the figure IO і л pm i>3l

for the non-Russian population. This discrep­ confirms the fact that the Ukrainian National ancy is also clear from the increase in the popu­ Council has handed the State Secretary of U.S.A. lation of purely Russian areas as compared with a memorandum, in which it is pointed out that the increase in the non-Russian populations of the the present representatives of Ukraine, having a Soviet Union. seat and vote in the United Nations, have no brief from the Ukrainian people. PAN-AMERICAN UKRAINIAN The present government of Ukraine, and its representatives before the forum of the U.N., CONFERENCE must not be identified with that of Ukrainian people. (U.I.S.)—The Pan-American Ukrainian Con­ ference of March 2, 3 and 4, 1951, in Winnipeg, The Pan-American Ukrainian Conference passed a number of resolutions, among them the stands firmly for the principle of self-determina­ following : tion and the belief that it can be applied success­ fully in its relations to neighbour nations. For . . . The Pan-American Ukrainian Conference this reason the Conference condemns the action sends greetings to the Ukrainian people fighting of those Russian and Polish circles which, even under the hardest conditions for freedom and now, are striving to divide the ethnographical area liberation from bolshevik occupation. of Ukraine between them. The world is menaced by the aggressive In that fact the Pan-American Conference sees imperialism of Moscow, now appearing under the cloak of Communism. The war in Korea, the greatest danger, one which is likely to sow the seed of dissention between the two nations, and inspired by Moscow, and its efforts to extend the destroy a united anti-communist front. conflict to China and other Asian countries, are clear proof of the danger. Moscow’s imperialis­ Convinced of the enormous importance of tic aspirations are shown to be directed at whole international broadcasts, the Pan-American continents, and a determined and united effort on Ukrainian Conference appeals to the competent the part of all the free neoples in the world is authorities for the “ Voice of America ” C.B.C. required to ward off the danger. and B.B.C. to transmit not only in the Ukrainian In view of this, the Pan-American Ukrainian language, but also have the contents of the trans­ Conference appeals to all competent organizations missions adapted to the requirements of the in the various countries, voluntarily and actively Ukrainian people, with due regard to their to support these general efforts, and to submit to struggle for liberation. such regulations and restrictions as these States think fit to proclaim, without demur. UKRAINIAN BROADCASTS FROM The Ukrainian People’s Republic was founded in 1917 after the collapse of Czarist Russia, bv SPAIN the free will of the Ukrainian people. This sovereign state, proclaimed Tanuarv 22. 1918. bv (U.I.S.) — The Radio National d’Espana the Ukrainian Parliament, the Central Council, (Spanish National Radio) announces that in the and ratified by the act of Tanuarv 22. 1919 fe11 near future transmissions in the Ukrainian lan­ victim to Moscow’s communist aggression in 1920. guage for the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe will be included in their programme. In the course of its thirty years rule, Moscow has subjected a number of other European and Ever since 1946 efforts have been made, Asiatic nations, and to-day threatens the whole especially by Ukrainian emigrants in Spain, to world. Thus only the clear conception among all achieve this end. Success is due in no small democratic peoples, that the U.S.S.R. must be degree to the energetic sponsorship of Bishop divided into free national states, following the Ivan Buchko, D.D., Inspector for the Catholic principle of self-determination, will be a sufficient Ukrainians in West Europe. Spain will thus be magnet to check aggression for all time and lead the first country in Europe to broadcast in to a lasting peace. Ukrainian for listeners in Central and Eastern An ambiguous attitude towards these problems Europe. In this way Spain proves that it is not arouses a feeling of uncertainty and suspicion indifferent to the lot of the subjugated peoples, among the peoples subjugated bv Moscow, pre­ and that the principal of state sovereignty is not venting them from devoting all their energy to limited in the government’s policy to Spain alone. the struggle against bolshevik imperialism. The Spain’s attitude is based on its Christian circumstance might be of decisive importance for “ Weltanschauung,”—on its Christian way of look­ the final encounter of the democratic world with ing at the World. Moscow’s Communist aggression in all theatres, The preparations for these broadcasts have been including the Asiatic. entrusted to a Ukrainian. Further details, times With an appeal for the national liberation of of transmission, etc., will be announced by wire­ Ukraine the Pan-American Ukrainian Conference less and press. Published by the Ukrainian Information Service, 28, Minster Roati, London, N.W.2, and 6 Mansion house Road, Kdinbmgh, 9 Printed by Jobu Wilson, 66 High Street, Edinburgh MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE UKRAINIAN Ijjiflj

INFORnPTION SERVICE------^ 1 r - ...... — ' ' • ------' ...... — ~ i

Ho. 5 May-June 1951 Vol. I l l

TWO LEADERS

SIMON PETLIURA EWHEN KONOTALETS

None of the true leaders in the Ukrainian Twenty-five years have passed since the time fight for liberation has died a natural death. when Simon Petliura was assassinated in the Their lives were closely connected with those Boulevard St. Michel in Paris. He, who had of the whole nation, therefore their deaths were never given up hope and belief in the success not only the natural consequence of a fight for of the national idea and Ukraine’s independence, freedom, but a token of the position in which even in the most desperate situations, was laid the Ukrainian people found themselves, after low by seven bullets. the unsuccessful fight for their liberation in 1917-21. The history of Ukraine has already passed judgment on his great importance in the libera­ It was so— tion struggle. He has become a symbol for the In 1926—when the Commander-in-Chief of the indomitable fight for Ukraine’s state independ­ Ukrainian Army and head of the Ukrainian ence. He is the symbol of belief in the victory of State, Simon Petliura, was killed; truth. His name is familiar in the tiniest re­ In 1938—when the Commander of the U.V.O. motest corner of our oppressed country. Far (Ukrainian Military Organization) and Chief of from home, all Ukrainians in the whole world the Ukrainian Nationalists, Colonel Ewhen Kon- revere his name. For Ukraine, which he loved owalets was murdered; and so dearly, and for whose freedom he gave his In 1950—when the Commander-in-Chief of the all—his blood, his life. U.P.A. and President of the Secretariat-General of the U.H.V.R. (Supreme Ukrainian Liberation On May 25, 1951, all those who to-day carry Council), General Taras Cuprynka, fell. on the struggle he began—the soldiers and staff Three names which have become a symbol for of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the mem­ the Ukrainian struggle for liberation in the last bers of the Ukrainian Underground Movement— 40 years. will remember him especially, In May 1938, Colonel Ewhen Konowalets was people—of its sons at the turning lathe, in the murdered in the streets of Rotterdam by a Bols- mines, at the plough, at the desk, and in the re­ chevist bomb. It was the eve of great events search institute...... which were to shake the world, and it was essen­ The shots fired in Paris did not break the tial for the enemy to be rid of this man, whose Ukrainian spirit, though they rent the hearts of deeds were still a matter of mystery, but in all. They showed us where the enemy of our whom one rightly saw the ideal of a powerful freedom and that of other subjected peoples was, national uprising, a great leader in the coming namely, in the imperialist Kremlin. new phase of the Ukrainian Liberation Move­ It is of little importance who fired the shot ment. Colonel E. Konowalets was the organiser that killed the Commander-in-Chief of the and Commander of the “ Sichovi Strilzi ” in 1918, Ukrainian Army, and the arguments, too, with and the U.V.O. (Ukrainian Military Organisa­ which he sought to justify his deed, are of no tion), 1920, and O.U.N., and eventually his idea great moment. was realised in the U.P.A., which unites all Ukrainians to-day. What is important is, where the plan matured, whence the order came, and whose brain in­ Behind the murder in Paris, as well as the spired the destruction of the movement for inde­ tragedy in Rotterdam and Bilorshcha, there was pendence. There can be only one answer—the always the same enemy of Ukrainian freedom— imperialistic clique in Moscow. Moscow’s imperialism! Our two undaunted leaders began the great This enemy, however, in shooting a man to work of liberation and found valiant successors, destroy the symbol of Ukraine’s efforts, free­ whose number has grown from year to year, now dom, and love for independence, made a grave a movement unfolded embracing all. The fight miscalculation. The fight for independence is no will not cease till the aim, the creation of a free, longer the affair of a small group, but of a whole independent Ukarinian State, has become a fact.

UKRAINE Her Role and Contribution in the Common Struggle for World Peace and Freedom By ZENON PELENSKY

Regarding Ukraine, there are some basic ment should be the pursuit of happiness, free­ truths which should be stressed shortly here, dom, peace and welfare for all the people. The to enable us to come to the vital points of this Ukrainians always hated and disdained all forms report later. and sorts of physical, mental or moral constraint and tyranny, and this is one of the principal rea­ Ukraine and Russia are two separate nations. sons why Ukrainians always have opposed, and Ukrainians and Russians are two profoundly always will oppose, innately and traditionally, heterogeneous peoples, with widely differing the tyrannical forms of all Russian governments. languages, culture, religion, philosophy of life, The Ukrainians know by bitter experience, accu­ economic concepts and moral standards; the mulated during long centuries, that in Muscovy, Ukrainians, though repeatedly conquered and Russia proper, there never was and never can be subjugated, though hammered forcibly into the established a true democracy. The Muscovite artificially unified pattern of the Russian Empire, master nation, invariably out for conquest and nevertheless never surrendered morally, never exploitation, is always ready rather to discard its discarded the consciousness of their innate personal rights and liberties, than to renounce human rights; on the contrary, for centuries they imperialism. The repudiation of democracy is fought persistently, though with different means the price Moscow always gladly pays for exter­ and methods, for their liberty and freedom. The nal growth and domination. Ukrainian never has endangered and never will The Ukrainians always saw, and continue to endanger, conquer or subjugate other nations, see, the fulfilment of their basic human rights especially their neighbours; the Ukrainian only in and by the creation of their own people always was, is now, and always will fully independent national state, established be anxious to live with other nations in peace and friendship. throughout their ethnic territories, where his­ torically they live in a clear majority. Being by custom and instinct a traditionally They never will unite with other nations and democratic nation, they regard the people as build up forms and patterns of international col­ the source of all political and economic power; lectivism, except with the consent and by the they insist that the principal aim of all govern­ means of their own sovereign national state. Now, let us come to the actualities of to-day. road goes outright and solely through the I claim for the Ukrainians a special position rubble and ruin of the Russian Empire. The within the broader pattern of the Anti-Bolshevik Ukrainians plead unflinchingly for the dismem­ Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.). This special position berment of the Russian Empire. For the peace does not mean, of course, that the Ukrainians re­ of the world it is incontestably better to have gard themselves as something “ better,” some­ the Russian Empire dismembered and divided body more “ elevated,” than the others; they cer­ into 20 nations, even if they should keep war­ tainly claim no “ priority,” or “ leadership,” and ring locally, which is quite improbable, than to possess not a vestige of the typically Russian ar­ have one Russian colossus warring and endan­ rogance to pose as the so called “ elder brother,” gering the whole world, which is not only pro­ or the “ most progressive community,” or the bable, but as experience shows, with growing “ leading nation ” within their Commonwealth of states and modern empires, the technical Levi­ jailkeepers and slaves. athans of to-day, there grows potentially the danger of war; and on the other hand, the smal­ This is a rather sad and dangerous excellence ler and more numerous the states, the less fre­ that I am talking about. We Ukrainians have the quent, the less bloody, the more local and dubious privilege of being the most enviously humane are wars. and suspiciously guarded piece of fabric within the whole structure of the Russian Empire. By There is no possibility of destroying the Rus­ reason of our geographical position, the abund­ sian Empire without severing Ukraine and Rus­ ance of our natural resources, the size of our sia. With Ukraine free—all will be free. With population, the Ukrainian approaches to the Ukraine enslaved all will be, all must be, en­ Black Sea, the Mediterranean, the Danube Val­ slaved. Apart from mutual sympathy and ley, and the South-East of Europe, Ukraine con­ friendship, born among the nations of A.B.N. stitutes the main architectural binding, a sort of under the duress of Russian persecution ex­ architrave, which ties up and keeps together the perienced in common, there inevitably develops whole building. Of the seven pillars of Russian and grows also the sense of common interest: imperial power, this is the most important; break the guarantee of the liberty of one of our this one out, and the whole structure must inevi­ nations is the guarantee of the liberty of all tably collapse. other nations. This principle applies first to the Because—what is Russia without Ukraine? situation of Ukraine. Speaking in imperial terms—nothing more than Thus, to help Ukraine in her Liberation a sham, a void shell, a giant with a broken back­ Movement is to help all other nations of A.B.N. bone. And as this giant is no more than the hor­ in their Liberation Movements; simultaneously, rid and malicious genie of Arab mythology, it is to help the whole peace-loving world in its bound to enslave and to torment the whole struggle for peace. To support the Ukrainian world, nothing bad would happen to humanity Insurgent Army (U.P.A.). fighting with arms to by his relentless destruction. On the contrary, this very day against Russian domination in this would be a deed of sense and justice. Eastern Europe, is to support the fighters for Moscow would rather release the Baltic freedom throughout the whole world. To re­ nations from her domination, or Poles, or cognise and to appreciate the aims and ideas of Czechs, or Slovaks, or the nations of the Danube the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists Valley, or even the peoples of the Caucasus. (O.U.N.), the leading political power in But Moscow would never consent to give up the Ukraine, is to appreciate and to recognise the Ukraine unless she were forced to. Of course, principles of peace, freedom, liberty and demo­ the liberty and the security of all nations “ re­ cracy. Peace is indivisible, and so the fight of leased ” and “ freed ” in such a manner would nations for peace and liberty must become and be more than problematical. Once in posses­ remain indivisible. sion of Ukraine, the bridge between Baltic Sea To destroy the seventh pillar of the Russian and the Caucasus, Russia automatically be­ power in Ukraine is the principal aim of comes an Empire again, and with that, all other the Ukrainian Liberation Movement. This, we adjacent nations are ipso facto inexorably believe, would be the best possible Ukrainian doomed. And this is the moral: none of our contribution, not only to the common cause of nations can expect for itself any extra favours, A.B.N., but also to the struggle for peace and some sort of individual escape, a better treat­ freedom to the rest of civilised mankind. ment by Russia. All of us stand or fall together. Once defeated in a decisive manner in There is no possibility of escaping the conclu­ Ukraine, Russian Imperialism would be in­ sions : as long as a Russian Empire exists, there wardly broken. Thus, the liberation of Ukraine, never will be, and there never can be, peace her entire separation from Russia, and the esta­ and freedom in the world. The road to the blishment of an absolutely sovereign Ukrainian peace and freedom of the world leads not National State, must become the moral concern through chimerical expectations with regard to and the main policical aim of all the progressive the so-called “ democratization of Russia.” This and peace-loving world. - x t l l WHAT NATURE OF POLITICAL MOVEMENT IS O.U.N? By STEPAN BANDERA That the Bolshevists, in fighting democracy, We repudiate every sort of dictatorship, total­ make use of lies and misrepresentations is a itarianism, every sort of subjection, be it poli­ well-known fact, and it should thus be under­ tical, economic, cultural, religious, and what stood in the West why the Bolshevists defame not, also on a national state basis. O.U.N. (Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists), Our programme requires a really democratic which is offering determined political and form of government which will assure all citi­ armed resistance against Bolshevism within zens freedom of speech, activity and associa­ the U.S.S.R., as a Fascist movement. tion, for political, social, economic, cultural and In order to give a clear idea of the character other purposes. and aims of O.U.N. we submit the following In June 1941, O.U.N. took the initiative to re­ data. store the Ukrainian State, and formed a coali­ tion government representing most of the poli­ O.U.N. was founded in 1929 under the leader­ tical parties. ship of Colonel Ewhen Konowaletz; its prede­ cessor, the U.W.O. (Ukrainian Military Organi­ Ukrainian nationalism is rooted in Ukrainian sation), was founded in 1920. The aim of O.U.N. soil and has been nourished by tradition and is liberation from every kind of subjection—to­ historical development. It has nothing in com­ day Russian Bolshevism—the re-establishment mon with nationalism in other countries, much of a free Ukrainian State, and the restoration of less National-Socialism or Fascism. We are Ukraine’s national life in every sphere. The against such racial, imperialistic, totalitarian political situation in Ukraine has extended the systems, finding them in many respects akin to activities of O.U.N beyond the usual conception Bolshevism. The O.U.N. struggle against Hit­ of a political party. In World War II, O.U.N., lerism, which caused us heavy losses, had ideo­ over and above its political work, organised logical reasons and contentions, as well as armed resistance against German National national and political ones. Socialist occupation. In the form of U.P.A. (Ukrainian Insurgent Army), it embraced the We use the name, “ Ukrainian Nationalism,” broad masses of the Ukrainian people. O.U.N. in the sense that our Movement is for the liber­ is now continuing that struggle, this time ation of the Ukrainian nation from alien sub­ against Russian-Bolshevist occupation. It was jection, for its independent life and unhindered in consequence of the present struggle that the development on its own soil, and for its equal U.H.V.R. (Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Coun­ rights with other nations. The life and work of cil) was called into being by U.P.A. and O.U.N., each member of O.U.N. is dedicated to the ser­ and representatives of the different political vice of Ukraine. trends. In our opinion the nation is the highest orga­ nic community, and international relations Bolshevist totalitarianism, dictatorship and should be based on freedom, equality and vol­ system of terrorism allow of no democratic ex­ untary co-operation among nations. We reiect pression, no non-Communist society or activity. Imperialism, chauvinism, autarky, national in­ Therefore, any change in the political or social order can only be attained by an underground tolerance, and every kind of racial theory. We have suffered too much under such things to movement, by insurgent activity and revolu­ have any inclination in that direction. tion. The chief watchwords of Ukrainian national­ O.U.N. and the whole Ukrainian Liberation ists are “ Freedom for Nations, Freedom for Movement are fighting for the national and Individuals.” These watchwords were accepted social liberation of Ukraine and other nations by the 11th Congress convened by the O.U.N. in subjugated by Bolshevism; for the abolition of the beginning of 1941, and proclaimed in the Russian Imperialism, and for the building up of time of triumphant National-Socialist and Com­ national States instead of the U.S.S.R., among munist oppression of individuals and nations. them the Russian State within its ethnic boun­ daries. The independent Ukrainian State must O.U.N. has sacrificed much for the realisation not, and will not, be in any way bound to Rus­ of these ideas, not only for our home country, sia, no federation will be accepted by us. We but also for other nations. Many Ukrainian are fighting for the overthrow of Bolshevism in nationalists have been killed in action or tor­ all its forms, dictatorship, terrorism, for the ex­ tured to death for these ideals. They are our termination of the Communist State and econo­ witnesses, against whom no slander or distor­ mic system. tion can stand. , I T ' %J, y *■*“ ; ■* 5 THIRD CONFERENCE OF THE O.U.N. (U.I.S.)—In the second half of the month of U.S.S.R. with the forces in the free world, and April 1951, the third Conference of all the by that the anti-Bolshevist front is weakened groups belonging to O.U.N. (Organisation of everywhere. Ukrainian Nationalists) in foreign countries 5. was convened. At the Conference, the attitude Should this situation remain unaltered, the of the O.U.N. towards the liberation struggle in Ukrainian fight will go on independently from Ukraine itself was discussed, as well as the that of the two blocks. Certain developments tasks of the O.U.N. groups abroad, in connec­ in international politics do not exclude the pos­ tion with the present world situation. sibility of a change in the attitude of the west­ The following resolutions were passed: ern world towards the Ukrainian struggle for 1. liberation. An analysis of this development International politics at the present moment leads us to the following statement: are marked by the contentions between two (a) The existence of an independent Ukrain­ blocks of States at variance in their outlook, ian State, as well as that of the other States social structure and policy. This struggle is led subjected by Moscow, would in no wise run by two world powers, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R., and counter to the aims of the Western Powers, but beyond the countries in their own spheres, em­ would be an important factor in annihilating braces the whole world. The aim of the U.S.S.R. Russian imperialism, which is the constant is to bring the whole world under its yoke, to menace to peace. form a single state organism, a U.S.S.R. cover­ (b) The nearer the conflict approaches, the ing the world; and turning other states into more aware the free world becomes of the lack Moscow’s colonies. The U.S.A. tries to bar the of a leading idea in its fight against the U.S.S.R., imperialism of the Bolshevists and, by the aid and, as the latter is an imperialism, the objec­ of its economy, as leading power in economic tive can not only be a change of political re­ and political life, to sway the world. gime, but must be the destruction of that im- 2. perium, that is to say, the liberation of the sub­ While the block around the U.S.S.R. is formed jugated peoples. The Western Powers’ inten­ by force against all national interests, the tion of liberating only the satellites would States of the Western world are combining to undermine the confidence of the oppressed defend themselvs against the U.SuS.R., al­ peoples within the U.S.S.R. and alienate them. though the prospect of a ruling position in a (c) As a war becomes more imminent, the political or an economic sense is not in their in­ U.S.A. and the Western States will realise that terests. The formation of a west block has been victory cannot be assured merely with diplo­ brought about by threat to their national exist­ matic pressure and their own means alone. In ence on the part of Moscow; the impossibility any case they will have to reckon with revolu­ of being isolated from events which are acquir­ tion and a war of the different peoples against ing global proportions without their wishing it, Moscow’s imperialism. The national uprisings in and finally to protect their possessions. the U.S.S.R. will be accomplished facts, and the West would have to contend against them if 3- Besides this procedure of forming two oppo­ there were no mutual understanding. Any new site blocks there is another factor of increasing subjection, no matter in whose interest, would ' importance which is actually determining the lead to complete political disaster. character of the 20th century. That is the (d) During a war, the National Liberation Liberation Movements among the subjected Movements would be of decisive importance in peoples and their struggle for national inde­ the military defeat of the U.S.S.R. as a power pendent stateship. As national subjection is working from within, able to strike at the weak connected with social oppression, the national spots of the whole political and economic sys­ liberation struggle becomes a struggle for tem. The role played by these national move­ social freedom. The Liberation Movement in ments in the military destruction of the U.S.S.R. Ukraine and those of other subjugated peoples is in no way contrary to the interests of the under Moscow’s yoke forms a third automatic Western Powers. power striving for the overthrow of Russian There must, however, be a change in the atti­ imperialism and the formation of independent tude of the West towards the overthrow of national states. Russian imperialism and recognition of the 4. national and State rights of the subjected The aims of the nations subjugated by Mos­ nations. In order to create more favourable cow have had little or no recognition from the external conditions for our revolution, this States of the western block. That attitude on change should be brought about soon, so that the part of the West deprives the anti-Bolshe­ the forces of the free world may work, in har­ vist front of an important factor, i.e., the co­ mony with ours. That must be the aim of our operation of the revolutionary forces in the foreign policy. b Ukrainian lniuriiiuuuu ociviw, -««uuv a/ oi

6. imperialism—as the greatest danger after Bol­ Our foreign policy must not only be directed shevism. Moscow circles are able to draw an at preserving our rights, and declaring the advantage from this change of attitude to­ truth to the world, but also at combating espe­ wards the Ukrainian problem, which will cause cially those forces which seek to disturb our considerable harm, therefore it must be our action, particularly circles among the Russian task constantly to expose the imperialist ten­ and Polish exiles. dency in this Russian activity. 7. 12. To develop this foreign policy it must be Polish political circles, even in exile, are still borne in mind that all the activity of Ukrain­ contemplating an imperialist expansion of ian circles is built up on the same principles: Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Lithuanian terri­ (a) Uncompromising rejection of any kind of tory. Such plans must be most decisively re­ federative conception, and all undermining of jected and combated. the principles of unity; Every attempt to negotiate with Russian im­ (b) The work must be based on the liberation perialists must be thwarted. fight at home, on its forces and ideas; In establishing the fact of the integrity of (c) Complete independence in political acti­ West Ukrainian territory, we condemn any vity. mutual discussion with Poland at the expense The Ukrainian Revolutionary Liberation of Ukrainian territory. Polish Ukrainian under­ Movement must include all classes of the standing in their joint liberation campaign, can Ukrainian people and must combat all oppor­ only be on the basis of mutual recognition of tunist attempts to subordinate our cause to the State sovereignty of the two nations, and foreign interests. the integrity of their ethnic territory, as well as 8 . the recognition of those rights for our allied Our work must go on in the field of publicity nations, especially Byelorussia and Lithuania. in, We must concentrate our strongest intellec­ (a) press conferences and verbal information; tual forces in order to intensify and deepen our (b) mass action; work of enlightenment. (c) diplomatic steps; (d) counteracting moves made by the West­ Ukraine and Russia Series ern States, from the standpoint of Ukrainian interests. Furthermore, we must considerably increase COLONIAL ECONOMICS our propaganda among other peoples in order By N. OLESHKO to rouse public opinion and thus gain influence In order to prove that Russia’s oppression of on government circles. For that purpose we Ukraine is both political and economic, that it must get into touch with every form of public has a character of colonial government, and is life in other nations. Scientific evidence of our so regarded by Moscow, let us examine the rights must be brought, drawn from history, facts. politics, culture and agriculture. What is actually characteristic for colonial 9. economics? First, that a considerable part of Through the A.B.N., our organisation, work­ the national wealth is taken away; secondly, ing with the organisations of the subjugated that the colony cannot develop its resources as nations, has not only been able to mobilise the it likes, because it is dependent on the mother- idea of dismemberment of the Russian imper- country; thirdly, all branches of industry and ium, but has even managed to obtain some industrial development are owned by the understanding of the matter in the Western mother-country too, and finally, the population world, we must continue to act in this direction, of a colony has a heavy burden of tax to bear. and add to the success hitherto attained. All these points are valid for Ukraine, as we 10. shall point out. As regards the Russian side, we may say that For instance, the distribution of the national Russian imperialism is what it always was and revenue. During the period of N.E.P. (New always will remain. Not only those who openly Economic Policy), when Ukraine’s economy defend the Russian imperialist idea are to be was not yet dependent on Moscow, and repub­ considered enemies of the Ukrainian State, but lican heads of economics were working, there also those who cannot free themselves from im­ were continued conflicts with Moscow about perialist plans for a future Russian State. Our the Budget. Ukraine’s revenue at that time hostile attitude is directed against these Rus­ amounted to 29.4% of the whole revenue. sians who participate in Moscow’s plans in Ukraine represented 23% of the population and Ukraine, not, however, against those who do 19% of the territory of the U.S.S.R. Moscow not support or serve that imperialism. limited Ukraine’s Budget to 19%, i.e., to the 11. percentage of territory, even when it was a We regard the political influence of the White question of expenditure where the population Russian emigrants—ambassadors of Russian was concerned, such as education, health ser­ UKrai, iuiuiiuaiiuu jci vice, muyjuuc 1701 7

vice, etc. In other words Moscow took 35.4% But what does Moscow do? Moves Ukraine’s of Ukraine’s revenue. production sites far away to the north, into And how do matters stand to-day? Here are areas that are hard to reach. The construction a few figures for the Budget year 1951. For the of communications to these remote places takes Budget of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic a sum priority over all else. Up to 1917, trade was car­ of 14,248 m. roubles had been determined. That ried on by customs policy, later by direct official is 14.4% of the whole Budget (94,504 m. decree. roubles), a sum which represents neither the It is enough to say that now, for instance, the population nor the territory, still less the re­ textile industry is centred round Moscow, while venue its own Budget would have shown, had the raw materials come from Turkestan, cotton Ukraine not been treated as a colony. has to be sent to Moscow and then sent back as When we compare these figures with those the finished article, to Ukraine. That means of direct taxes and other levies on the 43,095,000 that Ukraine has to pay the high cost of trans­ inhabitants (we shall revert to this later) and portation and a considerable number of Moscow a loan of 33,287 m. roubles which Ukraine has to workers, instead of being able to give employ­ pay, we see that the country receives no more ment to more hands at home. than those two items for its own Budget, in The raw cotton from Egypt is landed in spite of the fact that Ukraine suffered most Ukraine, shipped to Moscow and returned to through the war. Ukraine as ready-made garments, which is much the same thing as when England used to import Where do the other sums go which Ukraine wool from Australia for Yorkshire and ship the has to pay? The main part of the U.S.S.R. Bud­ manufactured woollen goods to India. get consists, as we know, of turnover tax, or, to A third proof of Ukraine’s colonial status is be more exact, of excess amounts levied by the the fact that the wholesale industry, with its Bolshevists on commodities. subsidiary industries, is included in a so-called There are no or few levies on heavy industry, “ Union,” which is really Russian industry, and as production in that case is for the State, which over which Ukraine has no control. has the monopoly. From that side alone, It is more difficult, it is true, to prove that the Ukraine contributes 54-55 milliards to the Ukrainian population is treated like a colonial U.S.S.R. Budget. The greater part of these people by having more taxes levied upon it; for sums does not remain in Ukraine, but goes to the Bolshevists are clever enough to disguise pay Moscow’s expenses. The principal sums in that. Two methods are employed. For towns­ the Budget are earmarked for national econ­ people there are two price “ zones.” The Rus­ omy (178.484 m. roubles, i.e., 38.8%). The Minis­ sian districts are those in which a great deal ter of Finance, Swerew, said in a lecture, “Most more is imported, and at low prices, therefore of the expenditure for financing national econ­ the “ black market ” does not flourish so much omy is used for new investments. It is no secret as, say, in Ukraine, which makes the real value that Moscow is building up its heavy industry of wages higher than in the colonies. For ex­ in the hinterland, in the Urals and beyond. ample, in 1939 and 1940, a whole series of goods, Thus, the money from Ukraine is used for the such as tobacco, soap, tea, butter, were almost industry required by the metropolis. Even the impossible to obtain in Ukraine, but were plen­ construction of the Ukrainian canal, about tiful everywhere around Moscow. For that rea­ which there was so much talk, has been pushed son, many Ukrainians travelled to Moscow to aside, and instead, the plan for the Kujbishew purchase supplies, for, notwithstanding the tra­ Canal has been taken up. velling expenses, prices were lower on the Then there is the Budget item, military pur­ “ black market.” poses. Not only are these sums against the in­ Taxation of the rural population was even terests of Ukraine—the length of the Russian more skilfully handled. In this case, it is not and Ukrainian frontiers, in proportion, show only hard for a shrewd citizen, but even for an that the army is being maintained on Moscow’s expert to make anything out of it without care­ frontiers at Ukraine’s expense. ful analysis. In all the alterations made in the tax laws for There is another example of Ukraine’s colo­ agriculture, the principle of division into zones nial dependence in Moscow. Ukraine being a is strictly adhered to. The population saw in country bordering on a southern ice-free sea the classification of a certain district into a spe­ and the Mediterranean, it has to have foreign cial tax group, an indication of the yield of that trade relations with the Near East and Western particular district. In reality, however, it is Europe. nothing of the sort. The law of May 31, 1934, Apart from the shortest sea-route, it cannot be concerning the taxation of agriculture, looks all denied that Ukraine, with its mineral wealth right on the surface, but when we compare the and other natural resources, especially food­ tax norm for a hectare, with the yield of that stuffs, coal, etc., could have an active foreign hectare, then we see the real meaning of this trade balance, that is to say, a sure source for its tax law. The yield of grain per hectare is economic structure. reckoned for Ukraine, compared with the 8 LJ KT'dUIl'd 11 liiiui iim iu/u a v iu w , kau;-«>umv i7 Jl

R.S.F.S.R., at 98.5 per cent., but the taxes at 116 that, moreover, they have much larger pastures per cent, as compared with the R.S.F.S.R. It is than Ukraine, there can be no comparison in the the same with potatoes, 75 per cent, and 81 per burden borne. cent.; tobacco, 91.6 per cent, and 104 per cent.; The other districts—Kursk, Woronish, Orel fruit and vegetables, 100 per cent, and 112.4 per and others—have only to deliver 3 kgs. To cent. Thus the taxation norm is always higher make the matter still clearer, let us add further than that of the yield. figures. In 1939, Ukraine (without West Ukraine) Now let us examine the standards for grain had to deliver only from the collective farms deliveries to the State. According to the law of (the kolkhoz peasants are assessed separately), January 4, 1934, the average yield per hectare in 133,747 tons of meat. the Moscow area is stated as 9.9 double cwts., in Ukraine 11.2 d. cwts., or 113.3 per cent, as It is therefore no wonder that in 1939 only 299 against Moscow. The grain deliveries per hec­ double cwts. of meat and bacon were divided tare, laid down by the law of January 19, 1934, among 14,277,500 kolkhoz dependants for work­ were 1.7 d. cwt. for the Moscow area, and 3.1 ing days, that is, 2 grammes per person per year, d. cwt. for Ukraine, i.e., 182.2 per cent. plus 75 g. mess rations. With other products it was the same. Ukraine had to deliver 3 hides There are numerous examples of the same per 100 hectare arable land, while the districts system, but we shall only take up one. Point 19 of Kursk and Woronish had only to deliver 1.5. of the Peoples’ Commissariat of the Union and For wool deliveries, Ukraine belongs to the the. Central Committee of the Communist Party fourth zone, the kolkhoz peasants to the seventh, of July 8, 1939, declares, “ the following standard which is the highest but one; there are 8 zones. for deliveries of meat per hectare ground (in­ cluding orchards, gardens and meadows), are to These examples prove sufficiently that Ukraine be set up in republics, lands, and government really merely represents a colony in Moscow’s districts.” In the first place, in that rubric we economic plan. There is no doubt whatever that find Ukraine with 4.5 kgs. Considering that the other Imperialists, now living in exile, are not neighbour districts of the R.S.F.S.R. suffered no talking of nations living together, for ideologi­ such losses of live stock in 1930-1933, owing to cal reasons, but they still cherish the desire to their different methods of collectivisation, and have such a rich colony for their own purposes. FROM UKRAINIAN UNDERGROUND O.U.N. REPORTS

i. hours after being tortured, and another, from (U.I.S.)—In order to force the peasants to go Berlogy, went mad. In this affair 533 peasants into the Kolkhoz the Bolshevists are extorting were cruelly ill-treated. Collectivization was everything from them by means of compulsory carried on in 15 villages in the same way. . .. deliveries. One regulation calls for 120 lbs. of On September 2, 1950, some “trippers” came to meat, 250 quarts of milk from each cow, and 150 Bolchewtzi (Drohobych) from Truskawetz in a eggs from each hen, from every peasant in pos­ lorry, detailed to thresh the corn the peasants session of 1-2 hectares of ground. had refused to thresh on Sunday. A peasant This rapacious exploitation was supervised threw rags wrapped in a sheaf into the thresh­ from 1940-1947 by N.K.V.D. units; later, in 1948, ing machine and brought it to a standstill. Just there were different “ authorised agents ” under at that moment the M.V.D. lieutenant, Honys- the protection of the militia. The measures lawskyj, arrived with another agent. Both were exercised are beyond belief. Besides robbery, drunk. The workers fell upon the Bolshevists, bodily maltreatment, etc., various farms were disarmed and beat them. Their weapons were liquidated, a few in each village. returned to them in the evening when they Peasants were sent to prison, and distress be­ went away. came greater from day to day in every home. ELECTION Then the propaganda for the collective farms began, and it was said the peasants would “ not The Central Election Committee for the have to bear these heavy burdens any longer.” Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. published the But the propaganda had no success. Thereupon, results of the elections on February 25, through the most horrible means were employed. People “ Tass,” on February 28, 1951. were beaten with iron rods, were tied to horses The number of registered voters was given as and dragged to the village halls. During a “vol­ 23,113,769, that is 99.99 per cent. For the “Com­ untary” entry into a collective farm, a peasant munist and non-Party Block,” 23,092,455 persons woman from the village of Nebyliw, had her are said to have voted, i.e., 99.91 per cent. It is arm broken, a peasant from Topilsk had his leg interesting to see that the Election Committee fractured, a woman from Nowytja died a few also announces the Opposition votes, 21,251, that W»*------

is 0.09 per cent. In the whole U.S.S.R., there These figures, which are calculated from the were 63 invalid voting papers. The com­ election comedy of February 25, 1951, prove, at munique of the Central Election Committee any rate, that the Ukrainians are a biologically ends with the declaration that all the candi­ young people. dates of the “Communist and non-Party Block” That is perhaps the only positive result of the were legally elected. “elections” in Ukraine. On analysing these figures, the thought invol­ untarily arises that, in a free election, the vic­ ENFORCED COLLECTIVIZATION tory of the “Communist and non-Party Block” From U.I.S. Reports would have been a complete defeat; for the We have often described the methods applied 99.91 per cent, would have voted against it and by the Bolshevists to compel the peasants to it is an open question whether 0.09 per cent, enter the collective farms. Here are some more would have voted in its favour. examples taken from reports by the Ukrainian It is most improbable that these figures are Revolutionary Underground Movement, for the correct. It is significant, for example, that the first quarter of 1950. percentage is the same for Byelorussia, Usbekis- During that period every kind of intimidation tan, Armenia and Turkestan, where “elections” was resorted to; statements were often signed were held on February 28, 1951. by those in authority, instead of by the peasants For us, the number of registered voters in the concerned. With such means the following vil­ Ukrainian S.S.R. (not the whole of Ukraine) is lages established collectives, on paper. surprising. The election Commission gives their Sloboda Neb.—Kolkhoz “W. I. Lenin” with 115 number as 23,115,932. If these figures were cor­ farms rect, then about 23 million persons would be liv­ Nebyliw—Kolkhoz “I. W. Stalin” with 45 farms. ing in Ukraine who were over 18 years old. (In Kaminy—Kolkhoz “T. H. Shevchenko” with the U.S.S.R. everyone who has completed his 240 farms. 18th year has a right to vote). It is true, the Topilsko—Kolkhoz “I. I. Franko” with 62 farms. citizens of other republics in the U.S.S.R. enjoy Nowytia—Kolkhoz “New Life” with 432 farms. the same rights as those of Ukraine, but Krasna—Kolkhoz “32nd Anniversary of Red their number can hardly be more than some ten Army” with 283 farms. thousands, which means that the figure 23 mil­ All the collective farms were organised in lion is the number of those who have completed February 1950. During the organisation of these their 18th year. When one remembers that the farms, the villagers suffered the most. They population of the Ukrainian S.S.R. is 41,800,000, were beaten with iron rods, dragged to the vil­ it appears that, at the moment, tnere are 18 mil­ lage halls bound to horses, where an executioner lion persons under 18. Accepting the normal awaited them to put them to the torture. Arms limit for youth as 21, it means that more than and hands were twisted, causing excruciating half the Ukrainian population consists of young pain. Most of this occurred at night, and, when folk. peasants refused to open their doors, their win­ Of course, these figures can only be regarded dows were smashed and they were hauled out. as approximate, like all the other data from It was by such means that the Bolshevists Russian sources. They prove, however, that the sought to get “voluntary” signatures for the col­ Ukrainians have made up for their loss of lives lectives. in the war to a great extent, even counting the During the above-mentioned period, 533 per­ influx from outside, especially in the towns. A sons were severely flogged. town always shows a slighter natural increase At Nebyliw, on January 19, 1950, peasants than the country districts; it may therefore be were beaten to death for refusing to join the assumed that the natural growth of the popula­ kolkhoz. On January 20, a Bolshevist, by the tion falls to the rural and provincial town popu­ name of Iwan Wynnyk, beat the peasants T.O. lation, which have a lower percentage of and M.D. He ordered the peasant T. to climb a strangers. ladder to the loft and, half way up, Wynny Thus, the 18 million of the young generation knocked the ladder over, so that the man fell may be attributed in a large degree to the strong and broke his leg. On February 16, the head of biological substance of the Ukrainian people, the M.V.D., Bakumenko, came to Nowytja with which is much greater than is generally sup­ 120 Bolshevists to organise the collective farm. posed. They maltreated over 350 persons, 15 of whom It would be appropriate here to draw atten­ were flogged, and one, a peasant woman, M.I., tion to Constantin W oblyj’s work, which ap­ died a few hours after the cruel treatment at peared in German in Berlin in 1948, under the their hands. On February 27, the District Secre­ title, “Sowjet-Ukraine.” On page 19, we read tary of the K.P., Burjak, and the Public Prose­ that in 1940 Ukraine had 41 million inhabitants cutor, Moskowsky, with 150 Bolshevists, ter­ and that Ukrainians in the Ukrainian S.S.R. rorised the villagers of Berlogy, to force them form 86 per cent, of the population. Accordingly to accept a collective farm. 120 of them were 35 million Ukrainians and 5 million strangers beaten up, a peasant woman, D.N., was so mal­ live in Ukraine. treated that she went mad and had to be sent to 1U UK iHium u iiuui niuiiui i j - %> uiiv 1 70 1

an asylum. The windows of many houses were believes anyone. When a poor fellow come beg­ smashed. ging for food and is asked how he is, he answers, On March 18, at Uhryniw Stary, 16 peasants with bowed head, ‘all right, thank God.’ Every­ were flogged by order of the heads of the agri­ thing which had any connection with God has cultural department, Maslow and Luchnikow, been destroyed. The power of hell rules. when organising the kolkhoz with 25 other Bol­ “News comes to us that there are conflicts and shevists. They seized 13 buildings, and marched contentions among the emigrants. We implore the peasants off to the station of Kalusk. On you; think what you are doing. Here, the great­ March 20, at Berlogy, 8 Bolshevists smashed est sacrifices are demanded, especially of the several windows of houses where proclamations Underground Movement. Your arguments and against collectivization had been hung out. They disagreements will otherwise become vultures, then arrested the peasant woman, T.N., and leaving the bodies of our heroes no peace. Pekarsky and two other Bolshevists raped her. “Hardened by suffering and work, we fear Numbers of such cases are mentioned in the nothing, and along the way of our Faith . . . we reports, to mention which would be merely a shall lead our sorely tried Ukrainian people.” repetition of the above.

" the UKRAINIAN UNDERGROUND POLICY OF ILLUSION CHURCH (U.I.S.)—In the April number of “Foreign (U.I.S.)—The Ukrainian Catholic Church, be­ Affairs,” one of the so-called “experts” for Rus­ fore it was liquidated or compelled to go over to sian problems at the State Department, Wash­ the “Orthodox Church of the Kremlin,” counted ington, George Kenan, touches on the possibility 6 million believers. Its Metropolitan, Joseph of the Soviet system and the democratic existing Slipy and 7 other bishops were liquidated or side by side as the only solution for the serious sent to Siberia. Still the faith is so deep-seated international situation now weighing on the in the.Ukrainians that, like the early Christians, world. This time, Kenan does not base his the­ they gathered together in secret, and so an ory on living amicably and peacefully side by Underground Church came into being. side with the Kremlin on the balance of mili­ The head of the Ukrainian Catholic Under- tary power. Church, Professor Father M. Lawrivsky, re­ Kenan’s theory is, that as soon as the military cently sent a letter to the church dignitaries of strength in the West increases, the Kremlin will the Ukrainian Catholic Church abroad, from reduce its aggressive aims and be ready for a which we publish the following extracts. compromise with the western democracies, and “The clergy for the most part are either in from this, peaceful collaboration with the de­ prisons or have been sent to Siberia. The few mocracies will grow. who remain are working as navvies, suffering America’s foreign policy has often displayed from hunger, cold and dire need. In their free incomprehensible short-sightedness and the lack time, they fulfil their church duties in the of any elementary logic. This policy is based on modern catacombs. Future historians will have a false analysis of the international vintage and abundant material from which to draw. I am a wrong forecast of its further development, speaking of the clergy of the whole of West- which has led first to a “cold war” and then, in Ukraine .. . The people persevere in their faith, several places, to a “hot” one. and often go long distances to attend the ser­ Mr Kenan must be acquainted with the his­ vices, or to confession . . . In one place, in the tory of Russia and the U.S.S.R.; the policy, tra­ mountains where the Church has not yet been ditional methods and practices in that policy, closed, there were 20,000 persons at the Jordan and, knowing that, there can be no thought of celebration, who had come from miles away . . . any sort of agreement, much less of a lasting “The whole country offers a sad picture. one. Russia’s aggressive policy in the past 12 People move about like ghosts. Fiendish ter­ years, one would imagine, would have led the rorism prevails everywhere. Peasants are bea­ experts for Russian problems to less improbable ten, locked in cellars, tortured. The press is forecasts in their planning. They must have built up on lies. Personal freedom, freedom of realised that not only the outer, but also the the press, private ownership, are things of the inner psychological structure of the Soviet des­ past. No one knows what the next day will potism, as well as Soviet society, has undergone bring. It is hard to get a night’s rest. If anyone a complete change. The daily emphasis on the came here with the intention of staying and liv­ higher grade of development of the great Rus­ ing under these conditions, he would be mad in sian people, its great mission in fulfilling its a week. tasks, the kindling therefrom of chauvinist feel­ “Come, come to us incognito, and look with ings and the consequences thereof, must be pro­ commonsense at the poor, ragged, filthy and perly understood, especially by those claiming hungry workers, then all of you, such as Togli- to be “experts” on Russian affairs. atti, Walles, etc., will stop your shouting. The These conceptions do not rest alone on a false party, the M.V.D., M.G.B., have a hypnotising estimation of the above factors determining influence. Everyone fears everyone else. No one U.S.S.R. politics, but also on the ignorance of the UKrai

dangerous consequences of “living side by side Korea, when the Chinese were driven forward fully armed”—especially for the western demo­ against the forces of the U.N. by Moscow’s emis­ cracies. saries. The military parade and the savage Technique is advancing with rapid strides; it threats, contained in nearly every speech, is progress, and cannot be checked, just as the against the Anglo-American Imperialists were development in war technique cannot be held a grotesque contrast to the crude peace rantings back. Thus, “living side by side” under such which pervaded the whole celebration. circumstances would mean an unavoidable ar­ The Kremlin was not only declared the sole maments race and the most unproductive invest­ protector of peace, but praised as the represen­ ment of capital for war purposes. tative of the best interests of all the people in The capital expenditure in the U.S.A. amounts the world. Even the absurd statement that the now to 30% of the national income, and is in­ U.S.S.R. had demobilised the armies in 1945-48 creasing month by month. Besides, the U.S.A. was not lacking. The most derogatory and un­ has to finance rearmament in other countries, true accusations were showered unsparingly up­ especially those in Europe. The kind of “living on the Western powers. It was said that they side by side” suggested, would oblige both par­ were arming West Germany and Japan; that all ties to keep strong military forces of all cate­ Gromyko’s proposals were rejected; that they gories under arms. Millions of the best young would not listen to a reduction in armament; men in the nation would be deprived of the pos­ that they had disregarded the Five Power Pact sibility of finishing their studies and of prepar­ proposed by the U.S.S.R., and were obeying ing for their future productive work. It would Washington’s orders without a murmur. mean exchanging work that counts for the un­ The extravagant demonstrations of “Soviet- productive barrack-room life, and the loss of Chinese Friendship” were interspersed with the the profitable work of these millions would, in most slanderous defamation of the American time (of that there is no doubt) greatly reduce troops in Korea. It was announced, for example, the revenue. by the Moscow radio station, that ditches full of We are convinced that none of these “specia­ mutilated bodies were found in deserted villages lists” for the U.S.S.R. can predict how long that after the retreat of the Americans; that they had “living side by side” would last, or whether the bound children of 8-12 years old together and western democracies could stand such dangerous buried them alive. and permanent tension. Moscow-Chinese atrocity stories are, by the The outlay of capital for war purposes would way, even spread in west European countries. inevitably lower the standard of life for the The home politics part of the May Day cele­ broad masses, obstruct social progress and exer­ brations reflect the unscrupulous exploitation cise a demoralising and crippling influence on of the population by the Muscovite imperialist political and economic life in general, which dictatorship. The usual glorification of Stalin, would finally end in the growth and extension the rapturous descriptions of the “happy” life of Communism. Time would therefore be on led by the “Soviet people,” were in ridiculous the side of Moscow. contrast to the demands put forward to work more, better, and more economically, and to pro­ A SPURIOUS MAY DAY duce more. These demands were aimed at all (U.I.S.)—The May Day Celebrations in Mos­ classes of workers. The insatiable moloch of cow and other capital towns behind the Iron Muscovite imperialism, presiding over the Mos­ Curtain showed very clearly this year that Bol­ cow May Day, may be taken as a warning by shevism is but the present stage of development the free nations. of Muscovite Imperialism, and has little in com­ mon with socialism and the worker’s movement THE APPEAL OF THE in general. The whole programme of this strange “cele­ OPPRESSED MUSSULMANS TO THE bration” was adapted to the Muscovite imperial­ MOSLEM—WORLD istic plans at home, and even more so to those for countries outside their jurisdiction. The very (U.I.S.)—On March 17, a Conference of the fact that the Kremlin despots seized upon the oppressed Moslem peoples of Azerbaijan, Idel- date of the international workers’ celebration, Ural, North Caucasus and Turkestan took place. the colours and many another attribute of the The Chairman of the Conference, the represen­ workers’ movement, shows up the craftiness of tative of these nations abroad, published an ap­ the Muscovite Imperialists who use the workers peal to the Moslem world from which we give all over the world for their purposes. extracts. Seen from the outside, the May Day celebra­ “The terrorization of the Mussulmans in the tions, at which the Diplomatic Corps of the free U.S.S.R. became worse after the war. In 1946, world, to their regret, had to be present, passed the autonomous Republic Crimea and the auto­ off according to plan. Demonstrations were ac­ nomous republics of North Caucasus, Chechen- companied by speeches and “patriotic” poems Ingush, Karachay, Balkar were liquidated. The and wild shouting. Shouts that sounded, too, in whole Moslem population was deported to /Ol

Siberia and left to pine away and die out. We which has lived for centuries in the land, want the whole Moslem world to know what fate is being cruelly treated and terrorised by awaits them from Communism. We are con­ Poland and Moscow; not only that, but the vinced that our fight for freedom, for the poli­ people are being deported to alien and hos­ tical independence of our countries, for social tile districts in Poland, and also sent to justice and religious freedom, as well as for the slavery and certain death in the far north personal rights of every individual, will be sup­ and Siberia. ported and approved by all Moslem countries, (2) The citizens assembled on April 15, 1951, pro­ because our cause is the cause of the whole free test unanimously and decidedly, before the world. whole free world, against this disgraceful “It is a bitter thing for us, that the Moslem brutality to the Ukrainian people, and the world, up to now, has found no protection for annexation of ancestral Ukrainian territory their own brothers who are held in subjection by any foreign power, more especially by by the Bolshevists. We call upon the free Mos­ such a hereditary enemy and oppressor of lem peoples to join our fight against the Krem­ our people as Poland. lin despots. We beg the governments, the spirit­ (3) The assembled citizens declare in their own ual and worldly leaders of the Moslem world, name, and in the name of the whole Ukrain­ (1) to raise their voices in protection of the Mus­ ian people, that Ukraine will never yield its sulmans who are being ill-treated by the Polit­ rights to this territory and will fight with buro; (2) to bring the question up before the all the means available for the liberation of United Nations, and to demand the return of the Lemkenland from its occupation, and the deportees to North Caucasus and the Cri­ until it is part of a United Ukrainian State. mea; (3) to aid us in our Holy War against Soviet despotism; (4) to bring our suffering and hopes THE FAMOUS MONASTERY OF to the knowledge of all Mussulmans through HOSHIW LIQUIDATED press and radio-, (5) to publish this appeal to the whole free world. (U.I.S.)—The monastery at Hoshiw (West “W e are certain that an alliance between the (Ukraine) was famous for its wonder-working free countries and those subjugated by Bolshe­ image of the Blessed Virgin. Thousands of pil­ vism, would put an end to Communistic despo­ grims made their way there year by year, to tism and ensure prosperity to all peoples, and pray for mercy and help. unite them in a democratic community.” The Underground Movement of Ukraine re­ ported, in 1950: “On January 11, over 300 M.G.B. DEFENCE OF LEMKENLAND men from Bolekhiw, Vyhoda and Stanislau went to Hoshiw. They surrounded the premises of (From Our Own Correspondent.) the monastery and a part of the village of Vil- (U.I.S.)—Various Ukrainian organisations ar­ shyna, where they searched the houses. To­ ranged a demonstration on April 15, 1951, in wards evening, the Abbot was arrested and Philadelphia, in protest against the annexation taken to Stanislau, the guards formed by the of a part of ancient Ukrainian territory, the M.V.D. remaining at their posts till the next day, Lemkenland, by Poland. The Ukrainians ap­ when the monastery was searched once more. peared in strength to show their solidarity with Having discovered nothing, the men returned to the Ukrainian population of Lemkenland, in de­ the Central District.” fence of its common national and human rights. From another report of March 26, 1950, we In his opening speech, Professor I. Kinal learn, “At noon, about 150 M.V.D. men came to pointed out the necessity of this protest on ac­ Hoshiw, surrounded the monastery and searched count of the terrorization of the population by it. They remained till the next day. Father the Moscow submissive Polish occupation. Merkela, P. Kolodij, a monk, and three nuns The chief speakers were U.P.A. commanders, were arrested and taken to Stanislau. The same M. Makaranko and Burlaka, on “Polish-Bolshe- night, at Vytwycja, the parish priest, Bilan Boh- vist Terrorism in Lemkenland” and “The U.P.A. dan, and the priest of Sloboda were arrested and as Bearer of the Liberation Idea of the Ukrain­ taken to Stanislau.” ian and other Peoples subjugated by Moscow.” On March 28, 1950, the report runs: “The The following resolution was passed:—“All monastery of Hoshiw has been dissolved, all the citizens of Philadelphia, present at the De­ valuables were taken away, everything in the monstration on April 15, 1951, after a debate on Church and everywhere else was torn off the the lectures by Commander M. Makarenko and walls. Even the floor was torn up and taken Commander Burlaka, on the situation in Ukrain­ out! All that the monastery owned was loaded ian territory behind the Iron Curtain, passed on to waggons and carted away to the District the following Resolution: — Centre.” (1) A part of ancient Ukrainian territory, Lem­ In other places, too, the churches were closed. kenland, which was awarded to Poland by The congregations gather on Sunday and festi­ the Bolshevists in 1945, is still in the posses­ val days beside their churches and pray to­ sion of imperialist Poland. The population, gether without any priest. PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (Hansard)

House of Commons Official Report, Wednesday/, 9 th M ay 1951

In Hansard, the official publication of the Par­ Mr MORRISON: We are getting to fine points liamentary Debates of the British Parliament, of now. I had better stop. 9th May 1951, is a brief reference in the House of Commons, to the existence, behind the Iron Mr TEELING: In view of that outrageous re­ Curtain, of potential allies of the civilised coun­ mark by the Foreign Secretary about people who tries, which, if properly supported, would have done very loyal work for this country, I speedily disintegrate the Muscovite power for beg to give notice that I propose to raise this terrorisation, and leave a world which could, matter on the Adjournment. vnthout apprehension, devote itself to works of peace. The Report is below. Mr MORRISON: On a point of order, is it in order, when an hon. member makes an attack UKRAINE (BROADCASTS) and gives notice to raise the matter on the Ad­ journment, for the Minister concerned thereby Mr G. COOPER asked the Secretary of State to be excluded from answering him? for Foreign Affairs how many times have broad­ casts in Ukrainian been sent out under the Mr SPEAKER: That is a difficult point. It is, Foreign Broadcasts Scheme in the last twelve of course, out of order to say “in view of that months. outrageous remark.” The usual thing to say is, “in view of the unsatisfactory answer.” Mr H. MORRISON: No broadcasts in Ukrain­ ian have been transmitted by the B.B.C. during Mr TEELING: I withdraw my remark and the last year. substitute “very unsatisfactory answer,” in order to see what the Foreign Secretary has to Mr COOPER: In view of the fact that, until say. they were forced into submission by the Rus­ sians, the Ukrainians were developing towards Mr MORRISON: I based my remark solely on a democratic form of government, and have account of the numbers that it was proposed always been hostile to Russian domination, does should broadcast. not my Right Hon. friend agree that there are some 30 million potential allies behind the Iron Curtain, and could not broadcasts in their lan­ TRADING UKRAINIAN TERRITORY guage be started in order to help them keep up their morale and resistance? On May 22, 1951. the Soviet-press (‘Pravda,” Mr MORRISON: I understand that practi­ Tsvestiya,” “Komsomolska Pravda”) published cally all the Ukrainians can speak and under­ the following text of the treaty between Mos­ stand Russian, and that if we made a special ar­ cow and Warsaw. rangement with regard to the Ukrainian lan­ “The Polish government recently turned to guage it is highly probable that something else the U.S.S.R. government with a proposal for an would have to be given up. On a balance of exchange of territory. A strip of most pro- considerations, we do not think that it would be Polish territory to be exchanged for one of advantageous. equal size, on account of the economic depend­ Mr WILLIAM TEELING: Does the Right ence of this strip of borderland between Poland Hon. gentleman realise that last week the Home and the U.S.S.R. The U.S.S.R. government has Secretary told us that there were between consented to the Polish suggestion. 30,000 and 40,000 Ukrainians here, who could “The negotiations between Poland and the well broadcast and would like to listen to some Soviet, which took place in Moscow, ended in broadcasts in their own language? the conclusion of an Agreement providing for Mr MORRISON: If they are here long enough the exchange of this borderland in the district of they will understand English. In any case, I Drohobych (Ukrainian S.S.R.) and the Voivode should not like to let loose 30,000 or 40,000 of Lublin (Poland). Ukrainians to broadcast to the Ukraine. “The Agreement was signed by the Foreign Mr PHILIPS PRICE: Has not Ukrainian hos­ Minister, A. G. Vyshynsky, for the Soviet Union, tility been directed more against Poland than and the representative of the Cabinet of the against their northern neighbours? Polish Republic, A. Zawadsky, for Poland.” 14

Associated Press reported on May 22, 1951, “ THE GENERAL LINE OF THE that “the Soviet Union was receiving from Poland a small piece of territory with good rail­ COMMUNIST PARTY” way communications in return for part of By M. THREECROSS Ukraine’s territory containing mineral oil and natural gas.” The pseudo-science of Marxism-Socialism- According to the Agreement, the population of Communism consists of three “principles” the two areas, Ukrainian and Polish, were to be (1, 2, 3). resettled. Those hit by this measure to be al­ 1. The abolition of private ownership (spirit­ lowed to take all their movable property with ual and material) immediately turns all subjects them, while agricultural, industrial and artisan into slaves subordinated to the “state”. This ac­ property, as well as important means of com­ counts for the complete poverty of subjects, ex­ munication, were to be left untouched where cepting, of course, the newly arisen predominant they were. Communist-Socialist leaders, now becoming a class, caste, and proprietor-monopolists of all the slaves, public property, and “state” as well. THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES 2. The class struggle is the principal “reason” for the organisation of the decay of community, (U.I.S.)—Accounts in the Bolshevist press and for starting hostility among its members. about the death of the President of the Central The class struggle, therefore, is the moving force Control Commission of the K.P., M. F. Vlady- in the hands of Marxist-Communists for the myrsky, have been most exhaustive. The Mos­ seizure of power and private property, and for cow “Pravda’ (Nr 94, 1951) reports that the the liquidation of “class enemies.” U.S.S.R. Cabinet, among other honours con­ ferred, have granted the widow of the deceased “Organised godlessness” accompanies this 50,000 roubles as a benefit to be paid out once, “work,” and serves to create a spiritual vacuum besides a pension of 2000 roubles a month; his in the soul, preparing for adoption into the new sister to receive 750 roubles. Marxist-Socialist Communist “moral,” with its “gods,” the “greatest and wisest” Marx, Lenin, There is nothing extraordinary in that; on the Stalin, Togliati, Pick . . . contrary, it is a commendable thing for the 3. To consider that Marxism Socialism Com­ State to look after the bereaved relatives of its munism cannot flourish outside a fitting imperi­ deserving citizens. Provision for the bereaved alistic environment. In other words—Marxism, in the U.S.S.R., however, is a privilege enjoyed Socialism, Communism, away from imperial­ only by the class of the Bolshevist grandees. ism, would be a “nude crime for crime” and so All citizens of the Soviet Union must work for would not exist. the State, as everybody knows. Now, after the Now, it is understood that the “principle of Second World War especially, there are millions internationalism” is a slogan-camouflage for of widows, sisters, husbands and brothers, in the Russia’s eternal imperialism only. U.S.S.R. whose relations fell in action or died in This imperialism, being fertilised by Marxism, forced labour camps. How many of them re­ Socialism, Communism, will feed the spirit of ceive a pension, and of what value? conquest. For such people, the government has the well- Two possibilities exist : either the whole known phrase, “He who does not work, needs no world will fall into Russia’s hands, or Russia food.” Even a person 100 per cent, disabled will receive a death-blow. (after Soviet classification) only receives 75 The fate of mankind in case of Russia’s vic­ roubles a month, i.e., 28 times less than Vlady- tory can be illustrated by the graph below : myrsky’s widow. It must not be forgotten, also, that the lady has a wonderful home and enjoys other advantages a war-wounded soldier or a widow would not dare dream of. Why is Vladymyrsky held in so much higher regard than those other Soviet citizens? “Prav­ da” says nothing of that. Well, Vladymyrsky belonged to the privileged class of the Soviet A—The line of “mild” terror and “narrow” con­ Union. These people have various advantages dition of life; besides receiving a salary that is 30 times higher B—The line of great terror, distress, poverty ... than that of a workman. After their death, these privileges go to their families. In this way the C—“The General Line of Communistic Party.” Soviet gevernment hopes to secure even greater So the life of the nations is subjugated by loyalty from its civil servants. Russia now. IMPERIALISTIC PLANS plans can cause a great deal of damage. The present doings of the Muscovite emigrants in fora “ Russian Democratic Committee” U.S.A. can greatly disturb the joint action of in U.S.A. the free and subjected nations in their stniggle against Moscow’s thirst for conquest. The sup­ On May 9, the “Voice of America” gave the port given by certain Americans to Muscovite gist of an article in the Russian language trans­ imperialists is apt to upset and confuse some mission, from the pen of an old Muscovite Social members of the subjected nations in U.S.A. democrat, R. Abramowich, in which he pro­ and cause them to join the Russian Democratic poses the setting up of a Russian “democratic” Committee as “representatives of the national Committee. His article appeared in the Musco­ minorities.” Among members of the oppressed vite exile press, and in the paper of the Ameri- nations abroad, there may very well be traitors Federation of Labour also, which is much to be and defeatists too. regretted, as it will cause the organisations of the oppressed nations abroad and, more especi­ ally, those in U.S.A. itself, to take a less decisive DANGER OF CONFUSION stand against the plans of the Muscovite im­ The formation of such a Muscovite Committee perialists. with American support might arouse justifiable Mr Abramowich suggests forming a “Russian” suspicion among the subjugated nations behind committee of important “Russian democrats” the Iron Curtain, and distrust of the U.N.’s prin­ and the “democrats” of other nations in U.S.S.R, ciples of freedom, causing disastrous confusion It remains a mystery of Punchinello, why a and weakening their resistance to Moscow, committee consisting of different nations should which again would have fatal results for the be styled “Russian.” The “democratic” imperi­ western nations. alist, Abramowich, it appears, regards the sub­ As long as the fear of a general revolution in jugated nations of the U.S.S.R., which are carry­ case of war deters the Kremlin from an in­ ing on a heroic mortal combat against Musco­ vasion in Europe, any weakening of the fighting vite occupation, merely as “national minorities” spirit of these nations automatically increases of the empire. He makes, indeed, no bones the danger of war, for the Kremlin fears an up­ about it, for he declares that the political plans rising quite as much as an American atomic of the committee to be formed are identical with bomb. the miserable programme of 1917. Mr Abramo­ wich, with all the authority of his powerless­ ness, promises the subjugated nations the “right of self-determination for national mino­ rities” under the supervision of the U.N.; the Kremlin despots, on paper also, recognise the independence of the national Soviet-Republics. If you wish to be informed of conditions behind In this way the Muscovite emigrants do Bol­ the Iron Curtain objectively, and at first hand, shevist demagogy invaluable service. When subscribe to and read the Mr Abramowich and other followers of Kerens- kii’s allege that “an overwhelming majority of the Russian people” shares their opinions, then A.B.N. CORRESPONDENZ the question may be asked, why they abuse the hospitality of the U.S.A. for their Imperialistic the monthly periodical of the Anti-Bolshevist whims, while the despots, blessed by the Church, rule in the Kremlin. Bloc of Nations issued in English, French and German ; subscription for one year :— The answer is simply this : because neither the millions of the privileged class of the “Moscow GREAT BRITAIN - 6 Shillings élite” nor the Muscovite slave-masses ruled by U.S.A. and CANADA - 1 Dollar them, have any idea of overthrowing Muscovite despotism in favour of Muscovite exile “demo­ FRANCE and TUNIS - 300 Francs cracy.” BELGIUM - 60 Bel. Francs Unfortunately, the Imperialist plans of the GERMANY - - - 2 50 D-Marks Russian “Democratic” Committee cannot be passed over, or ignored, because they might In other countries at prices to correspond. cause perplexity in western political circles, and strengthen certain illusions concerning “Rus­ Orders to be sent to : sian democracy” altogether. The fact that the “Voice of America” announces the imperialistic A.B.N. Correspondence, plans of the “Russian Democratic Committee” Box 70, to the oppressed peoples, and that ill-informed Munich 33, American circles are ready to support these Germany. DUTY OF ENLIGHTENMENT tempted to give Headquarters a few political suggestions, viz., that the Ukrainians should be It is, of course, a sacred duty of the organisa­ treated as friends and that the National Ukrain­ tions of the subjected nations in the West, and ian flag should fly beside the German flag on particularly in U.S.A., to make a sharp pro­ the town hall at Kiev. test against the imperialist activities of the Muscovite emigrants and to make the greatest The idea was brusquely rejected by Hitler, efforts to enlighten the broad masses in Ameri­ Alfred von Rosenberg and Joachim von Ribben- ca as to the true state of things and the role trop. General List was deprived of his com­ Muscovite emigrants are actually playing. mand. The German political administration was taken over by an S.S. general, who began Of course, it is not difficult to prove that the to treat the inhabitants in the way peculiar to Bolshevist government is thoroughly Muscovite the Gestapo. In less than four weeks, the and is carrying on the traditional policy of Ukrainians were made enemies of Germany. Czarist despotism at home and abroad, while it The defeat at Stalingrad was the result. is no less clear that Muscovite emigrants oppos­ ing their own national government in foreign In his commentary, Brown also reminds his countries, and the members of the subjugated readers of the time (in 1945) when, contrary to nations which are fighting for the re-establish­ all reason, General Eisenhower was ordered to ment of their independent States, which were cede to Russia all German territority occupied so cruelly occupied in 1919 and 1921, have, and by the Americans, which eventually led to the can have, nothing in common, and therefore strengthening of the Soviets in Europe. they could not possibly belong to a joint com­ mittee. The heavy losses which the Americans have suffered in battle against Moscow’s Chinese auxiliaries will open the eyes of the American We recommend everyone 7uho is interested in the subjugated people soon enough to the role of Moscovite peoples' struggle Jor freedom behind the Iron Curtain to rtad the despotism in this war, and the whole campaign most informative literature issued in English by the Scottish against the free world. Then the unhappy part League for European Freedom :— the Muscovite emigrants are playing against the free and subjected nations will be revealed 1. “ U.P.A. the story of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army too. The sooner Americans are enlightened as and the Ukrainian Red Cross.’' to Muscovite thirst for conquest, the smaller will be the sacrifice required of the free world 2. “ Red Russia and the Independence Movements in in its conflict with despotism. the U.S.S.R.” Introduction by John F. Stewart. Price Is.

FROM THE PRESS OF THE WEST 3. “The Russian Danger : Europe’s Only Defence.” By Jaroslav Stetzko. Price 6d. The Ukrainian Revolution Has Been Going On Since the Seizure of Power by the Soviet Regime 4. “ The Workers in Soviet Russia.” By John F. Stewart. Under the above heading, the newspaper, Post Free. “Grand Rapids Press,” published an article by Dr Roamn Veres, in which he states that the 5. “ Russia : The Sick Man of Europe.” Introduction by fact of armed resistance in Ukraine has been a John F. Stewart. Price 6d. revelation for many, which is surprising. 6. “Will there be a Revolution in the Soviet Union?” The Ukrainians have been carrying on an Introduction by John F. Stewart. Price 6d. underground campaign against the Soviet re­ gime since its inception. During World War II, the French and other nations took up the same 7. “ The Strength and Weakness of Red Russia.” kind of fight, and now there are insurgent (Congress of Delegates of Independence Movements within movements in other countries subjugated by the U.S.S.R. held in Edinburgh.) Introduction by John F. Moscow. Stewart. 145 pages. “ THE EVENING STAR” The catastrophe of the German army in the War against Russia may be attributed to the difference of opinion between the civilian, Hit­ Orders may be sent either to the Editor, Ukrainian Infor­ ler and the army leaders. mation Service, or direct to Mr Bohdan Tarnawskyj, Ukrainian House, 6 Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh, 9, When the German troops marched into the Great Britain. Ukraine, they were welcomed as liberators. General List, who commanded these troops, at­ Published by the Ukrainian Information Service, 28, Minster Road, London, N.W.2, and 6 Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh, 9 Printed by John Wilson, 66 High Street, Edinburgh MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE UKRAINIAN

c n FD10TIDN SERVICE Z" "I Nos. 7 8 July-August 1951 Vol. Ill

JUNE 30 t h , lO-SLl Most Memorable Date of Ukrainian Liberation Movement during World War II

Twenty years after their heroic struggle for the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists liberty appeared to have been silenced for ever (O.U.N.), Stephan Bandera, and the Head of the in 1921, the Ukrainian people saw their chance Cabinet, Yaroslav Stetzko, were sent to the for regaining their freedom and independence concentration camp at Oranienburg. General returning, when the two great totalitarian V. Petriw, Minister of War, was sent to the powers, Germany and Soviet Russia, clashed in forced labour camp in Czechia. Vice-Minister the deadly effort of total war. for War Roman Shukhevych (later famous Com­ That was 10 years ago, in June 1941. mander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, In all parts of Ukraine a spontaneous desire known as General Taras Chuprynka) succeeded for liberation from alien oppression vigorously in escaping from the hands of the Gestapo. expressed itself in risings and many forms of Prisons were once more filled with Ukrainian nationalist activities. Nationalists, and the gallows groaned with the weight of executed Ukrainian patriots. All these efforts reached their climax on 30th To defend the Proclamation of June 30, 1941, June 1941, when these historical words were the youth of Ukraine set itself to a prolonged spoken to the National Assembly in Lviv in struggle against both Berlin and Moscow. By the Western Ukraine, and broadcast to the far­ the end of 1942 the Ukrainian Insurgent Army thest corner of Ukraine: “In accordance with (U.P.A.) had gained considerable strength, and the will of the Ukrainian People, the Organisa­ soon began to take the lead among the Resist­ tion of Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.), under ance Movements of the neighbouring nations the leadership of Stephan Bandera, proclaims against the German occupation; then at the time the restoration of the Independence of Ukraine.” of the German retreat from Ukraine, against The reaction of the Germans was immediate both Germans and Russians, and later against and ruthless. The advancing German Armies de­ the Moscow imperialists alone. manded of the Ukrainian Provisional Govern­ The unity of purpose among the oppressed ment that the Proclamation of Independence nations found expression in the Anti-Bolshevik should be revoked. Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.), and has been the pro­ When the President, Dr. K. Lewycky, and minent feature of the underground activities Yaroslav Stetzko, the then Prime Minister of behind the Iron Curtain during the last nine Ukraine, on behalf of the Government and years. Ukrainian Nation, categorically refused, Hitler The Western World, however, has for long replied with widespread terrorism and oppres­ ignored that vital front of the battle for human sion. The Minister of Political Relations, Ivan liberties, on which the survival of the entire Klymiv-Legenda, and Minister of Forestry, Western civilisation may well depend. Only Ing. Piasecky, were murdered by the Ges­ when there will be unity of purpose and action tapo in Lviv. Dr D. Jaciv, first Vice-Minister between the free democratic nations of the of National Economy, was executed in the con­ West and the enslaved nations of the East, ever centration camp at Aushwitz. Professor Dr M. aspiring to freedom, and fighting bitterly for the Panchyshyn, Vice-Premier and Minister of deliverance of their peoples from the yoke of Health, died from heart attack. The Leader of their Muscovite oppressors, can the world be saved from the threat of total conquest by Mus­ We therefore call on all the freedom-loving covite imperialism. nations of the world to join in the struggle for The Proclamation of 30th June 1941 is a liberation, against the enemy of all mankind— true indication of the real desire of the nations Communist Moscow. which are now within the grip of Moscow’s blood-stained claws, and a lesson on the true * * * and just solution of the problems of East Leaflet issued by the Ukrainian Youth Europe in the face of Russian Imperialism. Association, London—30th June 1951

THE ONLY WAY TO VICTORY - Western Alliance with Nations subjugated by Russia We are on the threshold of a new World War. the real guilty centre of the Bolshevist im- The Korean truce and peace talks alter nothing perium, that would suffer. Instead, just Ukraine, in the basic tendency of present world politics, Byelorussia, the Caucasus, Rumania, etc., which are drifting steadily towards a new con­ would be wiped out by the enormous arma­ flagration. ments if Western strategy is adhered to. That the Moscow despots temporarily have And it is these nations that have the greatest called off the war in Korea for the time being hatred for Russian Bolshevist dominion, and only means that the Bolshevists need one of the yearn for the fall and dissolution of the Rus­ breathing spells which they take now and then sian Empire. They fail to see why they, the on their way to world domination. Whatever greatest sufferers, should be the ones to foot happens about Korea, the armaments pro­ the bill, in a sanguinary orgy. They do not grammes of the Western Powers will not be want a second tenfold Korea on their territory changed. As long as Communism commands —the victory of a good cause, but on totally even the smallest spot on earth, no matter “scorched earth.” where it be, there is danger of war, for war is If atomic bombs must be dropped, then it an inherent part of Communist doctrine and must be in the proper place, on Moscow, the cannot be separated from Bolshevism. Whethe- centre of the Russian master race, the bearers the West likes it or not, it cannot evade the of unrest and cause of it all. clash of arms with Bolshevism. That has nothing whatever to do with hatred The problem of the strategic-political concep­ of Russians. It is a question of justice. The tion of an approaching war now comes to the subjected peoples who have suffered and en­ fore. If the military conception of this conflict dured for centuries, must not be punished for is to be successful, it must be built up on a the faults of their Russian masters, nor those political conception. No military victory can be of the Muscovites who are determined to rule consistently attained if the war is built up on the world either. false political suppositions. The strategy of “scorched earth” need not be The West lays stress on mechanical, physical applied in the territories of the subjugated nations. There is another very possible solu­ and material warfare. The so-called psycho­ tion of the problem of forcing Moscow and Bol- logical warfare plays but a subordinate role in Western countries. The budget for propaganda is not related to the gigantic expenditure HIGH PAPAL DISTINCTION on material armaments. The fundamental stra­ For Ukrainian Catholic Bishop, Apostolic tegic idea is to crush the enemy by the weight Visitor for Ukrainian Catholics in Western of superior material advantages. In Korea, the Europe enemy is not being disarmed by the power of a (U.I.S.)—Pope Pius XII has appointed the better idea, but literally rolled out flat by the Apostolic Visitor for the Ukrainian Catholics in mass of planes, tanks, artillery, automatic small Western Europe, the Right Rev. Bishop Ivan arms, etc. Buczko, D.D., to be Bishop Assistant to the Holy As soon as it is a question of strategic compu­ See and private chaplain, raising him at the tation with regard to the U.S.S.R., the West’s same time to the nobility with the right to bear trump card is the Atomic Bomb. The more and the title of Count. the greater the destruction the better. It is The ceremony took place in the presence of greatly to be feared that just the countries be­ Monsignore Moioli, official of the Holy Congre­ longing to the peoples subjugated by Moscow gation for the Eastern Church, in the Papal Col­ will be the first victims of this Western strategy. legium of St. Josaphat, in Rome. Bishop Buczko Without Ukrainian iron ore, coal and grain, thanked His Holiness for the honour accorded without Aserbaijan’s and Rumania’s mineral him, and said that he saw in it a proof of the oils, without Turkestan’s cotton, without Byelo­ boundless love of His Holiness for the perse­ russian timber, etc., Moscow cannot carry on a cuted Catholic Church and the Ukrainian people war. Consequently, it would not be Muscovy, in the Ukrainian homeland. shevism out of these territories without giving them up to destruction. These nations would CONGRESS OF UKRAINIAN shake off Moscow if they were handled in the CATHOLICS right way. The Anti-Bolshevist Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.), On 14th-15th July, 1951, the Congress of an association of 22 nations subjugated by Mos­ Ukrainian Catholics took place in Manchester, cow, which are fighting for freedom, gives ex­ Great Britain. There were many notices of this pression to the platform for such a policy. event in the British Press. According to the The Soviet armies are made up to 60 per cent, Manchester Guardian over 1,000 Ukrainians of members of these nations. The weapons of were present at the Congress. His Grace this 60 per cent, must be turned against Mos­ Bishop Ivan Bucko, Apostolic Visitator for the cow—the core of Russian-Bolshevism; a situa­ Ukrainians in Western Europe, was the tion must be created which would make the honorary guest of the Congress. He said the mass of the Soviet soldiers refuse to fight Holy Mass with the assistance of many against the democratic armies of the West. Ukrainian priests on Sunday, 15th July. Once before, there was a similar case in the Resolutions were passed at the Congress. The U.S.S.R., i.e., in the beginning of the German- following are extracts: — Soviet war of 1941. The majority of the Soviet “ We say our prayers to Almighty God for soldiers did not fight at all when it commenced. the suffering Ukrainian nation, and unite with Hundreds of thousands of them surrendered our spirits with all those who suffer persecution and voluntarily became German prisoners, ex­ by Soviet terror. With real esteem and admira­ pecting freedom, justice and human treatment. tion we think of the 30 years’ struggle of the But they were bitterly disappointed. Only then Ukrainian people against a Godless regime; we did they turn against the Germans. think of all the fighters for Faith and Nation. This readiness for friendship and co-operation Especially we bow our heads before the with the democratic West exists to-day among Majesty of immense sufferings of these fighters, the subjugated peoples. It will not be neces­ martyrs and believers in Christ’s Faith who are sary to drop atomic bombs on Kyiv, Odessa, most severely persecuted by the Red regime. Lviv, Ploesti, Baku, Kryvyj Rih, the Don Basin, First we mention the bright figures of our Minsk, and Tallin, if a situation is brought Bishops who, with the Metropolitan Joseph in about by political means which would encour­ the van, bravely faced all the persecutions and age the armed underground forces of the sub­ voluntarily took the way of pain and suffering. jected nations to occupy the above-named “ We mention as well all peoples, active towns at a given moment, and secure them from defenders of the Christian Faith who follow claims by Moscow. different rites, who, in the enslaved countries The conditions for that would be, of course, behind the Iron Curtain, are facing the same that the aims of the subjected peoples for free­ fate as the Ukrainian nation for that they wish dom were unreservedly acknowledged and sup­ to keep faith with their Church. ported by the democratic West. In the course “ We do believe that from that suffering of such a policy the national independence grows a new power which, in the common movements among those nations would have front, will overthrow the empire of the Red to be furthered. The underground revolution­ anti-Christ. ary forces of the A.B.N. would have to be sup­ plied by the West with technical and material “ We reckon it our duty to turn the attention aid. The nations must be assured that the in­ of all the freedom-loving world to the fact that tentions of the West are honest, i.e., that they ungodly dictators are definitely preparing the will not be betrayed and forced again into the campaign against the free world, a campaign Russian dungeon of nations. which they carefully conceal by different A Russia forced to remain within its ethnic actions, misusing the great slogans of peace. borders would cease, once for all, to be a men­ The aim of that campaign is to ensnare the ace to world peace. The liberation of the rest of the world and to destroy the Faith and nations subjected by Moscow would therefore Church of Christ. At the present time, a time be the greatest deed undertaken for peace in of world menace, the free nations must unite our century. all their powers for the common defence of The most direct way to victory over Bolshe­ Christ’s Church, the main bastion against the vism and Russian imperialism is by way of sup­ extension of Bolshevism. port for the anti-Bolshevist, national liberation “ Lasting peace on earth can be secured only movements. The simplest method of prevent­ when peace will mean at the same time freedom ing or localising a new war is for the West to and justice. As long as there are on the earth accept the objectives of the A.B.N. nations. peoples who do not rejoice in the natural right Atomic bombs of the Bikini type will be super­ of the free life which is guaranteed by God’s fluous if the West once decides to bring the far order and law, so long there will not be lasting stronger political bomb of the national libera­ peace. Peace is only possible when based on tion revolution to explosion. the principles of Christian morals and justice.” WE ARE FIGHTING FOR AN INDEPENDENT UKRAINIAN STATE Speech by Dr B. Huk, a U.P.A. Fighter, at the great Public Meeting in Munich, June 3rd, 1951. Ladies and Gentlemen,—I speak in the name The fact that, in spite of resorting to strong of fighting Ukraine. Not so very long ago, I military forces, police and political terrorism was still a soldier in the Ukrainian Insurgent and every kind of artifice, the Bolshevists have Army (U.P.A.), and member of the Organisa­ not been able to crush the revolutionary spirit, tion of Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.). I speak has called forth a psychological transformation in the name of my comrades with whonj I in the Soviet people. The idea that the omni­ marched shoulder to shoulder for years, in the potence of the Bolshevist regime is vulnerable, fight for liberty, first against the Nazi and then the consciousness of revolutionary forces at especially against the Bolshevist occupation work and the vainness of the efforts to crush powers. In the name also of the Ukrainian and exterminate these forces, have given people people who were the first to experience Bolshe­ renewed strength. vist terrorism in 1918 and were the first to take The undismayed activity of the U.P.A. and up the fight. the O.U.N. has proved that nothing is impos­ At that time, unfortunately, just as now, the sible for resolute wills and undaunted fighters; western world turned a deaf ear to the cry from that a well organised campaign must have suc­ bleeding Ukraine and the other nations sub­ cess, that the losses are not greater than those jected by Russia. They believed in the West caused by the totalitarian despotic system when that by arming Kolchak, Denikin, and Wrangel. the population is passive. that is, men with the one ambition to save the All classes are concerned in the anti-Bolshe­ empire under another flag, they could conquer vist liberation campaign—peasants, workers Bolshevism. With their arms, Ukraine, Turkes­ and intellectuals. Some of them are in the tan, Byelorussia, Cossackia and other nations front lines of the battle, working underground, and territories were defeated and enslaved. organising defence and attack, developing and They did not understand the great ideal of stabilising the objectives which the people then the time, but opposed the national liberation enlarge. movements, thus opening the way for Lenin Others support the revolutionary movement and Bolshevism to stabilise their power. while going about their legitimate business—a The peoples in the Russian-Bolshevist dun­ dangerous but necessary and self-sacrificing geon are maturer to-day, so that this way can­ undertaking. A large class of sympathisers not be repeated. In common with Ukraine, they pick up the watchwords, make them part of are fighting against Bolshevism as the immedi­ their thoughts and act accordingly, often ate bearer of Russian imperialism, whatever thwarting Bolshevist plans quite on their own colour it may choose to show. initiative and often saving Ukrainian national There is no armed or active resistance within property thereby. the Russian ethnic borders, but only where, not Ukrainian nationalism opposes national intel­ only social serfdom, but also national oppres­ lectual values. Ukrainian tradition, and national sion exist, that is to say, only among the sub­ character in all branches of intellectual life and jugated peoples. practical existence, to the Bolshevist system. Ladies and gentlemen, friends in the fight for The illegal literature and political enlighten­ freedom! In the last years of the war and after ment propagated by the O.U.N. is of immeasur­ it was ended, the revolutionary liberation cam­ able importance in this respect. They find their paign in Ukraine developed into the wide­ way into legal life, as the constant purges show. spread activity of the Ukrainian Insurgent The Ukrainian liberation movement opposes Army, which found a lively response all over Russian despotism, hatred of everything for­ the U.S.S.R. and among the so-called Satellite eign, its efforts to supplant Ukrainian culture States. The ideas, watchwords and the pro­ with Russian, which is alien to Ukrainian feel­ gress of the anti-Bolshevist liberation revolu­ ing, while clinging to a national consciousness tion were spread among all the nations under that has grown through the centuries, national Bolshevist subjection. The U.P.A. demon­ dignity, the love of truth, justice, and freedom strated clearly that such a campaign was pos­ for nations and individuals. sible, even under the prevailing circumstances, The Kremlin has not succeeded in stamping and how it should be organised and carried on out the Ukrainians’ fidelity to Christianity. The It directed the anti-Bolshevist feeling among Ukrainian Church, underground, and the clergy the population into the course of effective re­ working in secret, secure their religious life. volutionary action, thus creating a fulcrum for The Bolshevists seek to draw the youth of the liberation movement. Ukraine away from their parents, to upset national foundations and make them willing camp and its followers. The fight against that servants of Moscow by educating them in Com­ camp knows no interruption. The tactics have munism. The national liberation movement, to be changed from time to time, but its grows, however, meets all that by giving them great and more people are mobilised, for a change of ideals and the living example of heroism and tactics does not mean limitation but rather the readiness to fight. An instance will explain the spreading out of the fight. lengths Russification goes to. From Moscow alone, To meet the international post-war situation this year, 1326 students were sent to the Univer­ and the internal conditions in the U.S.S.R., the sity of Kiev. Their instruction is given in Rus­ Ukrainian fight for liberation changed from sian, and the professors, too, are Russian. It is partisan warfare to underground tactics. The just the same in the other schools. methods were based on organising the forces, Against materialism and demoralisation, thus the centre of gravity became underground Ukrainian nationalism places the ethic values political and propaganda work, instead of mili­ of idealism, heroism and self-sacrifice. tary partisan operations. A hard fight is going on in economic-social In this lap the spread of the success achieved life. The Ukrainian peasant is still resisting in guerilla warfare, the spreading of the revolu­ collectivisation with all his might. The struggle tionary idea, arousing the people to anti-Bol- against exploitation, robbery and exaggerated shevist mass action and the winning of new working standards, against the colonial depre­ fighters have been the aim. dations in favour of the Russian imperium, is The present form of revolutionary activity is unceasing. of great importance in the situation as it is to­ Unabashed exploitation is demonstrated by day, and meets with the same enthusiastic the fact that the peasant pays the State 160 aproval as the previous partisan operations did roubles for one cwt. of grain, while he himself during the war. The present struggle is the receives only 5 roubles 60 kopeks for the grain continuation of the previous one. Its logical he has to give up. consequence and the spread of the revolu­ The struggle put up by the rural population tionary idea are its strength and affirmation. is entering a new phase. The so-called stabilis­ The masses now realise that the M.G.B. has not ing of the collective farms is really intended to succeeded in putting down the underground destroy the peasantry, but the Ukrainian pea­ organisations—U.H.V.R., O.U.N., and U.P.A. sant will not give up the struggle in this new The present concentration of revolutionary section either, he will set the Bolshevist plans activity on social-political, propagandist and at naught. educational spheres, as well as protection The Ukrainian factory hands are fighting against terrorism and destruction is so that at against slave-work, the Stakhanov system, the any moment all the revolutionary forces in the methods of social competition and the condi­ form of military action by the U.P.A. can be set tions enforced by so-called working discipline. in motion. The non-fulfilment of the economic plans and The object of the immediate revolutionary diminishing the value of production are the struggle is the psychological mobilisation of the chief forms of resistance in the social-economic broad masses, the winning of new forces for the sector. The centre of power for this campaign, fuller development of a future armed encounter. in all sections, is political or armed resistance, organised and executed by the O.U.N. The That is the meaning of the propaganda expe­ O.U.N. determines the contents and direction ditions made by the U.P.A. into Slovakia, of the fighting parole; initiative and concep­ Czechia, Byelorussia, Poland, East Prussia, tion of its execution. It brings all points to a Rumania, the Caucasus and other countries. common-denominator, thus giving the move­ They strengthen the revolutionary spirit of ment an object and the striking power of an other nations, spread the idea of a general liber­ organised liberation movement. ation revolution and the formation of a common The U.P.A. is the strong arm of the people. front of all A.B.N. peoples. With O.U.N., it wages revolutionary political Friends in the fight for freedom! The Ukraine and armed warfare for the liberation and sover­ and other subjugated peoples cannot be over­ eignty of Ukraine. At the head of this fight whelmed. Our fight goes on and will continue stands the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation till the Russian imperium is shattered, no mat­ Council (U.H.V.R.), the underground govern­ ter what colour it may adopt. ment of Ukraine, its representative and leading We are fighting for an independent, united organisation. Ukrainian State and for independent States for As the legal government chosen by the Ukrai­ all nations subjected by Moscow. nian people, it is opposed to the so-called We are fighting for the dissolution of the government of the Ukrainian S.S. Republic— dungeon of nations. In this fight there is, for that agency of the Kremlin. us, no compromise. We welcome everyone who Now, in Ukraine, we have, on the one side, a goes with us. He must realise, however, that, firm national front with liberation as its objec­ after the dissolution of the dungeon of nations, tive, i.e., the Ukrainian people with all its there can only be a Russia within its own ethnic sound forces. On the other side, the Moscow borders. b UKRAINIAN YOUTH RALLY IN GREAT BRITAIN (U.I.S.)—On June 30th, 1951, a mass meeting received by all the young men, the future sol­ of the S.U.M. (Ukrainian Youth Association) diers, as well as the veterans, standing at at­ took place in London on the occasion af the 10th tention. After the order had been read, the anniversary of the restoration of the independ­ chairman of the Committee, Mr Yaroslav Dere- ence of the Ukrainian State (June 30th, 1941). menda, declared the meeting open. He wel­ Thousands of Ukrainians gathered near the comed in Ukrainian those present, among whom majestic Marble Arch. They all came to de­ were the members of the S.U.M. who had come monstrate their unbroken will to create a Ukrai­ from Belgium with their leader, Mr Omelan nian state and, if necessary, to die for it when Koval, and especially the guests of honour. the time came. Representatives of the young Mr Auberon Herbert stepped to the rostrum Ukrainian generation, which grew up fighting and began his speech in English, continuing, for its ideals, gathered in Hyde Park, where, after a few sentences, in Ukrainian: “I know according to British democratic tradition, every­ to whom 1 am speaking. You are the young one has the right to speak freely. There, in the Ukrainian generation, united in the S.U.M. You centre of the great Empire, they wanted to de­ belong to Europe, and you are fully aware of monstrate to all the world what their ideals are. your mission! . . . “ You are the ones who will have to fight for your own and our freedom and for that which the U.P.A. is already fighting, thereby gaining the respect of the whole world. I am speaking in the name of my numerous English friends. I welcome you in our country!” Mr Herbert closed his address with the follow­ ing words: “Death to Bolshevist tyranny! Long live Ukraine!” Enthusiastic applause saluted the speech of the representative of our friends in England. The priests began the prayers, the standard- bearers stepped forward, and, kneeling down, UKRAINIAN YOUTH IN LONDON lowered their standards, new cadres of the S.U.M. stepped in front of the platform to take Representatives of the Ukrainian people and the oath. Solemnly, and with a deep sense of foreign guests of honour listened from a grand responsibility, they repeated the words of the stand, among whom were, besides many others, oath after the priest. Other speeches by repre­ the representatives of the two Ukrainian chur­ sentatives of different organisations followed. ches, Dr Dyachyshyn and Monsignore Molcha- The blue sky, the green of Hyde Park, the nivsky, as well as one of the prime movers of white shirts of the young men and the blue the act of June 30th, 1941, the President of the flags made a colourful picture. Around the Central Committee of the A.B.N.. Mr Yaroslav enclosed space stood masses of Londoners, read­ Stetzko; the honorary president of the S.U.B. ing the transparencies on which the protests (Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain), against tyranny and slavery were written in Ing. Danylo Skoropadsky; the chairman of the English. Mr Mykula, the secretary of the Com­ A.B.N. delegation in Great Britain, Prince mittee in England, stepped forward on the plat­ Karashevych-Tokazhevsky; Professor Borye form and gave a short address in English, say­ Andrijevsky; the chairman of the Organisation ing, “ . . . What our brothers and sisters are of Former Ukrainian Veterans (O.B.U.V.), Cap­ fighting for is no simple matter. It is a question tain Dlaboga; Dr W. Korostovets, and many of life in a free country. And life cannot be others. The foreign representatives were: the free where human rights are suppressed by English friend of the Ukrainians, Mr Auberon force. No country can be free where aliens Herbert; the representative of the Poles, Mr control its domestic affairs. The nations sub­ Rylski; the representative of the Czechs, Mr jugated by Russia demand, and are fighting for, Locher; the representative of the Byelorussians, separation from Moscow and the creation of Mr Piletskyj, A.O. their own free States. . . .” The President of the S.U.M., Mr O. Kalynnyk, Along the edge of the park the hectic life of a and the chairman of the Central Committee of gigantic city streamed by. Long after the meet­ the S.U.M. in Great Britain, Mr Yaroslav Dere- ing had broken up, people stood about in groups. menda found places beside the platform. Here and there the words fell, “Ukrainians . . . At the beginning of the meeting at 2 p.m., the the fight for freedom . . .” flag was hoisted, then the head of this meeting At the end of the meeting resolutions were gave the solemn order of the day, which was passed, out for any possible opportunity to shake off the yoke of the oppressor. In June 1941, the opportunity seemed to have come, and, on RESOLUTIONS June 30th, the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationaliists, the O.U.N., voiced the hopes of the Association of Ukrainian Youth and other and aspirations of all by declaring the Inde­ Ukrainians assembled on the Parade Ground, pendence of Ukraine. Their desire for lib­ Hyde Park, London, on the 30th June 1951, to erty, and for freedom to run their own af­ commemorate the 10th Anniversary of the Pro­ fairs on their own soil without foreign inter­ clamation of the Restoration of Ukrainian Inde­ ference, was, however, savagely opposed by pendence. the new invader—Nazi Germany. The Ukrai­ nian people met German oppression by I. strengthening the Organisation of Ukrainian To-day, on the occasion of the 10th Anniver­ Nationalists, the O.U.N., and by creating a sary of the Proclamation of Ukrainian Independ­ Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the U.P.A., and ence we, young Ukrainians as well as Ukrain­ built up a tremendous Resistance Movement. ians of an older generation assembled at the While preparing for battle to liberate the mass meeting in London, the Capital City of the country from the German invader, the traditionally freedom-loving British people, wish people did not relax in their fight against to draw attention to the following facts: their greatest and permanent enemy—Soviet Imperialism. 1. Our aim is a free and independent United Ukraine, living as a Christian nation in peace 5. When world War II came to an end and, and on terms of equality and goodwill with Peace, hoped and prayed for and striven for all other nations. so ardently and so long, did not come to Ukraine. United by her Underground Re­ 2. The historical and traditional Russian Im­ volutionary Government, the Ukrainian perialism which in Communism has reached Supreme Liberation Council (U.H.W.R.), the its most perfect and effective form of totali­ Ukrainian nation had to carry on the unceas­ tarian aggression, invaded Ukraine in the ing and uncompromising struggle against years 1917-1921 and made her an ally of Rus­ their Russian Communist oppressors through sia against her will. Not only Ukraine, but the U.P.A. and the O.U.N., and still strives many other nations were over-run by Com­ to regain a free and independent United munist hordes at that time. Their number Ukraine. greatly increased when, after World War II, the Soviets were in a position again to take II. up their imperialist plans and to put them 6. The international political situation of the into effect. world to-day is characterised by an intensive polarisation of ideologies and by a clear and 3. Although the Ukrainian people were de world-wide division which render neutra­ feated by Russia in the War of 1917-1921, lity in the conflict impossible. In this global they continued to fight for their independ­ division into two opposed ideological camps, ence. They formed, in defiance of their con­ the Ukrainian nation, together with the other querors, such organisations as the Un'on foi peoples enslaved by Russia, form an anti- Liberation of Ukraine (S.W.U.), the Union of Bolshevik front inside the Soviet union. Ukrainian Youth (S.U.M.), the Ukrainian The struggle of these peoples within the Military Organisation (U.W.O.) and the Or­ U.S.S.R., however, is not carried on solely ganisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (O.U.N.). with a view to changing the Government. It The Ukrainians also formed and developed is not only directed against Communism. It many organisations and institutions of a is sustained to destroy Russian Imperialism as political, social and cultural character, from such, to break the shackles of Russian domi­ which they drew the strength and power nation under any regime and in any form, to they needed so badly in an uneven and un­ ensure freedom for the peoples which Rus­ remitting struggle. sian Imperialism has oppressed in the past In this fight the Ukranian nation had to and now oppresses and to form independent stand alone and rely on her own national States within their own ethnogra­ strength, without any outside help whatever. phic boundaries. She had nothing but a profound belief in the ultimate victory of Christian Faith and of a 7. This resistance of peoples with their own devoted Ukrainian patriotism over the hate­ separate national traditions and aspirations, ful alien atheist intrusion to give her confid­ which compose the majority of the nationali­ ence in her struggle. ties within the U.S.S.R. and the “Soviet 4. On the outbreak of World War II, the Ukrai­ Block” is a grave obstacle in the path of nians continued their struggle while looking Russo-Communist Imperialism on its way to „ world domination, and the Soviet power tries Soviet Russian Government in Ukraine and to eradicate it by every possible means at its in other countries in the U.S.S.R. and in the disposal. For this purpose, the Communist countries of the Soviet Vassals and to con­ Party clique has introduced the most bar­ demn the barbarous practices of that govern­ baric methods the world has ever seen or ment. heard of, including the moral and physical uprooting of whole populations and the geno­ IV. cide of entire nationalities, mass deporta­ tions, enormous concentration comps, un­ 10. The Youth of Ukraine, as well as the Youth speakable tortures and sufferings for those of other nations enslaved by Russia, face their task with courage and determination. who oppose them, and mass executions. The struggle of the nationalities enslaved by They are fully aware of the difficulties and the U.S.S.R. is not a political class struggle, the terrible dangers of the fight that lies be­ but a national-political one. The Russian fore them. people are the principal basis and human We, the Ukrainian Youth in exile, are deter­ material of Russo-Communist Imperialism mined to subordinate our activities and in­ and are the only ruling nation in the U.S.S.R. terests to the interests and needs of the They are the only reliable supporters of the Ukrainian people fighting at home for its Russian totalitarian system. Christian Faith, its national rights and for the ultimate liberation of its soil from the Russians and their Communism, to set up III. its own Independent United Ukrainian State, 8. The oppressed peoples of the Imperialist and to create its own political life; we accept Soviet Russian colossus by no means deny the call of fighting Ukraine to the Ukrainian the right of the Russians to have their emigration, especially to our young people, own sovereign state within their ethnogra­ as a call to which we cannot and must not phic boundaries, but definitely oppose any remain indifferent. desires an reject any proposals put forward by the Russian emigration to preserve the We identify ourselves morally and spiritu­ integrity of the Russian Empire, under any ally, and hope to identify ourselves effec­ alternative form of government with the in­ tively, with the youth, and with the whole clusion of any other nationality than the Ukrainian nation, in our homeland. Russians themselves. We Ukrainians there­ fore advocate the liberation of all subject 11. We shall do all we can to strengthen friendly relations with the youth of other nations now peoples of the Tsarist Empire and of the under the Russian yoke, and to assist them in U.S.S.R., enabling them to form independent their fight until we achieve our common aim; national states in accordance with their to defeat and destroy the Russian tyranny national aspirations. and, on the ruins of the Soviet Empire, to build a new order and a new life, a life based 9. We Ukrainians accuse Russian Imperialism on Christian, human and national principles. of being responsible for the devastation of Ukraine, for the destruction of Ukrainian 12. We regard it as our duty to make use of Churches, the imprisonment and the murder every minute to improve our knowledge on of Ukrainian Bishops and Priests, the ter­ every profitable subject in order to become rible persecution and extermination of useful and worthy members of our nation. masses of the Ukrainian population and the untold suffering and misery of our people. 13. We regard it as our duty to help by all means We accuse Russian Imperialism of having in our power to preserve and to further the wilfully and deliberately brought about mass strengthening of the Ukrainian Christian and starvation resulting in the death of many national spirit, always to act as faithful sons millions of Ukrainian peasants, working men of our martyred Churches, and to serve our and women and members of the professional nation with all our heart and soul whenever classes. and wherever it is possible and desirable or We condemn and protest against the con­ necessary. tinuance of the Russian Imperialist policy in Ukraine, with its persecutions, artificially 14. Together with all the Ukrainians assembled created hunger, mass deportations, concen­ at this demonstration we, the Ukrainian tration camps, slave labour, and its moral Youth in Great Britain, take this opportunity and physical destruction of youth, of the pea­ to send our warm and heartfelt good wishes santry, working men and their families, and to our long-suffering people, to all the stead­ all other sections of the nation. fast and heroic fighters of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, the O.U.N. of the We ask the United Nations to enquire into Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the U.P.A., and these crimes deliberately committed by the to the Ukrainian revolutionary leadership of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council, the U.H.W.R. We promise our people that we shall not rest THE UKRAINIAN PROBLEM IN until the great day when the Independence of Ukraine is again, and finally, proclaimed, THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT and until our blue and gold Ukrainian stan­ By JOHN F. STEWART, dard floats over the gold-capped towers of Kiev. Scottish League for European Freedom Chairman, 15. We express our deepest reverence and devo­ tion to our Churches under the guidance of In Hansard, the official publication of the Par­ His Grace the Metropolitan Policarp—the liamentary Debates of the British Parliament, of Head of the Ukrainian Autocephalic Ortho­ 8th May 1951, is a brief reference in the House dox Church—and of His Excellency Ivan of Commons to what, I think, is the first serious Buchko—the Apostolic Visitator for Ukrain­ mention, in that august Assembly, of the exist­ ian Catholics in Western Europe. ence, behind the Iron Curtain, of potential allies of the civilised countries, who, if properly sup­ 16. We have been shown much generous hospi­ ported, would speedily disintegrate the Musco­ tality in these British Isles, and we express vite power for terrorisation, and leave a world our deep gratitude to His Majesty the King, which could, without apprehension, devote itself to the British Government and to the British to works of peace. People. Although brief, the few words spoken are of 17. We greet our brothers of the Ukrainian supreme importance. It has taken a long time, Youth in all countries, all Ukrainian organ­ even from the establishment of A.B.N., for it isations and institutions, and all Ukrainians to have dawned on at least some Members of in exile. Parliament that the U.S.S.R. is not a Union at 18. We send our sincere and warm good wishes all and is not composed of one homogenous to the youth of all other nations enslaved by people, but of a very large number of wholly the Soviet Imperialist Power who are united divergent nations, inhabited by people of much in the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, to the higher civilisation and culture than those of Youth of Great Britain and to the Youth of Russia. We appreciate the action of Messrs the remainder of the Free World, whose Cooper and Teeling more than we can say, and Christian and national ideals are the same in the same way the West could have as allies, as ours: — not only 45 million Ukrainians, but 180 millions of peoples equally determined to throw off the LIBERTY FOR ALL PEOPLES— Russian yoke. FREEDOM FOR THE INDIVIDUAL. To me it is amazing that here, in the chaos and terror throughout the world, is a simple solution of the whole desperate problem and that the Western World deliberately shuts its eyes to it. Surely there is some sinister power If you wish to be informed of conditions behind in control behind the scenes which must be the Iron Curtain objectively, and at first hand, dragged into the open. The West has many pro­ subscribe to and read the jects—Atlantic Charter, Human Rights, Atlan­ A.B.N. CORRESPONDENCE tic Pact, Federated Europe, United Europe and so on, none of which can be relied on for per­ the monthly periodical of the Anti-Bolshevist manent support by its members. These are Bloc of Nations issued in English, French and spending thousands and thousands of millions German ; subscription for one year :— which they have not got, and are tying them­ selves hand and foot to an America which may GREAT BRITAIN 6 Shillings be beneficient and may not—anyway they will U.S.A. and CANADA 1 Dollar lose their freedom. And when the defensive FRANCE and TUNIS 300 Francs programme is completed two or three years BELGIUM - 60 Bel. Francs hence, the weapons provided will be out of date GERMANY - 2.50 D-Marks and the whole show must be repeated. And In other countries at prices to correspond. whoever thinks that Russia is far behind America in the possession of dreadful weapons, Orders to be sent to : I am not one of them. A.B.N. Correspondence, All this will not save the world from Russia. Box 70, Munich 33, But here are 180 millions inside the U.S.S.R., Germany. many actually fighting Russia now, all ready. A great part of the Red Army is composed of masses of the Ukrainian peasants are opposing compatriots who can be relied on not to fight collectivisation of the farms. for Russia if they could be assured that they If Mr Philips Price and those who think with could fight for their own countries’ liberation. him would study the history of Ukraine ever The Red Army would disintegrate. At the very since 1920, not to put too great strain on their worst, any war would be localised and short­ intellects, even they would realise how the ened, because these non-Russians would not be Moscow regime can be nothing but hated—mil­ there to fight for Moscow, while the immense lions merely massacred or deported to a much natural resources of their countries would no worse death, imposed famine (in the richest longer be available for the Moscow war food-growing country in the world) which de­ machine. stroyed six million Ukrainians, imported bac­ terial and filthy diseases and the deliberate These non-Russian peoples in the U.S.S.R. withholdying of medical aid—does Mr Philips have no desire to injure the Russians or anyone Price think the Ukrainian nation is likely not else; they are prepared to see the Russians con­ to be disaffected to Russian Rule? fined within their own ethnic territory and to We will be glad to supply Mr Philips Price accept the same conditions for themselves. They with abundance of facts—not fancies. do not wish the West or anyone to “liberate” them. They have experienced such “liberation” many times. They will liberate themselves in a OVERSEAS BROADCASTS (UKRAINE) co-operative effort, and play their part in the liberation of the whole world. They would Mr G. COOPER asked the Secretary of State gladly welcome British co-operation and sup­ for Foreign Affairs what further consideration port, and they want nothing for themselves but he has been able to give to the representations freedom to establish their own sovereign inde­ made to him by a number of Ukrainian nation­ pendent States and live their own free and use­ alist organisations with a view to regular broad­ ful lives, instead of being short-lived and casts in the British Broadcasting Corporation’s ground-down slaves, of little use except to add overseas service being transmitted in the Ukrai­ to the strength of Moscow’s bid for world con­ nian language. quest. Mr H. MORRISON: Careful consideration has We have done our best for twelve years to been given to the question of introducing Ukrai- educate British public opinion in regard to Rus­ nian-language broadcasts into the British Broad­ sia. It has required monumental patience, and casting Corporation’s overseas services. Such discouragement has not been wanting, but it action would necessitate the dropping of some appears that at last our ideas have penetrated other foreign language service and the diversion the consciousness of serious British politicians, of effort and resources which would not be de­ and that means much. We shall do our best to sirable in view of the poor results likely to be develop this trend. obtained.

Mr COOPER: Has not my right hon. Friend PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES received a very considerable number of repre­ (Hansard) sentations from Ukrainians in this country and in Europe and across the Atlantic stressing the In the House of Commons on 18th July, in the fact that our point of view would be very much course of a discussion on broadcasting in Ukrai­ better appreciated by some 30 million potential nian (first time the problem of Ukrainian allies in the Ukraine if regular broadcasts were Broadcasts was discussed on 9th May), Mr made? Would he give further consideration to Philips Price suggested, and Mr Herbert Morri­ this matter? son appeared to agree with him, that there was no evidence that 30 million Ukrainians were really disaffected with the Soviet regime. This Mr MORRISON: We have had some repre­ shows complete ignorance of the Ukrainian pro­ sentations, but we have still got to make up our blem or the Ukrainian situation. The Ukrainian minds as to what is the best thing to do. Most Insurgent Army (U.P.A.) has now been cease­ Ukrainians understand Russian, and if we were lessly waging war against the Russian occupa­ to give this concession to my hon. Friend it tion of Ukraine for the past eight years. Any­ would mean we would have to sacrifice some­ one who understands even the rudiments of thing else. On balance, that would be a disad­ partisan warfare knows that it cannot be car­ vantage. ried on at all without the active support of the entire population. That is the case in Ukraine Mr PROFUMO: What does the right hon. as elsewhere. Gentleman mean by saying “in view of the poor It is known that at the present moment, in results” which would be obtained from these spite of atrocious punishment and threats, broadcasts in view of the fact that the “Voice of America” obtains extremely excellent re­ During the discussions the Bolshevist perse­ sults? Is not the real answer the fact that the cution of the Ukrainian National Orthodox Government do not want to spend any more Church was spoken of and aroused great interest money in this field but would rather spend it among all those present for the position of the on home advertising? Ukrainian Church, as well as for the whole Ukrainian nation. Mr MORRISON : I do not know what evid­ ence leads the hon. Member to the confident conclusion that the “Voice of America” obtains excellent results. Our information is that Rus­ VI. CONGRESS OF UKRAINIAN sian jamming would limit the result of these broadcasts. WORKERS IN FRANCE

Mr PHILIPS PRICE: Is it not a fact that (U.I.S.)—June 30th-July 1st, 1951: The 6th Congress of the Organisation of Ukrainian there is no evidence that 30 million Ukrainians are really disaffected with the Soviet regime? Workers in France (O.U.R.F.) was convened in Paris. O.U.R.F. comprises, on the basis of trade unions, over 60,000 Ukrainians who have come to Mr MORRISON : I think my hon. Friend is France during the last three decades. Most of right. them are Displaced Persons and political refugees. The O.U.R.F. is affiliated to the Con­ Mr SYDNEY SILVERMAN : Is not the condi­ federation of French Christian Syndicates. The tion under which political refuge is granted in Congress was held in the big hall of the C.F.T.C. this country that the political refugees refrain House, 26 Rue de Montholon. There were more from political activities, and certainly from any than 200 delegates from all the provinces of political activities that might endanger our re­ France present. There is hardly any profession lations with another power? In those circum­ in France which is not practised by Ukrainians. stances, what kind of activity do these nation­ Many of them have by now acquired French alist organisations carry on? citizenship, yet they all have in common a deep love and devotion for their old home country. Mr MORRISON : I am not sure. I think that is a question for my right hon. Friend the During the Congress not only manifold Secretary of State for the Home Department. problems of professional life in France, but also the political, ec anomic and cultural situation of Ukraine were discussed. In several resolutions Mr PROFUMO : As the right hon. Gentleman the following was expressed and stressed: — is seeking refuge in the fact that the Russians would jam these broadcasts, can he say why we (1) A special message of love and admiration broadcast to Russia at all? is sent by the O.U.R.F. to the Ukrainian Insur­ gent Army (U.P.A.), which is still fighting Mr MORRISON : I am not seeking refuge. My relentlessly liberation battles against Russian- business is to give the House such information Bolshevist invasion. as I think is reliable. (2) The Ukrainian workers in France send their respects and deep veneration to the two UKRAINIANS AT leading Ukrainian Christian Churches — “WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES” Orthodox and Catholic. They uphold the unalterable standpoint that the Christian (U.I.S.)—The annual Congress of the World Church and Christian tenets alone are able to Council of Churches (W.C.C.) took place at overcome the poisonous Bolshevist doctrine. Baden-Baden, West Germany, from June 12 to (3) The workers of the O.U.R.F. greet all the 14, 1951. A great many representatives of the Christian-democratic labour movements in the Anglican, Lutheran, Protestant and Greek world and hope that the anti-Bolshevist labour Orthodox Churches took part at the Congress. movements everywhere support the national and social liberation struggle of the Ukrainians Dr. L. Stepanenko was attending to repre­ against Russian-Bolshevist subjection. sent the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. The Congress of the O.U.R.F. was heartily greeted on the French side by M. Gaston It was with great satisfaction that Ukrainians Tessier, president of the C.F.T.C.; M. Bouladon, learned of the W.C.C.’s readiness to help in the general secretary of the C.F.T.C., and M. resettlement of the many Ukrainian refugees Pierre Michon, member of the committee of and D.P.’s. the C.F.T.C. The following members were elected to form Shevchenko, Ukraine’s greatest national poet. the Central Committee of the O.U.R.F.: Ivan The monument, significantly, comes from Popowych, honorary president; Dr. V. Nester- Moscow as a present! The Society of chuk, chairman; J. Zoblotsky, general secretary. Ukrainians in Canada, which is under Soviet- Russian influence, is alleged to comprise 100,000 This active organisation has helped greatly Ukrainians in 250 groups. These numbers are in making the Ukrainian name well known obviously exaggerated. The Society issue three and respected in France and has won many newspapers. French friends for the liberation struggle of Ukraine. A great help was also the Ukrainian There is little result from all these efforts, newspaper of the O.U.R.F., L’Ukrainien, in however, because the great mass of the Paris, under the excellent editorship of Mr. Canadian Ukrainians is strictly anti-Com- Daniel Chaykovsky. By all this the O.U.R.F. munistic. That attitude has been very much has become one of the most active posts of the strengthened by the new mass immigration Ukrainians abroad. (1945-1951), when more than 35,000 Ukrainian Displaced Persons arrived from Europe. The newcomers were well acquainted with Com­ munism, having experienced it as it really is; they were not to be deceived. Time has shown UKRAINIANS IN CANADA that the Canadian Ukrainians are conscien­ tiously loyal to the Dominion and its (U.I.S.)—In June, 1891, Ukrainian emigration constitution. to Canada began to take on mass proportions. Thus the Canadians are celebrating the 60th UKRAINIAN THEATRE ALSO IN CANADA anniversary of their immigration. A number of festivities have been arranged, the climax of (U.I.S.)—Thanks to the initiative of the well- which will be a meeting of the chairmen of known stage manager and actor, H. Yaro- various Ukrainian organisations in Canada, and shevych, a Ukrainian theatre has been founded other leading persons, in September, the in Canada under his direction. Mr. H. Governor-General of Canada, Viscount Alex­ Yaroshevych, as well as the other actors, are all ander of Tunis, and Lady Alexander, acting as political immigrants who fled to the West patrons. during the Second World War to escape Bolshevist oppression and cruelty. They found In the course of these 60 years 410,000 a new home abroad. When they formed their Ukrainians have entered Canada. The ensemble they thought of creating a “ theatre Ukrainians are the fourth largest national on wheels.” Now they intend to visit different group in Canada after Anglo-Saxons, French cities in Canada during the season 1951-52. and Germans. According to official records the Ukrainians form 2.73% of a total population of This Ukrainian theatre under the direction of 13,724,000. They settled mainly in the provinces Mr. H. Yaroshevych is the second of its kind in of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the New World. In 1949 a similar enterprise central Canada, fewer went to Ontario (Fort was founded in U.S.A. under the direction of William) and still fewer to British Columbia. the famous Ukrainian stage manager and actor, Volodymyr Blavatskyj, and has been very Their chief occupation is agriculture, although successful. The Ukrainians are passionate after World War II. they took up craftsmanship theatregoers. and trade. Seventy thousand and more Ukrainians live in the towns; in Yorktown, Vagreville and Truscona they form half, in some places the majority of the inhabitants. THE TRUTH ABOUT In World War II. the Canadian Ukrainians sent UKRAINE BECOMES KNOWN the highest percentage to the army in propor­ tion to their number; 35,000, i.e., 11.4% of the (U.I.S.)—On May 21st, 1951, a group of newly total Ukrainian population served in the army. arrived Ukrainian D.P. students handed the The Dominion Army had over 600 Ukrainian Ukrainian national flag to the rector of the officers. Lincoln University, Nebraska, U.S.A., at a local campus celebration. The flag found its place The Communists very soon recognised the in the Hall of Fame of the University among political importance of the Ukrainian group in the flags of other nationalities whose youth are Canada and shrank from no means of getting a studying there. strong hold on them. They even tried to make capital out of the occasion of the 60th anniver­ The Ukrainian flag, as the flag of a people sary, the principal event of which is to be the • subjected by tyranny, was put up in a central unveiling of a monument in honour of Taras place, with an appropriate text. “ UKRAINE—HOUSES” ABROAD Portuguese. A great percentage of the settlers in the State of Parana are Ukrainian agri­ (U.I.S.) — In New York, NY., U.S.A., a cultural immigrants. Ukrainian committee was set up, under the direction of Mr. N. Lepkaluk, with the task of II. CONGRESS OF UKRAINIANS IN erecting a representative “ Ukraine House ” in U.S.A. This house is to become a cultural ARGENTINA centre for the Ukrainians in U.S.A., to preserve (U.I.S.)—May 26-27, 1951: The Second and cherish the cultural treasures which have National Congress of the Ukrainians in Argen­ been banned or destroyed by the Bolshevist tina was held in Buenos Aires. About 100 regime in the Ukrainian home country. Special delegates, representing a number of Ukrainian attention is to be given to the foundation of a organisations, participated. library and art gallery, in order to preserve At the Congress the position of Ukrainians in those treasures which were menaced by Argentina was discussed, especially the diffi­ systematic destruction on the part of the culty of fitting the new arrivals, D.P.s and Bolshevists. The estimate for the house, with­ refugees into their unfamiliar surroundings. out equipment, is some 165,000 dollars. The The Congress passed a series of resolutions, first 65,000 will be collected this year through a among which there was a strong protest subscription among the Ukrainians. against the occupation of Ukraine by Russia In Australia, too, the recently immigrated and Bolshevism. The wish of the Ukraine Ukrainians are planning a “ Ukraine House ” in people was emphasised for a final separation Melbourne, to be a cultural centre for them. from Russia and the setting up of an indepen­ The chairman of the Association of Ukrainians dent national State. The Congress acknow­ in Australia has worked out a project for ledged the Ukrainian Exile Government which voluntary national “ self-taxation ” to finance developed in 1948 from the Ukrainian National the project. Every Ukrainian who emigrated Council. The Congress apealed to the whole to Australia after the war is to contribute £5 civilised world to support the Ukrainian by the end of 1951. It is hoped that the house people’s movement for independence. will be ready by the end of 1952. On June 8, 1951, the chairman and committee Furthermore, plans are being discussed for a of the Congress were received by the President “ Ukraine House ” in Germany by the of Aregntina, Juan Peron, and his wife, Eva. Ukrainians who will remain permanently there. The audience lasted one hour. Munich or Frankfurt-on-Main are proposed. It is not quite clear, however, how the financial problem is to be mastered. UKRAINIAN PRESS ABROAD U.I.S.)—An interesting article appeared lately in the Ukrainian daily Ameryka (Philadelphia, BRAZIL HEARS THE TRUTH U.S.A.) by J. Seredyak. The author makes a (U.I.S.)—In May, 1951, the Brazilian broad­ fairly exhaustive analysis of the Ukrainian casting station Garcia, in Curityba, Parana, papers published outside the U.S.S.R. and gives introduced into its programme regular broad­ some interesting figures, especially concerning casts on Ukraine, partly in Portuguese, partly those appearing in America. in Ukrainian. The introduction to the Portu­ A total of 67 newspapers in the Ukrainian guese transmission gave a detailed report on language (not including the Ukrainian Com­ Ukraine. In Brazil, until now, Ukrainians munist papers) are published in America. Of were considered either Poles or Russians. these, 32 are in Canada; 23 in U.S.A.; 4 in Therefore these broadcasts made the difference Argentine. They total 315,000 copies per between the Ukrainians and other Slavic number. The first number of the Ameryka nationalities quite clear. A special stress was appeared in a record edition of 100,000 copies. laid on the fact that the Ukrainians have The oldest Ukrainian newspaper in America fought during the last decades against Poles, is the Svoboda (“ Liberty”). This paper has Russian Bolsheviks and German Nazis, and been appearing in New Jersey for the last 57 that they have always been fighting for the years. Then follow Ukrainskyj Holos recreation of an independent Ukrainian State (“ Ukrainian Voice ”) in Winnipeg, Canada, 40 separated from Russia. The Ukrainian broad­ years; America in Philadelphia, 39 years; casts of Curityba are mostly surrounded by an Narodne Slavo (“ Peoples Voice ”) in Pittsburg, artistic programme containing Ukrainian folk­ 36 years; and in South America the Catholic songs, etc. The local Ukrainian newspaper, paper Pracja (“ Labour ” ), 36 years. Pracja (“‘ Work ”), reports that the introduction Besides those appearing in America there are of these broadcasts may be considered a 23 in Europe, 4 in Australia—that is. 27 news­ remarkable success of the Ukrainian Congress- papers. Secretariat in Brazil. This is a central In the whole world outside the U.S.S.R. there organisation of the Ukrainians in Brazil, which are altogether 94 Ukrainian papers or issues as well an ‘ Information Bulletin ’ in periodicals. None, however, in Asia or Africa. UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN VETERANS fighting, are national freedom and independ­ ence, objectives which they will never give up. (U.I.S.)—At the end of May, 1951, the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Union of Ukrainian- The subjugated nations behind the Iron American Veterans took place in Philadelphia, Curtain are shocked to hear, especially in the Pa., U.S.A. The “ Union ” comprises most of the broadcasts from the West, that they are Americans of Ukrainian descent who fought in included when these transmissions are addressed the American Army in the two world wars. to the “ Russian people.” If no material aid is The chairman of the “ Union ” is an ex-major forthcoming, then at least these nations which of the U.S. Army, T. Darmohray. The statutes are putting up such a hard fight might expect of the organisation were changed so that, in the some moral support. future, active members of the American Army can join the “ Union ” too. Among other deci­ sions the following were considered very A powerful new force has arisen behind the important: — Iron Curtain which in a future conflict will play an important, even a decisive, part. The West (1) The Ukrainian-American Veterans will, must turn its attention to this new force and without reserve, support the defence measures seek in it its allies. Then the sacrifices of the American Government in its campaign demanded of the subjugated nations—and the against Communism within and outside the West, too—will be very much reduced. U.S.A. (2) The free world must be warned against the danger of the nationalist Muscovite Imperialism, which is aimed at conquering the whole world and at enslaving the whole of mankind. (3) The “ Union ” draws the attention of the IVe recommend everyone who is interested in the subjugated world at large to the fight which the Ukrainian peoples' struggle Jor freedom behind the Iron Curtain to read the people has for 30 years fought continually and most infos motive literature issued in English by the Scottish with great sacrifice against Bolshevism and for League for European Freedom :— the regeneration of an independent Ukrainian National State. 1. “ U P.A. the story of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Ukrainian Red Cross.” Price Is. (4) The “ Union ” will take steps to inform the American public of the truth about the so- 2. “ Red Russia and the Independence Movements in called “ Ukrainian representatives ” in the U.N., the U.S.S.R.” Introduction by John F. Stewart. Price Is. who are by no means representative of the Ukrainian people. The annual meeting of the U.A.V. closed with a declaration of loyalty to 3. “ The Russian Danger : Europe’s Only Defence.” the U.S.A. and democracy. By Jaroslav Stetzko. Price 6d.

4. “ The Workers in Soviet Russia.” By John F. Stewart. Post Free. RECENT WITNESS FROM UKRAINE (U.I.S.)—The well-known Norwegian publica­ 3. “ Russia : The Sick Man of Europe.” Introduction by tion Arbeiderbladet,” of June 18, 1951, published John F. Stewart. Price 6d. a long article by a fighter for freedom who came recently from Ukraine, and is now living 6. “Will there be a Revolution in the Soviet Union?" in Norway, about the oppression of the Introduction by John F. Stewart. Price 6d. Ukrainians and other subjugated peoples in the U.S.S.R. 7. “The Strength and Weakness of Red Russia." (Congress of Delegates of Independence Movements within He speaks of the astonishment of the people the U.S.S.R. held in Edinburgh.) Introduction by John F. behind the Iron Curtain that the West con­ Stewart. 145 pages. Price 6s. tinues to speak of the many millions of non- Russian inhabitants of the U.S.S.R. as “ the Russian people,” although the real Russian inhabitants only make up 80 millions of them.

He says that the U.P.A. and the other libera­ tion movements are in close contact with the broad masses, each in its own territory. The Orders may be sent to the Editor, or to Ukrainian objectives for which they, like the A.B.N., are Information Service. FLOURISHING UKRAINE This year four Ukrainian and one Russian theatre companies came from Ukraine, the (U.I.S.)—The Kiev Kino-Studio, the State ensemble of the Great Opera House in Kyiv, Soviet film studios of Ukraine, produced a full- the Ukrainian State Symphony Orchestra, five length colour film, “ Flourishing Ukraine.” The choirs and two ballets. In the Tretyakow scenario was done by the well-known Ukrainian Gallery the work of 200 Ukrainian painters and Communist writer, A. Malyshko; it was directed black and white artists was exhibited, consisting by M. Slutsky; music by P. Mayboroda and D. of about 1,000 works of art. The work of some Pokras; photography J. Katzmann and I. 800 Ukrainian craftsmen, more than 2,500 pieces, Marchenko. was displayed in a large exhibition pavilion. The film was shown for the first time in the From 80 Ukrainian poets and authors over 200 West during the Film Festival at Cannes in new books and other recent publications (1950- 1951. It was pronounced “ artistically good ” 1951) were accepted. Altogether more than and was given a high award. 2,000 Ukrainian artists, actors, singers, com­ posers, musicians, authors, craftsmen, painters, It may be gathered from the “ trailer ” that sculptors, etc., participated. That was the the film describes “ the efflorescence in Ukraine facade. under the Soviet Government and under the care of wise Stalin,” as well as the “ enthusiastic co-operation of the whole Ukrainian people in To the uninitiated this mass display would productive work.” give the impression of extraordinary Ukrainian cultural activity behind the Iron Curtain. Yet What is really interesting about the film is not those who know are not deceived. Everything, so much the studio-produced contents as the actually everything, shown in Moscow gives fact that it cannot be shown in cinemas In evidence of hopeless stagnation, the stunting of Ukraine itself. There it is only shown in all mental development in Ukraine. It is as if private to Communist top leaders. that development had abruptly ceased 50 to 100 years ago and all the springs of Ukrainian The film is intended solely for export and culture had dried up since. propaganda abroad. “ The Song of Siberia,” which was shown some time ago in the West, was produced for the same purpose. There is nothing new, nothing modern, nothing that evinces any progress in the It is not difficult to guess why “ Flourishing Ukrainian people’s cultural development. Most Ukraine ” cannot be shown in the country itself. of what was exhibited was folklore, ethno­ The much-tried, impoverished population, so graphy—Ukrainian cultural raw material, so to ruthlessly exploited by the Communist regime, speak. would see through the picture and turn it down for what it is, an infamous lie, a mockery of the sufferings they have to endure, a brazen forgeiy All were museum pieces or taken over from of reality and a flourishing nonsense. the Russian. For example, the Ukrainian actors were permitted to put seven plays on the stage, all Russian, not a single one by a Western THE “ DECADE OF UKRAINIAN playwright. There was not a new Ukrainian opera; not a single modern song was allowed. CULTURE” IN MOSCOW There were only popular plays and farces which (U.I.S.) From June 15 to 25, 1951, a so-called used to delight the leisure hours of Ukrainian “ Decade of Ukrainian Culture ” took place in grandfathers 50 to 100 years ago and can do the Moscow—one of the usual window-dressings Stalin regime no harm now. arranged at intervals by Moscow to demonstrate the “ indissoluble friendship and fraternity Whatever is “ new ” or boasts of being “ new ” among the Soviet peoples.” “ Culture decades ” bears the Stalin mark. The “ modern” songs like this are held annually, alternately for each sing of Stalin, the “ modern ” plays are about of the peoples in the Soviet Union, for Byelo­ Stalin, the artists only paint Stalin, the con­ russians, Georgians, Armenians, the Baltic tents of all the life presented in that “ Decade ” peoples, Turkestanians, etc. are Stalin in every shade of meaning. After The Muscovites, as the hosts, know how to 10 days of such performances one might imagine give a certain festive air to these “ Decades.” that the whole cultural life in Ukraine was— Performances are held in the large (Bolshoy) Stalin. as well as the small theatres, in the concert hall of Peter Chaykowsky, in the “ House of the This “ Decade ” was accompanied by a certain Soviets,” etc. The guest nation is granted the splendour, but it was rather the splendour of a opportunity to show what it can do, presents its mortuary. Living Ukrainian culture, in the best artists and exhibits its greatest artistic meantime, has either gone underground or achievements. escaped through emigration. world conquest. It does not matter two pins COMMUNISM that Russia is Tsarist, Bolshevik, Communist, Socialist, or anything else. Russian Imperialism Name adopted by Russian is inherent in every Russian heart.” Imperialism “ There are followers of Kerensky ” (for a From a Leaflet just published by The Scot­ minute space of time Russian Premier, the most tish League for European Freedom, Edinburgh, ineffective ruler Russia ever had) “ with a good we publish the following extracts: — deal of unenlightened American support, who merely want to sit down in the seats of the “ At Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam, Stalin not mighty in the Kremlin, take the place of the only got all he asked for, but Roosevelt, insti­ Stalinists and rule an undivided 1 Holy Mother gated by Harry Hopkins, a man with neither Russia.’ Kerensky is even quoted as saying, background nor foreign experience, poured ‘ Better a bad dictator than a divided Russia.’ everything he could think of into the lap of the Movements such as this give immense pleasure astonished Bolshevik leader, till now, thanks to to the Kremlin, as dividing opposition to itself, American politicians and financiers and British and very likely the Kremlin has even found supineness, Stalin bestrides the world and holds means to subscribe largely to the considerable it in terror.” funds which keep going such organisations as Kerensky’s.” “ To imagine that America has a monopoly, or even a superiority, in appalling weapons of “ United Nations, Atlantic Pact, United Eur­ destruction, is a dangerous fallacy; it is not ope, Federated Europe, Peace Movements, none true.” of these has had or will have any effect in arresting Moscow’s march towards world con­ “ Actually, ‘ Communism ’ is a name adopted quest. The only thing that will arrest it is the by Russian Imperialism to hoodwink the soft­ disintegration of any kind of Russian Empire, hearted and soft-headed Westerns, and Russian an Empire whose ideal and mission are too Imperialism has been the same for at least 800 deeply rooted in every Russian heart to be years, and its policy from the first has been eradicated.”

Published by the Ukrainian Information Service, 28, Minster Road, London, N.W.2, and 6 Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh, 9 Printed by John Wilson, 66 High Street, Edinburgh

Freedom-loving nations and peoples of all the world — unite in the fight against Bolshevism for the freedom o f nations and individuals! UKRAINIAN INFORIMTION SERVICE Vol. Ill September 1951 No. 9

Russia Ouce More? — No, Never! Ukrainian Attitude to the Creation o f Kerensky’s Council for the Liberation o f the Peoples o f Russia

— By Zenon Pelensky —

An interesting conference of Russians minority groups now included in the happen, Russians desire to remain the in exile was held at Ludwigsburg, near Soviet Union. Essentially, the five par­ “leading people“. History will then say Stuttgart, on August 20, 1951. It was ties have agreed that when Commun­ that it was not the peoples who liber­ generally reported in the world press ism is overthrown in the Soviet Union, ated themselves, but that the Russians that Russians in exile had amalgamat­ major nationalities, such as the Ukrain­ “granted“ “their" peoples liberty. ed politically; the union of “five Rus­ ians, shall determine their future re­ These internal Russian meetings and sian democratic parties“ was alleged lations with the other Soviet peoples agreements would not in themselves, to have provided a possible basis for by means of a democratic plebiscite. be particularly interesting; there have the creation of an “All-Russian exile So far this is merely an internal Rus­ been too many of them in the 33 years government“. It was even suggested sian, or, to put it more accurately, of Russian exile. But they acquire in­ that “Stalin would soon be faced with Muscovite affair. We must bear in mind terest when we notice, that American a strong Russian opponent“. that the five exile parties mentioned “private“ circles are behind them. The It was much ado about very little, are a very small proportion of Russian “new“ anti-Soviet center will be finan­ although that little should not be un­ political parties abroad. There are 34 ced by funds provided by the “Amer­ derestimated. What actually happened? of these! The entire monarchist bloc ican Committee for the Liberation of On August 20, 1951 the following exile has remained aloof, so that the “Coun­ the Peoples of Russia“, a private Un­ Russian parties met in conference in cil“ cannot claim that it speaks even ited States organization headed by Eu­ Ludwigsburg: for the Russians. gene Lyons. The center is expected to 1. League of Struggle for National And this is by mo means the most operate a powerful radio station trans­ Freedom (L.B.N.S.); 2. The National striking fact: for we must remember mitting to the Soviet Union, to publish Labor Alliance (N.T.S., also called that the U.S.S.R. is a state of national­ newspapers and magazines for distribu­ “solidarists“); 3. The Russian National ities, as even Bolshevists had to take tion behind the Iron Curtain, to main­ Movement (R.N.D.); 4. The Union of into account when they formed, in tain a Russian Research Institute in Fighters of the Liberation Movement addition to the Central Russian S.S.R. Munich and to engage in other activi­ (S.B.O.N.R.); 5. Union for the Struggle 15 other national republics and areas. ties aimed at the overthrow of the pre­ for the Liberation of the Peoples of These nationalities played no pa“rt at sent Moscow government. Russia (S.B.S.R.). all in the formation of the Ludwigsburg The creation of this center of Rus­ The leading personality at the con­ “Council“ there being not a single non- sians in exile with pronounced Amer­ ference at Ludwigsburg was Alexander Russian in the “leading eleven". It is ican support has caused a certain un­ F. Kerensky, who was for half a year most striking that it should be Rus­ easiness, and, to put it mildly, great in 1917 Prime Minister of the temporary sians only who wish to liberate non- surprise, among the peoples oppressed government in Petrograde. Journalists Russian peoples from Russian and by Moscow. The support of American gave the conference the name of “The Communist tyranny. Whatever may circles, behind which more is suspected Conference of Eleven“; each of the than merely “private“ initiative, is in­ parties mentioned sent 2 delegates terpreted as meaning that the U.S.A., only, 5 of whom, in addition to Kerens­ ’’Everyone who opposes the trans­ in the event of armed, conflict with ky, came from the United States. formation o f the U.S.S.R. in to the Stalin and Bolshevism, has even now At this conference, the “Council for independent states of all the oppress­ decided to retain an undivided Russian the Liberation of the People of Russia“ ed nations is an imperialist or a tool Empire! The democratic formula of the (S.O.N.R.) was created, on the under­ o f imperialistseveryone who denies promised “plebiscite“ is unsatisfactory standing that its program would be the Ukrainian people the right to in so far as Russians have evidently published shortly. Five weeks after re-establish a sovereign Ukrainian from the beginning been given the the conference, there was no sign of state is a Russian imperialist; every­ leading role, and later, doubtless, will such a publication; on the other hand, one who opposes the separation form the executive. The results of Rus­ Mr. Kerensky summoned a press con­ o f Ukraine from Russia is an im­ sian “plebiscites“ are too well-known ference, to whom he gave the follow­ perialist“. O. Hornovy by experience to the peoples concern­ ing statement: ed, for them to be duped again by a (Quoted from one of the last articles written “The five groups have agreed upon. before the Author fell in action recently “guarantee of the U.N. and the U.S.A.“ . a nationality plank that pledges the against Russian M.G.B. troops) The United States would have to send right of self-determination for the ten millions of its own soldiers to Rus- Page 2 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 9

sia in order to carry out a plebiscite that would not be influenced by the The Meaning of the Latest Bolshevist Purges Russians. The very name of Alexander Kerens­ Moscow’s Fight against Ukrainian ’’Bourgeois Nationalism“ ky acts as an irritant on the nationali­ (U.I.S.) — The great wave of purges, In Poland and Bulgaria, the victims ties concerned. He is known to have which lias been sweeping over the are officers; in Hungary, officers, the been the man who prepared the way satellite states and the U.S.S.R. since remaining nobility, wealthy peasants for Bolshevism in Russia. For Soviet the spring of 1951, has assumed horrify­ and the Catholic clergy; in Ukraine, masses he is a ridiculous and unsuccess­ ing proportions. According to estimates writers and artists; in Rumania, offi­ ful man — a hopeless failure. Now he given by Mose Pijadc of the Commun­ cers and well-to-do peasants. Every­ comes along on American crutches. He ist Politbureau in Yugoslavia (and he where it is the middle classes, the in­ tellectuals, the clergy, the intellectu­ is not the kind of man to win the mass­ should know), this is a political cam­ paign launched by Moscow on the ally progressive that constitute the es, to inspire or lead them. Quite a same scale as the purges that shook backbone of every modern, indepen­ different kind of person must appear the Soviet Union in the years 1935 to dent, national state. for that. 1938. The purge has been particularly Moreover, in non-Russian national There are, however, differences. Fif­ severe in Ukraine. The criticism of “nationalist deviations in literature“ circles, Kerensky’s move is regarded as teen years ago, the entire Communist party in the U.S.S.R., including Russia that followed the “decade of Ukrain­ a clever Bolshevist move! Actually the ian culture“ in Moscow was only a pro­ reasoning is very simple, as in all big proper, was subjected to the purge. Now Russia proper is excluded, and the logue to the severe purge that was things. Kerensky promises the Amer­ purge is limited to areas inhabited by carried out, especially in Western icans an anti-Stalin revolution, “a ris­ peoples subjugated till 1939, and to Ukraine. It is also significant that the ing of the Russian masses’ though he the countries which became satellite masses of the people are affected even knows quite well that the Russian, the states after 1945. The countries most more than the leaders of society, or Muscovite masses would never rise affected are Ukraine, Turkestan, Aser- people of outstanding reputation. Ac­ baijan and all the satellite states. cording to news which this paper has against Stalin and his regime. Why from underground sources, thousands should they? When has governing Another difference is that, 15 years of intellectuals have been liquidated — people risen against its leader, es­ ago, the purge and the Moscow show- officials, engineers, teachers, techni­ pecially one who has realized in his trials shook the whole world. But to­ cians, young officers, artists, economists, day, though the numbers involved are foreign policy the Muscovites’ boldest etc. The Ukrainian people has once as high, the effect on Western public more, so to speak, got its “brain re­ dreams? It was not an accident that in opinion is not one tenth of what it was 1945, after victory, Stalin should have moved by operation“, lest it should in 1935—1938. Facts are conscien­ “get wrong ideas" in the event of showered extravagant eulogy not on tiously recorded, but that is all. It is no another World War. In the Second the peoples of Russia but only on the longer a matter of principle, but a World War, Ukraine proved to be most Russian people. problem of statistics. “There is no evil unreliable, although the country had to which we cannot get used“, says a To suggest the “help of the Russian no great sympathy with Hitler and the Russian proverb. The West seems to Nazis. The situation might become masses“ to the Americans is to lead have got well used to this evil. American policy astray. There is only more dangerous if Moscow were to The motives behind the latest purge come to grips with the democracies of one really revolutionary power in the are of particular interest. It is carried the West, as Ukrainians are partic­ U.S.S.R. — that of the oppressed peo­ out under the slogan of “Down with ularly susceptible to democratic ideas ples in Russia! What does Kerensky bourgeois nationalism“ ! It is no longer of freedom. gain by selling America the idea of an a fight carried on by a Stalin clique The purge has had one interesting indivisible Russian Empire? His reward against this or that “ right“ or “left” result — the entire Ukraine and the is the alienation of the nationalities in deviation; it is not a fight of the Com­ other countries affected regard this munists among themselves over the question, who once believed in America measure as a certain sign that war is interpretation of Marx-Lenin dogmas, not far off. All are convinced that this and who now begin to lose this belief. “Bourgeois nationalism“ is merely the is a definite measure of mobilization, And that is what the Bolshevists want. Communist party’s synonym for na­ though in the negative sense. Ukraine Here it is where Kerensky is playing tional patriotism in the countries con­ expects war, and through war, its final the game of the Kremlin. America is cerned, and is expressed in the in­ liberation and independence as a State. faced with the alternative either of hav­ creasing efforts of those countries for ing Kerensky’s Russians on her side and independence. It is Moscow’s fight for the preservation of the Russian Empire. the oppressed nations of Russia as op­ It is not a fight between classes or A.B.N. Press Conference ponents, or vice-versa, i. e. of having parties, but between nations. these nations for her and Russians pro­ (U.I.S.) — At a press conference in It is interesting to note what classes Munich on 24. 8. 1951, attended by re­ per against her. There can be no com­ of society are attacked by the purge. presentatives of the press in Germany promise here. and abroad, delegates from the A.B.N. Those are the considerations which stated the attitude of the non-Russian have led the peoples concerned, re­ will publish papers in their own nations to the “Council for the Liber­ presented by their legal exile organiza­ language, etc. This procedure will have ations of the Peoples of Russia“ which tions, to refuse to have anything to do nothing to do with democracy. was recently founded in Stuttgart. The conference was gfven a review of the with Kerensky’s “Council“. This found At any rate, the Ukrainians, one of A.B.N.’s political program, a summary unequivocal expression at the Press the biggest nations concerned, will of which was contained in the resolu­ Conference of the Anti-Bolshevist Bloc have nothing to do with Kerensky and tion passed by the central committee of Nations (A.B.N.) in Munich on August his “Council“. This has been repeatedly of the A.B.N. on 24. 8. 1951. 24, 1951. Representatives of 22 nations and clearly stated of late. They do not The following organizations were in the A.B.N. pronounced a decided — want unions with Russians, nor plebis­ represented at the conference: Asso­ “No“ ! cites, they want no false pronounce­ ciated Press, United Press, Overseas It is possible that Mr. Kerensky will ments of the will of the Ukrainian News Agency, the Bavarian Broad­ be able to buy various willing quislings people. They want one thing only, to casting Company, C.N.D. (Christian News Service), Die Neue Zeitung. Stars be free of Russia! They want their own, with the help of his American money. and Stripes, Der Monat, Tablet, Frank­ In this way he can — and probably sovereign national state — and they furter Allgemeine, Der Mittag, Stutt- will, form committees of "Ukrainians“, will fight for it, even if it should cost garter Zeitung and other German dai­ “Byelorussians“, “Georgians“, “Turkes- a sea of blood, of their own, or of other lies and the national press of the tanians“, and other nationalities, who peoples, come what may! peoples oppressed by Bolshevism. '"RAINIAN T • UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 3

which case the organizers of the camp were not capable of discharging its Young Ukrainians Fight for their National Honour functions properly and must be put in Communist Infiltration at European Youth Rally on Loreley Rock other hands for the future. Or this organization and its attitude (U.I.S.) The “Meeting of European did not alter its attitude during the was deliberately planned; in this case Youth“ was held this year in July and 10 days that the Ukrainians were in the Ukrainians do not wish to have August in a camp on the romantic the camp. The fight of the latter for anything to do with this sort of “dem­ Loreley Rock on the Rhine. Every ten their honour and their national rights ocracy“. By democracy Ukrainians days the campers — 1,500—2,000 young became known, and the Ukrainians had understand freedom of opinion, free­ people from 20 states in Central and often opportunity to meet other na­ dom of speech and the right to cultivate Western Europe — changed. They met tional groups and explained their point and pursue national cultural practices. here in order to exchange ideas in a of view. All of these were refused the Ukrain­ free, happy atmosphere, the motto of ians at the Loreley Camp. The Ukrain­ In consequence, Ukrainian delegates ians feel it is scandalous that here, in the organization being: “Europe Grows were very disappointed with the Together". The camp was sponsored the centre of Europe, on an occasion “Meeting“ on the Loreley Rock and like this “Meeting" for practical and by the German Federal Government went home filled with doubts. They and the three Allied High Commis­ intellectual cooperation in Europe, at were compelled to come to the fol­ a moment when Europe must be de­ sioners of Western Germany. America lowing conclusions: supplied most of the money. fended at all costs against Bolshevism Either this decidedly pro Commun­ and Russian imperialism, young Ukrain­ Young Ukrainians were also invited. ist and soviet-friendly infiltration in ians should be denied the opportunity The Ukrainian delegation consisted of the camp was unintentional, i. e. the of announcing their national indepen­ 10 members with definitely democratic result of Communist intrigues, in dence and their coherence to Europe. ideas, some of them with leanings towards liberalism and socialism. Though they had been invited, the Ukrainians were not received or A Dangerous Poem treated well in the camp. They were forbidden to hoist the Ukrainian blue- Can a Western Mind make out why the poet was castigated? yellow national flag on the pretext that the only flags that might be hoisted (U.I.S.) When the soviet Ukrainian Ukraine. Ukrainian poets, writers were those either of free or of oppres­ Volodymyr Sossyura wrote his poem and other artists were allowed and sed states: In spite of this, the flag of “Love Ukraine!“ in 1944, he certainly even encouraged to produce patriotic the Spanish communist-republican gov­ did not dream that these verses would verse. It was then that Sossyura ernment, which does not exist at all, once be world-famous. Hardly any wrote his poem. It is merely a piece fluttered over the camp for weeks. other poem in all the literature of the of lyrical, romantic writing that might The Ukrainian state was not recognized world has made such a stir in the po­ have been written by any poet in any either as existing or as oppressed. The country. It was only seven years later litical world as this has, or been so that the Powers in the Kremlin discov­ Ukrainian delegates asked the camp widely commented. Executive to give them in writing a ered that the poem says nothing about reason for their refusal, but they did Let us glance at the history of its Communism, or, what is more serious, not get it. origin. In order to win the support of nothing about Stalin. Nor is there a the Ukrainian people against Hitler single word about Russia, the “elder Nor were the Ukrainians permitted when he invaded the country, Stalin brother“. That was the crime. The to hold a political lecture on “ Ukraine relaxed somewhat his iron hold on poem runs: and Europe“ giving a proof that, his­ torically, the Ukraine had always in­ clined towards Europe and had be­ Love Ukraine, love it like the sun; As the fire that burns but never burns longed to that continent both culturally Like the wind, and grass and water. . . out, and politically. The maps in the camp, In the hour of happiness and in time She lives in the paths and meadows, on the other hand, had the Baltic States, of joy, In the whistling of sirens, and the waves Byelorussia and Ukraine marked in red as parts of the Bolshevist Empire Love it in the hour of misfortune. of the Dnieper, of Russia, designated as “Euro-Asian“ And in the fiery red clouds. i. e. not belonging to Europe. Love Ukraine in your dream and when In the fire of cannonades that crushed Nor were Ukrainians allowed to you are awake, to death broadcast messages, to give Ukrainian Your cherry-like Ukraine, The invading foreigners in green uni­ cultural entertainments (songs, dances, Its beauty, eternally live and new, forms, etc.) or to print Ukrainian contribu­ And its tongue like that of the tions in “The Camp“, the paper pub­ In the bayonets that in the darkness lished by the rally. It is significant nightingale. pierced our way, that the original editorial staff of “The To the springs, glorious and sincere. Camp“ was forced to resign, as a result Among the brotherly peoples, like a of the pressure, partly of German flourishing orchard Young man! Give her yottr smile, public opinion, as it had expressed She is shining for centuries. frankly Communist opinions and ten­ Your tears and all you have . . . Love Ukraine with all your hearts dencies. American policy in Europe You cannot love other people And with all your deeds. was also sharply attacked in “The If you do not love Ukraine. Camp“ . The Ukrainian delegation was faced For us she is unique in the world, with the alternative either of osten­ Only one in the sweet charm of spaces... Young girl! Like its blue sky tatiously leaving the inhospitable camp She is in the stars, in the birch Love her every minute. with flags flying or of taking up Your boy friend will not love you cudgels against injustice and presump­ And in every pulse of the heart; tion. It decided for the second. It was She is in the flower and bird, in the If you do not love Ukraine. clear immediately to the Ukrainian electrical fires, delegates that many members of the In every song, in every d u m a, Love her in work, in love and in battle, camp were friendly to the Soviets and In the child’s smile, in the girls’ eyes, to imperialist Communism. An irritat­ Like a song that sails with the star... ing tussle began with the camp Exe­ And in the reddish fluttering of With all your heart love your Ukraine, cutive with its “red“ leanings, but it banners . . . And we will be eternal along with her. Page 4 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No.

for the youth of the East is the na­ What the West Has Failed to do tional idea, the love of the native country, the pride of homeland. The Ideological Negligence o f Western Youth whole of Asia and all the peoples of the so-called “Russia“ live for this idea. (U.I.S.) The Soviet Youth Festival in on principle, youth as an indepen­ Like the people of the West in the past East Berlin at which some 2 million dent, sociological and political factor, century, the people of the eastern young people were assembled in its and a most essential factor at that. In countries are now awakening in this three week’s duration, for games, sport this respect the Anglo-Saxon countries century to a conscious national life. and entertainment, from 60 different especially, appear to be extraordinarily It is not as if the West had no ideas countries, has been watched by the conservative. Scouting seems to be the to propagate, or none with whidi to Ukrainians living abroad with a great farthest development for youth move­ inflame the imagination of peoples of deal of misgiving. The Ukrainian poli­ ment. Such organizations as the Y.M.C.A. the East. The idea alone of democracy tical exiles who know the means and and Y.W.C.A. cannot be compared is plendid and very desirable, but ways of Bolshevism from bitter ex­ with youth organizations like the Kom­ is not enouol for the East of today. perience, are not likely to underesti­ somol, Hitler Youth, B.D.M. etc. While The Bolshevists have not hesitated mate the meaning of this massed youth Communism forges its youth in every for a moment to make use of the idea concentration. The Ukrainians know eastern country into a bloc, the youth of nationalism and to turn it to the what is behind the Russian-Bolshevist of the West is practically nothing purposes of purely Russian aspirations. net spread for these young people and better than a shapeless muddle. The West has allowed Moscow to steal what it means for the future of the “The New York Times", in a com­ that national thunder away. But to-day world. They know, too, why the Krem­ mentary on the East Berlin Soviet too, the West might still win many lin has devoted so much care and Youth Festival of August 7, 1951, young hearts in the East by raising attention to organizing and schooling attempts to compare the Soviet youth the banner of liberation of subjugated the young in their ideology. Like all rallies with the mudi more modest nations, especially those under the revolutionary movements with an eye meetings of Western youth: 1. The yoke of U.S.S.R. and upholding the to the future, Bolshevism depends on World Assembly of Youth op the Cor­ idea of nationship. the young people, expecting them in nell Campus, at Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.; As if in mockery. American policy this case to realize Stalin’s programme 2. The World Boy Scouts Jamboree at insists upon regarding Russia as an of world domination. Bad Isdil, Austria, to which the meet­ entity, a national entity that is to say. It is almost horrifying to see how well ing of the youth of Europe at the Rock The State Department, as well as the the Kremlin understands how to arouse of Loreley, on the Rhine, August 1951 Foreign Office, are doing a great deal the enthusiasm, devotion, readiness to may be added. But even the “New York to harden the greatness and strength fight and to toil of a great number of Times“ cannot conceal its anxiety that of Russia, by refusing to support the the youth of 60 nations of 5 continents, all these western youth meetings are national-State liberation tendencies for the ambitious aims of Russian im­ but a weak substitute for what is really among the “Russians“ i. e. people sub­ perialism. needed. The British caricaturist, Low, jugated by Russia. It is mere foolishness to seek to seems to have hit the nail on the head. Russia and Bolshevism can only be diminish the importance of this red The western observers watch the overcome if one has the youth of the rally by referring to the lack of ration­ marching red columns and say "It’s eastern peoples on one’s side. The na­ ing, causing many thousand of these childish!“ To which Low answers: tional liberation idea is the surest and young people to go hungry; to stress “Meanwhile ist’s getting the children." best way to reach the hearts of those the fact that they got a possibility to It is worth while pointing out here, young people. And that is most especi­ gaze at the full shop windows of the that one of the most inspiring factors ally the case in Ukraine. West; that they allegedly were “brought to Berlin by force“ etc. etc. Who ever heard of young people being deterred by hunger and deprivation Russians are Reprimanded only — from an ideal they had once ascribed to? Stalin carried out his first two But Ukrainians are Shot five-year plans, not alone by terror of the G.P.U. and N.K.V.D., but much more (U.I.S.) — Wide publicity has been ian writers, poets, artists, scientists and through the enthusiastic devotion of given to the severe reprimand dealt other intellectuals, who accuse them­ starving members of Komsomol. The out by the Kremlin to V. Sossyura, the selves in sackcloth and ashes of "nar­ counter propaganda, too, with its in­ prominent soviet Ukrainian poet for row nationalism", “ chauvinism", “de­ sistence on “Full Shop Windows“ is the poem “Love Ukraine!“ which he viations", “blindness to the demands of dangerous, or at least, double edged. wrote in 1944 without mentioning Sta­ the day and the party" etc. The follow­ It is not always the case that the lin and Communism. ing are some of the many Ukrainians prosperity of another awakens the At the same time other Ukrainian who have had to tread the way of pe­ wish to imitate it; only too often it poets and writers have been publicly nitence: M. Rylsky, I. Stebun, S. Sna- awakens a feeling of envy and hate. reprimanded, such as A. Korneichuk khovsky, O. Kylymnyk, Y. Kotsiubynsky, For instance, the Americans are not and his Polish wife, Vanda Vasilevska. Y. Pervomaysky, Y. Yanovsky, P. Ty- always conscious of the distaste their These are leaders of soviet-Ukrainian chyna, M. Stelmach, Y. Vyhren, P. repeated emphasis on their prosperity intellectual circles, loyal Communists Usenko, L. Novychenko, A. Trostya- and their “invitations to copy" has of long standing, mostly fanatic ad­ nevsky, K. Storchak, A. Malyshko, P. called forth in the world. mirers of Stalin, who at least need have Panch, P. Koslanyuk, I. Wilde, etc. Such The misgivings of the Ukrainians no fear for their lives in spite of re­ names have probably little meaning for living in the free world are not so much primands and warnings. They are de­ people abroad, but all the more for based on the marching hundreds of liberately spared, and even honoured, Ukrainians. They represent the elite of thousands, as on the fact that the free in order to give the world the impres­ Ukrainian men of letters. western world has undertaken nothing sion, that criticism from the Kremlin Experience has shown that such re­ to give this red flood of Soviet youth does not necessarily mean death. Some primanding, and the purge that is bound any constructive ideas, aims or orga­ genuine Russian writers and artists to follow, has not the same conse­ nization from the opposite standpoint. have been reprimanded thus recently, quences in Ukraine as in Russia pro­ Our world is, after all, a world of the e. g. Akhmatova, Valentin Katayev, 0 : per. We are not aware that such masses. Western democracies do not Fadyeyev, W. Koshevnikov, D. Shos­ measures have ever resulted in the physi­ give much thought to, or, above all, do takovich, etc. cal liquidation of Russians proper. In anything to capture their own young It is not, on the other hand, general­ Ukraine, on the other hand, they have people in a like manner, but with an ly known how severely some other in­ invariably entailed a more or less tra- opposite ideology. The totalitarian tellectual circles in Ukraine suffered ic end for the Ukrainians concerned. ideologies and parties have been under Moscow’s blows. For weeks so­ f he following really eminent Ukrain­ magnanimously left to do what they viet-Ukrainian papers have been pub­ ian poets, writers and artists have been like with the young. There seems to lishing a continous series of con­ either executed or driven to commit be very little inclination to recognize, fessions on the part of many Ukrain­ suicide: Hryhory Chuprynka, Hryhory No. 9- UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 5 N.ï =~—

Ukrainian Students in Action Bishop Platon f (U.I.S.) By the death of the Right Re­ (Z.R.W.) The Ukrainian students who experts for the Civil Service. Work verend Bishop Platon, secretary of its are studying in the free atmosphere with the Ukrainian Youth Organiza­ Synod, the Ukrainian Autocephalic Or­ of western Universities belong to an tion and the Union of Ukrainian Boy thodox Church has suffered a great association, the “Central Union of Scouts is not neglected either, of course, loss. He died in Toronto, Canada, as the Ukrainian Students“ (C.E.S.U.S.), with and we seek to solve the common prob­ result of a stroke on August 5, 1951. its chief executive office in Munich, lems of our young people together. The deceased was 58 years old and Germany. The C.E.S.U.S. is a wo rid-wide We have made special efforts just his civilian name was P. Artemiuk. He organization of Ukrainian students. in the last few years for participation was born near Lublin, in the western Its activity is the continuation of the in international student life. Our inter­ area of Ukraine, and was long a work of the National Union of Ukrain­ national work has become extremely teacher; in 1936 he became a priest of ian Students established at Lviv, the difficult, as the world student move­ the Ukrainian Autocephalic Orthodox capital of West-Ukraine, in 1908. ment since 1946 now lies under the Church. In the course of the restoration The former National Union comprised shadow of the Cominform. The Inter­ of U.A.O.Ch., 1942 he was elected not only students at home but also national Union of Students (I.U.S.) bishop with the see of Rivno. This those living abroad. There were other founded in 1946, in our opinion, by no town, as is well known, was where student associations abroad, as for in­ means serves the ideal of the co-oper­ Erich Koch, the bloodthirsty Reichs- stance: the Union of Ukrainian Students ation of all the students in the world, commissar of Ukraine had liis head­ in Vienna, founded in 1868; the Asso­ but rather has become the Stalinist fifth quarters. So all Nazi experiments in ciation of Ukrainian Students in Graz, column. Many of the western national politics and in duirch affairs were Austria, founded in 1895; the Associa­ student unions have failed to free tried out in Bishop Platon’s see. From themselves entirely from the trammels tion of Ukrainian Students in Tallin, December 1942 till June 1944 in the Estonia, founded 1905; as well as the of Communist influence as, for in­ stance, the Free International Trades Rivno area alone, 39 priests belonging unions and associations at the German, to the Autophecalic Ukrainian Ortho­ Russian and Yugoslav Universities. Union and the World Assembly of Youth among others, have done. It is dox Church were shot. Many churches In 1921, when the Ukrainian Repub­ a signum temporis that the Student have been burnt, often when con­ lic lost the war against Russian Bol­ Cominform, i. e. the InternationalUnion gregations filled them. The Bishop’s shevists, thousands of Ukrainian stu­ of Students (I.U.S.) in Prague repre­ interventions and supplications in the dents went abroad. Thus the Central sents students in the U.N. Reich Commissioner’s office were a Union of Ukrainian students, was Members of our Union are studying real matyrdom for him. founded at Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, in Austria, Belgium, France, Spain, As an exile in Germany, Bishop Pla­ to continue the work of the previous Italy, Germany, Switzerland, England, ton after the war organised church ser­ National Union. At the Prague Con­ Ireland. Sweden, Norway, U.S.A., Ca­ vices for Ukrainian D.P.’s an re­ vention of the Confederation Inter­ nada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and fugees in Württemberg-Baden, giving nationale des Étudiants (C.I.E.) the Australia. In other countries where proof of marked talent for organisa­ Central Union of Ukrainian Students there are smaller groups, there are no tion. was made a member of this confeder­ Ukrainian Student Unions but only It was here that he started the lead­ ation which represented the world our representatives, that is to say our ing journal of the Orthodox Ukrainian organization of students between the Union is constructed on a world-wide wars. Church: “ Church and Life“ . Early in basis, just as f. i. World Union of Jewish 1951 Bishop Palton emigrated to Cana­ From that time on our Union always Students is. da, where he continued to devote him­ took an active part in international The President and Executive Com­ self to the development of the Auto­ student life, up to World War II. mittee of our Union are chosen at the Through that war all international ties cephalic Orthodox Church of Ukraine. General Meeting. The last one took He regarded his stay in Germany and were broken off. The C.E.S.U.S. had to place in Munich in August 1949 and bear some hard blows during the war. Canada as temporary, and firmly be­ the next, the sixteenth, will be held in lieved he would be able to return It was forbidden by the Gestapo; its Paris in September this year. executive committees were thrown into home. But the Almighty, to whom he Our students are not only to be found was so fervently devoted, has willed prison or concentration camps. So it at the universities of the western was not until after the war that our otherwise. countries, where they have met with In the Right Reverend Bishop Platon Central Union was able to take up its kind hosts, but also at our own uni­ work again. versities which exist to-day in coun­ Ukrainians lose not only a gifted Our activities are mainly concerned tries abroad. Of these we should like, church dignitary, but a great public in the following field: co-operation in the first place, to mention the figure and a patriot. with other Ukrainian organizations in Ukrainian Free University which was the western world. Among the inter­ in Prague from 1921 to 1945 and is now national organizations we do our best in Munich. basis of these young people living to acquire, as far as possible, care-free The social conditions among our abroad. study for our students; further we students are very different. A certain Every year in January our students keep an eye on the proper distribution percentage receives scholarships or keep the day of “Kruty", for in January of the students among the different endowments, others study with the 1918 the town of ‘Kruty’ became the faculties, with the object in view of support of the Ukrainian Student Relief Thermopylae of the Ukrainian youth preparing highly qualified young Fund (K.O.D.U.S.). Thanks partly to when the capital of our country Kyiv the United Ukrainian American Relief was defended against the Bolshevist Committee (U.U.A.R.C.), students’ homes hordes by student ..detachments all of Kossynka, Oleksa Vlyzko, DmytroFal- and canteens have been established for whom lost their lives in the heroic kivsky, Kost Burevy, Ivan and Taras our students and afford considerable attempt. Krushelnytsky, Mykola Zerov, My- relief financially. In spite of all that, The Ukrainian student never forgets khaylo Plushnyk, Mykhaylo Dray- however, their economic situation is that a free Ukrainian State in East Khmara, M. Filansky, Ivan Mykytenko, far _ from satisfactory and the per­ Europe is the condition for a better, Stepan Kyrylenko, etc. centage of those who can support more permanent and advantageous Ukrainian writers and artists and themselves is low. political system in Europe. The Ukrain­ other intellectuals who have been re­ In their free time our students like ian student is as much interested in primanded recently, know from ex­ to discuss political events and more the welfare and future of Europe and perience only too well that Moscow especially, problems of the world the whole world, as every other will also take blood-toll from them. student movement. Sport and sociability student. On that is based enthusiasm The question is no longer what or how, are not neglected either, of course. for international co-operation as a real, but only who will have to pay next. Many Ukrainian students marry during practical school for tolerance, love of Moscow has doubtless already decided their university time and that contri­ one’s neighbour, and understanding whose turn it is. butes largely to the healthy moral among nations. Page 6 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No o

•Germans and, as events proved, not .Seventh Anniversary of the Battle of Brody able to command the unit with any success. Its losses were out of all pro­ A Sanguinary Page in the History o f Ukrainian portion to any advantages it might have reaped. The final punishment dealt National Liberation Movement out to its members was that the West refused to recognize them as political (U.I.S.) — On July 29, 1951, Ukrain­ fight for the liberation of Ukraine refugees and to allow them to be ians in Munich met to commemorate from Russia and Bolshevism (which is resettled abroad by I.R.O. — this at a the seventh anniversary of the tragic the same thing for Ukrainians). It is time when an attempt is being made Battle of Brody in Western Ukraine utterly false to accuse Ukrainians in to unite Europe on an anti-Bolshevist (July 1?—22, 1944). On that occasion the Division of Nazi sympathies or basis and to inspire enthusiasm for the “First Ukrainian Division, Ga­ leanings. Ukrainians are moved by one liberation from the gremlin. licia“ , a unit in the German Thir­ politicial principle only, viz., to liber­ In spite, or perhaps because of all teenth Army Corps (Fourth Armored ate their country from Russian des­ this injustice, Ukrainian ex-members Army) on the Russian front, was almost potism and re-erect their own national of the Division hold firmly together, annihilated. About 5,(X)0 Ukrainians fell state. It was perhaps a mistake to keep their common memories alive and in battle, while at least the same attempt to realize Ibis ideal in co­ foster their old feeling of comradeship number of wounded managed to escape operation with Nazi-Germany. The — and their military morale. In 1949 out of the Russian pocket. At that time Division requested that it should fight they formed a “Fraternity of Members the Galician Division numbered about only on the Eastern Front; and this of the Division“ which publishes its 22,000. The tragedy was that it was the was granted. Not a single Ukrainian own paper and helps fellow-soldiers to flower of Ukrainian youth that fell. shot was fired on the Western Allies the best of its ability. They would Every year in July their death is re­ during the whole war. certainly come to their own if the membered by Ukrainians and veterans And the Division paid heavily with political constellation were ever fa­ of the Division all over the world. its blood for this experiment. All top vourable to the realization of a liber­ It is perhaps necessary to recall the commanders of the Division were ated Ukraine. history of the Division. From 1942/43 the Nazi government increased its efforts to mobilize members of foreign nations in the German Wchrmacht; but Ivan Franko — ”The Great Russophile” these foreign units differed considerably from each other. Recruits from Western One more Muscovite Distortion countries (Norwegians, Flemings, Wal­ loons, French, etc.) were organized (U.I.S.) — There is nothing in the says; “Franko was the greatest bard of within the Waffen-S.S. on a racial and world that Bolshevists, with the help the friendship of the peoples who now ideological basis, such, for instance, as of their famous dialectics cannot turn form the U.S.S.R ... He was Russophile the well-known “Viking“ Division.They upside down, or twist to an opposite through and through; he was the man were given special ideological train­ and false meaning. This is what is who, as none other before or since, ex­ ing and treated accordingly. happening to Ivan Franko, the greatest pressed in incomparable verse the deep Attempts were made in 1943 to in­ poet of Western Ukraine. love of the West Ukrainian people for clude Ukrainians in this movement and Russian Bolshevists have seized the the great Russian people. He was the the Galician Division was formed. occasion of the 95th anniversary of his translator of Marx and Engels, the dis­ Although this Division was adminis­ birth (he died in 1916) in order to ciple of Herzen, Dubrolyubow, Dom- tered as a unit of the Waffen-SS, its transform Ivan Franko into an out browsky etc. He was the bitterest en­ spirit was purely national Ukrainian, and out Russophile. Actually there was emy of Ukrainian nationalism in any and had nothing to do with either Ger­ nothing Ivan Franko detested so much form whatever . . “He was the first man or Nazi principles. The educa­ and so passionately as the long enslave­ Ukrainian publicist in Galicia to fight tional program that ran parallel with ment of Ukraine by Poland and Rus­ for the union of Western Ukraine military training dealt only with sia. He was the poet of what is known with . . . Moscow.“ Franko’s deep and Ukrainian history and culture. Being as the second Ukrainian national an­ historically founded hostility to every a deeply religious people, the Ukrain­ them “Ne Pora“ which contains the foll­ form of Russian imperialism is simply ians insisted on having representatives owing verse: “The time is past when obliterated — in the same way as of their Church attached to the troop. we can be forced to serve Moscow and Trotzki was ignored in the history of It was probably the only unit in the Poland; the measure of our oppression the revolution. German Wehrmacht to have so many is full; now we must live and work for So much for a man who spent his life padres. Nor had the Division any part Ukraine alone!“ in passionate devotion to his people in antisemitism or other Nazi persecu­ Ivan Franko filled too great a place and in fighting, often embittered, and tion. Statements to the contrary are in the intellectual life of Ukraine for to his last breath for the liberation of based either on ignorance or on anti- Russian Bolshevists to erase him from Ukraine, above all from the yoke of Ukrainian propaganda. popular imagination. Fie was not only Russia, whatever its form. He hated Recruiting for the Division was a divinely gifted poet, dramatist and none of the peoples of the world, not nominally on a “ voluntary“ basis. prose writer, but also a great popular even the Russians, but he believed that Actually, pressure was exercised, leader. He was the champion of a con­ a free, world-wide community of na­ which, later, became downright com­ structive and progressive socialism, on tions can only be founded on really pulsion. There were various reasons the lines of western democracies, which free peoples, and therefore he demand­ why Ukrainians did not openly oppose makes it possible for the Bolshevists to ed the separation of Ukraine from Rus­ the Division, but even tolerated it with­ intervene and claim him as “one of sia and the formation of an indepen­ out protest. Its existence did something themselves“ . dent Ukrainian national state. to relieve the dreadful pressure of the There was once a Soviet “historian“ Ivan Franko has been lying in his Nazis on the Ukrainian population. who managed to write the history of mausoleum of granite in Lviv these 35 Ukrainians got the opportunity of hav­ the Soviet Revolution from 1917—1935 years and so is personally unable to ing hundreds of young Ukrainian of­ without once mentioning the name of defend himself against these Bolshev­ ficers trained in modern warfare; and Trotzki; according to him, Stalin alone ist distortions. The unexpurgated pages the thousands of young Ukrainians was personally responsible for all vic­ of his books, still available in the free would have been mobilized in any torious wars against national move­ world, speak the more eloquently for case, forced to join the German army ments for independence, and he alone him. Above all, they appeal to Ukrain­ or to go to work in Germany. It seemed defeated all foreign interventions in ian youth to continue the struggle for preferable to have them united in a U.S.SR. during the Civil War. Now a the national liberation and the politi­ purely Ukranian unit. certain E. Kyryluk publishes a biogra­ cal independence of Ukraine — and The main idea was that one day phical sketch of Ivan Franko in the this appeal will be answered, in oppo­ these young soldiers would be able to “Radyanska Ukraina“, in which he sition to, not accordance with Moscow! No. 9 UKRÀINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 7

Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain

at a meeting in June 1951 of the Su­ basin. Every day other plants an­ Ossyp Dyakiv (0. Hornovy) t preme Council of Soviet Ukraine. Pro­ nounce their intention to take part. Obituary vincial agencies were sharply criti­ The leading organ of metallurgy in cized for having “criminally neglected Ukraine reports as follows; “It is the (U.I.S.) The Ukrainians have to grieve the Stakhanov movement“. Some tell­ duty of every one who is engaged in over the heroic death of one of the ing statistics were quoted, which is an the metal industry to give our father- most prominent and noble leaders of unusual procedure in the U.S.S.R. These land as mudi metal as possible, thus their younger generation. Ossyp Dyakiv stated, for instance, that in the Pol­ making it stronger and mightier; all was scarcely 30 years old when he fell tava district there were 27,000 Stakha- powers must be pressed into the ser­ in battle at a place in Western Ukraine, novists, i. e. scarcely 2.8% of the vice of this great, patriotic task.“ — in November 1950, fighting against working population, in Kharkiv 87,000 Consequently, during recent months Bolshevist MGB troops, lie was one (3.6%), in Kyiv 45,000 (3.1%), in Odessa pressure on metal industries in Ukraine of the members of the Directory in 30,000 (2.9%). As elsewhere, these has been enormously increased, and the Organisation of Ukrainian Natio­ “ champions“ are most unpopular with brutal methods employed. The work­ nalists (O.U.N.) on the other side of the population. The Supreme Council ing-classes in Ukraine can explain the Iron Curtain; he took a most complains particularly of the absence this pressure only as preparation for active part in the Ukrainian anti-Bol- of young workers in the Stakhanov war. It means, they say, that a great shevist underground movement. movement, alleging that they are pre­ war is intended. Ukrainians hope that But his main task was that of in­ vented from joining by “illegal pres­ this will be the last war Russian im­ tellectual warfare. He was a first rate sure“ and “lack of understanding“. perialists will be in a position to wage. publicist and an energetic spokesman Such frank criticism points to sharp * of a modern Ukrainian nationalism personal attacks and purges in this direction in the near future. Criticising the -critics. In an ar­ based on principles of true democracy. ticle published in the “Pravda“ on Although he had frequent opportunity * July 2, 1951 on “Literature astray“, of going to the West, he preferred to Deliveries of grain in Ukrainian what were termed “bourgeois and na­ stay behind the Iron Curtain and to Soviet Republic seem to be as unsatis­ tionalist errors“ in the literature of continue his work in the underground factory in 1951 as they had been in Soviet Ukraine were severely criti­ movement. He hated deeply all forms former years. This is the conclusion cised. The writer in the “Pravda“ of dictatorship, oppression and humila- drawn from the propaganda offensive reproached critics of literature in tion of human beings. In spite of con­ that has been launched this year in Soviet Ukraine with neglecting their stant persecution, frequent change of connection with deliveries. The ser­ “socialist function“, by failing to oppose residence, bloody defense actions and vices of press, radio, and film have Ukrainian deviationist publications. the nerve-racking existence of a con­ been requisitioned, and there has been Consequently, criticism of literature spirator, Ossyp Dyakiv still found time a flood of meetings and forced resolu­ and art in Ukraine is reviewed these and concentration to write articles on tions. The entire Soviet propaganda days by its authors with the utmost fundamental issues, which were printed apparatus in Ukraine is working under subservience; prominent critics take it in underground Ukrainian printing- the motto: “Deliveries are the citizen’s in turn to confess their failings abjectly presses. He was particularly interested first duty.“ “Old sins" or, to put it in public. The worst ribbing was dealt in the idea of a peaceful and friendly more accurately, the old resistance of out to Y. Kobyletsky, an eminent critic cooperation between the nations of the Ukrainian country to Moscow’s of literature, to whom the poet V. Sos- Eastern Europe and Soviet Asia after policy of exploitation, come to light in syura dedicated his so virulently in­ the collapse of Bolshevism and the dis­ this connection. It was emphasized that criminated poem — “Love Ukraine“ ; integration of the Russian Empire into “last year’s shortcomings must not be Y. Kobyletsky reviewed the poem independent national states. M.G.B. repeated this year”. It now became favourably and helped to have it re­ troops surprised Ossyp Dyakiv hard at known that in 1950, the following printed many times. This week the work on an article in a fortified under­ districts were behind with their de­ daily and the periodical press of ground bunker, dealing with the ideas liveries: 11 districts in the Volhynia Ukraine are full of declarations, justi­ and plans after the liberation of the area; 7 districts in the Dniepropetrovsk fications and confessions by the fol­ peoples subjugated by Moscow. He area; 9 in the Lviv area; 13 in the lowing critics: S. Shakhovsky, L.Novy- threw down his pen and put an end Voroshylograd area. It is significant chenko, A. Trypilsky, H. Emelyan enko, to his life with a hand grenade, as that in autumn 1950 the Soviet press M. Novykov, V. Kurashov, A. Teslenko, further resistance was show to be use­ announced that the targets for these Y. Kotsiubynsky, Y. Kurylenko, O. less. He left the memory of an ardently districts had been fulfilled. Bashkin. — Even O. Biletsky, an esta­ devoted man who loved and deeply * blished critic who has always enjoyed respected humanity. His death is a approval and many favours from the severe blow for the cause of Ukrain­ ’’More Iron” — is the latest slogan Kremlin has not escaped. ian liberation. of Soviet authorities in Ukraine. It was • The critics who have been thus re­ introduced when the “Josef Stalin“ primanded admit that they have failed ’’Blossoming Ukraine” metal concern in Magnitogorsk chal­ in “vigilance“; they make open con­ lenged recently all metal industrial fession of “ deviation“ and of having — a soviet documentary film in techni- plants in Ukraine to a “socialist com­ committed all the sins they are accused colour, which was shown in Italy and petition“ . Strict orders have been of. As is always the case on such France in 1950, and in the United States issued that iron and steel production occasions, the “culprits“ are now early in 1951, was shown in Moscow in plan for 1951 of the Ukrainian in­ anxiously wondering whose head it July 1951, .but only to an invited dustries concerned, be fulfilled well audience. In Ukraine itself, the film will cost this time. before the date appointed; production * has not yet been shown. It is so blat­ is to be increased, the costs reduced, antly full of distortions and lies, that the quality considerably improved. As Publishing Concerns it would only provoke scornful if charmed by “love for Stalin“ and Moscow continues to fight con­ laughter in a Ukrainian cinema. It is “enthusiasm for work”, the following sistently and with increasing sever­ arrant nonsense, not a documentary industrial concerns in Ukraine have ity against Ukrainian “bourgeois na­ on a prosperous Ukraine. announced that they will take part in tionalism“ . It was not for nothing that * the competition; “Leninruda“, in the the “Radyanska Ukraina“, the leading iron-producing district of Kryvy Rih, newspaper in Soviet Ukraine, announ­ Stakhanow Movement does not “Dnieprospetsstal“, “Ferroaloy“, “Za- ced early in August that the severe appear to have struck deep roots in porishbud“, in Zaporohse, “Azovstal”, censure passed on the Ukrainian poet, Ukraine, as is obvious from the report the turbo-combination “Zhdanov”, and V. Sossyura, and on a whole crowd of of a debate on the workmen’s cadre a whole series of plants in the Donets Soviet Ukrainian poets, writers and Page 8 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 9 artists was “but the beginning of a in its whole wide repertory. “Litlle friendship between the Russian and great campaign to bring to light the attention is paid to modern folksongs Ukrainian peoples“. It is true that the enemies of the people, and all un­ and very few songs by other Soviet Kremlin still has Ukraine physically in reliable and misled members of intel­ nations are sung in public, and few its power, but its domination is still in­ lectual circles in Soviet Ukraine.“ that represent Ukraine as a democratic secure. So attempts are being made to Now it is the turn of Soviet publish­ people’s republic and an inseparable bind that country “morally“, “logical­ ing concernes. It was serious enough part of the greater U.S.S.R.“ ly“ and “psychologically“. This ex­ plains the recent campaign launched that poets and artists should have ex­ To come down to brass tacks, the pressed nationalistic ideas. by Moscow in Ukraine under the pa­ Central Committee decrees that the role of “Ukraine’s debt to Russia“. The Thus, the “Radyansky Pysmennyk“ Ukrainian people must sing many more purpose of the campaign is to convince (“The Soviet Writer“) a big Soviet Russian songs, must love them and the Ukrainians that they have always Ukrainian publishing concern, is the make them known. This means that gained and never lost through their subject of repeated attacks in the Com­ Ukraine is still not sufficiently Rusr union with Moscow, which, as the “el­ munist press of Kyiv, which assert that sian, and that the process of russifica­ der brother“, has made many sacrifices it is mainly responsible for the wide tion is too slow. It must be accelerated. for Ukraine, her velfare, the develop­ publicity given to Sossyura’s works, Moscow is obviously afraid of the peo­ ment of her culture, etc. Without Mos­ above all to his poem. “Love Ukraine“ . ples oppressed by her, and particularly cow and its “help“, Ukraine, it appears, The publishing concern is reproached of Ukrainians; increased efforts at rus­ would have remained a backward, un­ with a long list of sins. It is blamed sification point to the conclusion that cultivated, barbarous country. The Rus­ particularly for not having published in Moscow is making feverish domestic sians quote many such “benefactions“, Ukraine good translations of the best preparations for the great world con­ and a thick volume would be neces­ works in Russian literature. Nor had flict ahead. sary to include all these “positive“ anything been done to popularize bril­ * Russian arguments. And yet a new note liant works of other nations friendly makes itself heard in this remarkable to Soviet Russia. We quote an extract: After 35 Years: ’’Too little “symphony of friendship“. A certain “Publishers in Soviet Ukraine have knowledge of Marxism and Comrade Smishko, “candidate of evidently forgotten that Ukraine does Leninism” science“ at the Ukrainian Academy of not stand alone in the world, but is a Sciences in Kyiv, held a speech early in member of the greater Soviet family, In an article published recently, September this year, in connection and that there are other national cul­ “Radyanska Ukraina“, the official or­ with the propaganda campaign, to the tures besides the Ukrainian, above all gan of the Communist Party (B) of assembled staff of a factory for agricul­ the inexhaustible sources of Russian Ukraine in Kyiv, examines why it is tural machinery, near Lviv, in Western national culture. Such a publishing po­ possible after 33 years of “victorious Ukraine. He said, among other things: licy must lead to an irresponsible Soviet socialist construction“ that, par­ “The Russian people is constantly giv­ alienation of Ukrainians from other ticularly in Ukraine, there should be ing Ukraine the most precious of its Soviet peoples.“ For the moment the repeated evidence of Ukrainian na­ possessions, namely, talented, promin­ names of the culprits have not been tionalism, nay, of boldly increasing ent people! They help to maintain the made public; but lists of such names Ukrainian nationalism. And why does high level of intellectual life and or­ have most probably been in the hands “the plague of nationalism“ infect in ganization in Ukraine." This “human" of the M.G.B. for some time. The cri­ the first place intellectual circles in the argument is nothing new for Ukraine. ticism ends by saying that the party country — writers, poets, composers, When Ukrainians complained that the demands “that a stop be put once and plastic artists, teachers, etc.? Nazis were plundering Ukraine and for all to the self-complaceny, the The writer comes to the astonishing lifting everything that was not nailed liberalism, the paucity of ideas, and conclusion that the great part played down, without paying for it, they re­ unpolitical views in the concern’s work, by Ukrainian nationalism in those circ­ torted: „Germany is giving Ukraine it having been the main instrument in les is due most of all to the ignorance the most precious of its possessions — propagating dangerous nationalistic its invaluable people!" Whether this of the doctrines of Marx. Lenin and gift, particularly in the form that was tendencies in the intellectual life of Stalin to be found in the leaders and practiced during World War II, was Ukraine". lower ranks of Ukrainian intelligentsia. * welcome to Ukrainians is another They have inadequately assimilated matter. Too Few Russian Songs the “gigantic ideas of these pioneers of Soviet socialism.“ A number of Soviet Comrade Smishko, however, touched Early in August, the Central educational institutes are reproached a critical Ukrainian problem when he Committee of the Communist Par­ with having, through inertia and down­ said that Russia exported “precious“ ty (B) of Ukraine announced officially right laziness, neglected the political people to Ukraine. Here they are a in the leading Communist papers in training of Ukrainian intellectuals, „‘master race“ : 63°/o of the leaders of the country firstly, that there were too have imparted knowledge of Commun­ the Komsomol in Ukraine are Russians few songs in Ukraine about the “great, ist doctrines on a criminally primitive by birth. About 80%> of the chiefs of wise, beloved Stalin“ and, secondly, that level. “Ukrainian nationalism can be industrial concerns in Ukraine are Rus­ the people do not sing enough Russian overcome only by increasing con- sians, while there are not 7°/o Ukrain­ songs, although there is an inexhaust­ scioussness and appropriation of the ians in the entire diplomatic service of ible store of very fine Soviet Russian dogmas of Marx and Lenin.“ the U.S.S.R. The proportion of Russians folksongs! in state service and the police in The “Radyanska Ukraina“ writes: The result of this investigation is Ukraine is oppressively big. All higher “Much has been done under Soviet rule that the entire Communist apparatus commands in the Soviet Army have in Ukraine to spread the songs of other in Ukraine will immediately put been monopolized by Russians; the Soviet peoples. Many beautiful Russian Ukrainian intelluctual circles through only Soviet Field Marshal of Ukrain­ songs have found a permanent place in severe political training, thus hoping ian origin, Tymoslienko, a Bessarabian, the repertory of Ukrainian choirs and to accomplish in a very short time declares himself to be a Russian. musical societies ... You can hear the what has been neglected in the last Many Russians love to have them­ full strains of Russian songs in the 33 years. But these belated and selves “elected“ to the Supreme Coun­ houses and streets of many Ukrainian feverish efforts will not help the Rus­ cil of U.S.S.R. as “representatives of towns and villages. But . . . there is sians. They will lose the Ukraine in Ukraine“, e. g. Molotov, Malenkow, still much that could and ought to be spite of them. Bulganin etc. Ukraine, it seems, should done.“ * be “proud“ of being represented by such eminent Russians! . . . Strangely enough, the Central Com­ Ukraine’s ’’Debt to the Russian mittee of the Communist Party (B) of Ukraine’s debt to the Russian people Ukraine complains, there is less Rus­ People” in great indeed. That is why they go sian sung in the choirs of Ukrainian big Now more perhaps than ever about in their own country with towns than songs in other languages. in the last 33 years of Bolshevist clenched teeth and watch with burning “TheDumka“, a well-known Ukrainian tyranny over Ukraine, Moscow is in­ eyes what the Russians are doing. And band, has only 5 Russian classical songs sisting on the “everlasting bonds of wait. UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 9

Decay of Ukrainian Towns indicates that a fresh purge is to be ex­ A Personal Note According to reports in the Soviet pected in the Ukrainian Academy of Science. press, large towns in Ukraine seem to * M r. John F. Stewart, Chairman be doomed to slow but certain decay. of Scottish League for European Free­ The only reconstruction of any size Everything for Moscow dom, would wish to send his very grate­ that has been done is in Kyiv (Kresh- According to trade reports in ful thanks to all Ukrainian organisations chatyk). Very little building is going the Soviet press, Ukraine has had an on in the town itself. The number of exceptionally good fruit harvest this and Ukrainians who so kindly sent him houses is pretty much what it was in year. Long express goods trains with good wishes and congratulations on his 1913; Kyiv houses were mostly built fruit are rolling from the southern 80th birthday. In most cases there was between 1860 and 1910 and are there­ areas of the country and from Car­ no address on the telegrams, so that he fore between 90 and 40 years old. pathian Ukraine to Moscow and Lenin­ Attempts are made to protect them grad. Freight consists, in addition to could not reply separately. He again from decay, but no radical measures fruit, of vegetables, especially cab­ thanks his very good Ukrainian friends are taken. The trams in Kyiv are 50 bages, cucumbers tomatoes and the and assures them that he will continue to 60 years old; in houses that lie on popular Ukrainian melons. the famous hills of Kyiv water pres­ the struggle for the freedom and in­ This would be all right and no one sure is not sufficient to send water dependence of Ukraine, and all countries could object if this transport was con­ higher than the second storey. Kyiv, dominated by Moscow. once a lively, merry town gives an im­ ducted on the basis of normal trade. pression of senility. But there is no question of getting money or other goods in return. Mos­ Things are not much better in Lviv. cow fetches from the collective farms in Western Ukraine should still have It was not till 1951, when war had been in Ukraine all it needs for itself and to see and hear this bourgeois, natio­ over for 6 years, that the town council its Russians, and does not pay one nalistic rubbish. The Ukrainian natio­ granted 6.2 million roubles to build up cent. For the meantime, Ukrainians can nalists, the Ukrainian people’s worst the centre of the town. This is a ridicu­ only look on with clenched teeth and enemies, must be prevented from using lous sum in comparison with what is see the result of their hard labour such instruments.“ required. Trams are to disappear from being transported north by an act of * the heart of the town, and be replaced sheer robbery on the part of the state. by trolley-buses. New asphalt is to be * Soviet Newspapers laid on some of the streets and pave­ The Soviet press announces that last ments and lights repaired. But nothing Continued Liquidation year 690 newspapers in Russian, Ukrain­ really new is being built, though there of Ukrainian Priests ian, Byelorussian, Tadschikian, Moldav­ is great scarcity of houses. Once the According to a broadcast by Radio ian, Tuvinian, Yakutian, and other town had 320,000 inhabitants, but now Vatican on 14. 8., M.G.B. troops arrest­ languages, had newly appeared. The it has 700,000 and they must all find ed 42 Ukrainian priests of the Greek whole- single edition of all the news­ accommodation. Overcrowding is, of Catholic Church in the area of Prya- papers amounted to 36 million copies course, worse in consequence of war shiv, Karpathian Ukraine, partly within this year. damage. Lviv, once a Jewish centre, has the Slovak state. The annual edition of periodicals now no Jews and very few Poles. The and magazines amounted to more than language one hears most is Russian. This report was confirmed by under­ ground information which reached 180 millions. The organizations of au­ About 20°/o of the inhabitants are thors in Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Ukrainians, the great majority being Munich towards the end of August and according to which not 42 but 57 Aserbaijan, Byelorussia, Latvia and Russians. There are many Mongolian Lithuania issued their own magazines. faces, and different oriental languages priests have fallen victims to this most are to be heard. Lviv is no longer a recent Communist persecution. This is This announcement shows how much European “Miniature Paris of the a continuation of the Bolshevist anti- attention the Russian Bolshevists are East“, with animated, and well-lit religous campaign of last year, when giving to the fight on the ideological streets, where one used to see many 350 Ukrainian Catholic priests were front. The Kremlin is russifying the elegant and beautiful women and liquidated. souls of the peoples in their own lan­ enjoy life. The town is more densely It is known that the Right Rv. Pavlo guages. populated, but silent, reserved, almost Hoydych, Bishop of Pryashiv was con­ * sulky. It is decaying within as well as demned in January, 1951 to prison with The Most Persecuted People without. hard labour for life. A similar trial will The Rev. Leopold Brown who was * be held, probably in November, of the other Ukrainian Catholic Bishop, the American chaplain in Moscow from The Ukrainian Scientific Right Rev. Vassyl Hopko. This is ex­ 1934—1946, spoke before a large assem­ Academy in Kyiv pected to lead to the confiscation of the bly in Buffalo, U.S.A., on life in the entire property of the Ukrainian Ca­ U.S.S.R. Among other things he said: has at present 95 full members, tholic Church in Czecho-Slovakia which “The Ukrainian people of 41 millions, 107 corresponding members, 88 doc­ would mark the end of the systematic with its own Church, its own history, tors of sciente and 68 candidates liquidation of Ukrainian priests in this culture and own national ideas, is the of science. The All-Union Communist district of Carpathian Ukraine. But the people that has to suffer the most and Party has recently displayed increas­ people’s faith still lives. greatest oppression and persecution ing dissatisfaction with the work of under the Soviet yoke“. the Ukrainian Academy. In particular, * * its leaders have been blamed for not Ukrainian Nationalism Again Stalin on Mount tlbruz having utilized Ukrainian scientists In its No. 17/1951 the “Stalinskoye properly and for having neglected the Plemya“ (“The Stalin Stock“), a paper The sport pages of Soviet Ukrainian “right ideological and political training appearing in Kyiv, contained a severe papers report that a group of 80 Ukrain­ of young scientists“. The Party de­ criticism of the district leaders of cul­ ian mountaineers, all railwaymen, mands that, in training the young, em­ tural institutions and the Komsomol in climbed Mt. Elbruz (17,000 ft.) last July. phasis be laid on demonstrating“ mar- the Lviv area. According to this article, When they reached the top, these xist and leninist principles as the a number of local theatrical societies Ukrainian alpinists shouted in chorus, foundation of all science.“ in the district continue to produce na­ “Hail to our uncomparable Soviet Young scientists are “to be trained tionalist plays, pieces that once belong­ home! Our wise leader, Comrade Sta­ in the spirit of Bolshevist principles ed to the regular repertory of the lin, hail!“ and their uncompromising demands“. “Prosvita“, a Ukrainian “bourgeois and It appeared that another group had They must, above all, learn to fight nationalist“ popular educational soci­ climbed Mt. Elbruz earlier in the year, whole-heartedly against all pseudo­ ety. The paper insists in unmistakable for an enormous bust of Stalin was scientific theories, particularly those language that there must be no more found cemented in the rocks. of bourgeois Ukrainian nationalism.“ such performances. “It is intolerable“, The mountainers then descended This increasing criticism in the press the article runs, “that working people quickly. Page 10 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Ne. 9

house in Sarcelles for it, the Society was able to start work in France. UKRAINIANS ABROAD At the moment the Society has a library of more than 10.000 books and a valuable collection of manuscripts . Argentina ■ Prof. Rudnytsky is of Ukrainian origin dealing with the history of Eastern and emigrated to Canada after the war. Europe and an unique collection of Mr. Pavlo Youzyk, also a native of (U.I.S.) An Information and Publish­ works by Ukrainians in exile and of Ukraine, has been appointed his assis­ the papers they have published. ing Institute. — A Ukrainian Informa­ tant. Professor Y. Rudnytsky is the best tion and Publishing Institute has been authority on Ukrainian language and * established at Buenos Aires with the literature at present and has been (U.I.S.) The First Convention of Ukrain­ task of publishing articles in Spanish lecturing at Manitoba University since ian Youth in France. — This yearly with information about the Ukrainian 1949. liberation struggle. The Institute began it convention was held in Paris on July 15, with the issue of the monthly “Ukraine and thus a Frendi branch of the world­ Life“ in Spanish, and is preparing to A “Ukrainian Book Club Co., Ltd.“ wide “Ukrainian Youth Association“ publish some books. was founded in Winnipeg, Man. Cana­ (know in Ukrainian as the S.U.M.) was da in July 1950. The Club was formed formed. The S.U.M. in France is faced At the inauguration of the Institute because about 200,000 Ukrainians have with the important task of uniting in on August 14, 1951, the editorial staff one central organization about 15.000 was chosen, with Dr. O. Maletzkij at emigrated since 1945, particularly to U.S.A. and Canada. As the long Bol­ young Ukrainians of both sexes now the head. shevist occupation of Ukraine has pre­ living in the French Republic. In ad­ vented the printing of free Ukrainian dition to the one in Paris, there are literature there for decades, Ukrain­ 15 branches of the S.U.M. in different ian emigrants must see to it that the French towns. The organization is only (U.I.S.) The Sixth General Meeting Ukrainian heritage of culture in gene­ feeling its way yet and has to meet of the Central Committee of Ukrainian ral, and printed, free Ukrainian litera­ with determined resistance from French Relief in Belgium was held in Brussels ture in particular is fostered and de­ societies of young Communists. This is on July 22. It was attended by 126 de­ veloped. The Club aims at publishing only natural, as one of the aims of the legates representing as many groups of periodically the best works in Ukrain­ S.U.M. is to counteract attempts at in­ Ukrainians (mostly labourers) who are ian literature. Stress is laid on books filtrating Communism, above all in the scattered through Belgium. Although dealing with the history of Ukrainian ranks of young Ukrainian working many Ukrainians in Belgium have culture, the geography of the Ukraine people. Mr. Oleska Kalynnyk, the pre­ emigrated overseas, and to Canada in and its geopolitics. Mr. Ivan Tyktor, sident of the world-wide S.U.M., who particular (their number was 2,500 in the well-known Ukrainian publisher, closed the Convention, appealed to the year under review), the tasks of was appointed managing director of Ukrainian young people in France to the Central Committee are as great as the Club. preserve their faith in God, their ever. About 8,000 Ukrainians are re­ loyalty to their Ukrainian home and presented by the Central Committee; France their belief in liberty; he urged them there are a few other organisations, to observe the laws of the land which but they are too small to count. The has so hospitably received them. Mr. Central Committee looks after the (U.I.S.) Ukrainian Scientific Society Theodor Bun was elected first president legal, cultural and material interests of Taras Shevchenko. One of the oldest of the S.U.M. in France. of the majority of Ukrainians living in scientific institutions in Ukraine, the * exile in Belgium. Dr. Marian Dzioba “Ukrainian Scientific Society of Taras was elected first president of the Shevchenko“, after long, and often bit­ (U.l S.) Ukrainian Theatre Studio — Central Committee for the third time. ter, years of exile has at last found a In 1949 a Ukrainian Theatre Studio more peaceful, if still temporary home was founded in Moselle (France). It in France. Its address is: Société Scienti­ bears the name of Les Kurbas, in Canada fique Ukrainian de Sevcenko, 27 rue memory of the great Ukrainian actor de Bauves, Sarcelles (S. et O.), France. and stage-manager who was murdered The Shevchenko Society was founded in 1936 by the N.K.V.D., acting on Catholic Ukrainians in Canada are in 1872 in Lviv, Western Ukraine, in orders from Moscow. taking an increasing interest in Ukrain­ one of the darkest decades of Ukrain­ The Studio in Moselle is managed by ian broadcasts of the “Canadian Broad­ ian history. Serfdom was abolished Mr. N. Krushelnytsky and comprises casting Corporation“ . At the consecration (1861); the country, which had been professional actors only. It produced of Maxim Hermanvuk suffragan bishop shamelessly exploited by the Tsar, 12 plays last year, functioning as a of Ukrainians, in Winnipeg, Manitoba sank in economic misery and cultural travelling troupe among the Ukrain­ in July 1951, the Eucharistic Congress night. Taras Shevchenko (1814—1861), ians who work in scattered groups passed a number of resolutions. They Ukraine’s greatest poet, attacked this throughout France. In July last a play, demand among other things that Ca­ state of affairs with vehement passion; called “Otaman Pisnya", was produced. nadians of Ukrainian origin should the first modern Ukrainian scientific A Ukrainian popular opera, entitled have the possibility of addressing their society bears his name; its aim was to “A Zaporoger behind the Danube“ is home-country directly in Ukrainian, in carry the torch of learning into this being prepared. * order to propagate both the word of darkness. •* God and the ideas of democracy. The Shevchenko Society flourished (U.I.S.) Ukrainians, members of “Eur­ Other Ukrainian Catholic organisa­ until 1918 when the Austrian Empire opea* Federatio* of Free Students’ tions in Canada held their annual ge­ collapsed. During these six decades it Organisations“. — The above men­ neral meetings at the same time as the had accomplished enormous things for tioned students’ union was formed in Eucharistic Congress, for instance the the education of the people and had Paris at the end of July; at present it “Brotherhood of Catholic Women“, trained two generations of Ukrainian includes 6 organisations of exiled “Ukrainian Catholic Youth in Canada“ intellectuals. During the Polish regime students from countries that are under and the “Central Organisation of Ca­ in Western Ukraine from 1919—1939 the the yoke of Communism. Ukrainians tholic Ukrainians in Canada“. Society had many difficulties to cope are represented in this Federation by * with, but it was the Russian occupation the “Community of Ukrainian Students of that country which started in 1941 in Paris“ . Mr. T. Bun, a Ukrainian, (U.I.S.) —• Appointment for Ukrain­ that forced it to close down. It went was elected an office-bearer in the ian Professor. — The Board of Gov­ into exile, spent some time in Prague, Federation whose task is to establish ernors of the State University in Win­ C.S.R., and then in Munich. But it could close contact with the free, democratic nipeg, Manitoba, Canada, has appointed not find a firm footing in Germany and students’ organisations in the West. It Professor Dr. Y. Rudnytsky to be head when the Ukrainian Catholic bishop is also much interested in the ideal of of the Institute of Slavonic Studies. Right Rev. Iwan Buczko secured the a federal Europe. >3 iNO. 9 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 11

Germany on the history of political persecution gements of the Congress. They seized in the Ukraine. Several speakers the opportunity of forming many va­ castigated Bolshevism and Russian im­ luable contacts with the representa­ (U.I.S.) “Ukrainian Charitable and perialism severely. — Dr. Bohdan Kor- tives of other nations. It was charac­ Medical Service“. — The leading diuk was elected president of the L.U. teristic for this year’s Congress that Ukrainian charity organization in Wes­ P.W. it should have moved from the defen­ tern Germany held its annual general sive to the offensive as regards Bol­ meeting in Munich on August 4, 1954. I------Great Britain ------■ shevism. Ukrainians stated that once This organization discharges all the their country was liberated and inde­ functions of a national Red Cross So­ pendent, it would be one of the most ciety in exile, but the constitution of (U.I.S.) I. Congress of Ukrainian Ca­ liberal communities in the world. In the international Red Cross Society tholics in Great Britain. The “First their speeches they pointed out that does not permit it to use this title. It Congress of Ukrainian Catholics in the history of Ukraine was one long has existed in Western Germany since Great Britain“ was held in Manchester, and constant struggle against all iyr- 1945, its Ukrainian designation being on July 14 and 15. It was under the ranny, oppression and despotism. “U.S.Ch.S.“, and during these 6 years patronage of the Right Reverend Bi­ of activity has helped literally tens of shop Ivan Buczko, D. D., Bishop As­ thousands of Ukrainians in exile. sistant to the Holy See, Apostolic Visi- ,------U.S.A.------. tator for the Ukrainian Catholics in One of its most remarkable depart­ Western Europe. The organization of ments was its search-service which (U.I.S.) The „United Ukrainian-Amer- the Congress with its long and compli­ ican Relief Committee“ (U.U.A.R.C.) — greatly helped thousands to find the cated preparations lay in the hands of scattered members of their families. In­ the leading Ukrainian voluntry agency, the Very Rev. O. Malynovsky, head of which regards the resettlement of creasing emigration has reduced the Ukrainian Catholics in Great Britain. numbers of Ukrainians in Germany Ukrainian D.P.’s in the U.S.A. as its and consequently the activity of the At the Congress, which was attended chief task, is holding its general meet­ U. S.Ch.S. But it still has 25 affiliations by more than 1.000 Ukrainians, six lec­ ing in Philadelphia, Pa. U.S.A. on Oc­ in Western Germany and runs an out­ tures were held, dealing from the Ca­ tober 13 and 14, 1951, when a report of patients’ infirmary in Munich and a tholic point of view with the burning its activities wil be read. Items in the lodging-house. In addition to other social, national and political problems cultural program of the general meet­ help, the organization paid out more of our time. More than 2,000 Ukrainian ing are at present being prepared by than 20,000 DM in individual grants Catholics were present at the service prominent Ukrainian authors, poets, during 1950/51. The ambulatory in on 15. 7. 1951, at which Bishop I. Buczko actors and other artists. Well-known Munich served 1,756 patients. Help was officiated. When the service was over, American speakers and representatives given in the first place to Ukrainians the Ukrainian congregation vowed of the Federal Government and of the who were not included in IRO’s pro­ their loyality to God, the Catholic U.S. Displaced Persons Commission are gram and when that organization closes Church and their home country, the expected to take part in the proceed­ down, the U.S.Ch.S. will have far more Ukraine. ings. to do looking after the many thousands It was the most impressive demon­ * who are compelled to remain in Ger­ stration of religious Ukrainians that many. Dr. med. Yaroslav Hynylevych has been held in Great Britain since (U.I.S.) “Ukrainian Youth Association“ was elected head of the organization the consecration of the first Catholic (S.U.M.) at the World Assembly of which has its headquarters at 9/II Church in the summer of 1948. Under Youth (W.A.Y.) in Ithaca, N.Y. U.S.A. — Dachauerstr., Munich 2. the leadership of the Rev. O. Maly­ Though the Ukrainian Youth Associa­ tion is not properly speaking a member * novsky, who is supported by 16 Ukrain­ ian priests, the Catholic Ukrainian of the W.A.Y., representatives of the Ukrainian Youth Association (S.U.M.) Church has found a safe refuge in S.U.M. were able to take part in the — The West German branch of this or­ Great Britain, a country rich in hospi­ World Assembly of Youth in Ithaca ganization held its second annual meet­ table and tolerant traditions. (August 1951) as guests. They had an ing in Munich on August 4, 1951. It excellent opportunity of making many comprises 14 local groups and had a friends among the delegates of differ­ total membership on 1. 7. 1951 of Sweden ent nations who were present. They 290. This is a decrease of 130 in com­ distributed much literature that gave a parison with last year’s roll, a result true picture of Ukraine and their own of continued emigration. The report (U.I.S.) Ukrainians at the Congress of present situation. One Ukrainian de­ on the past year proved that the or­ the Internationale of Liberals — The legate had the opportunity of holding ganization does useful work. Apart “Fourth Congress of the Liberal Inter­ a speech which was afterwards broad­ from the fact that the Ukrainian Youth nationale“ was held at Upsalla, Sweden cast by the “Voice of America“. It was Organization is the best protection for from August 7—12, 1951. It was attend­ a sharp attack on Bolshevism and Rus­ Ukrainian youth in exile from the poi­ ed by 200 delegates representing 24 na­ sian imperialism and a warning against son of Communism, it has done much tions. Among those present was Mr. appeasement as a practical policy of to raise the general standard of culture David Rousset whose name has been combating these. made famous by the recent Paris trials and training among its members. Mr. * V. Lenyk was elected president of the against the inhuman practices of Com­ S.U.M. in Germany. munism. (U.I.S.) Ukrainian Broadcasts by * A Ukrainian delegation, consisting of American Radio Stations — “Obryi“ a representatives of the following demo­ Ukrainian journal in America, reports (U.I.S.) Fourth Convention of the cratic parties, also took part: 1. Ukrain­ from Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.A., that the lo­ “League of Ukrainian Political Priso­ ian Revolutionary Democratic Party cal radio station, W.W.O.L., broadcasts ners“ (L.U.P.W.) was* * held in Mu nidi, (U.R.D.P.); 2. Ukrainian National State an interesting Ukrainian program Bavaria, Germany on August 25, 1951. Society (U.N.D.S.), and 3. Ukrainian every Sunday, the quality of which Its main concern was the legal and ma­ National Democratic Union (U.N.D.O.). surpasses that of similar broadcasts. terial situation of Ukrainian political The leader of the delagation was Mr. The program is selected by Irene and refugees in Germany. Their position B. Panchuk. Youri Lavrivsky, the well - known has become very difficult in the past Ukrainians had already taken an ac­ Ukrainian artist couple. It brings in­ ear, as German Land governments tive part in former Liberal Congres­ teresting and valuable selections from ave practically refused to grant ses and Mr. B. Panchuk was appointed Ukrainian poetry, drame and music, Ukrainian prisoners in Nazi concentra­ member of the Executive at the last which up till now have included works tion camps the compensation due them. Congress. This year he was the spokes­ like “Moysey“ and “Lys Mykyta“ by The long and difficult battle for the man for all the exiled liberals in Cen­ the famous Ukrainian poet, Ivan rights of Ukrainians to resitution is not tral and Eastern Europe. The Ukrain­ Franko, and the “Pathetic Sonata“ by yet won. It was resolved among other ian delegates took their share of work Mykola Kulish. These broadcasts are things to collect material and sources in all the committees and other arran­ getting increasingly popular. Page 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 9

help restore the Russian dungeon of nations in Latest Events a new form. “The representatives of the free Ukrainian press in Germany: Ukrainian Wave of Protest Swells “Avantgarde“ — Petro Kizko “Vilne Slovo“ Kerensky Unanimously Repudiated (Free Word) — Uko Popovych “Vpered“ (Forward) — Borys Lewytsky “Ranok“ (The Dawn) — Dmytro Levchuk 1. Ukrainian Press in Germany sharply against the presumption of the “ Council “Suchasna Ukraina“ for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia“ to (Ukraine of Today) — Lev Rebet (U.I.S.) A. F. Kerensky’s attempt to speak on behalf of the Ukrainian people and “Ukrainski Visti“ save the structure of the Russian Em­ warn the world of this presumption. (Ukrainian News) — Mykhajlo Voskobinyk pire after the collapse of Bolshevism “Strange at it may appear, certain American “Ukrainsky Samost- by means of his “Council of Liberation circles are behind this move by Russian emigres; these circles are organized in the American tinyk“ (Ukrainian of the Peoples of Russia“ has caused “ Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples Independent) — Bohdan Kordiuk an outburst of most strong indignation of Russia“ . Only as a result of direct pressure “Chrystiansky Holos“ among exiled Ukrainians. from these circles was it possible for different (Christian Voice) — Roman Danylevych.“ groups of Russians in exile to unite, and it is The Ukrainian free press throughout Just immediately after the foundation only because of this American support that of Kerensky’s "Council“, Ukrainians the world will most certainly join this these Russians have claimed the right to speak protest in the near future. seized the first opportunity offered by on behalf of “ all the peoples“ of the U.S.S.R. a press conference of the Anti-Bol­ “ We consider such conduct on the part of the 2. Ukrainian National Council shevist Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.), held Americans indicated to be an open breach of in Munich on August 24,1951, to register the principle of the self-determination of nations, proclaimed by President Wilson after World (U.I.S.) The Ukrainian National a sharp protest by the Ukrainian Council held an international press members of the Bloc against this Rus­ War I. and repeated in the Atlantic Charter after World War II. conference on September 6, 1951 in sian move. “ During their struggles for liberation from 1917 Augsburg, Germany, in order to state Early in September a large meeting to 1920, the peoples of the U.S.S.R. exercised their the Council’s opinion of the Kerensky took place in Munich of representatives right of self-determination and established their campaign. Prof. Izaak Mazepa, presi­ of all the free Ukrainian papers which own independent national states. Even the Bol­ dent of the Executive of the National shevists recogniped this fact for the Constitu­ Council, refused unequivocally to join appear in Western Germany. Repre­ tion of the Union of the U.S.S.R. acknowledges sentatives of all Ukrainian political theoretically the right of these peoples to na­ Kerensky’s “Council for the Liberation movements, from monarchists to left tional sovereignty even to secession. This legal of the Peoples of “Russia“. Prof. Mazepa socialists met on common ground. status of the Ukraine and Byelorussia is em­ stated that these Russian exiles re­ Although there are great differences phasized by their membership of the U.N. The pudiate the Bolshevist constitution between these movements and their right of Ukraine and other countries to indep­ only, but desire to continue the Rus­ press organs, and also strong personal endence has been won by the blood of millions sian Empire. This is the main reason of Ukrainians and legalized by international why the Executive can have nothing differences between Ukrainian politic­ agreements. ians that apparently could not bebridged, to do with the axxempts of Kerensky. “ In spite of this absurd action by certain The Ukrainian people, Prof. Mazepa still they all agreed in recognizing the Americans, we nevertheless believe that Ameri­ danger of the last Russian move. can public opinion will not suffer this obvious concluded, will not rest until it has won its full freedom and its political After debate, the press conference conspiracy against the self-determination of peoples to go unchallenged. We are convinced independence on the basis of the self- passed a number of resolutions which that the American “ Committee for the Liber­ determination of nations. were published in two public appeals. ation of the Peoples of Russia“ does not re­ One of these was addressed to the present real public opinion in America, because Ukrainian public, calling for solidarity we are convinced that the American people is on the side of those who are really striving for Published by the Ukrainian Information Service, and increased national discipline and 28, Minister Road, London, N.W. 2, Great Britain. self-denlia. The other is addressed to liberty. We are convinced further that the American Editorial Address: Ukrainian Information Service, world opinion and is resumed in the people will support the struggle for independence Dachauer Strasse 9/II, Munich 2, Germany. following extract: of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. by refusing to Printed by Budidruckerei “ Universal“ , Munich. Appeal to World Opinion!

“ In consequence of Soviet Russia’s armed inter­ Just published New book vention after W orld War I. the nations which had once been oppressed by imperial Russia and which had proclaimed their independence Ukrainian Liberation Movement during the Rcvoluton of 1917—1920, lost their sovereignty again. After World War II. the same in Modern Times Soviet Russia robbed a further series of nations À{ a f^Tov^c^ By Oleh Martovych and states in Central and South Eastern Europe of their fredom, and now it threatens the entire 176 pages / 11 pictures world. Published by „Scottish League for Euro­ “ We, exiled spokesmen of a free Ukrainian thought, feel compelled to bring these facts to pean Freedom“ , Edinburgh. general attention at a time when certain powers UKRAINIAN1 are announcing plans for the continued exis­ This is a short story of the Ukrainian national tence of the Russian dungeon of nations. In the LIBERATION liberation movement covering the periodjfrom event of the expected collapse of Bolshevism, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky till Ukrainian these powers intend to disguise their plans for Insurgent Army U.P. A. (1600—1950.) this restoration by “ prebiscites“ and the * self- MOVEMENT Place orders: determination of peoples“ . Great Britain : Mr. G. Markiv, 28 Minster Rd. “The so-called “ Council for the Liberation of IN MODERN London N.W. 2 the Peoples of Russia“ was formed in Germany Germany: Ukrainian Information Service at the end of August 1951. We point out that TIMES München 2, Dachauer Straße 9/II no responsible representatives of any of the peoples of U.S.S.R., except the Russians, are Canada : „Arka“, 204 Bathurst St.,Toronto, Ont. on the “ Council“ . U. S. A.: Miss Natalia Sas-Jaworska, 215 Broome St. New York, N.Y. “ We hereby declare to the entire world that the “ Council for the Liberation of the Peoples SCOTTISH LEAGUE FOR Australia:JVfr. Hrabyk Zynowy, 24 Glenview of Russia“ in no wise expresses the will of the EUROPEAN FREEDO/A St. Haddington Sydney. . peoples oppressed by Russia and is not entitled 11 YOUNG STREET EDINBURGH T h e price i n *G r e a t Britain: 6 sh. to speak in their name. In other conlries: equivalent of 2 U.SA. dollars “ It is only the national representative bodies of these peoples who have this right. We protest Freedom-loving nations and peoples o f all the ivorld — unite in the fight against bolshevism for the freedom o f nations and individuals! UKRAINIAN I N M I I SERVICE Vol. Ill November 1951 No. 10/11

The Icy Breath of American Liberation The Preview o f a War than Can Bode No Good for the Subjugated Peoples o f the U.S.S.R.

By Zen on Pelensky

The Shape of Coming War No one hates bolshevism and Russian imperialism more than the subjugated nations in U.S.S.R.. No one longs so ar­ The American magazine, Collier’s published a special issue dently for the collapse of communism as the 120 odd millions dated October 27, 1951 containing a number of articles by who dot not belong to the Russian people and who are held various writers on World War III, its probable date, course together in the Russian imperium by deceit and force. Life and results. The best American and foreign journalists are for these millions is at present so wretched, that war, atom said to have worked for 10 months on this publication. Their bombs, any distress and hardship that may follow the war, names are known all over the world. Thus the magazine, can no longer strike fear in the hearts of the population. which has a circulation of 3,900,000, gives countless people Many will perish; that we know. But we stil have the hope in every country an interesting and far from superficial idea that those who survive will have better times. Life in the of what this “ unwanted war“ means for the people in the U.S.S.R. today is not so fine or valuable that very many fear United States and other countries in the West. to lose it. And the masses there have nothing except this In h is introduction, the editor states that these pages do life in misery — and their chains — to lose. not belong to any novel giving a picture of a fantastic future If we are to believe the writers in Collier’s, the pictured such as for instance is contained in Jules Verne’s books: future is to be little better, if at all, for the nations at pre­ things to come are previewed here on tlie basis of studies, sent subjugated by Russia. The war and its sacrifices will analyses and researches by a number of allegedly the best and have little meaning. These journalists have thought of evei'y- most conscientious experts. He says: tliing, even of what a mass fashion display will look like in “ These writers have consulted eminent authorities on 1960 in a liberated and reconstructed Moscow. But they have military and economic matters, besides drawing on their not approached the national problem in the U.S.S.R., that is, the problem of the nations now subjugated and longing for own broad knowledge of their particular fields. They have freedom from Russian nationalism. proceeded from the factual basis of the world situation today to a logical analysis of what may come. The war that ’’The Eternal Russia” they describe is a hypothetical war, to be sure. But their description contains no careless fantasy or easy invention. Judging from the preview in Collier’s, there will still be They were not assigned to perform a jounalistic stunt. The one Russian state covering the “ Russian“ fifth of the globe. editors of Collier’s did not put in ten months of work on This state will he Russia and will apparently be called Rus­ this issue with the intention of creating a sensation. Our sia. All writers use only this one name, Russia, for the whole. Nothing else. The eternal real, indestructible Russia. It is intention is to look squarely at a future that may contain allegedly to be “ democratic“ , “ federalist“ “ liberal“ , human the most terrible calamity that has ever befallen the human etc. — but aways, and for ever one Russia. race.“ Ukrainians above all are bitterly disappointed. Having It is therefore legitimate to conclude that the official ver­ been members for three centuries of this “ submerged nation“ sion held in political circles cannot differ essentially from which has now been figthing for decades for liberation not that in Collier’s. only from bolshevist, but also from nationalist and Muscovite oppression, Ukrainians must now be assured by Americans Inevitable Disappointment that their country is no better than a province of Russia and they themselves, provincial Russians. Moscow is the head, Without analysing in detail the opinions of the various the brain, the heart of the whole; the Muscovite lead and authors, which would fill a thick volume, we should like to command which, according to Americans, is their natural state in brief that the ideas here presented must arouse great right. disappointment in countless millions of non-Russian inhab­ Mr. Stuart Chase, for instance, in his article, Out of the itants of the U.S.S.R. and the satellite states. In many cases, Rubble — a neiv Russia tells how he was in Poltava when these ideas are a direct slap in the face or these inhabitants. it was being rebuilt in 1960. Poltava, we may say, is for Page 2 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

Ukrainians the heart of Ukraine; here the purest Ukrainian contributed much to universal culture. But in Ukraine, her is spoken, here the biologically purest type of Ukrainian has people, her freedom, her longing for independence, they been preserved and women are more beautiful than else­ were not in the least interested, with the exception of one where; this is where both the cultural and the political rene­ of Puschkin’s poems, where he speaks of the “ silent Ukrain­ wal of Ukraine began, paving the way for its independence. ian night4, the word “ Ukraine“ is not mentioned once in But for Mr. Chase this is Russia. Who is actually rebuilding any of their numerous works, nor, by the way, anywhere in the economic life of the town and its surroundings? In Mr. Nevins’ article. This, we may say, is not the case with Ukraine, of course, there is no one fit to do so; a real Russian Mr. Klyuchevsky, the well-known Russian historian who is born in Moscow, Mr. Alexander Maximovich Petrov, an in­ remembered by Ukrainians only for this one thing; how much he hated the peculiarity of Ukraine and her strivings for telligent, strong and outstanding man, has to come. That is freedom against which he fought with every weapon — just what the communists have done: In order to aid ‘ pro­ distortions, lies, historical falsifications. It was Klyuchevsky vincial peoples“ they always sent from Moscow their com­ who did much to submerge Ukraine in the eyes of the world, missars, experts, supervisors — and their executioners. Mr. to eradicate her peculiar character, her independence and Petrov speaks only of Russia, knows only Russia, works only her fight for freedom from the memory of man. And now for Russia. As Mr. Stuart Chase is staying in Poltava, he Mr. Allan Nevins wants to base the “ new“ Russian world on cannot help remembering the Battle of Poltava (1709), so he the theories and historical views of a man like Klyuchevsky. writes: “ in the nearby fields Peter the Great defeated Char­ What is “ new“ about his world? It is all old, — old, ugly, les of Sweden/4 If the author really attempts to write fac­ servile, reactionary, exactly like the all-Russian tricolore tually of these problems, he should know that it was not so which caused the 1917 revolution. Mr. Nevins and his Rus­ much Charles of Sweden as Hetman Mazeppa, the head of sian friend, Antonov, intend to hoist this flag over Ukraine, what had been up till then an independent Ukraine, who was but they will not succeed, no matter how many millions defeated when he attempted to ward off Russian aggression America puts at their disposal. and Ukraine lost her freedom for centuries. ’’Twenty-two Ukrainian Parties” ’’The Canterbury of Holy Russia” Another writer in Collier’s approaches the problem of Ukraine with open scorn and contempt -— Mr. Arthur Koest- Another example: Professor Allan Nevins (Free Thoughts, ler, allegedly a converted communist. He, too, was in Moscow Free Words) writes from Kyiv also in 1960 of the gigantic for years and inhaled deep breaths of the political air there. effort of the United Nations to rehabilitate Russian scientific Now he is breathing it out again. In his article, Freedom— At institutions“ . Dozens of foreign educators are angaged in the Long Last he describes tbe elections to the Kharkov Muni­ task: Americans, French, Germans, Scandinavians. Destruc­ cipal Council on July 5, 1960. No fewer than 22 parties take tion is so great that they ask in despair: “ How and where part in the election. They include: 1. The Unified Monarchist can we ever start the machinery again?“ Of course, this Great-Russian Party; 2. The Ukrainian Separatist Party; reconstruction is started from Moscow — discussions are car­ 3. The Peasant Party; 4. The Agrarian Co-operative Party; ried on ‘ in the Kremlin Gardens, looking across at the ruins 5. The Liberal Democratic Party; 6. The Democratic Liberal of the university amid all the twisted rubble of central Mos­ Party; 7. The Democratic Worker’s Party; 8. The Syndicalist cow“ . As we mentioned, Mr. Allan Nevins started his work Workers’ Party; 8. The Avengers of Trotsky; 10. The “ Kon- in Kyiv. How? Just as Mr. Stuart Chase meets his Russian, try“ ; 11. Pupils of Tolstoi; 12. The Theocrats; 13. The “ Old Alex Maximovich Petrov, Mr. Allan Nevins meets his, Niko­ Believers“ ; 14. The Servants of God; 15. The Doukhobor: lai Antonov, who does the job. This Antonov is a master-man. 16. The Esperantists; 17. The Pavlovites, and others. Where and how to start? “ We take it for granted that a basic element in our ’’Not Ripe for Government” education in Americanism“ , Mr. Nevins remarks, “ You will take it for granted that a basic element in your educa­ Where did Mr. Koestler find all these parties in Ukraine? tional system must be Russianism —- true Russian spirit, Judging from the editor’s assurances, we should imagine that so long distorted and stunted by the communist dictator­ this preview is based on the conscientious study of present ship. Where will you find a means for reclaiming it?“ political and social movements and their tendencies. There ‘‘The Russian spirit!“ exclaimed the white-haired An­ is nothing whatever in Ukraine today that could possibly tonov, his form bent, his face seamed, but his eyes still suggest Mr. Koestler’s picture. There are, of course, different full of fire. “ For that we must go back to the old Russia; political movements and tendencies in Ukrainian society to­ day, but Mr. Koestler’s are pure figments of tbe imagination. to the great truth-seekers of formers times — to our im­ If he had taken more trouble to look at life in Ukraine, his mortal writers like Tolstoi and Turgenieff, our mighty picture of the future would have been quite different, and poets like Puschkin and Lermontov, our historians like perhaps more credible. But this he did not do — probably Klyuchevsky.“ did not want to do. Mr. Koestler supplies his readers with To repeat, all this is said in Kyiv, the “ Mother of Russia’s a dreadful conglomeration, from which they cannot but con­ cities, the Canterbury of Holy Russia“ , as the writer calls it. clude that Ukrainians are funny folk; they found ridiculous parties and cannot be taken seriously; they are not ripe for The Russian Tricolour Again the business of government. Symbolically there is a coloured picture above the article Is it the writer’s clear intention to arouse the impression showing the Dnyepr with the sky-line of Kyiv, above which that theMuscovites alone are a politically mature people, able two flags wave in joyful harmony: that of the U.N. and the to restore this chaos to order from offices in Moscow. We un­ all-Russian tricolore; no blue-yellow Ukrainian flag over derstand that Mr. Koestler was paid $ 1500 for this dreadful Kyiv. What has Kyiv, what has Ukraine to do with all these and harmful rubbish. It is not for nothing that Mr. Koestler ancient gentlemen: Tolstoi, Turgenev, Puschkin, Lermontov? got his political education in Moscow of all places. Who ever Granted they are great writers with great minds who have has drunk the mother’s milk of Moscow’s Communist Party No. 10/1 i UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 3

movements; clear and strong as she was, Lessya Ukrainka her humanity was too deep and sane ever to have approved of men like Sta­ Honouring the Memory o f Ukraine’s Greatest Poetess lin or Hitler. And yet she was heroic in the finest, truest sense and she liked to choose themes from the world of A ceremony was held in Bradford, classical antiquity, from the “ glory that England, end of September to honour was Greece“. the memory of L e s s y a Ukrainka (Larissa Kossach), Ukraine’s greatest A whole generation of young Ukrain­ poetess, who died in 1913. She lives in ians have been brought up on Lessya the memory of Ukrainians as the po­ Ukrainka’s poems, epics and dramas. etess of the renaissance of Ukraine, It is a generation which, after centuries for she contributed enormously to of slavery and humiliation, is deter­ awakening and spreading Ukrainian mined to fight for liberty both with in­ national and cultural consciousness in tellectual and physical weapons and modern times. with heroic devotion. Every Ukrainian U.P.A. soldier, every Ukrainian girl It is astounding what spiritual energy who helps in this struggle possesses there was in her slight, consumptive something of Lessya Ukrainka’s indo­ body. To begin with, she was a divinely mitable spirit. gifted poetess in the real sense of the word, with a unique power of creating It is no wonder that her memory jewels out of the Ukrainian language. should be highly esteemed and pre­ Except for Shevchenko, Lessya Ukrainka served by the Ukrainian people. She has no rival in her range of imagina­ is revered by Ukrainian youth, and tion and depth of expression. She it above all by Ukrainian women. Wher­ was who proved what this Ukrainian ever they go, they arrange annual “ language of peasants“ could accom­ celebrations to honour her memory. plish. So it was in Bradford too. Mrs. V. She was a woman, and her poetry S m e r eh a gave an account of the was feminine in the best sense. She had poetess’s all too short life to a large great depths of feeling and marvellous audience. This was followed by scenes sensitivity; love radiates from every from her dramatized poem, “ T h e one of her verses, every line of her literature of Eastern Europe before the S i n n e r“ , performed by the Ukrain­ dramas. And yet she teas called “ the Revolution. There is nothing “ relative“ ian Dramatic Club in Bradford. Mrs. strongest man among Ukrainian poets“ ; in her experience, for she saw nothing H. K y t s i u k recited the poem: “ To her poems express, perhaps more clearly by halves; for her, love was love, and our Comrades“ and Mr. S. H ru bitsk y, than anything else in the world’s hatred, haired; courage was courage, the “ M onologue of E l e a z a r“ . literature, what a woman experiences, meanness was meanness and magnan­ The verses, “ In Memory of a and how she pictures masculine slregth, imity, magnanimity. Her language ivas F r i e n d“ , were recited by Miss A. nobility, courage and steadfastness; the as clear as her feelings; there was Terletsk a. The evening ended with strength of generations and whole his­ nothing vague in her work, nothing a performance of the dramatic poem, torical epochs. There was tremendous distorted or paradoxical. When she was “ I phigenie in T aur i s“ . It was strength of imagination in her weak writing, neither she nor the world knew one of the most memorable experiences body. Her work ivas in stark contrast anything about the “ streamlined“ , in the cultural life of Ukrainian exiles to the somewhat decadent and defeatist “ heroic“ literature of later totalitarian in Bradford.

will never get it out of his blood. This evidently is the The icy Breath source of Mr. Koestler’s distaste for Ukraine and his refusal to acknowledge her right to freedom. The tragedy of the whole thing, however, is that all those so-called peoples of Russia have grown up and lived for years in the strange belief that U.S.A. is a land of liberty, that The Forgotten Peoples would like every other people to enjoy liberty and that is ready to help every one of them as far as possible in its fight Innumerable examples of the same attitude could be quot­ for liberation from tyranny and oppression. ed from every page of Collier’s. A Byelorussian, a Turkestan- Such a magazine as this number of Collier’s brings en- ian, a Georgian, a Cossack, a Caucasian, an ihabitant of ligtenment to these peoples. From every page, every line, we Aserbaijan, the Idel-Urals, etc. would search this magazine non-Russian readers feel the icy breath of an unparalleled in vain for any words of friendship, sympathy or encourga- American political opportunism. The peoples subjugated by ment. These peoples are not even mentioned in this astound­ Russia grasp from these pages that they can expect nothing ing number of Collier’s, far less their fight for liberation from good from American “ liberation“ . America is fighting against the yoke of Russia. Professor Nevins had raised the tricolour bolshevism, hut not against nationalistic Russian imperial­ of Moscow over them all, whether they like it or not; they ism. Judging from Collier’s, America will leave those peoples are not asked. On every page, in every column and line there in the dungeon of Russia, under the old Russian imperialist is nothing hut — Russia —- eternal Russia — holy Russia. tricolour. The only difference is that communist rulers like Collier’s has paid in fees alone 40,000 dollars extra for this Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov, etc. are to be replaced by “ de­ All-Russian propaganda and has put this number in the mocratic1 chiefs like Kerensky, Milukov, Klyuchevsky, etc. hands of 4,000,000 salesmen and about four or five times as And this will not help Ukraine or any other people. many readers. All the Muscovite Pavlovs and Petrovs will surely wear a medal of gratitude to the publishers of Col­ On the title page of this number of Collier’s there is an lier’s and its writers. American GI, with a smile on his lips, but a serious look in Page 4 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

high school. In 1923 he became Secre­ Bishop Ivan Buczko tary to the Papal Visitor to Western Ukraine, Pater Genozi. In October 1929 Sixtieth Birthday he vas consecrated as bishop and was appointed to the bishopric of Lviv, a The Spiritual Guardian o f Ukrainians Abroad post he held till 1931. In that year he visited Ukrainian pa­ Catholic Ukrainians in Western Eu­ rishes in America on behalf of the rope recently celebrated in reverence Holy See, travelling through Argen­ and devotion the sictieth birthday of tina, Brazil and the United States. By Bishop Ivan Buczko, their spiritu­ this journey, as it turned out, he es­ al leader and Apostolic Visitor to the caped death, for the outbreak of war Ukrainian Catholic Church in Western prevented him from returning to the Europe. Ukraine, where he would certainly have Ever since the Ukrainian Catholic shared the fate of the other 12 Catholic Church has been forced to follow the Bishops in the Ukraine who were all murdered, deported or otherwise liqui­ example of the Early Christians and go dated between 1941 tnd 1941. underground, its mission and respon­ sibility abroad have greatly increased, In 1941 he returned to Rome. In a fact acknowledged by Pope Pius XII. 1946 Pope Pius XII put him in charge He appointed Bishop Iwan Buczko to of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in exile in Western Europe. He founded represent the Holy See in the Ukrain­ a college for Ukrainian priests at ian Catholic Church in the West and Hirschberg in Bavaria which was later charged him with its care. A few transferred to Holland. Today, he is months ago he promoted him to be the spiritual guide of all Ukrainian Papal House Prelate and bestowed the Catholics throughout Western Europe, title of Count on him. North Africa and Scandinavia. His re­ Bishop Ivan Buczko was cent . promotion by the Pope was there­ born on October 1, 1891 in the village fore for them a special occasion for of Hermaniv, Western Ukraine. He rejoicing; it recognized the lifework comes from a pious family of peasants. of a great man and at the same time After attending the village school and acknowledged the martyrdom of a the Ukrainian classical high school in great love of his native country took church and a people in the cause of Lviv, from which he graduated in 1910, him back to Lviv, where he lectured its faith. on Fundamental Dogmatics in the he followed his vocation by matriculat­ Bishop Ivan Buczko is a zealous sup­ Priests’ Seminary. In 1921 he returned ing in the Faculty of Theology at Lviv. porter of Ukrainian art and science, a to Rome and received the degree of Metropolitan Count Sheptytsky made it tried friend of Ukrainian youth, the possible for him to continue his theo­ Doctor of Theology at the Papal Col­ lege, Georgianum. helper and counseller of thousands in logical studies at Rome and he was or­ their bitter exile. His support and pro­ dained by Bishop Lasar Mladenow on A year later he vas again in Lviv tection accompagnies all gatherings of February 23, 1915. where he devoted himself mainly to Ukrainians regardless of their creed. He A wide field of activity opened to work among young people. He trans­ is one of the greatest assets in the life him. He was appointed Prefect of formed St. Josophat’s Institute into a of Ukrainians Abroad. the Ukrainian College in Rome, but his seminary with the status of a classical (From “Ukraine")

his clear, brown eyes; he is supposed to be an MP on duty accordance with Russian traditions of the commissar, sent to in the occupying forces of the United Nations. This young see to things. Do people in New York not grasp the un­ fellow does certainly not cherish wicked thougtlis; he only bearable horror of this idea? The GI on the front page does what his superior authority orders him. He would wit­ of Collier’s need not be astonished if people, hitherto friend­ ness the post-war misery in the territory of the former U.S. ly, begin to behave in a “ funny“ manner, refusing to speak S.R. with horror, sympathy and, though ready to help every­ and watching everything with hard eyes . . . That is how it where, with growing disgust. These soldiers would be wel­ started with the Germans. comed by the people in the countries subjugated by Moscow and received, as the custom is in Ukraine, with the last crumbs of bread and salt in token of hospitality. It was thus That must not Happen! that German soldiers at the front were received in 1941 in Ukraine, because the population assumed that social and It would be dreadful for all of us — for the peace of the national liberation would follow the defeat of bolshevism. world, for U.N., U.S.A., for all the peoples in the old U.S. Soon the smile died out of Ukrainian faces, outstretched S.R. Complete freedom is what the East demands; not only hands were withdrawn, eyes hardened and became more social, but above all, national freedom. It took the Nazis tense, lips were compressed to a thin line. All too soon the only one year to reconcile the stiff-necked peoples of the rumour spread that the Germans were not brining liberty, U.S.S.R. with Stalin again. Nothing like that must be be but greater hardships and bitter need. If Collier’s prophesies allowed to happen again. A magazine like Collier’s should are fulfilled, the news will spread just as quickly among the be careful, very careful with its pictures of the future. This oppressed nations, that the Americans were not bringing number was a hard slap in the face for all nations exiled national liberation, and that the Moscovites and Moscow from the U.S.S.R. The preview concocted by Collier’s and its were to continue to rule. In Poltava the rumour that Mr. sponsors must not be realized; nor will it. This poisonous Alex Maximovitch would come from Moscow would spread Great Russia propaganda in the U.S.A. must come to an end, like wild-fire, people would soon be telling each other that for the sake of freedom, democracy, the ivelfare of the he was coming, this time on behalf of the U.N. but in U.S.A. and of all humanity. No. 10/11 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 5

Kerensky’s Calamitous Campaign •About the III Fates o f the ”Council for the Liberation o f the Peoples o f Russia”

The Ubiquitous Mr. Isaac Don Levine for him and his supporters to prove that “ Russian“ peoples are willing to remain in the Russian prison of nations. And (U.I.S.) Mr. Isaac Don Levine is a sorely tried man. He this is where Mr. Don Levine reminds us of Sisyphus. could be compared to Sisyphus, whose thankless task it was to keep rolling a huge stone up a steep mountain, only to watch it topple down again to the bottom whenever he was What Should the „Council“ Look Like? within a few feet of the top. The Americans have said clearly that no money will be Mr. Don Levine is a member of the Executive of the forthcoming unless “ Rusian“ nationalities support the American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of movement. For they are intelligent enough in New York to Russia and has set himself a task that can never he accom­ see that no successful anti-communist movement of resist­ plished, — to attain the unattainable, namely to reconcile ance can be launched in Russia without the cooperation of the peoples oppressed by the Russians with their oppressors, these nations. and to bring both sides into one camp. For weeks Mr. Don Levine has set up his headquarters in The parallel non-American “ Council of the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia“ is to be the practical instrument the “ Vierjahreszeiten“ Hotel, in the Maximilianstrasse, for carrying out the campaign. The nucleus of such a “ Coun­ Munich, with the idea of launching from there an extensive cil“ was formed in Ludwigsburg, near Stuttgart, Garmany, Russian policy. It is his starting point for flying visits that on 20. 8. 1951. In order to satisfy American demands, the have already become famous, for instance to Frankfurt, Paris, “ Council“ was to he formed on a basis of equality; it was to New York and to every place where there are circles of consist of 60 members, half of them Russians, and half exiles from areas in the Soviet Union. He opens negotiations wherever he goes. He tries to defeat bolshevism without belonging to “ minority“ peoples. 20 seats were to be reserved for representatives of the above mentioned 5 parties of exiled hurting the unity and the greatness of Russia. Russians, while 20 were to be given to representatives of political parties or of leading national committees of “ Rus­ The Issue sian“ , peoples. The remaining 20 seats in the “ Council“ were to be distributed among representatives of non-political Public opinion in America, and indeed throughout the organization, such as the Church, art, learning, social organ­ Western World, was always been faced with the problem of izations, etc., and here, too, on an equal basis, i. e. 10 for finding the best way of dealing with the monster of bol­ Russians, 10 for “ minority peoples“ . shevism. People have now come to the conclusion that physi­ cal means alone, such as great armies and atom bombs, are no solution. The Nations Say—‘No!4 Two theories have emerged from the recent discussion of As we said above, the Russian members of the “ Council“ this subject in the United States. On the one hand, some were on the spot immediately; 5 Russian parties put up long people are convinced — and they are still a minority in the lists of candidates. But the seats of the “ minorities“ remained States — that the danger of Russian bolshevist imperialism empty for weeks, which, of course, meant that Kerensky’s can be effectively overcome only by dismembering the campaign might get no American money. We append a short U.S.S.R. into its national components. Others, on the other survey of Mr. Don Levine’s various attempts to remedy this hand, maintain that the dismemberment of Russia is not at state of affairs. all necessary, and that there are sufficient constructive forces of resistance in Russia to guarantee a peaceful regime after Ukrainians the collapse of bolshevism; they also insist that the peoples at present oppressed by Moscow are ready and willing to Mr. Don Levine did not even attempt to open serious negotiations continue to live within a common frame-work of such a with the nationalistic groups of Ukrainians, being probably con­ vinced of their futility. But, thanks to the mediation of Mr. Dmy- “ democratic“ and “ reformed Russian community of peoples. tro Andriyevsky, a Ukrainian engineer, a meeting was arranged in This second theory is responsible for the recent foundation Augsburg between Mr. Don Levine and Mr. Isaak Mazepa, the in New York of the American Committee for the liberation leader of the Executive of the Ukrainian National Council. The of the Peoples of Russia. This Committee is ready to sup­ meeting lasted about an hour and ended with a pointed Ukrainian port with “ means from private channels“ an anti-bolshevist refusal to accede to conditions offered. Mr. Levine was told that campaign of liberation, provided it can be proved (1) that the Ukrainians, in intimate connection with other peoples oppressed Russians in exile work together harmoniously and (2) that by Moscow, would go their own way of liberation; an anti-bol­ shevist front in common with Russians was considered to be oppressed peoples actually accept their continued existence illusory as the Russian people proper, the Muscovites, the master- within the “ Russian community of peoples“ . people in the state, could scarely be interested in the collapse of Mr. Spencer Williams, an office-bearer in the “ American bolshevism and in a change in the Russian totalitarian regime. This Committee“ , tried to produce such proof six months ago. indicated that there, too, it was no use continuing the conversation. But out of about 37 parties of exiled Russians he has only managed to unite 5 Russian “ democratic“ parties under the Byelorussians leadership of Mr. Alexander F. Kerensky. The representatives Mr. Don Levine negotiated in Munich with Mr. Vladymyr Bort­ of oppressed peoples were so unwilling to join, or even to nik, Chairman of the ‘Byelorussian Central Committee in Ger­ talk of uniting, that Mr. Williams abandoned the attempt. many4 and Dr. Stanislav Stankevych, the editor of the leading Here it is where Mr. Don Levine enters the scene. Byelorussian newspaper in European exile, “Batskaushchina“ . It Mr. Don Levine seems to be tougher; he took over where should be noted that the “ Byelorussian Central Committee in Ger­ Mr. Williams either could not, or perhaps would not carry many“ is the chief political organization of Byelorussians in the whole of Western Europe. Both gentlemen told Mr. Don Levine on. Mr. Don Levine is absolutely determined to prove that to put the question of federation with Russia to a popular vote a great, united, peaceful anti-bolshevist Russia can and must in Byelorussia, but only when that had become a sovereign state. be preserved. He, too, has no ambition to coordinate more Mr. Don Levine was not satisfied and the negotiations were broken than 5 parties of exiled Russians. It is much more important off as useless. Page 6 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

Cossacks Mr. Kerensky and Co. So Mr. Levine began once more to Through a Georgian socialist, Mr. Don Levine suggested to the roll the huge stone of nationalities up the hill. Executive of the “ Supreme Cossacks’ Representation“ that nego­ But he seems to be a some what modernized Sisyphus, for, tiations should be opened. The Cossacks refused, stating that immediately after the first failure, he applied various ‘hoist­ the parliament of a sovereign Cossack state alone could decide ing devices1 or tricks, which, he hoped, would be more about federations, plebiscites etc. successful where direct efforts had failed. Foreseeing such a course of events we wrote in our September number: Aserbaijan “ It is possible that Mr. Kerensky will be able to buy Mr. Don Levine tried first to contact the Executive of the various willing quislings with the help of his American money. ‘Aserbaijan Committee of Liberation4 in Germany but received an In this way he can — and probably will — form committees unfavourable reply from Mr. Akber Ismail, who spoke for the Executive. Mr. Don Levine seemed to have better luck with the of “ Ukrainians“ , “ Byelorussians“ , “ Georgians“ , ‘ 'Turkestan­ Aserbaijan group in Paris where he had conversations with ians“ , and other nationalities, who will publish papers in Mr. Akber Agha Islamov and Mr. Dshygum-Bey. But this luck did their own languages etc. This procedure will have nothing not last, as the conversations ended with a refusal. to do with democracy.“ What we foresaw has happened. Material distress among North Caucasians exiles is too great and the character of many too weak to be Mr. Akhmet Mahoma, the president of the “ National Committee able to withstand ‘jingling arguments4. We are not in a of North Caucasians“ , acting on behalf of his countrymen, rejected position to give details of the application of ‘hoisting jacks“ Mr. Levine’s proposals. Mr. Akhmet Mahoma asked Mr. Don Levine: in the case of other “ Russian“ peoples. For the moment, we “ What evil have we North Caucasians done to you Americans that are in the position to give results of their application in the you want to shut us up again in the prison of Russia?“ Mr. Levine case of Ukrainians. had no answer and the conversation was broken off. Georgians Baiting the Ukrainians Mr. Don Levine was for some reason or other particularly Not a single Ukrainian party with any self-respect or antious to secure the support of the Georgians. He flew repeatedly popular support is for Kerensky’s plans for the re-union of from Munich to Paris in the cause of the Georgians, the prospects Russians. All, from Ukrainian monarchists of the Right to in the French capital being evidently more favourable for Ke­ rensky’s “ Council“ than in Bavaria. Mr. Jordanya, the president socialists of the Left have said — “ No!“ . On another page of exiled Georgians and Mr. Cenkelli, their prime minister, both of our paper we ptddish the protests of numerous Ukrainian live in Paris. They are both members of the Georgian ‘Social- organizations, papers, communities, etc. Such is the voice of Revolutionary Party4, in reality a branch of the ‘Russian Social- Ukrainians. Revolutionary Party4 in which Kerensky played a leading role. All But Mr. Don Levine hasn’t subsided. In the middle of were, therefore, old party colleagues and the Georgian group in October, Ukrainian editorial offices, organizations, unions Paris was not averse to open negotiations with Kerensky’s “ Coun­ and many private persons received by post a pamphlet con­ cil“ . But very strong opposition came from Georgian groups in taining a remarkable “ resolution“ passed by a “ Conference Western Germany, Great Britain and Belgium. In consequence a congress is to take place shortly in Paris in order to give exiled of delegates of Ukrainian democratic groups“ which was held Georgians of all camps opportunity to discuss the matter. Mr. Don in Fürstenfeldbruck on October 6— 7, 1951. The pamphlet Levine has advanced 1,000,000 French francs to meet expenses. It announces that a new political organization was formed, the is rumoured in well-informed Georgian circles that “ disruptive Ukrainian Liberation Movement (U.V.R.). The following elements“ will be refused visas, so that the congress may lead to are listed as founders: 1.“ Ukrainian Free Cossacks“ , 2.“ Union the desired conclusion. The general oponion, however, is that the of Ukrainian Agrarians“ , 3. “ Ukrainian Democratic Union“ , question of joining eKrensky and his “ Council“ still will be de­ 4. “ Ukrainian People’s Movement“ , 5. “ Ukrainian-Cossackian cided in the negative. Republican Movement“ , 6. “ Ukrainian Democratic Group — This is all the more probable now that the ‘Coordinating Council Württemberg“ . of Caucasian peoples4 which includes representatives of Georgia, Ukrainian readers gasped at this unexpected wave of Armenia, Aserbaijan and the Ossetes, have announced their op­ Ukrainian political organizations. They asked each other: position to Kerensky and his “ Council“ . “ What organizations are these? Who leads them? Since when Turkestan have they existed? Have you ever heard anything about them?“ Turkestanians in exile are represented by the National Turk- estanians Unity Committee“ which, as is well known, comprise the No answer was forthcoming for nobod)' had ever heard up following Turk tribes: from Kasakhstan, Kirgizistan, Usbekistan, until now of their existence. Suddenly they were “ there“ , Turkmenistan and Tadzhikistan. It was not necessary for either like mushrooms after rain. Soon we knew what the rain was Mr. Don Levine or Mr. Kerensky to approach Turkestanians, for and where it came from. The “ Ukrainian Liberation Move­ they had rejected Kerensky’s “ Council“ categorically immediately ment“ asked and got DM 3,000.— to hold its ‘ ‘Congress“ at after the formation of its Russian nucleus. This attitude was ex­ Fürstenfeldbruck, near Munich, which was attended by ------pressed in an interview with Mr. Veli Kajum Khan, president of 25 people. In 2 or 3 DP camps near Munich there were signs the ‘National Turkestanian Unity Committee4, which was published of the outbreak of this “ Liberation Movement“ ; thus, one in various organs of the European press in the middle of Septem­ man appeared in a new suit, another bought a wonderful ber. And his Committee sent a corresponingly sharp refusal on 28. 8. 1951 that appeared in the Millij Tiirkistan (National new brief case, and three or four men had a great binge in Turkistan), the Committee’s official organ, published in Geneva. the canteen, etc. The Baltic peoples were ignored from the start, as official American opinion does not consider them as members of the union At All Costs: Integration of Russia of the “ Russian family of nations“ . Mr. Kerensky’s “ Council“ had to dispense with the Baltic States from the outset and openly The “ resolution“ was signed by three alleged leaders of declare this. the “ Liberation Movement“ . There is no purpose now in Buying Allies going into the very varied biographies of these gentlemen, though it may be necessary later. All we wish to say now is Those are practically all the possibilities of succes open that they have not a good reputation among exiled Ukrain­ to Mr. Don Levine. What remains is perhaps better organ­ ians, and still a worse one at home, that they have no self- ization of the Russians themselves, say, an attempt to unite respecting followers and no positive support from any circles not 5, but 10 or 15 parties. That task ought to be worthy of of society. the most skilful political tactician. But it does not interest One of their first “ resolutions“ suffices to show which way Mr. Levine at all. He wants to get hold of the “ Russian“ the wind is blowing. One of its sentences runs: “ The groups nationalities, for they alone can get American money for which have amalgamated to form the “ Ukrainian Liberation No. 10/11 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 7

Movement*4 consider that it is possible to work with organ­ ples of the U.S.S.R. are selected and in what way Kerensky’s izations which aim at a federal union of the peoples living Council is constructed? Do Mr. Reginald T. Townsend and in the Soviet Union.44 This is a significant statement. In the John F. B. Mitchell really approve of allowing their names “ American Comittee“ and in Mr. Kerensky’s “ Council" it to be connected with a movement in Europe which tens of has been said up till now that the peoples of Russia are to thousands of refugees know to be founded on deception and unite only in order to overthrow bolshevism together and false premises? Mr. Kerensky and his accomplices in Europe that these peoples shall thereafter decide which way they need “ representatives“ of non-Russian peoples, and he picks want to go. And here a “ federal union“ of the-peoples in them up anywhere, even from the gutter; but we might ex­ the Soviet Union is put up as a definite aim, and the catch pect an authority on Eastern problems like William H. Cham­ in the arrangement appears later in a united, uniform “ eter­ berlain to know exactly what sort of “ representatives“ are nal“ Russia, which is the ultimate object of the European being offered to Americans. wire-pullers of Mr. Kerensky’s “ Council“ . Its aim is not so Is it generally known that the names of Charles Edison, much to combat bolshevism, but rather to continue the old William Y. Elliot and Allen Grove are being used to cloak Russian imperialism in “ democratic“ form. No smooth nefarious practices and to promote plans that are deeply phrases, however, no promises will ever avail to blind the repugnant to millions of human beings? nations oppressed by Moscow to the “ Council4 ’s imperialist It is not out of the question that Mr. Isaac Don Levine will and Muscovite aims. actually in the end set up some kind of “ Russian Peoples’ Front“ allegedly to combat bolshevism. Americans will give Cheating Americans much money to support this front in the fond belief that The names of the American sponsors of the “ American they are helping a good cause. But with such a “ front“ they Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia“ are will not advance a single step towards liberating the world certainly held in honour in Europe. But — is Mr. Eugen from bolshevism and imperialism. Mr. Isaac Don Levine is Lyons, the president of the “ American Committee“ aware very obviously ivorking for the Russian Empire, not for how, and of what elements the “ representatives“ of the peo­ America and the true liberty of nations.

Indignant Rejection

o f Kerensky’s ”Council for the Liberation o f the Peoples o f Russia’ Rising Wave o f Ukrainian Protest Against the „ Council’

(Z. P.) The September number of this paper contained a ist Great Russian plans. The peoples who are struggling for detailed report of the creation of the “ Council for the Liber­ their freedom simply cannot grasp that Americans can exist ation of the Peoples of Russia“ under the' leadership of who are ready and willing to promote such Russian plans Alexander E. Kerensky, the exiled Russian politician. Storms and to procure considerable sums of money for a campaign of indignation have been raised both by the form and the like Kerensky’s. The Americans have gained a world wide content of this Russian action among the nations to be reputation for having always and consistently supported “ liberated“ . The legitimate exiled representatives of these genuine liberty, for having taken the part of the oppressed peoples have recognized Kerensky’s campaign for what it and helped all fighters for freedom, and for instinctively really is, namely, an attempt by Russian imperialists in exile championing the underdog. It is absolutely contrary to this to replace Bolshevism by a great Russian Empire, this time conception that, in the case of Russia, they should support the under a “ democratic“ regime. holders of power, the tyrants of Moscow who have for cen­ Not a single member of the peoples oppressed by the Rus­ turies tormented so many other peoples, and that they should sians believes for one moment in Kerensky’s assurances of lend a hand to restore them to authority. “ independence“ , “ autonomy“ , “ liberty“ , “ equality“ , for the In another article in this paper we give details of the nations to be “ liberated“ within the framework of a “ restor­ methods Kerensky adopts and the kind of men he attracts ed“ , “ democratic"4 Russia. The history of this Empire, a or bribes to fulfil his purpose of deceiving the Americans conglomeration of stolen territory, is paved with too many about the reception given to his plan by representatives of Russian lies, too much treachery, too many breaches of pro­ the nations concerned. All really patriotic and honest groups mises and treaties, faithlessness and violence, and with the of these peoples have unequivocally, often sharply, ex­ wholesale destruction of whole tribes, for anybody to put pressed their opposition to Kerensky and his “ Council44. any trust in these latest expressions of the Muscovite creed, This holds above all for Ukrainians. We do not need to couched in “ democratic4 terms. Kerensky’s honest face emphasize the futility of attempting to overthrow bolshev­ conceals Moscow’s ancient greed of power, of land, the old ism without the help of the Ukrainians and without the co­ determination to exploit and annihilate peoples. These operation of their movement of resistance against bolshev­ “ Russian“ peoples do not want Russian “ democracy“ ; they ism and Moscow. Kerensky will not succeed in getting any­ want nothing but their own freedom and state sovereignty. where, and, except for a fe ^ mercenary quislings he has a That is all. united front of Ukrainians against him. And nothing can No one, moreover, is surprised by Kerensky’s insolent plan. alter this state of affairs, even in the future. Russians in exile see that the bolshevists are at the end of In support of this assertion we append a survey of the their tether and that great changes and revolutions are bound increasaing protest by Ukrainians to Kerensky’s plans. These to come in and round the U.S.S.R. And by means of lies, protests are not, of course, directed so much to Kerensky false promises and bribes, and by deliberately misleading and his “ Council44; Ukrainians do not consider him suffi­ world opinion and many credulous Americans, they are ciently important. Ukrainian protests are addressed in the trying even now to save the Russian dungeon of nations once first instance to American public opinion and in particular more. Such schemes were quite naturally to be expected of to those Americans whose financial backing made Kerensky’s Russian imperialists in exile. campaign possible at all. These protests seek to let American But the exiled representatives of the peoples concerned public opinion have the truth, the whole truth and nothing have been more than astonished by the fact that Kerensky but the truth, about the real attitude of the majority of has evidently succeeded in winning a group of influential, Ukrainians, to Kerensky’s plans. Americans who support apparently misinformed, Americans to support his imperial­ Kerensky are wasting both their time and their money. Page 8 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

The lecture was warmly received by Wave of Protest the veterans present. Aged Ukrainians (U.I.S.) On 3. 10. 1951, 41 Ukrainian any federation or plebiscite whatsoever G erm any inmates of the D.P. Home for the Aged | until we have secured, if necessary at in Darmstadt joined in the general the cost of our own lives, the full sov­ protest of Ukrainians againsf the plans ereignty of the united Ukrainian people.“ Protest of Ukrainian Central of Kerensky’s “ Council“ . In their de­ Representation Protest of Ukrainian Students claration they emphasize that no trust (U.I.S.) Tlie Executive of the Ukrain­ can be put in Russian promises, even ian Central Representation in Ger­ (U.I.S.) On October 7, 1951, the if they are “ democratic“ . Innumerable many, which represents the. legal, so­ Central Union of Ukrainian Students experiences in the past have proved cial, cultural and economic interests in Germany published their protest that Russians have always broken their of about 28,000 Ukrainians DP’s and against the “ Council“ in the free treaties and promises whenever it was refuges in Germany, being an amalga­ Ukrainian press in Germany. The foll­ a question of attaining greater power mation of 21 Ukrainian societies, has owing sentences may he quoted: over the peoples subjugated by Mos­ joined the general protest of U k rai­ “ The Council for the Liberation of cow. For Ukrainians, the sole guarantee nians in exile against Kerensky’s cam­ the Peoples of Russia is an artificial of freedom is the re-erection of an in­ paign. formation which cannot even claim to dependent state of their own. represent the Russian people, let alone At a press meeting on 15. 9. 1951, Ukrainians in Liibeck the following resolution was passed: speak on behalf of other peoples in the ‘ The aim behind the reation of the Soviet Union; (U.I.S.) “ We Ukrainian men and “ Council for the Liberation of the “ We protest in particular against the women who live in camps near Liibeck pretence of the S.O.N.R. to speak in Peoples of Russia“ is obviously to join the protests of the Ukrainian press the name of the Ukrainian people and work in the spirit of Russian imperial­ against the imperialist plans of Ke­ its struggle for liberation; ism in order to win over public opin­ rensky and his group and of his misled “ The S.O.N.R. aims solely at repla­ ion in the West, which was beginning American supporters.“ cing Red Russian imperialism by White to be interested in the liberation of This resolution w as passed by Ukrain­ Russian imperialism; peoples subjugated by Russia. ians in Liibeck and its environs ion “ Ukrainian students will never agree “ At the same time, steps are being ta­ September 28, 1951. The text continues: to hold any kind of plebiscite in ken to attract to the Council represen­ “ We declare that neither Mr. K e­ Ukraine before it is completely liber­ tatives of so-called “ Russian minorities“ rensky nor any of his clique has the ated; who have already assumed the charac­ “ We protest sharply against the plan right to speak on behalf of the teristically Russian mentality and out­ Ukrainian people or to make de­ of foreigners to force federation with look. As a matter of fact, the “ represen­ cisions for them. Nor have the few Russia on Ukraine.“ tatives of minorities‘‘ are nothing blit Ukrainian quislings in Mr. Kerensky’s national traitors who are willing to Ukrainian Veterans service any such right.“ work as agents in the interests of Rus­ “ We shall above all have nothing sian imperialism. (U.I.S.) On 14. 10. 1951 Unions of to do with any votes or plebiscites “ As the leading organization of tens Ukrainian Veterans met in Munich in in Ukraine. Ukraine voted for its in­ of thousands of Ukrainians in Germany, a reception hall in the Ministry of dependence as a state on 22. 1. 1919 the Ukrainian Central Representation, Economics to hold the traditional and does not require to repeat that thoroughly approves and supports the “Pokrova“ ceremony in honour of the vote.“ protests launched by the Ukrainian in­ Holy Virgin, the Guardian Angel of “ The flower "of Ukrainian youth dependent national press. It is convinc­ Ukrainian soldiers. is fighting today in the ranks of the ed that all Ukrainian organizations ab­ The hall was packed when the chair Ukrainian Insurgents’ Army (U.P.A.) road will join in these protests.“ was taken by the doyen of the corps against Russian imperialism in the of Ukrainian officers, General M. Ka- sacred cause of Ukrainian liberation. Ukrainian Youth Association pustiansky. A lecture on the present This bloody struggle is an unceasing situation of Ukrainians was given by testimony to Urkraine’s determina­ (U.I.S.) On September 12, 1951 the Dr. L. Ortynsky. tion to win independence from its Executive Committee of the Ukrainian He said that recent Russian and inter­ Russian oppressor.“ Youth Association in Germany publish­ national attempts to reconstruct the ed a strong protest against Kerensky’s Russian empire in all its nower and Communique of the „Union imperialist plans. We quote: extent after the collapse of bolshevism, of Ukrainian Journalists“ ‘‘Our organization of Ukrainian hut on “ democratic“ principles, will • youth in Western Germany protests fail because of the military resistance On October 10, 1951, the Union of with vehemence against the claims of of the entire Ukrainian people. Ukrainian Journalists in Germany sent Russian circles round Kerensky which Ukrainians, he said, must preserve the following Communique to the endanger the Ukrainian fight for liber­ and foster their ancient soldierly spirit, Ukrainian press in Western Europe: ty. We assert that the “ Council for the jo j poddnro aq Lin Laqt icq) os “ Following the example given by the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia“ bonds of friendship; and promote plans, free Ukrainian press in Western Ger­ (S. 0. N. R.) is nothing more or less the struggle for the liberation of their many, spontaneous meetings and de­ than a product of Russian imperialism country. monstrations against Russian imperi­ which completely violates the Atlantic Kerensky’s campaign must be inter­ alism are being held throughout Western Charter, the freedom of nations and the preted as an attempt on the part of Europe. This imperialism finds expres­ dignity of man. Russian imperialists to lull the peoples sion also in the foundation of the We protest in particular against the oppressed by Moscow into a false sense “ Council for the Liberation of the pretence of the S.O.N.R. and its stooges of security anil to check their desire Peoples of Russia.“ At these meetings, to represent the Ukrainian people and for liberty; the future of the Russian resolutions were passed and signatures issue declarations on their behalf. empire and the supremacy of Russians collected. We publish below the first We declare before the whole free over other peoples would thus be as­ list of these protests with the number world that we will never consent to sured without armed intervention. of signatures attached: No. 10/11 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 9

Germany: Ukrainians, living “ The peace of Europe depends on of the peoples of Russia“ , which they in camps: Lingen-Ems — 122; Peru- the restoration of independence to were coerced into joining in the 17tli linglu — 30; Münster — 22; August­ Ukraine.“ century. They have full right to dorf — 73; Luttensee — 92; Altenstädt “ It is a principle of the Ukrainian secede from the Russian Empire. — 26; Eselsberg — 60; Pinsberg — 8: people’s faith to preserve peace in a Nor can the “ democratization‘ of Rad Aibling — 104; Prien — 35; Farell new, free Europe.“ Russia, which experience with Mos­ - 107; Dornstadt — 41; Gauting — 1. For the Union of Ukrainian journal­ cow in the past renders illusory, 144; Amberg — 262; Gähn — 6; ists in France: bring freedom to the nations that Roman Holian, president, have been forced into the strait Ukrainians not in camps: Ingolstadt jacket of the U.S.S.R. — 112; Erlangen — 6; Trabits — 2; Zenon Matla, secretary. 2. For the review: “ Ssorborna Ukraina“ : Peace, freedom and genuine inter­ Bamberg — 14; Lamsdorf — 2; Gross- national understanding in Eastern aulieim — 2; Münster — 9. Roman Holian, publisher, Myklialy Dobriansky, editor. Europe can be assured only if Ukraine Great Britain: Blackburn ■— 3. For the weekly: “ Ukrainets-Chass“ : and the other nations oppressed by- 114; Westwood Quarry — 9; Towyll Danylo Chaykovsky, publisher. Moscow are separated from that Merioneth — 2; Gurrey — 2. 4. For the weekly: “ Ukrainske Slovo“ : power to become completely in­ O. Zhdanovych, publisher.“ dependent nations.“ France: Gens — 43; Mulhouse The above protest of the free Urkain- — 44; Thiers — 8; Herauet — 13; Demonstration in Lans Etain — 2; Ben Metie (Tunis) — 106. ian press in France has appeared in al­ most all Ukrainian papers in Europe (U.I.S.) On October 7, 1951 there B e l g iu m : holder — 27. and America. w'as a demonstration in Lans, North Sweden : Kessbergo — 1. France of representatives of Ukrain­ Ukrainian Community in Paris ians living in the départements of Pas (U.I.S.) Th ere was a mass meeting de Calais and Nord and, above all, of France in Paris on September 29, 1951 of delegates from the Ukrainian National Ukrainians living there and in the sur­ Unit (U.N.Y.) a society with more roundings. The meeting of Protest was than 1000 members. After lengthy dis­ Ukrainian Free Press organized by the “ Union of Ukrain­ cussion, the following resolution was (U.I.S.) On September 17, 1951 a ians in France“ (O.U.F.) and the French passed : demonstration of protest was organiz­ section of the “ Ukrainian Youth Asso­ “ The delegates of Ukrainians liv­ ed by representatives of the free ciation“ (S.U.M.). A number of speak­ ing in the départements, Pas de Calais press in France, and the following re­ ers sharply censured the plans of Ke­ and Nord, protest sharply against solution was passed: rensky’s “ Council“ . Resolutions were Kerensky’s campaign and against his passed, such as the following: “ Council for the Liberation of the “ At a special meeting on 17. 9. 1951, “ We Ukrainians living in France Peoples of Russia“ . Attempts are tbe “ Union of Ukrainian Journalists in being made to force or bribe Ukrain­ France“ issued the following declara­ maintain that the destiny of our native ians to join this “ Council“ who will tion: land can he decided only by the Ukrain­ ian people itself, and not by any for­ then be regarded as “ representatives 1. “ The Union of Ukrainian journalists eign organisations or influences.“ of the Ukrainian people.“ Thus the in France declares its complete agre­ “ We are greatly astonished at the The delegates protest against such ement with tbe resolutions passed by policy pursued by certain circles of manoeuvres by reactionary, muscov­ the representatives of the Ukrainian Americans who, probably through lack ite imperialists and assert that the free press in Germany and joins in of proper knowledge, support the un­ campaign launched by Kerensky and the protest against tbe formation of democratic plans of Russian exiles and his followers is a deliberate pro the “ Council“ . approve of their imperialist aims as vocation of the freedom-loving world 2. “ The Union appeals to Ukrainians in regards Ukraine.“ and a violation of the basic right of France to give solid support to the “ It is high time that these Ameriacns every nation to a free and indepen­ general campaign of Ukrainians distinguish the problem of Ukraine dent life. It perpetuates the slavery throughout the civilized world. The from that of Russia and deal with it of peoples and destroys the pos­ Union realizes that the creation of separately, in the same way as the pro­ sibility of the formation of a com­ the “ Council“ is a denial of the right blems of member states of the U.N. are mon anti-bolshevist front. Such a of the Ukrainian people to its inde­ treated apart from Russian questions front can only be founded on the pendence as a state. Through the although they are languishing under voluntary cooperation of the sub­ centuries of its truggle for freedom, the yoke of Russia.“ jugated peoples and it becomes im­ a struggle that is still going on, the Ukrainian communities in Catillaux, possible as soon as the re-erection of Ukrainian people has shown the St. Just en Chausse, etc. subscribed to a White instead of a Red Russian world that it will never abandon its this protest and hundreds of signatures imperialism is held up to these goal of liberation and of re-erecting are being collected. peoples as the aim of the struggle.“ the sovereign Ukrainian state which was liquidated by a Red Moscow in Vaisin-Chalet Canada | 1920.“ (U.I.S.) At a meeting of the Ukrain­ ian community in Vaisin-Chalet on 3. “ The Ukrainian people considers the Ukrainian federal plan announced by the 7. 10. 1951 energetic protests were “ Council“ to be a deliberate man­ raised against Mr. Kerensky’s plans Press Opposes Kerensky oeuvre with the sole purpose of mis­ and his “ Council“ . A resolution that (U.I.S.) On September 20, 1951 a leading political circles in the free was signed by 150 Ukrainians present conference was held in Toronto of re­ world, this federal plan obviously runs: presentatives of all Ukrainian papers aims at re-establishing the old re­ Mr. Kerensky’s “Council“ has no that are published there. Toronto, as gime of oppression in Moscow after right to act on behalf of the Ukrain­ is well known, is an important centre the collapse of bolshevism, and at ian people; it is not even entitled to of Ukrainian settlements in Ontario. russifying and exploiting the econom­ represent Russians in the narrower This conference discussed the appeal ies of non-Russian peoples.“ sense. “ The Ukrainians are not one issued by tbe Ukrainian press in West- Page 10 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain D Driven Into Paradise foremen and informers with some trained workmen to build barracks and A Factual Report of the Building of the ’’South Ukrainian Canal411 trained workmen to build learraens and hovels, look after drains and roads of and ’’Kakhovka Electro-Combine” approach and garages, motor techni­ cians, etc. (U.I.S.) Tens of thousands of slaves cavaters, explosion technique, cranes, The second group was in decidedly are oifce more required to build the etc. — must he done in Russia by poorer condition and was composed of South Ukrainian Canal and the elec­ hundreds of thousands of hands, at the many nationalités. The dialect most tricity ]>lant of the Kakhovka Combine. cost of hundreds of thousands of break­ frequently heard was that of Western There is going to be a repetition in ing hacks and tens of thousands of Ukraine. There were many workers Southern Ukraine of the dreadful trag­ starved slaves. from the Baltic States and Eastern edy that occurred when Stalin’s famous The “ magnificent“ , “ unparalleled1", Germany. They were set to jobs in road White Sea Canal was built. Petersburg “ unique“ , ‘‘work of genius“ , the South construction, levelling, ditching, ma­ (now Leningrad) is known to have been Ukrainian Canal is not dredged by king, roads from and to the actual job, built by Peter I, the “ Great“ , literally machinery; it is shovelled out literally building hutments and digging under­ on the bones of tens of thousands of by tens of thousands of spades and ground quarters (‘"Zemlyanki“ ), holes Ukrainian Cossacks and men from Za- shovels. “ There are always more peo­ in the earth with roofs that let in light. poroge who perished in the marshes of ple than necessary in the world1", is a In June, the third group was schedul­ the River Neva. The White Sea Canal popular and genuinvely Russian saying ed to start, the shovellers proper, destroyed the lives of hundreds of which finds expression in such projects. “ gold-diggers“ , as they were soon thousands of soviet slave labourers, The burden this time must be borne scoffingly called. Very many women. mostly Ukrainians. It is already clear mainly by Western Ukrainians, i. e. Almost all came from Western Ukraine, that the building of the gigantic Kakho­ Galicians, Volhynians, Huzuli, Boyki, particularly from south-west Galicia vka Electricity Combine will live as a inhabitants of Lemkenland and the (Carpathian foothills), from the dist­ cursei n the memory of the Ukrainian Carpathians. In deliberately forcing ricts of Stanislav, Kolomya, Pidmonas- people, as vividly and lastingly as the Western Ukrainians to work on this tyr, Buehach, Halych, Kliodoriv, Zyda- building of Petersburg which has been project, Moscow hopes to kill two birds chyv, Mykolaiv, Stryi, Dolyna, Droho- preserved in the moving verse of Ta­ with one stone: firstly, to get the canal bych, Turka, Sambir, Stara Sil, etc. ras Shevchenko, Ukraine’s greatest na­ built, and secondly to depopulate the It must not he imagined that these tional poet. “ eternally rebellious Western Ukraine11 workers arrived at living quarters that What Americans, for instance, ac­ and to break its resistance to russifica­ had been prepared for them and from complish quickly and quietly, without tion. which they could proceed every day boasting or fuss, by means of technical We have received the following re­ to their work. equipment — bulldozers, dredgers, ex- port from reliable sources behind the Mostly they were unloaded from Iron Curtain: trucks at points in the fields along the Those in charge of the building pro- canal and left to their own devices. A ern Germany in connection with Ke­ zect — a job shared by various minist­ group of about 760 Galicians, almost rensky’s action, and declared its un­ ries in the Union — ordered as early as all from the district round Zwydachiv, animous support of the protest. At the last February that 230,000 workers were unloaded in the beginning of June same time, all other Ukrainian papers were to be provided in three groups. from cattle trucks at Tarassovka station in Canada were invited to jon in the The first group, a “ basic nucleus"1, of on the Kherson-Dniepropetrovsk line protest. The resolution of the Toronto about 11,000, “ mostly men11, had to be and had to walk the 87 kilometers from conference was signed by representa­ enlisted and ready for work by the end there to Chorna Dolyna, via Beryslavl tives of the following papers: of March. The second group of about and Kakhovka. When they arrived com­ H o m i n Ukrainy 63.000 had to he collected, ready for pletely exhausted three days later, work, at centres alongside the con­ ( “ Ukrainian Echo“ ) there were 34 women and 11 men fewer — Mr. M. Sosnovsky struction by the end of April 1951. — they had died on the way. During This group, too, was to he mainly com­ this dreadful march they did not re­ L e in kivshch n a posed of men. The third group of about ceive a crumb of bread or a single po­ (“ Lemko-Land“ ) 155.000 workers, 1 also women“ , were tato: they were led a long way round — Mr. Y. Tarnovych to he employed gradually in the course the collective farms in the area, as N a W a r t i of June, “ hut not later than the middle there was fear of ‘political infection“ (“ On Guard“ ) of July“ . from these “ Galicians side of the pest — Mr. V. Makar As in the case of the White Sea of nationalism11 . . . N a s h a Meta Canal, the M.G.B., the State Ministry It is impossible to name the towns ( “ Our Aim“ ) for Security, undertook responsibility or villages where these workers live, — Rev. R. Khomyn for “ providing the necessary workers, as there are none. There are only Novi D ni and seeing to their readiness to work numbered labour centers which change ( “ New Days“ ) and their general condition"1. This is constantly as they job proceeds. These — Mr. P. Volyniak the surest guarantee that these workers people have no addresses, the neither S v i 11 o will actually be provided and that re­ receive nor send mail. Mortality among (“The Light“) serves will he prompply found when them must be appallingly high as sub­ — Rev. V.Dribnenky gaps occur. stantial fresh “ supplies1", or „recruits11, It turned out later that the first are always being called up in Galicia. We Ukrainsky R I b i t n y k group came mostly from Inner Russia; all know that there were almost no ve­ ( “ Ukrainian T oiler' ‘) the majority were Russians proper and terans at the celebrations that marked ■— Y. Tarnovych in quite good condition. These were to the conclusion of the White Sea Canal, No. 10/11 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 11

men wlio were able to say that they slavery laid on their country by Rus­ stud farm in the district of Furmanova, had worked on the project from the sia. For the South Ukrainian Canal is West Kazakhstan. There she concealed very beginning. Most of them died in nothing but a new means of transport her membership of the Komsomol for the course of the job. Nor will there to enable the Russians to exploit the eight months, for she did not report to be many Galicians left to enjoy the Ukraine more easily and quickly than the local branch as she ought to have electric light produced by the Kakhov- in the past. The object of the canal is done. When it eventually transpired ka Combine they helped to build. to supply a better connection by water that she was a member of the Komso­ And that is but the beginning. A between the Ukraine and Russian in­ mol, she was recommended to join fourth enlistment is scheduled for the dustrial areas and markets. It will en­ afresh by submitting a signed applica­ end of October to provide more than able Ukrainian agricultural produce, tion, She refused, declaring boldly: 200,000 workers. The M.G.B. can be ores, coal, and half-manufactured pro­ “ I prefer to declare that I am no depended on to fulfil the target. ducts from the Donetz Basin to he longer a Komsomol girl.“ The “ Kom­ And the greatest evil in the whole transported conveniently to Inner Rus­ somolskaya Pravda“ comments on this thing is that Ukrainians are here being sia. This is the cause for which West­ declaration with a flood of base colum- forced to forge with their own hands ern Ukrainians have the honour to die, ny and threats. Such admissions are another link in the heavy chain of on the field of slave labour. branded as subversive activity and high treason. The paper does not tell what became of poor Hanna. It is not diffi­ cult to imagine her fate, seeing that Everything for Moscow her case became famous as typical Bigger Ukrainian Harvest Transported immediately into Russia throughout the Soviet Union and abroad She is not likely to he in Furma- novo, and less likely to be in Kyiv; il (U.I.S.) Favoured by good summer wind, the hard work of the Ukrainian she is alive at all, she is probably weather the Soviet Union in general, people. Not at all! This increased har­ somewdiere in the Arctic Circle. and Ukraine in particular reaped a lar­ vest, as we learn if we continue to read It is still more significant that the ger harvest this year than last. There the letter of the competent Moscow indignant red press of Moscow must was a noticaeble over-all increase in the official, is due first and foremost to the complain of such shortcomings only in wheat crop. The wheat acreage for “ elder brother“ , the Russians, proper, the case of Ukrainians, Byelorussians, 1951 harvest was about 10,000,000 the Muscovites. We quote: Aserbaijanians, Turkestanians, and acres more than last year; it was achiev­ “ The workers of Soviet Ukraine other subjugated nations, seldom in the ed by substantial shifting of land from know only too well, dear Comrade Sta­ case of genuine Russians. The expla­ rye and corn to wheat. The largest lin, that it is only in consequence of the nation is not far to seek. For the youth shifts were made in Ukraine. In 1950 friendship and brotherly help of the of Russia proper there is little sense the total Soviet Union grain harvest great Russian people that agriculture in sabotaging a youth organisation was about 82,000,000 short tons; 1951 in Ukraine prospers and develops so which is part of the state apparatus for it may increase to 85,000,000. Again well, as do all other branches of econ­ enslaving people that helps Russians the main gains were obtained in omy and culture in our republic.“ to maintain their supremacy over the Ukraine. Nothing, obviously, could he done nations they oppress. It is no accident, L. Melnikov, D. Korotchenko, V. Ka­ without the Russians! This is sufficient but the natural and necessary conse­ lashnikov, N. Kalchenko and 0. Vla­ reason to carry out another of Stalin’s quence on the structure of the Russo- senko, all of them special Moscow agri­ orders without further delay, namely, bolshevist state in the U.S.S.R. that cultural commissars in Ukraine, agents to transport the harvest of Ukraine im­ more than 60% of the leading posts in mainly responsible for the prompt de­ mediately to the central provinces of the Komsomol in Ukraine should be liveries of Ukrainian grain to Moscow, Russia, above all to Moscow. In other filled by genuine Russian youths and wrote Sept. 15th a collective letter to words, Moscow takes payment for its girls. Genuine Russians can never he Stalin reporting “ outstanding success in imaginary “ brotherly help“ . At present expected to rebel against the bolshevist the campaign of Ukrainian grain de­ unending trains and trucks of grain are regime, for bolshevism is the doctrine liveries“ . The letter which was recently rolling from Ukraine to the north. that best enables Russians to tyrannize published in all Soviet Ukrainian news­ What does Ukraine get in exchange? over subjugated peoples and exploit papers, runs: No Moscow agents would report on this them. “ The men and women working on to Stalin with pride. There would be the collective farms, the employees on no sense in such an action, for Moscow New Schoolyear the tractor cooperative stations and never pays a penny for what it takes the state farms in Soviet Ukraine re­ from Ukraine. Ukraine remains a co­ Another Arena in the Fight against port herewith that they have kept the lony of the Russian people. Ukrainian Nationalism promise they gave you, dear Comrade Stalin. We have even before the time * (U.I.S.) The new schoolyear in Soviet set fulfilled 100.7°/o of the state plan ”1 am no longer a Komsomol Ukraine began in 1951 as usual on for the production and delivery of Girl“ September 1. The Ministry of Educa­ grain, and have delivered to our be­ tion of Ukarinian S.S.R. publishes the loved Soviet state 71,726,000 puds (U.I.S.) An example reported in the following facts about certain schools in (1 pud = about 36 lbs.) more grain “ Komsomolskaya Pravda“ of Septem­ the Soviet Ukrainian press: than at this time last year. Proud as ber 28, 1951 illustrates to the catastro­ At present there are 158 High Schools we are of our performance, we are not phic conditions in the Komsomol in in Ukraine, attended by 160,000 tsu- yet content. We promise you, dear Jos- Ukraine. dents. 43,000 new students have been sif Vissarionovich, that we shall do our Masses of young men and girls, who enrolled for the news schoolyear; 55,000 best to reach a higher figure next are members of the Komsomol stay more attend evening classes or take out year.“ away from all the activities of the or­ courses in correspondence colleges. In Almost 72 million puds more grain ganization; nobody wants to take any 1951 altogether more than 7 million than last year — that is no trifle! One leading position. Hanna Kostantynenko, children and young people in Ukraine might suppose that this miracle of a a Komsomol girl who finished her are attending school. harvest was produced by the fertile course at the Kyiv veterinary college Education in Carpathian Ukraine Ukrainian soil, the sun, timely rain and a year ago, was ordered to work on a has made astonishing strides. Up till Page 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

1945 this Ukrainian province which bish as the “ Stolen Grandfather“ . They to Russia’s treatment of Ukraine as a had been administered for centuries have no alternative. That is what the colony.Moscow’s policy was to develope by Hungary, was the most backward in “ happy life of the Soviet citizen“ looks Ukraine solely as a source of agricul­ culture. Now it counts 332 seven-grade like — in tlieir own Communist mirror. tural products, above all as a huge area intermediate schools and 437 elemen­ * lor growing wheat and sugar-beet. tary schools, with a total enrolment of Ukraine has been developed more and 150.000. Agitation against America more as a one-product agricultural This year, as always at the beginning country. Technical training institutes (U.I.S.) The “ Radyanska Ukraina“ , of a schoolyear, Soviet Ukrainian teach­ have paid a certain amount of attention the official organ of the Communist ers were carefully instructed by the to agricultural study and research, but party of Ukraine, in its number of Communist party as to their particular other technical training has been de­ 6. 9. 1951 published a whole page of duties and were told what they were liberately forbidden for decades. Soil to emphasize in the classroom. These photostats and reproductions from papers printed at the time of the Re­ conservation, thermodynamics and elec­ instructions throw light on the nature trical engineering in particular, are the of the problems facing the Soviet volution, for the purpose of “ demon­ strating the aggressive nature of Anglo- special provinces of Russian engineers regime and, above all, on the resistance and more than 80% of the colleges it has to deal with in the country. An American imperialism. For centuries it has shed the blood of innocent nations, dealing with those subjects are in Russia article in “ Radyanska Ukraina“ runs: proper, particularly in and around “ Following the wise instructions of plundered and subjugated them. This imperialism is Enemy No. 1 of working Moscow. It is, therefore, no wonder that our party, Soviet teachers must above there are no experts in these branches all see to it that they utilize to the full people in the Soviet Union, of peace, democracy and socialism.“ in Ukraine. Now that, in spite of these their lessons in literature, history and difficulties, these new technocologicai geography in order to inspire youth The caption under this collection Cheops pyramids are being erected in with a burning Soviet patriotism, a reads: Ukraine Accuses! Subtitles are: Southern Ukraine, we are sure to hear Stalin brotherhood of nations, Soviet “ Their Plans“ , “ Dollars and Blood“ , how the Russian “ elder brother“ has national pride and proletarian inter­ “ We Shall Never Forget!4 The ka­ once more “ generously helped“ Ukraine nationalism, and this, in the first in­ leidoscope is “enlivened4 by many out with experts, engineers, etc. and stance, for the purpose of uncompro­ photos of alleged atrocities and other has “ pushed the cultural development mising combat against bourgeois na­ war crimes committed during the oc­ of Ukraine ahead’4. This will provide tionalism.“ cupation of Southern Ukraine in 1918 a ■ reason for strengthening Moscow’s by troops of the British and French The Ukrainian “ bourgeois nationa­ claim to supremacy over Ukraine. lism“ , or, in the language of the West, armies. Ukrainian national patriotism, must The report concludes with the fol­ have struck deep roots in the country lowing threat: “ The Ukrainian people Increasing Indifference if it is considered necessary to warn will always remember the crimes of to Komsomol imperialists in the U.S.A., England and and inoculate firstgraders against it. (U.I.S.) The “ Komsomolskaya Pravda“ France! It cannot forget the murder of of October 19, 1951 complains of grow­ Escape from the Monotony Soviet citizens, the ruins of its factories, ing indifference and a falling off in and railways, nor the ashes of its numbers in the Komsomol in the Soviet of Everyday Life houses. The Soviet people is only too Union in general and in Ukraine in familiar with the bestial habits of im­ (U.I.S.) According to Soviet statistics, particular. A certain comrade Krywol- perialists; it watches with anxiety the the theatres in Soviet Ukraine gave in utsky wrote to the paper mentioned tricks of such imperialist robbers as the first half of 1951, 14,012 perfor­ complaining of the inadequate support Truman, Churchill, Acheson and Attlee, mances, of which, 8,462 were of works given him by higher local and district all of them greedy for land, and, by Soviet authors. In spite of the ob­ secretaries of the Komsomol when he seemingly unable to learn from history, vious numerical superiority of new was organizing a local branch. still rattling their swords.“ Soviet productions, the Communist In replying, the paper tells tales out party is not content. Their henchmen of school. In Ukraine during the first have found out that ‘ ‘Soviet pieces are Shortage of Trained Technical half of 1951, 224 secretaries were dis­ for the most part intentionally pro­ Workers missed from the Komsomol altogether, duced by second-rate theatres, while while 1,306 were dismissed from office. (U.I.S.) The Visnyk (“Informa­ the better ones, mostly theatres with The reasons given are always the same, tion“ ) of the Academy of Sciences in pre-revolutionary traditions, prefer old, namely, carelessness, indifference bu­ Ukrainian S.S.R. reports that 23 de­ ethnographic, so-called ‘entertaining4 reaucracy, lack of devotion to the cause, partments of the Academy and other plays“ . The “ Radyanska Ukraina“ com­ deviations. technical institutes in Ukraine are ments thus: Whatever efforts the Moscow powers working at problems connected with “ In the course of the last six months, make, communism simply will not take the building of what is known as the the hunt for ‘box-office‘ plays was root in Ukraine, especially among young South Ukrainian Canal, and the power particularly lively. These plays are people. Mass purges will be of little plant known as the Kalkhovka Com­ alleged to be ‘entertaining4 and ‘much avail. in demand4. In reality they are mostly bine. The “ Visnyk“ complains that, in , empty, if not injurious, products, of spite of the employment of masses of scientific and technical experts in A Station That Was Never which we should be ashamed. Individual Finished theatres have often produced real rub­ Ukraine, there is “ a severe shortage of bish, such as “ The Law of Lycurgus“ , technically qualified workers“ . This is (U.I.S.) The old railway station in “ The Fatal Inheritance“ , “ The Stolen particularly true of the provinces of the town of Dnipropetrovsk with its Grandfather“ etc.“ hydrology, conservation of soil, ther­ 600,000 inhabitants was completely To put it more simply — the public modynamics, electrical engineering, etc. destroyed during the war. The old sta­ just refuses to accept Soviet plays. The Instead of complaining, the Acad­ tion was most inadequate for the grow­ people have to endure the monotony of emy’s bulletin should explain the ing city, so the “ Soviet planners'4 with life in the Soviet Union by day, more, reason for the shortage of trained tech­ “ unusual boldness“ had designed a indeed than is tolerable. In the evening, nical workers in Ukraine. If it were new station and given orders for the they prefer to escape into an unreal honest, the “ Visnyk“ would have to building. country, even if provided by such rub­ admit that this shortage is due directly It was to be a huge thing with 4 ar- No. 10/11 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE P ag e 13

tainment was a great success. The Australian public received the choir’s UKRAINIANS ABROAD performance enthusiastically; it is gra­ dually acquiring a notion of the value . Argentina ■ tina owns a centre in Buenos Ayres of Ukrainian folk art. and 17 branches in provincial towns. Last August, the foundations were laid :------Brazil ------REPORT OF THE “ PROSVITA“ for the latest “ Prosvita“ houses in the (U.ES.) Judging from activity among towns of Doc Sudi and Villa Carassa. Ukrainian emigres in Argentina, the At these ceremonies 11,000 and 6000 COURSES IN UKRAINIAN Ukrainian Popular Education Society, pesetas respectively were collected to (U.I.S.) From August 1951 weekly Prosvita , is gradually becoming an be used for further bilding. courses in Ukrainian language and important centre of Ukrainian life In 1950/51 “ Prosvita1 houses or literature will be held in the rooms of there. branches were founded in the following the “ Ukrainian-Brasilian Society 1 in The “ Prosvita“ Society in Argentina towns of Argentina: Berisso, Valentin Curytiba, Porana, Brasil. The courses is, to a degree, a branch of the great Alcina, Florida, San Martin. aim at spreading and refreshing know­ Ukrainian society for Adult Education ledge of Ukrainian among all interest­ which existed for many years until ed. Courses in Portuguese will also be 1945, i. e. till Ukraine was finally sub­ UKRAINIAN PRESS EXHIBITION given for Ukrainians who have immi­ jugated by Russia and bolshevism, and IN BUENOS AIRES grated recently and who do not yet which was last active in Western (U.I.S.) The Exhibition of the master the language of the country. Ukraine. The “ Prosvita1', a non-politi­ Ukrainian Press in Buenos Aires closed They will receive lessons on the his­ cal organization, which combated illiter­ on 18. 8. 1951. It was held in the pre­ tory, geography, culture and general acy and superstition among Ukrainians, mises of the “ Prosvita“ , the Ukrainian knowledge of Brazil. These courses are provided the population with books Education Centre, where a reception well attended. and papers, organized educational was held during the exhibition for re­ courses and evening classes, founded presentatives of Ukrainian organiza­ Canada schools, promoted national customs tions in the Argentine. In his address, and culture and helped to preserve Mr. M. Danylylhyn, president of the historical traditions. The “ Prosvita“ “ Prosvita“ , emphasized that, since the CONSTITUTION OF THE UKRAIN­ saved millions of Ukrainians from being war, Ukrainians have published out of IAN ORTHODOX CHURCH spiritually absorbed by Poland and their own funds 39 papers, magazines (U.I.S.) On August 8th and 9th 1951, Russia. and books in Argentina, i. e. almost the special Convocation (the Ssobor) At present the ‘Prosvita“ in Argen­ 10 per cent of all non-Soviet Ukrainian of the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox periodical publications produced abro­ Church of Canada took place at Win­ ad during 1950. One of the exhibits nipeg, Manitoba. During the Convoca­ rival platforms, electric plant, many was a copy of the first edition of the tion the fundamental form of its or­ tunnels, escalators, fantastic waiting- first Ukrainian newspaper in Haly- ganization was laid down, and hierarchi­ rooms, restaurants, theatre, cinemas, ehyna, the “ Halytska Zoria“ (“ The Star cal questions decided. etc. Everything had to mechanized, of Galicia“ ), dated 1848, and printed automatic and standartized. It was de­ in Cyrillic type, a bibliographic cu­ Metropolitan Ilarian Ohienko was signed to meet the growing demands riosity. A resolution was passed to appointed primate of the Ukrainian of a town that was expected to reach found a museum in the Education Orthodox Church in Canada, his title the 2 million level. It was to be opened Centre. to be “ The Ukrainian Greek Orthodox for traffic in 1948. That was postponed Metropolitan of Winnipeg and the to 1949, them to 1950, then to 1951 whole of Canada“ . Archbishop Mykhail which is also drawing to a close. The Australia Khoroshy was chosen as his deputy, 4 big platforms were reduced to 3 and with the title of “ Archbishop of Toron­ to and East Canada“ . A decision was then to 2. It lias ended by the trains UKRAINIANS IN CANBERRA arriving along the level ground. True passed to enthrone the protoierey W. it is enormous, but their are no es­ (U.I.S.) The “ Union of Ukrainians Kudryk as bishop at an early date. calators, no theatre no cinemas, only in the Area of the Capital“ met for its The Convocation accepted a new huge halls inhabited by swarms of general meeting in Canberra on July 29, statute of organization, according to sparrows. 1951. About 177 of the 20,000 Ukrain­ which Canada is to be divided into three ian immigrants in Australia have found One of the special features of the main dioceses (eparchies), the Eastern, work and accommodation in Canberra. new station was that it was to be done the Central and the Western. The Con­ The meeting elected new office-bearers, in marble, the same marble that had vocation passed a unanimous resolution Dr. Roman Mykytovych being chosen been used in the Moscow underground deciding the community rights of the as president. He is supported by 6 other stations. The architects and specialists Church constitution which was to “ ans­ office-bearers. Among the resolutions of the Moscow stations were ordered wer the requirements of practical life passed was one for cultivating close to Dnipropetrovsk. There, however, and be in conformity with the dem­ contact and exchange in the province they found no marble and went back to ocratic principles of the Canadian of culture and national traditions with Moscow, having done nothing, i Thus Constitution“ . Ukrainians immigrants in Great Britain, the station has remained bleak and U.S.A. and Europe bare, with roughly finished walls, just THE CANADIAN PRIME MINISTER plastered in places; an ugly great grey AT UKRAINIAN JUBILEE thiug surrounded by rubble and build­ UKRAINIAN CHOIR IN BRISBANE (U.I.S.) The Canadian Prime Mini­ ing material over which passengers are (U.I.S.) At the suggestion of the Ca­ ster, Mr. St. Laurent, took an active forced to climb to reach their trains . . . tholic hospital in Brisbane, the Ukrain­ part in the sixtieth anniversary ce­ No even the local press makes fun ian Choir and the ballet under Peter lebrations of the first settlement of of the station. Holoyad, the eminent Ukrainian artist, Ukrainian immigrants on Canadian soil. An excellent example of ‘ stormy so­ gave a concert and ballet evening in The second half of August, Mr. St. cialist reconstruction“ . Brisbane end of September. The enter­ Laurent travelled through the provin- Page 14 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

ces of Alberta, Saskatchwan and Mani­ UKRAINIAN HOLDS TWELFTH the exhibition of old and recent publi­ toba where the Ukrainian farmers are PLACE cations by the Society and the scientific most numerously settled. Wherever the (U.I.S.) The Novy Shlakh (“ New work being done by its members. Premier went he was received, after Path“ ), a Ukrainian paper published in The guest was greatly interested in ancient custom, with gifts of bread Toronto, compares Ukrainian with the information about the Society’s and salt as symbols of loyalty and hos­ other world languages, of which there work supplied by the following Ukrain­ pitality. In his speeches Mr. St. Lau­ are said to be 2,796. More than 54 mil­ ian professors: Prof. Dr. V. Kubiyo- rent pointed out the extensive rights lion people in the world can speak and vych, Prof. Dr. O. Kulchytsky and Prof. enjoyed by Canadian citizens, citizens understand Ukrainian. This language M. Hlobenko. His Eminency showed of so many different nationalities. He comes twelfth in the list of world lan­ particular interest in the publication praised the activity and hard work of guages which is topped by Chinese. In of the Encylopedia of Ukraine which the Ukrainian pioneers in the cultural Europe, Ukrainian comes seventh. the Shevchenko Society is at pres­ and economic development of Canada These figures are interesting enough, ent engaded in. He accepted pres­ in general, and the achievements of the hut Ukrainians are not in any way entation copies of the “ Atlas of Ukrainians in opening up the above puffed up about them. Ukraine“ edited by Prof. Dr. V. Ku- mentioned provinces in particular. The biyovych and Prof. Dr. Z. Kuzela’s Prime Minister stressed the fact that Ukrainian German Dictionary. the welfare and security of the Domin­ i------C h ile------, A small reception held in honour of ion is built upon three main supports: the occasion was attended by other the unity of citizenship, respect for ANOTHER UKRAINIAN CHOIR Ukrainian personalities from Paris, in­ cluding Prof. I. Borshchak, Prof. P. minorities and readiness to make sacri­ (U.I.S.) In consequence of the War, Shumovsky, Eng. D. Pisniachevsky, Dr. fices for the sake of peace. Ukrainians have emigrated to Chile as M. Mostovych, etc. At Mounder, Alberta, Mr. St. Laurent well as to other countries. Some do­ His Eminence seemed favourably im­ attended a Greek Orthodox service zens of these have founded a “ Ukrain­ pressed by the program of the Shev­ held by the Archbishop, the Right Rev. ian Society“ in Santiago, the capital of chenko Society during its exile in Nil Ssawaryn. In Elk Island Park the Chile. France. Premier was present at the opening of Coming of a people that is fond of a Ukrainian Pioneer Museum. The mu­ singing, they have lost no time in form­ seum is built in the form of a thatched ing a Ukrainian choir. After much hard .------Great Britain ------1 wooden farmhouse, such as was usual practice, Mr. N. Ciznevsky, the organ­ among the Ukrainian settlers sixty izer and conductor, decided that the A UKRAINIAN SCHOLAR GOES years ago, in the pioneer epoch. choir was ready to give a concert. TO ENGLAND Among the crowd of 20,000 persons In the middle of September, there­ attending the inauguration of the mu­ (U.I.S.) Towards the end of Sep­ fore, a concert by the Ukrainian choir tember, Prof .Dr. Vadym Shcherbakivsky, seum was an 86 year old pioneer, Hry- was broadcast by Radio Pacifico, hory Drohomyretsky, who had been one of the most' eminent Ukrainian the Santiago of Chife station. It was scholars of the present, left Munich for one of the first settlers in those parts. introduced by explanatory comments in The Prime Minister presented him with London. The professor, who is 76 years Spanish, mention being made of the old, has made a name for himself in a commemorative plaque. history of Ukraine and her culture, her To mark the occasion the Premier re­ Ukrainian and foreign' academic circles subjugation by Moscow and her fight by his work as a pioneer in the prov­ ceived many presents, such as, for in­ for freedom. Critics in the local press stance, Ukrainian Easter eggs painted ince of Ukrainian archaeology and pre­ gave favourable notices of the perfor­ historic culture in Eastern Europe. in 12 colours, embroidery, carving, etc. mance. The Premier was accompanied by a Professor Shcherbakivsky comes from number of distinguished personages, ,------F r a n c e ------, an old Ukrainian family connected among others Mr. Ivan Dikur, Mr. G. with the Church in the neighbourhood Proudhomme, both members of the of Kyiv. After the first world war he Dominion Parliament; the Provincial AN IMPORTANT VISITOR spent some 30 years in scientific re­ Minister of Economics, A. Hook; Sen­ (U.I.S.) His Eminence, Cardinal search, mainly in Prague and Rome. He ator Bowlen, Archbishop Nil Ssawaryn, Eugène Tisserait paid a visit on Sep­ taught at Free Ukrainian Universities Senator G. Stamlow, the M. Ps. Mc­ tember 24, 1951 to the Ukrainian in Europe, above all in Prague and later Donald and S. Wellborn. Scientific Society of Taras Shevchenko in Munich. He was a familiar and in its new house in Sarcelles (S. et O.), greatly respected figure at all the con­ MONUMENT TO SETTLERS France. The honoured guest was ac­ gresses of experts in his subject which companied by Mgr. Du Menile, vice- have been held in past decades in (U.I.S.) Ukrainians who settled in director of the Catholic Action in the European capitals. Rowsdale, Manitoba, three generations East and Mgr. Leveque, Canon in the Professor Slpherbakivsky is a mem­ ago have decided to erect a monument same organization, Mgr. Perridon, Vicar ber of the Free Ukrainian Academy of to commemorate their settlement, in General of Ukrainians in FTance, the Learning and of the Ukrainian Shev­ the form of a Greek-Catholic church. Rev. Leskovych, chancellor of the chenko Society. The first collection produced 1,500 Ukrainian Catholic Visitor in France, He was warmly welcomed in London dollars. The church is to be consecrated and the Rev. P. Brown, representing by Mr. Theodor Danyliv, secretary of and given over to public worship by the entrance by Prof. Dr. Z. Kuzela, the Society of Ukrainians in Gret Brit- the end'of 1952. president of the Ukrainian Scientific ainn (S.U.B.), who expressed the wish Society of Taras Sliewchenko, who, in that the honoured guest would have UKRAINIAN THEOLOGICAL accordance with an old Ukrainian health, happiness and success in his STUDENTS custom, offered the honoured guest salt new home. He was transferred from (U.I.S.) The Faculty of Theology in and bread as a token of hospitality Munich with the help of the Society of St. Andrew’s College, Winnipeg, has and respect. Ukrainians in Great Britain which also begun to inscribe students for the aca­ His Eminency inspected the chapel undertakes to look after his welfare in demic year 1951/52. This college gives in the house and there dispensed the the future. theological training to Ukrainians be­ church’s blessing on all present. Card­ When the learned professor, who is longing to the Greek Catholic (uniate) inal Tisseran spent about two hours in still hale and hearty, was invited by a Church. the house and inspected the library, group of Ukrainians at his reception No. 10/11 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 15 to take some refreshment after the long Church has bought and the ninth to M. Kokovsky, a well-known Ukrain­ journey, he replied- “ I have no time to belong to the organized Ukrainian com­ ian educationalist, writes, for instance rest I have much to do yet.“ munity. in the “ Svoboda“ , a Ukrainian daily that appears in Jersey City N.Y., in an MEDALLION IN MEMORY .------S p a in ------j article entitled “ A Cry in the Wilder­ OF GENERAL CHUPRYNKA ness“ : “ Ukrainian life in the United States is growing rapidly and spreading (U.I.S.) A Ukrainian committee was CONFERENCE OF UKRAINIAN perhaps too quickly. Businessses and formed in London at the end of Sep­ CATHOLIC STUDENTS tember to arrange a special celebration enterprises are founded, political par­ in memory of General Taras Chuprynka, (U.I.S.) The Obnova (“The Rene­ ties formed, new papers and magazines Commander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian wal“ ), a society of Ukrainian students, published, books edited, theatres, mu­ Insurgents Army (U.P.A.) who fell in held a week of study in Madrid from sic-halls, choirs and choral societies action against Russo-bolshevists. A com­ September 3—9, 1951 which was attend­ launched . . . Outwardly this energy is memorative medallion is planned for ed also by representatives from Switzer­ expressed in numerous concerts, aca­ this occasion. It will be consecrated on land, Belgium and Holland. One if its demies, entertainments, lectures, ce­ the second anniversary of the great chief aims was to establish contacts lebrations, meetings, demonstrations, hero’s death. between Ukrainian and Spanish stu­ etc. . . . Do we not make too much fuss dents and teachers, to exchange ideas about it all? Are all these things really KEEPING CONTACTS and experiences and to form personal so valuable and important? Does the friendships. A number of eminent education of the young, the most vital (U.I.S.) In the middle of Septem­ Ukrainian scholars, notably of the factor in a people’s life, not suffer?“ ber Dr. Josef Fundak, president of the younger generation, were present at the The author comes to the conclusion Society of Ukrainians in Great Britain Madrid conference. Lectures and semi­ that two-fold damage is done by neg­ (S.U.13.) started on a journey to the nars were held on various subjects by lecting education. Firstly, Ukrainian Continent on behalf of the S.U.B., for Dr. V, Yaniv, Dr. R. Tsymbalisty, Dr. youth ought to contribute to American the purpose of keeping in contact with W. Markus, the Rev. Dr. S. Vassylyk, culture only what is best and highest similar Ukrainian organizations there, Dr. N. Buchynsky, and others. The week in its own. And that is impossible as with whom he planned to exchange concluded with an address by X. M. long young people do not carefully ideas and experiences and above all co­ Otero, a Spanish scientist in charge of tend and develope their Ukrainian cul­ ordinate various schemes of relief. the Department for Optics in the Span­ tural traditions. Secondly, these young Dr. J. Fundak travelled in Belgium, ish Insitute of Scientific Research, and people have a sacred duty towards the France, Austria, visited Trieste and also First President of the Students old country. He writes: “ If we do not Western Germany and returned to Catholic Relief Organization. He said: want to perish as a nation, if we dream London at the end of October. “ You must be ready for the enemies of contributing to the erection of an His visit to Trieste was of particular of God and your fatherland. A brave independent Ukraine, our first duty importance, where, in consequence of underground army is fighting in your should be towards the education of post-war events there are many Ukrain­ country against overwhelming odds. Ukrainian youth. It is our duty to pro­ ian refugees and DP’s. Most of these Peace is the outcome' of justice. Where vide Ukrainian sdiools for them. And peoples Tied in 1945 to Trieste after 40 million people are languishing in we must act quickly and energetically, the communist coup in Yugoslavia or slavery, there is no justice, and there­ for tomorrow' it will be too late.“ It is were expelled after 1948 by Tito’s fore no peace. We feel and suffer with the author’s opinion, that Ukrainian regime. Dr. Fundak had a number of you, hut we hope that you will return young people in the U.S.A. become too consultations with the local Ukrainian to your native land to renew there quickly and superficially American for committee which resulted in getting the God’s peace and justice.“ Antonio Cor­ it to he of any benefit either to the committee officially recognized by the rea Veglison, a member of the Spanish States or Ukraine. Occupying Powers and in improving Cortes, also spoke. He pointed out that Ukrainians in Canada are devoting at­ living conditions for Ukrainians there. the Ukrainian people, as an outpost of tention to similar problems. A “ Coun­ In Geneva Dr. Fundak discussed the Christianity and European culture, had cil for Ukrainian Education in Canada“ state of Ukrainians in exile in Irig, guarded the Eastern frontiers of Europe has been formed. This body recently Trieste and Tunis with IRO authorities loyally and bravely for centuries. “ To­ appealed to Ukrainian priests in the and with the U.N. High Commissioners day, our ancient Spain cannot offer you country to pay particular attention to for Refugees. many comforts, for it has none, but it a national Ukrainian education for Dr. Fundak’s visit to Ukrainian com­ does offer you sincere hospitality.“ young people and to urge parents to mittees in Belgium, France and Ger­ This week of study was most valu­ send their children to Ukrainian schools many certainly helped to strengthen able for Ukrainian university men, for in Canada. This, the Council thinks bonds of friendship; and promote plans. it brought them a host of new acquain­ would he in the best interests both of tances, ideas and inspirations. the cultural development of Canada NEW UKRAINIAN HOUSE itself and of the old country. The Coun­ (U.I.S.) The Ukrainian Catholic .------U.S.A..------cil has drawn up a uniform curriculum Church in Great Britain has recently for Ukrainian sdiools in Canada which acquired a fine house in Bradford and emphasizes the place of these schools the grounds attached to it. It is a two- UKRAINIAN EDUCATION in the educational system of Canada, storey building at 28, Pemberton Drive IN AMERICA and deals with practical questions of which runs off Morley Street. The (U.I.S.) In its No. 39/1951, Ukrains- method. Professor Leonid Biletsky, the house has 9 living-rooms and kitchen ka Dumka (“ Ukrainian Thought“ ), a well-known Ukrainian sdiolar, has pu­ premises and will be used mainly to weekly appearing in London, examines blished an appeal to Ukrainians in Ca­ accommodate Ukrainian priests. It is fundamental problems of schools and nada entitled “ Ukrainian Children Go planned to build a chapel in the house education for Ukrainians both in the To Ukrainian Schools“ ! where services can be held daily. One United States and in Canada. Arguing room is equipped as a schoolroom where from many statistics and critical press THIRD ANNUAL CONVENTION Ukrainian children can be taught the notices, the writer comes to the con­ (U.I.S.) The Third Annual Conven­ catechism. The house cost more than clusion that Ukrainian education in tion of the Ukrainian-American Relief £ 2,300. It is the third house in Great these two great American countries is Committee (U.U.A.R.C.) was held in Britain that the Ukrainian Catholic in the throes of a severe crisis. Philadelphia from October 12— 14. This Page 16 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 10/11

is a voluntary agency with a twofold It was therefore imperative that the 3) Schools and education; aim: 1. to help and cooperate with American world and, above all, the 4) Professional classes. competent American and foreign offices State Department should understand Preparation for the Congress lay in in ressettling tens of thousands of the Ukrainian struggle for liberation the hands of: Ukrainians who emigrated to the U.S.A. and give it the necessary diplomatic, in 1948/1951 under the U.S.A. DP-Im- moral and material support. 1) The Ukrainian Catholic Action; migration Law; 2. to help those Ukrain­ 2) Women’s Organisation within the ' Mrs. Beck lived for five years in ian D.P.’s and refugees who for any Ukrainian Catholic Action; 3) Feder­ reason are unable to emigrate from Ukraine and knows from her own ex­ ation of Ukrainian Catholic Organisa­ perience the individualist, peace-loving Germany or Austria and who are com­ tions; 4) the Ukrainian Catholic Aca- ' pelled to stay in Europe. Ukrainian people. A people that in demic Association “ Obnova“ , (‘‘Rene­ spite of terrible suffering and sacrifice wal“ ). The U.U.A.R.C. is an amalgamation has kept up the struggle against Russia of various Ukrainian societies in the and bolshevism. The Ukrainians availed themselves United States — social, charity, occupat­ of this opportunity to draw the atten­ ional and entertainment societies. 70 Those present at the reception listen­ tion of the Congress and the world to delegates of these societies attended ed with interest and attention to the the persistent persecution of the Church the Third Annual Convention. remarks of the Ukrainian magistrate of in general and the United Catholic In the report submitted to the Con­ Detroit. After her speech Mr. Stassen, Church of Ukraine in particular. They vention it was stated that, from the the ex-Governor, rose and suggested brought forward once again the fact beginning of its activity, the U.U.A.R.C. that Mrs. Beck should hold a lecture at that 11 Ukrainian bishops and over has helped about 26,000 Ukrainians to the Pennsylvania University, on 2,700 clergy had been murdered, exiled resettle in the U.S.A. and spent about Ukraine and its struggle against Rus­ or liquidated. sian bolshevism. This well-known po­ 1 million dollars for such work in the The Ukrainians from Switzerland litician and potential Republican can­ year under review. protested in moving terms against the didate for the Presidency said: During the Convention a new board extraordinary conspiracy among the of directors (27), a new executive bo­ “ You radiate such inspiring spontane­ western newspapers to hush up these ard (7), and the commission of control ity and so much fiery idealism, that facts, and the martyrdom of the whole (5) were elected. Mr. Jvan Panchuk, a you are like halm for the souls of dias- Ukrainian people. lawyer, is president of the hoard of appointed Americans. Be good enough At the close of the Congress there directors and Dr. Valter Gallon is pre­ to come to our University with your was a solemn procession to the Pala­ sident of the executive. In connection lecture and I am sure you will find tine for the persecuted churches behind with the Convention, an exhibition of many there who sympathize with your the Iron Curtain, in which 17 national Ukrainian painting, drawing and sculp­ ideas.“ groups from countries behind the Iron ture was held in the same hotel and Curtain took part. The idea of the Lay there was also an exhibition of the V atican Apostolate is very active among Ukrainian free press abroad, of hooks -—------: Ukrainian Catholics. Their delegates and underground literature which ap­ returned to the countries of their exile pears continuously in Ukraine although UKRAINIANS AT THE WORLD CON­ with many new thoughts and inspira­ it is oppressed by Moscow and terroris­ GRESS OF THE LAY APOSTOLATE tions. This visit to Rome ha9 certainly ed over by bolshevism. IN ROME been one of the most beautiful and im­ pressive experiences in their lives. (U.I.S.) The Ukrainian Catholics took “ UKRAINIAN IDEALISM — BALM a lively and by no means unimportant FOR DISAPPOINTED AMERICANS“ part in the work of the World Congress A Ukrainian Woman fights in U.S.A. of the Catholic Lay Apostolate in Rome, October 7th to 16tli. Thirty- for the Recognition of the Ukrainian UKRAINE eight international Catholic organisa­ Past and Present Liberation Struggle tions from seventhy-four countries were represented at the Congress by 250 fights for the unconditional rights (U.I.S.) An organization has been authorized delegates, beside thousands of the Ukrainian people started in Detroit, U.S.A., called the of pilgrims who had come to Rome and all subjected peoples Common Cause, with the object of behind the Iron Curtain. especially for it. waging determined propaganda warfare Tells about the actual happen­ against Muscovite dictatorship. The or­ The Ukrainian delegation comprised, ings Ukraine and other ganization is to have 25 million mem­ 5 from Italy; 4 from France, 5 from countries in eastern Europe. bers. Germany, 3 from Belgium, 2 from Eng­ Advises reliably in all questions of land, 1 from Switzerland; in all 20 per­ At its inauguration on Sept. 22, 1951, economy in Ukraine and sons, led by the Right Reverend Bishop an anti-bolshevist demonstration took eastern Europe. Ivan Buczko. The main work of organi­ place in front of the Detroit City Hall Reveals the high standart of Ukrai­ zation, the distribution of Ukrainians in the presence of thousands of peo­ nian culture, art and religion in the various committees, the problem ple, at which Mr. Harold E. Stassen, Shows in pictures the beauties and of Ukraine’s spiritual and intellectual President of the Pennsylvania Univer­ treasures of Ukraine. part at the Congress, was most cons- sity, Mr. Drew Pearson, the well-known ciently ans successfully accomplished Appears quarterly journalist, and Mrs. Matusia E. Beck, a by the Vicar General of the Ukrain­ Detroit magistrate and Ukrainian by Yearly subscription $ 2.- ind. postage ians in Germany, the Reverend Dr. birth, spoke. Petro Holynsky. VERLAG UKRAINE Mr. Henry Ford jr. gave a reception Catholic Ukrainians played an active after the meeting at which Mr. M. E. Rumfordstrade 41 • Munich, Germany part in the work of the following com­ Beck had the opportunity of speaking mittees again. Basing her remarks on undeni­ 1) Union Group concerned with the able facts, she declared, that the poten­ Published by the Ukrainian Information Service, tial power in the fight against Russian, problems of the union of the churches; 28, Minister Road, London, N.W. 2, Great Britain. bolshevism was the nations subjugated 2) Employment and living conditions Editorial Address: Ukrainian Information Service, by Moscow, with Ukraine at their head. among the refugees in Europe; Dachauer Strasse 91II, Munich 2, Germany. Freedom-loving nations and peoples o j all the world — unite in the fight against bolshevism for the freedom o f nations and individuals! UKRAINIAN H i m SERVICE Vol. Ill December 1951 No. 12

Yaroslav Stetzko Seven Questions * Pat to Mr. George F. Kennan Former Chief of Department of Planning in the State Department of the U. S. A.

Deai- Sir, behind you which has an apparatus of state with practically You will allow me to put you a few questions which you unlimited means; you have at your disposal a wide network may perhaps be good enough to answer. Your knowledge of intelligence; as chief of the Planning Section in the of Russia, or as we Ukrainians say, of the dungeon of nations, State Department you presided over a large staff of ex­ is generally accepted as great. We assume therefore that an perts; I, on the other hand, speak on behalf of a handful expert of your standing is probably well-informed both of of fighters, but a handful which has all the powers of re­ Russia’s continued oppression and of the movements for sistance in Ukraine behind it. national independence in Ukraine, Byelorussia, Turkestan, Our position was similar in 1941. At that time we con­ Georgia, Aserbaijan, etc. fronted the powerful German state; we warned a foreign We have long been aware that you are no friend of such office that also had a wide network of intelligence and a movements. But it is only since reading your now famous great staff of experts; we were a “ mere handful of Utopians“ , article America and the Russian Future in Foreign Affairs “ eccentrics“ , “ rowdies“ , “ agitators“ , “leaders of robber for April, 1951 that we have realized that your attitude to bands“ — and yet it was we who were right and the entire them is not only negative, but to a certain extent down­ nazi-German state wrong. right hostile. From the article it was obvious that your Of course we do not know if we will be listened to at all. attitude was not the result of ignorance of the true state of Still, we consider it our duty to raise our voice and put our affairs, but of certain considerations and trends in American questions to you. In so doing we believe we are serving a good policy as you see it. We find proof of this unfriendliness cause, and above all, our conscience will be clear, as we shall in the advice you give the American government and public have left nothing undone to attract American opinion to opinion not to interfere in the problem of nationalities, as it these problems as we see them, Here, then are our questions: is an internal Russian problem. This, translated into action, means unreserved support for the Russian dungeon of nations Q uestion 1 in democratic guise. So your neutral attitude is in reality in Is it really the wish of America to preserve a united, favour of Moscow. great, Russian Empire within its former imperial frontiers We are exceedingly sorry not to be able to count you and to support its continued existence? among our friends today. But we hope that the day will come when further experience with Moscow will compel you We shall not discuss whether the existence of such to alter your views. We hope that you will join the growing enormous empires, comprising so many nations as the Rus­ company of our real friends in America, men like Harold sian empire does, is really desirable at this stage of human E. Stassen, Charles J. Kersten, H. Alexander Smith, Re­ history. Experience teaches that the bigger such empires are, presentative George Smathers, Commissioner Edward O’Con­ the wider and more comprehensive the conflicts in which nor and many others who have grasped that the only way they are involved, the mightier their weapons and the cruel­ to solve the nationality question in the U.S.S.R. is to separate ler, the bloodier their wars. Such enormous powers alone can these nations completely from Russia and to grant them afford to produce and use atom weapons. The -small wars of independence. the classical world, the Trojan War for instance, the feuds What we object to most strongly is that you are forcing of the Middle Ages, or the cabinet wars with mercenaries America’s Russian policy in what seems to us a wrong direc­ in the Europe of the Renaissance and later are like boys’ tion. We do not presume to set up rules for American for­ games at Red Indians in comparison with the increasing eign policy, for that is not our business. Nor was it our massacres of modern great powers. Therefore we are firmly business to set up rules for German foreign policy when we convinced that it would be quite better to keep the world warned the Germans in the period 1941— 1944 that their divided into small and medium-sized states. This would treatment of Ukrainians was not only wrong but suicidal; perhaps mean more local wars, but also less unhappiness, after all, it was their own affair. We are convinced that the bloodshed and destruction for the human race. dismemberment of Russian Empire is also a vital concern of As far as the Russian imperium is concerned, its existence U.S.A. entails loss of freedom for all the non-Russian peoples com­ We are well aware of the discrepancy of our respective prised in it, i. e. for Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Turkestanians, positions. You, Mr. Kennan, have an enormous world power Caucasians, etc.; there are altogether 16 full-scale states and Page 2 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12 a lot of half-state autonomous soviet republics today. Turn liberal Russia? Ukrainians have never noticed any sign at it as you will, the leaders, the master people in the imperium all of Russian liberalism. On the contrary, Ukrainian history are the Russians, the Muscovites and as long as the imperium is full of severe oppression by Russia. We should be much exists, they will remain supreme. What, may we ask, do you interested to have an essay from you giving proofs of Rus­ consider more valuable for human welfare — the “ unity“ sian liberaliism in practical politics. We know all about it, and power of an imperium of Russians, or the welfare and and we did not get it from books — it was written, as it were, 'liberty of many non-Russian nations? on our skins. The Muscovites have always wanted power only, never liberty. Q uestion 2 But even if the Russians would be able to turn to demo­ cracy — so what? I should like once and for all to state Are you aware that all the non-Russian peoples in the quite frankly that we are not interested in whether Russians Russian imperium proclaimed to the world their right to can be democrats or not. That is their own affair in which freedom in the form of secession from the Russian (Musco­ we have no right to interefere. Let them, as the word goes, stew as a democratic, despotic, republican or monarchist state vite) people and of separation from the Russian imperium. within their ethnic frontiers, just as it suits them. But they during the Revolution of 1917/1921, when a number of in­ must not interfere in our affairs. Great Britain, for instance, dependent national democratic states were founded? has a model democratic government in its island, and yet Even you will scarely be able to maintain that all these India, Pakistan, etc. want to secede. We desire neither a democratic nor a totalitarian, neither a republican nor a peoples are voluntary members of the Muscovite imperium monarchist Russian dungeon of nations. We want simply to today. You will hardly be able to deny that this imperium, separate from Russia and no one can force us in our hearts and indeed the entire Russo-bolshevist regime, is upheld only to remain living in a community with them. by means of compulsion and brute force. And yet strangely (On another page of this number of the U.I.S. we deal with the question enough it is just this fact of compulsion that you, an Amer­ whether democracy is possible in Russia. The author of that article comes ican of the year 1951, after 34 years of bolshevist suprem­ to the conclusion that this never was, nor ever will be the case in Russia. In referring to this article we hope we have answered your query about acy, seem to doubt, when you put the question: “ How can the rise of a new spirit in Moscow. — Editors.) we know whether a given national group will require an independent status, or a federal status, some special brand of local self-government, or no special status at all?“ Must Q uestion 4 we remind you of all the declarations of independence issued Do you really believe, Mr. Kennan, that economic inter­ by various nations and of the bloody history of their re­ ests are sufficiently important for their consequences to sistance movements, and, in particular, of their renewed sub­ destroy the independence and sovereignty of whole nations? jection to Moscow? You are an expert and you ought to 0 know of them. And you do know of these people’s, all united Your statement that Ukraine is the Pennsylvania of Russia, in the Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (A.B.N.), present has filled hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians in exile with efforts to secure liberation, of their resistance fight, guerilla astonishment, disappointment, bitterness, even with personal warfare and general opposition. resentment, beyond everything you can imagine. The entire The worst thing about your standpoint is that you quite Ukrainian press has mentioned and commented at length on erroneously assume that the existence of the great Russian this attitude to Ukraine. Not even the hardest-boiled Rus­ imperium is useful and desirable for America’s purposes, sian reactionaries would dare to make such an absurd asser­ and these purposes are evidently paramount, superior, for tion today. instance, to the right of many subjugated, tortured and ex­ To be just, you do admit that Ukraine has a character of ploited peoples to freedom. Will you not admit that this is its own, and therefore, special needs and possibilities. But pure utilitarianism and power politics and that it has nothing you do not concede Ukraine a right to independence as, for to do with morality, with the ideal of liberty, with the mean­ instance, you do, in the case of the Baltic states. The relevant ing and purpose of democracy? sentence runs: “ But the Ukraine is economically as much a part of Russia as Pennsylvania is a part of the United States.“ Q uestion 3 I find that this sentence can be understood properly only in connection with the following one. “ There are peoples of Do you seriously believe, Mr. Kennan, that democracy is non-Russian ethnological character on the borders of the possible in Russia, or, to put it more accurately, with the Great-Russian family whose economic existence is intima­ Russians? tely bound up with that of the Great-Russians. The future should see a minimum of disruption of these economic ties, In spite of the brilliant style and apparently convincing and that in itself would normally warrant a close political logic of your article, you cannot help revealing that your connection.“ recommendation to preserve a united Russian great power Here economics are placed to go before politics — the is not quite sound. The world is too familiar with the des­ stomach, so to speak, before the heart. We must constantly potic, cruel methods of Russo-bolshevism to accept their con­ realize that even highly intellectual Americans are simply tinuance in a united state without demur. You have a solu­ unable to grasp the meaning of the national idea in Europe. tion, a panacea for all these complaints, all the fear and Most Europeans simply desire to be independent and to re­ bitterness between Moscow and the subjugated peoples. main so. And that is — democracy. You say: “ What is plainly neces­ sary and the only solution worthy of American encourage­ Real independence postulates a fairly distinct separation ment, is the rise of such a spirit among all the peoples con­ in economy. We prefer to be poorer, and keep our indepen­ cerned as would give to border and institutional arrangements dence, to being absorbed in a mass. Up till now prosperity in that troubled area an entirely new, and grealy reduced, in his own state was always more important for the imperial­ significance. Whether that spirit will actually arise, we can­ ist politician; the conqueror never helps the oppressed, he not tell.“ But we can. As an expert, you ought to know that always exploits them. I don’t see why the imperialists of to­ in all the 700 years of Muscovite history there was not one day should suddenly become angels. single year of democratic government, not one year when This certainly applies to Ukraine. In the first place it does the Muscovite people showed the slightest desire for self- not require to share its produce with the Russians. Provi­ government. You say elsewhere: “ There is no liberal tradition dence has been good to Ukraine and has given it all that is finer than the strain which has existed in the Russia of the necessary for life. Secondly, to share produce with Russis past.“ For Ukrainians this is an astonishing statement. A has always meant economic exploitation for Ukraine. Ukraine No. 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page ‘

has always given everything to Rus'sia and has never received for a happier system of mans coexistence with himself and anything in return. In this sense, Ukraine is not even a Penn­ with nature on this troubled planet.“ sylvania, where all resources are developed to the maximum, This reminds us of the well-known saying that it is not hut a classical Russian semi-colony, with a one-sided agri­ the murderer but the murdered man who is to blame. That is cultural economy, and regarded as a source of raw materials. absolution in its essence, no matter what has happened or Thirdly, community of goods with Russians, combined with what will happen in the future, no punishment will be meted the political supremacy of Russians, entails the prolonged out. You say: These realities leave no room for our favored destruction of Ukrainian ethnic independence and an in­ conviction that the people of a totalitarian state can be neatly creasing russification, above all of Ukrainian towns. divided into collaborators and martyrs and that there ivill be We simply do not want a Russian melting-pot. We resist none left over. It appears that, just as denazification in Ger­ the idea so violently that even the Russians themselves have many was a failure, debolshevization and purging from com­ had to make certain concessions. No Russian, as we said munism in the Soviet Union can hardly succeed; all are above, would compare Ukraine today with Pennsylvania; so somehow or other to blame. you, Mr. Kennan, go further than even they. You try to turn All? Those are remarkable opinions. Is no one to blame the wheel of history back. Not even the Russians call their for having deliberately organized general famine in Ukraine imperium Russia, as you do, but the U.S.S.R. Pennsylvania twice, in the course of which first 2 million and then 3p2 is not a sovereign independent state, while Ukraine, accord­ million people died of hunger? Are all equally to blame in ing to the soviet Constitution is. Pennsylvania is not a mem­ this case, the organizers of this crime and their victims? The ber of the U.N., while Ukraine is. It is true that no Ukrain­ Russo-bolshevist regime has expelled more than 10 million ian has any illusions about the practical consequences of Ukrainians from their native country in the last 22 years, such membership for Ukraine’s international status. But Mos­ transporting them to Siberia, the Far East, to Kolyma and cow at least tries to preserve certain rules of conduct which Kamchatka, and has settled in Ukraine more than 6 million you simply ignore. And this leads to our next question. Russians; are all equally to blame here? This idea, Mr. Kennan, that all the peoples in the U.S.S.R. Q uestion 5 are equally to blame for bolshevism and its crimes coincides exactly with the statements of all Muscovite imperialists — Do you agree with the excellent description of bolshev­ monarchist, communist and now democratic. ism given by Dean Acheson, your Secretary of State, when An we beg to put a question: did Ukrainians, Turkestan- lie said to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Senate ians, Georgians, Aserbaijanians occupy Moscow? Or was it recently that bolshevism was in reality only a continuation the Muscovites, the genuine Russians who gradually defeated of the 500 year-old traditions of Russian imperialism? And the independent governments of the non-Russian peoples and what conclusions do you draw? occupied Kyiv, Tiflis, Minsk, Baku, Tashkent? Have Ukrain­ ians, Georgians and the others imposed their language on One would imagine that a statesman of your standing and the Russians, or vice-versa? The Russian bolshevists said they an intellectual leader of a great freedom-loving people were not responsible for the policy of the Tsars. Russian would do his utmost to put an end to this imperialism and democrats say they are not responsible for the policy of the to repair, if possible, the evil it has wrought. One would bolshevists. No one knows anything about anything; it was expect that in your opinion all the land beyond the ethnic the fault of Mr. Nobody. But, are the 6 million Russians frontiers of ethnic Russia, all that has been stolen by Mos­ among the 7 million members of the Communist Party of cow in the course of centuries, should be liberated again. It the Soviet Union (B), not Russian people? Are the almost seems to us that this is the real meaning of such famous exclusively Russian leaders — hundreds of thousands of democratic declarations as Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the men! — in the M.G.B. troops and the administration of for­ Atlantic Charter, the U.N. Charter, etc. It is in consequence ced labour camps, not Russian people? Is the entire head of such declarations that countries have recovered their free­ administration of the state, High Command of the Soviet dom, such as Korea (at least in the South), the Philippines, Army, not staffed by the Russian people? Indonesia, Burma, India, Pakistan and Israel, while Iran, It is obviously the intention to deprive the peoples sub­ Syria, Lebanon, Lybia, Tunis and Morocco are going the same jugated by Moscow of their moral basis, their historical right way. Your freedom-loving country moderates the revolution­ to secede from the Russian despots. Moscow does not want to ary impact of the liberation movements and does everything stand alone as a collective criminal in the eyes of the world; in its power to keep them from disturbing the general trend it tries to put its burden of crime towards the world on other of peaceful world development. But America understands them shoulders. and helps them, in principle at least. Why is that not your Do you think it is right to help the Russians imperialists in personal view of the peoples who wish to secede from Mos­ this job? cow? Why this double standard, this double code of conduct? Q uestion 7 Why do you use your great influence to shape American And now the last question. Do you really think it ad­ foreign policy as regards Russia so that is ignores Wilson’s visable, Mr. Kennan, to lead the American public to believe Fourteen Points, the Atlantic Charter and the U.N. Charter? in help from Russians and thus automatically force non- Russian peoples to become opponents of America? Question 6 * You write in one passage that if we want to end the war Do you really believe, Mr. Kennan, that it is only the successfully, we must secure the help and cooperation of the Bolshevist Party in the U.S.S.R., and not the Russians that population. “ The Germans, though not fighting at that time are to blame for Russian imperialism, for the subjection of in the cause of freedom, learned to their sorrow the im­ increasing millions, the cold war and the great danger possibility of combating simultaneously both the Russian threatening the world? people and the Soviet Government.“ The problem for the future is rather different: it will be You are not fond of the word blame, either in your ar­ impossible for the West to fight for the preservation of the ticle or in your practical politics. You think that any people Russian imperium and simultaneously to defend the freedom may have the misfortune to fall a victim to a totalitarian of the peoples subjugated by Moscow. These aims are mutu­ regime. Your write: “ We -will get nowhere with an attitude of ally incompatible. The West will have to choose — between moral indignation directed toward an entire people. Let us Moscow imperialism and the peoples who are fighting for rise above these easy and childish reactions and consent to freedom. view the tragedy of Russia as partly our own tragedy, and America would not be able to secure the support of the the people of Russia as our comrades in the long hard battle Russians, even if she sacrificed the subjugated peoples to I’uge 4 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12

Is Democracy in Russia Possible?

Ukrainians have good reason to answer ” Dio”!

By Zenon Pelensky

Why Mmash Russia? creation of some sort in voluntary Commonwealth of Russian The Western World, especially the U.S.A., does not like Nations, working peacefully and harmoniously with the rest the idea of the dismemberment of U.S.S.R. The West is of the world. accustomed to the unity of Russia; in popular American thinking, Russia is a homogeneous national entity, and Amer­ Recalcitrant non-Russian nations icans naturally recoil from the idea of dismembring an in­ Why then don’t the non-Russian nations of U.S.S.R. ac­ tegrated living organism, allegedly evolved as such in the cept the idea of the democratization of Russia? The answer course of centuries. Not very many British or Americans is very simple: because they know Russia, i. e. they know even know that Russia is virtually composed not of one, but that no democratization of Russia was ever, is ever or would of scores of different nations. ever be possible. The fine word democracy is no panacea to Besides, present political trends in the U.S.A. are in favour cure and heal all the diseases and ailments of Russia. of the integration, not of the splitting up of states and In order to avoid misunderstandings, we must stress from nations. Our globe becomes smaller and smaller; Western the outset that by Russia, we understand here Russia pro­ nations and Americans are rather inclined to promote the per, ethnic Russia, the Muscovy of history, the master-nation rise of continental super-national political and economic of the empire. The question is whether this Russia can be­ units. come truly democratic, i. e. would ever be able to assume Why then, ask many Westerners, smash Russia? It is and keep the ways and practices of life which for Western enough, they argue, to overthrow her dictatorial regime, nations constitute democracy? abolish bolshevism, and create a true democracy; this would The answer of all the non-Russian nations in the U.S.S.R. enable the classes and the nations of Russia to coexist is clearly and emphatically: No! The non-Russians know amicably, to develop freely and happily, in a word, to get this from their century-long experience. They know it from along satisfactorily. their prolonged and close study of the political and social Western opinion is often inclined to regard democracy psychology of the dominant Russian people. They know as the best possible way to settle satisfactorily all the intern­ it from the fact that an empire like the Russian, com­ al and external problems of Russia. With the installation of posed virtually of one hundred thoroughly divergent democracy, all constitutional, social and national incons­ pieces can only he kept together by means of implacable istencies and difficulties in Russia would be solved by the brute force. Give the nations of U.S.S.R. the chance of a really free vote and genuine self-determination, and the whole empire would immediately fall asunder. The demo­ cratization of Russia is absolutely incompatible with the idea them. Neither Yalta nor Potsdam, nor the sacrifice of ten of the preservation of the Russian empire. more European nations have sufficed to appease Stalin and The Americans assume that every mass of tolerably in­ his Russians. Nobody can promise the Russians more than the bolshevists do — and fulfil this. To legalize a limited Rus­ telligent people and every nation is by nature capable of democracy. Consequently, they also assume that the average sian imperialism will make it impossible ever to overcome the Russan desire for hegemony in the world. mass of the Russian people, like the average mass of people in any other country, is capable of democracy. This assump­ It will be impossible to legalize the sacrifice of these tion is erroneous. The Muscovites are different. We are peoples by means of the undignified comedy of plebiscites. convinced that, even if presented with it, they not only They are not Russian minorities; on their national soil, they would not be able to make proper use of it, but would reject are huge majorities. Suppose the Germans had occupied it even as a principle, with contempt and scorn. The non- France for a hundred years, would you have insulted the Russian nationalities of the U.S.S.R. will not compromise French with things like plebiscites? Can you explain why with Moscow on democracy — it would be far too risky. George Washington refused to conduct a referendum in the United States after the War of Independence in order to find out whether the country wished to remain a British What is democracy? colony? Why were there no plebiscites in the Philippines, in The democratic way of life is not a fundamental form of Indonesia, India or Pakistan? Why is one to be forced on social behaviour among men. It is the highest of all social Ukraine? A plebiscite of bloodshed has been being held for orders and a product of century-long endeavour, struggle, decades in Ukraine and other A.B.N. nations, and this alone experience, teaching and training. It is not a natural attitude: is binding in the eyes of the people. it is a very complicated and artifical device, and its working It was, indeed, a strange article. We are far from under­ is preconditioned first of all by the ability of the peoples estimating your influence on American policy toward Eastern concerned to impose upon themselves many moral anil Europe today. But we are sure that your scheme of support­ material restrictions. Democracy is a matter of strict spiritual ing Russian plans in opposition to the reality of the fight self-discipline. for liberation being waged by the peoples subjugated by Democracy is the end-product of many don’ts and of many Moscow will inevitably be wrecked. thou shalt’s. Don’t kill. Don’t cheat. Don t exploit others Our familiarity with the great traditions of liberty in the Don’t oppress. Don t impose your will forcibly upon your American people strengthens our belief. We refuse to sup­ fellowmen. Thou shalt give everybody his fair chance. Thou pose that, in the decisive moment, the American people shalt respect his way of life. Thou shalt compromise vol would support the preservation of the Russian dungeon of untarily and fairly and learn to get along. These spiritua nations and oppose the subjugated people’s desire for liberty. premises alone can produce the material democratic form oi And we think that you, too, Mr. Kennan, in the decisive social life in the world. The use of force is allowed onl) moment, will be on our side, on the side, that is, of truth, if these basic moral principles will not work. freedom and justice. We should like to win you as a good It may be understood and even to a certain extent ex friend. cused when sometimes, by an unhappy coincidence of events No. 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 5

a tyrant or a dictator usurps power over a nation or contin­ individuality as such, does not matter very much in Russia, ent; but this is generally felt to be wrong and is therefore and indeed it never did, just as it is of little account to the opposed. The mass of the people is assumed to be right, individual bee in a bee-hive or the individual ant in an ant­ though oppressed, and the whole blame lies with the usurper; hill. All that counts is the might and power of the collective he is the evil. But, if dictatorship lasts for centuries and is . body. And what matters most for this collective body is ex­ accepted for centuries, as is the case with Russia proper, pansion —- by all means and at all costs: the constant, im­ there is something wrong, not only with the usurpers, but placable drive to the conquest and domination of all sur­ also — and firstly — with the nation itself who consents to rounding peoples. endure it. The moral and psychological substance of eternal Russia The history of the Western world is largely the history is not, and never was, a fertile soil for the growth of genuine of peoples fighting incessantly for their many liberties and democracy. There is no chance either with any Russian gov­ freedoms — political freedom, religious freedom, cultural ernment or the people that basic democratic principles as liberty, social and individual liberty. Naked power, arbitra­ embraced by the Western World, would work. All experience riness, contraint from above, wilful domination is regarded of the past lead to the conclusion that Russia, whatever its as a basic evil to be combated; the ultimate goal of life is constitutional attire — black, white, red or pink, — will al­ full freedom and liberty for the individual as well as for ways remain imperialistic, always bound to rule, to oppress society, and their interdependent and harmonious coexist­ and to exploit neighbouring nations. Russians have no sense ence. The Western World believes this can be obtained only for personal freedom, for liberty, for individuality; but they through compromise and tolerance. have a very strongly developed sense for their collective domination over other peoples and nations, even over the They cannot change their skin whole world. For their collective supremacy over other nations they are always ready to sacrifice their personal What about the Muscovites? Russia proper, Muscovy, has liberty and freedom. never known or guessed what democracy is. For more than 700 years the Muscovites themselves were ruled by tyranny The non-Russians won’t take the risks and dictators, while as a collective body they ruled over other nations with a rod of iron. It is not an accident but in In any case, not a single nation inside U.S.S.R. believes accordance with the rule of Russian history that the domin­ in the possibility of Russian democracy. Ask a Finn or a ation of the bloody White Czars should be replaced by the Lithuanian, a Pole or a Ukrainian, or a Georgian what he still more bloody domination of the Red Czars — Lenin and thinks of Russian democracy and you will inevitably be an­ Stalin. It is significant that between the white and the red swered by a laugh. They have had their Russian lessons in dictatorships, Mr. Kerensky’s attempted democracy in 1917 the past, and they now know where they stand. To allow should not have been able to hold its own for more than six Moscow to continue to dominate non-Russian nations on the months; and this was literally the only such attempt in the assumption that, one day, Moscow will become liberal and course of Russian history. democratic, is to take a very great risk, one that no non- Russian would ever be inclined to take. It is absolutely wrong to think of Russians or, more ac­ curately, of Muscovites, as of a deeply unhappy people who The main proof of the sincerity of Russian democracy had the bad luck to become the helpless prey of ruthless would surely be that Russia would let her subjugated na­ conquerors and oppressors of their own race. The holshevist tions go as, for instance, the British now are doing. Moscow regime in Muscovy, radiating from this core throughout the would devise all possible schemes to keep its dependencies U.S.S.R., is not an accident; it is the natural and inevitable together, would cajole its nations into diverse forms of product of the Russian holy soil itself. Of course, it would brotherhoods, would promise stars from heaven, but would lead too far to try here to explain why the Russians became never let them go. like that, i. e. what geographical, racial, social and historical In what concerns the unity of the empire, all in Russia conditions have caused and influenced the creation of the that is allegelly genuinely democratic differs not a whit from specifically anti-democratic political psychology of the Mus­ the avowed programs of White and Red imperialists. Thus, covite nation. But they are what they are, and they cannot for instance, the main concern of Mr. Kerensky’s six-month be different. This regime is the essential form of their life. democratic government was not to fight bolshevism, but to It is simply the Russian political style. It always has been fight the more determinedly the national government of so; Russian soil is incapable of producing anything else. No many peoples of Russia who proclaimed their full indepen­ tiger can change its stripes. It would be more accurate to call dence during the Revolution. Ukraine was the first to feel all that is happening now in the world from Moscow and bitterly the imperialistic impact of that kind of democracy. through Moscow not communism or bolshevism, but rather If nations are at all educatable, maybe — but a very big Russianism. maybe — after the downfall of communism, and in conse­ quence of prolonged democratic control by Western Powers The political psychology o f Russians over Russia proper in the course of the next decades, two or three absolutely new Muscovite generations might grow Russianism, first and foremast is an organisation of power: up capable of conceiving the real meaning and of adopting power, pure and simple. It is a terrible spiritual and mental the fabric of true democracy. For the time being, no such perversity, a morbid addiction of a whole community of hope can be cherished. So the non-Russian nations of the persons who see in power, in absolute dominion over the U.S.S.R. are determined to go their own way. lives, souls and possessions of others the most valuable prize This applies first of all to the Ukrainians. They have been of life, the fulfilment of the highest of all possible human cheated too often by Muscovite “democracy“ and by specifi­ wishes. All that serves conquest, the growth and the main­ cally Muscovite conceptions of liberty tnd freedom to believe tenance of power, is right and estimable; all that detracts again in the possibility of any reconciliation with Russia. from it is wrong and damnable. Thus the slogans, the catch­ Ukraine is determined to go her own way because, in con­ words, the programmes, the temporary tasks, the material trast to Muscovy, she has always had to put up with totalitar­ aims and tactics of Russianism alter; the lust for power, ianism, fir%t from tsarist and then from Bolshevist Moscow as the hard core of the system, remains constant. and would like to realize democracy to the full extent in her The typically Western, especially American, individualistic own independent national state. This never was, and never and democratic philosophy of the pursuit of human happin­ will be possible in coexistence with Moscow. Ukraine’ struggle ess, so clearly expressed, for instance in the Preamble to the for her national liberation and her separation from Russia Constitution of the U.S.A., is unknown and unfamiliar to is at the same time the struggle for the true democratization Muscovite political thinking. The happiness of*the individual, of this part of the world. Page 6 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12

build up the Ukrainian Autocephalic Metropolitan Polykarp Church in Ukrainian territory under the occupation of Poland. The Head o f Ukrainian Autocephalic Orthodox Church When the Russians occupied Volhynia Seventy Fifth Birthday in 1939 after the collapse of Poland, they did all they could to persuade (U.I.S.) There are two main churches Bishop Polykarp to recognize the in Ukraine: the Greek Orthodox and the supremacy of the Patriarch in Moscow. Ukrainian Catholic. About 75 per cent But he refused stubbornly, and would of the population belong to the former certainly have been liquidated if the which, however, is not a uniform org­ Germans had not occupied the country anization in Ukraine. The overwhel­ in 1941. As an ardent Ukrainian patriot ming majority of nationally mind­ Metropolitan Polykarp supported ed Ukrainians incline towards the vigorously the Ukrainian government Ukrainian Autocephalic Or- which had been created June 30, 1941 th o d o x Church. (U.A.P.C.) The and proclaimed in Lviv. Under German U.A.P.C. is severely persecuted by Mos­ occupation he continued to work tire­ cow and has no legal status in the lessly for the U.A.P.C. and by 1942 had Soviet Union. Its Head, Metropol­ removed every trace of its dependence itan Polykarp, and more than a from the administration of Moscow. dozen bishops have been living in exile since 1945. This service alone would have given Millions of Orthodox Ukrainians at Metropolitan Polykarp a claim to home and abroad are devoted to their honorable mention in the history of the venerable church leader, Metropolitan Ukrainian people. But he continued his Polykarp, who has been a wise and work in the service of God and his tactful head of the U.A.P.C. for nine­ native country when he was forced to flee to Western Europe in 1945. His teen years. He is one of the leading spirits of modern Ukraine and his first task here was to organize the beneficial influence makes itself felt, Ukrainian Orthodox Church among not only in the Church, but also on exiles in Europe and overseas. In a Ukrainian political and social life. short time tens of thousands of Ukrain­ clared its independence. After the bol- ian refugees were put under the charge His Grace, Metropolitan Po­ of the Church, new priests were trained, lykarp, in civilian life P e t r o S i ­ shevists’ victory in Ukraine, he went into exile along with the members of ordinations were arranged and bishops korsky, was born on 20. 6. 1875 near appointed. Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. Even in Symon Petliura’s Ukrainian govern­ his early youth he felt the call of the ment. He settled in the Ukrainian part At present, Metropolitan Polykarp Church, which determined his schooling. of Poland where he entered a monastery is living in Paris, France. Ukrainians As a member of an old Ukrainian fa­ and was ordained as a priest in 1922. in Abroad celebrated his seventy-fifth mily of landowners, he was also very Up till 1932 he was active in various birthday this year with gratitude and conscious of belonging to the Ukrain­ posts in Ukrainian monasteries and was joy. They pray God to grant their spi­ ian nation and was a glowing Ukrainian consecrated in that year as Bishop of ritual leader many more years of health patriot from youth. A reverent belief Lutsk (Volhynia). From then on he and energy to serve the Christian faith in God, a compassionate Christian spi­ regarded it to be his special task to and the Ukrainian nation. rit, a devotion to the Orthodox Church and a live Ukrainian patriotism charac­ terized this wise leader, whom Ukrain­ Ukrainian Nationalism Again ians were quick to appreciate and obey. (U.I.S.) By order of Moscow a meet­ the Soviet Union, the history of bol­ His life is a story of constant prayer, ing of the Central Committee of the shevik organization in Ukraine and of work and combat. As a young member Communist Party of Ukraine was held the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. Nor is of the Theological Seminary, he orga­ recently, at which fresh demands were enough space devoted to publicity for nized a “ Union of Young Ukrainians“ made to intensify opposition to the the achievements of the Soviet People. which devoted itself to the study of Ukrainian movement for liberation. Ukrainian history, literature and cul­ The following report by its own cor­ The editorial staff was especially ture, and that at a time when it was respondent in the capital of Ukraine blamed for the absence of articles in one of the principles of the Tsar’s Rus­ appeared in the Pravda of November the paper against Ukrainian national­ sian empire that “ there never was, is, 14, 1951. ism. or shall be a Ukraine“ ; it was Russian Kyiv, November 13. The Central In the resolution passed at the meet­ policy to weld everything into one Committee of the Communist Party of ing, it was stressed that the articles in Russo-Muscovite nation. Ukraine discussed the activity of the the paper on the conduct of economic After the youthful theologian had paper Bolshevik of Ukraine. The con­ and political problems did not deal graduated from college with flying clusions reached were that the paper is adequately with generalizations from colours, he was immediately appointed badly run, that the editorial staff has experience of work in the best Party to work in the administration of the not managed to make it a genuine or­ organizations. This Pravda article with See of Kyiv, even before he was or­ gan for propagating the policy of the its demand for the intensification of dained. He utilized his position to Central Committee of the Communist opposition to nationalism in Ukraine appoint nationally minded Ukrainians Party. It has too few articles on the is fresh proof of the continuance of the to vacant posts in the Church in the history of the Communist Party in the anti-bolshevist fight for freedom in the Kiyv district. Soviet Union, on philosophy and politic­ Soviet Ukraine; it shows that this fight In 1917, when revolution broke out al economy, and many of those that are is being conducted under the motto in Tsarist Russia, Petro Sikorsky im­ published are on a very low level as of the liberation of all non-Russian mediately offered his services to the regards political theory. The paper peoples in the Soviet Union from Russo- government of Ukraine which had de­ pays little attention to the history‘ of holshevist supremacy. \ No. 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Rage :

Ukrainian Youth Association (S. U. M.) A World-Wide Organisation o f Young Ukrainians Abroad

(U.I.S.) Ukrainian political exiles are longing to the Ukrainian people; 2) to distributed over 27 countries in the old foster national culture; 3) to live on a and new world. In spite of being so religious basis; 4) to be mutually help­ widely scattered, however, the Ukrain­ ful to one another; 5) to make the good ians cling firmly together. Distance does name of Ukraine known in the world; not prevent them from keeping up 6) to assist theliberationstruggleathome social, political, cultural and personal and abroad by word and deed; 7) to contacts and a whole series of Ukrain­ combat Russian imperialism and every ian organizations have sprung up which form of totalitarianism wherever it may develop and further the connections, be in the world, uncompomisingly and in special spheres of life. with perseverance; 8) to lead a strictly One of the most noteworthy, active moral life personally and as a com­ and consolidated of them is the S.U.M. munity; 9) to foster socialbility, friend­ (Soyuz Ukrainskoyi Molodi) -— Ukrain­ ship, physical and mental fitness; 10) to ian Youth Association. Without exag­ respect the customs, laws and culture geration it-" may be said that no other in the foreign countries in which the national exile group has its youth so S.U.M. members live and to behave with well organized as the Ukrainians. circumspection. Young Ukrainians of both sexes, from The S.U.M. did not arise only after 18— 32, can be members of the S.U.M. the war in 1945. The beginning of the

Consecration of S.U.M. flags June 30. 1951 in London

not crushed out, but continued under­ ground. The S.U.M. abroad feels deeply and inseparably bound to the S.U.M. at home. The first cell of the S.U.M. abroad was formed in the spring of 1946 in the U.N.R.R.A. D.P. camp Somme Kaserne A S.U.M. Unit at at Augsburg, Germany. Local groups Anti-Communist were rapidly formed in all the D.P. Demonstration In camps in Germany where there were Manchester Ukrainians. With increased emigration the number of cells in Germany dimin­ After 32 a member becomes a patron organization goes back to 1925 when it ished, while the organization spread in of the organization but remains within was instituted as an underground, anti­ other countries. its sphere of action. communist, definitely nationalist youth The high demands made upon mem­ S.U.M. is a non-political, educational organization under the direction of bers by the Statutes of the S.U.M. organization, though its members may the University student M. Pavlushkiv hinder some young Ukrainians from belong to any political party, except in Kyiv and Kharkiv. In 1930 it was joining, but still membership is in- the communist party and fellow-tra­ broken up by the terror of the N.K.V.D., vellers. its leader and numbers of its members (Continued on Page 10) The aims of the organization are 1) to shot, banished or otherwise liquidated. keep alive the national sense of be­ Still the idea of the organization was

A S.U.M. Choir in Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada Mr. Oleksa Kalynnyk, President of S.U.M. Page S UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12

Two Encouragements From America

Mr. George M. Smathers “ In the conspiracy to enslave all mankind, we find the U.S.A., Representative o f Florida Soviet Union the announced and admitted leader. The Sov­ iet Union is the result and the embodiment of the false (U.I.S.) As was reported in the November number of this teaching of Karl Marx, Lenin, and now Stalin. Even a cursory paper, the annual Convention of the United Ukrainian Amer­ reading of the writings of these men will dispel any doubts ican Relief Committee was held on October 13, 1951 in Phila­ as to the actual and final aims of that regime. But we shall delphia, Pa. — U.U.A.R.C. is a voluntary agency created commit a fatal error if we believe the majority of the people three years ago to help many thousand Ukrainian DP’s and within the Soviet Union are sympathetic to the notions of Refugees to settle in the United States, and to support needy Marx, Lenin, or Stalin, or that they are in support of the Ukrainians compelled to remain in Europe. conspiracy of the Kremlin. Mr. Gecfrge A. Smathers, Representative of Florida, was one “ The most common understanding about the Soviet Union of the many eminent Americans who attended the Convention. is that it is a nation of Russian people. This is, of course, He listened to a speech by Mr. Edward M. O’Connor, Com­ missioner of US Displaced Persons Commission, Washington D. C., who discussed problems of settling Ukrainians in the States and went on to speak of the general tragedy of the Ukrainian people under Moscow’s century-long oppression. There are more non-Russians than Russians Representative George A. Smathers was so struck by Mr. O’Con­ nor’s remarks and by their importance for American policy that he submitted a resolution on October 17, 1951 to the Senate of the U.S.A. to have Mr. O’Connor’s speech printed in the Appendix of the U.S.A. Congressional Record. This resolution was passed unanimously. In submitting his resolu­ tion, Representative Smathers said: “ The information contained in the Commissioner’s speech about the Ukrainian people came as a pleasant surprise to me, for I had no idea there was such a large group of people within the borders of the Soviet Union who loved democracy Mr. Edward O’Connor and personal freedom with the same passion and fervency Commissioner, U.S. Displnc- that we here in the United States do. Mr. O’Connor pictured ed Persons Commissions, in eloquent terms the unfortunate plight of those brave, Washington, D. C. Christian people who have been caught up in the mad am- bititions of the Nazis on one side and the equally sinister completely untrue. According to the 1939 census, and evil of communism on the other. reasonable projections on those figures to bring them up to “ The speech was not mere flattery of a brave and honor­ date, we find that of the total population of approximately able people, but it pointed out factually that a majority of 202,000,000, 91 500,000 are Russian and 110,500,000 are non- all persons imprisoned behind the iron curtain are non-Rus­ Russian. Thus the majority peoples of the Soviet Union are sians and unsympathetic to the Soviet Union’s ambitions. not Russian; on the contrary, over 54 percent are non- Mr. O’Connor made it clear that there is great hope for the Russians. future in those many millions of people who will not for “ To carry this point even further, only tivo of the Soviet long submit to the domination and oppression of the foreign Republics, the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, Soviet tyranny. He pointed out that we people here in the and the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Republic are predominantly United States, and people elswhere in the world who believe Russian. The other 14 Soviet Republics are overwhelmingly in personal freedom and democracy, must be ready to assist non-Rusisan in complexion. the Ukrainians and all those like them in their efforts to “ Now you may ask: ‘ What is the special significance of this throw off the chains of slavery.“ well-documented point on the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union?" There is a great deal of special significance Mr. Edward O’Connor to this point, and to demonstrate the most significant point l Commissioner, U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, wish to review with you briefly the tragedy of the Ukrain­ W a s h in g to n , D. C. ian nation — the most numerous non-Russian people in the Soviet Union.“ We reproduce an extract from Mr. O’Connor’s speech to the Convention: The Reason for Germany’s Lightning Advance “ As we gather in this great hall to pay tribute to the Ukrainian patriots who down through the centuries made Across U.S.S.R. the good fight for national independence, we are more than Mr. Edward O’Connor then gave a summary of the chang­ ever conscious of the fuller meaning of the great American ing fate of the Ukrainian people throughout nine centuries, birthright of independence. A little more than a stone’s and dwelt on the unhappy coincidence of events that brought throw from where we now meet, the courageous American Ukraine in the 18th century under the yoke of Moscow, so patriots signed into action a Declaration of Independence that it became a victim of Russian imperialism. The speaker which gave birth to our great Nation. This Declaration set also described the constant efforts made by the Ukrainian forth the basic rights and freedoms to which all men are people to free themselves of that yoke. Regarding the situa­ entitled, and made it clear to deny men these rights was just tion in World War II, the speaker said: cause for revolt. Thus, the principle set forth in the Declar­ “ With the outbreak of World War II, the masters of the ation of Independence became the battle cry of the Amer­ Kremlin and the forces of Hitler were as one — joined ican patriots and has served ever since as an inspiration to together in a common conspiracy to absorb all of the smaller freedom-loving peoples everywhere. and weaker nations. This union was, of course, aimed at No. 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVJCE I’a go ') for the Cause o f Ukrainian Liberation

defeating the defenders of Western culture and traditions. “ I have noted with interest and great pleasure that there It was inevitable that this alliance would fall apart and that has been formed in the United States an organization known the two international gangsters would fight it out among as the Free Russia Fund, Inc. It is encouraging to know that themselves to see who would take all spoils. Nazi Germany in­ some good Americans have recognized the plight of the Rus­ vaded the Soviet Union and history records the unusual and sian people and are planning to do something to bring about unprecedented rapidity with which the German armies penet­ their well-deserved freedom from the tyranny of communism. rated to the gates of Moscow and Leningrad, swept across On the other hand, I find myself seriously disturbed that no Ukraine to the Black Sea and beyond. The uniformed mass­ one appears to have done anything about the cause of the non- es of the West had the feeling that the Nazi war machine Russian people of the Soviet Union who make up the major­ could not be stopped and that it was most likely the Soviet ity, and who clearly comprise a group of nations who want Union would be conquered within an unbelievably short time. their freedom and liberties just as much as any other people. It was only during the closing days of the war that we learn­ To the best of my knowledge, no American organization has ed the real reason for this rapid, almost unresisted advance been formed to advocate the cause of these captive nations across the reaches of the Soviet Union. We learned that the nor to encourage them to keep alive the spirit of national people of the Soviet Union, particularly the Ukrainians, first culture and independence nor to provide a practical means looked upon the German invaders as their liberators — as whereby their hopes for a better life will some day be realiz­ another historical opportunity for them to regain national ed. I therefore strongly commend to your consideration — inependence. They had expected that the opportunity would and to the consideration of all freedom-loving Americans — be theirs to take up arms and drive the Bolsheviks completely the need for the immediate formation of an organization to from Ukraine, and that after the war was over, somehow be known as the American Committee for the Liberation of they could reconstruct the Ukrainian nation. But here they the non-Russian Peoples in the Soviet Union. I am confident were deceived; their hopes were dashed upon the rocks of that when the American people are given the facts that have despair when the Nazi invaders treated them as inferiors been presented to you this evening, they will gladly support and little better than animals. When the Ukrainian people such a worthy and necessary undertaking. When it is made realized that their hopes for independence were in vain and clear that such an organization can make a major contribu­ that the Nazi invaders were as evil as the communist op­ tion to the removal of the menace which endangers free men pressors, they then turned upon the new invader. The re­ everywhere, its success will be assured.“ sistance movement then had to fight two oppressors, the communists and the Nazis. These same circumstance apply ’Like our Founding Fathers” to many other Soviet Republics which were overrun by the Nazi armies Mr. O’Connor concluded with the following expressions of hope and confidence: Non-Russian Peoples — the Weak Point in Russia’s Plans “ The spirit of the patriots which brought forth in this city The speaker went on to say that resistance to Moscow in of Philadelphia the historic Declaration of Independence is Ukraine today has not ceased, but, on the contrary is a very much alive in the hearts and minds of those patriots source of hope, inspiration and help for the resistance of of today who reside in the captive nations. The hopes and other nations oppressed by Moscow. Mr. O’Connor continued: ambitions, the yearnings and struggles of the Ukrainian pat­ “ The tragic story of Ukraine, together with its many heroic riots parallel those of our founding fathers. If we are to epics, is a story that applies to all the captive nations held continue to enjoy the God-given liberties which have come within the iron grip of the Kremlin. We can rightfully look to us through the application of this Declaration, we must upon this story of Ukraine as as symbol and a guide post for see to it that all those who struggle for these same principles understanding to other peoples who make up the various attain them at the earliest possible moment. This clearly is republics of the Soviet Union. There is one great lesson we our historic mission. The ranks of free men must be multi­ can learn from these historical facts. That lesson is that the plied many times before we can expect to attain that great non-Russian peoples, who are the majority peoples of the objective of a universal peace toward which we now devote Soviet Union are the weakest link in the Soviet plan for world conquest. They are the weakest link because for our wholehearted efforts. May God speed the happy day centuries they have been despised and have suffered under when all men will be free and all nations, founded on the Russian imperialism; they have nothing in common with natural principle of self-determination, are formed into a either the old princes of Moscovy or the new princes of the world community of nations dedicated to permanent peace.“ Kremlin, and can be counted on — once given an opportun­ ity — to make a heroic effort to throw off the yoke of their Encouraging Voices oppressors. This is the greatest weakness in the plan of the enemies of all mankind which must be recognized and fully Ukrainian public opinion abroad gratefully and joyfully exploited. We must be outspoken and firm in our committ­ welcomes these two American voices. Words like these, full ment to the universal principle of self-determination, and of sympathy and understanding for the cause of the liber­ we must make our stand in this matter known to the peoples ation of Ukraine are rare, unfortunately very rare, even in of all these captive nations. If we get our story across and the United States; that is why Ukrainians appreciate these stand firmly by it, we will then have created great possibil­ speeches all the more. We hope that they will not remain ities for averting a war and establishing a peace with justice without an echo, but that serious and influential men will take and freedom for all.“ them to heart. Above all, Ukrainian public opinion hopes that Mr. O’Connor’s suggestion for the creation of an Amer­ ican Committee for the Liberation of the non-Russian Practical H elf Necessary peoples of the Soviet Union will quickly materialize. The cre­ Mr. O’Connor demanded that practal steps be taken in the ation of such a Committee would not only be a blow for Mos­ United States to help the nations oppressed by Moscow. He cow’s imperialism, but also an immense step on the way to said: freedom for millions of men. Page iO UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12

Ukraine Behind the Iron Curtain (

A Gift for Ukraine: far that the Radyanska Ukraina recent­ ly complained about the abuse of the ’’The Priceless Suvorov Relics” expression, when a meeting of the union of grave-diggers called themselves workers for peace; of course they work (U.I.S.) In the Soviet Union there What replaced them? The Pravda of for peace, they were told, for the etern­ is one law for Russians and another for October 17, 1951 gives the answer: al peace of the dead. Nothing is safe Ukrainians. What is a virtue for Rus­ A meeting of the curators of Suvo­ from this wave; never did a word ex­ sians, is a crime for Ukrainians. This rov museums in Ukraine was recently perience such an inflation as has been double standard applies even to mu­ held in Leningrad, at which the Suvo­ the fate of this expression in the So­ seums. rov Museum of Military History in viet Union. The purpose is only too For instance, the Pravda of Septem­ Leningrad announced that it would clear. The Soviet Union’s desire for ber 13, 1951 contained a sharp criti­ generously lend the Ukrainian mu­ peace is to he hammered so incessantly cism of Ukrainian museums in Lviv, seums, in Lviv, Ismail and Ochakiv to into the people, that, if a war should Western Ukraine, blaming them for begin with, a number of precious Su­ come, they will believe that it was not showing Ukrainian, nationalist, even vorov relics. These priceless mementoes by the wish of the Soviet Union. have great historical importance. At reactionary tendencies. The Pravda was This universal tendency is reprodu­ particularly incensed by the skull of first, 600 Suvorov exhibits were sent ced by any article in any paper in and, in addition, many Russian and a Ukrainian medieval prince, which was Ukraine that you like to read. In the excavated recently in the old fortress of captured arms dating from the 18th Radyanska Ukraina of October 28, 1951 Halych. The unhappy curator had put century, many engravings and litho­ we read in the article, Increase and this skull in a glass case by itself, which graphs illustrating the campaigns of the Strengthen the Power of our Fatherland displeased the Pravda correspondent. great Rusian commander, and portraits “ The more coal, the surer peace. Peace We read: Why has so much honour been of the heroes of the Russian army who would be all the stronger, the more shown to this very ordinary skull? The took orders from Suvorov. metal our country produced . . . Let us answer is given by a study of the de­ The Ukrainian prince’s skull, we, exceed our target of getting wood for partment showing the history of feudal see, is useless and must be removed. our fatherland, to build up communism Ukraine. Here, objects and pictures of Ukrainian hetmans and military leaders and strengthen peace! . . . The peaceful many princes, sultans, Polish nobles, are Ukrainian nationalism and must aims of our Soviet population, the con­ Cossack army leaders, patriarchs, archi­ likewise disappear. But the Russian Su­ stantly increasing prosperity of the mandrites, etc. are uselessly shown. vorov and his generals are glorious working classes in the Soviet Union — Now, Ukraine cannot help having had history; they are of immense impor­ that is what frightens foreign, imperial- a history illustrated by princes, nobles, tance for Ukraine and must be shown! its warmongers most!“ . . . army leaders, etc. Moscow is not pleas­ Everything for Peace . . . The peaceful use of coal, metal, ed because the people are reminded by wood, etc. in U.S.S.R.? The organ of such exhibits that the Ukrainian people (U.I.S.) There is surely nothing now the Communist Party in Ukraine ought once had a glorious history indepen­ in Ukraine that is not working for Sta­ to quote Josef Stalin’s words when he dent of Moscow. The consequence of lin’s peace. Every mason swings his said lately in an interview on the atom the Pravda9s comments was, of course, trowel, not for the building he is on, bomb: Naturally aggressors would like that these “ useless“ signs of Ukrainian but for peace. The cobbler mends shoes to have the Soviet Union standing help­ nationalism in Lviv had to disappear for peace. Children go to school for less when they attack. But the Soviet immediately — and the heads of the peace. Soviet soldiers are not simply sol­ Union differs, and intends to meet ag­ museums with them. diers, but soldiers of peace. It goes so gressors fully armed.

Ukrainian Youth Association The whole organization is built up .The Central Committee of the S.U.M. (Continued from Page 7) up on a democratic basis. Though the is at present in Germany. The first chair­ organization in the different countries man and President of the S.U.M. for creasing steadily. At present the S.U.M. is founded on uniform Statutes, local the whole world is Mr. Oleksa Kalynnyk has 8,022 members attached to 175 cells. requirements are respected and taken of Dnipropetrovsk, Central Ukraine, an Divided according to countries the into consideration. The General Meeting underground fighter of long standing, membership of the Organization is as of the members is the supreme author­ who was besides for 7 years an inmate follows: ity. Heads of the Organization in the of various Russian concentration camps. Great Britain -—65 cells 2,472 members various countries, as well as the local The Organisation is financed solely U.S.A. -28 11 2,450 ii cells, are chosen by normal democratic Belgium -22 11 640 elections. Each organization besides its by subscriptions and contributions from Canada -20 11 1,440 executive, elects also a Board of Con­ its members. The work of the leaders Germany -12 11 240 trol and a Court of Honour. Once very in the local groups is, as a matter of Australia —6 240 two years the S.U.M. holds a World principle, honorary. Paraquay — 6 11 140 ii Congress, attended by delegations from The S.U.M. has a good deal of pub­ France — 5 11 150 all the countries in question. licists work to its credit. It issues the Argentina — 4 11 120 ii The World Congress then chooses following periodicals, Vanguard—in Austria — 2 11 38 from among those present, the Central Germany; The Voice of Youth— Great Brazil — 2 11 46 ii Comittee whose task it is to co-ordinate Britain; On Guard— Canada; Wings—- T unis — 1 11 6 ii the work and determine the general U.S.A. as well as a number of leaflets Venezuela — 1 11 20 ii line of development; to give incentive and books. Many local functions are Spain — 1 11 20 ii and strengthen the contacts between arranged, such as lectures, theatrical 175 cells 8,022 members. the individual organizations. performances, concerts, training courses, No. 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 11

The Radyanska Ukraina had a article ’’The Elder Brother” entitled Happiness by Shyan who wrote: “Slyvinska, a peasant woman from My- (U.I.S.) Under the title Triumph they have learned the best traditions of kytyntsi, in the Stanislav area, suffered of the Lenin-Stalin National Policy, the revolutionary struggle; with the great misery in Western Ukraine where Pravda published a long article on No­ help of the Russian people they have Polish and German bourgeoisie was vember 5, 1951, devoted to an article burst the bonds of the bourgeois and rampant until 1944. Things improved Stalin wrote 30 years ago, entitled The landowner’s yoke and have established only when the Soviets arrived, but October Revolution and the National Soviet power. particularly after she joined the local Policy of the Russian Communists. One The help given by the Russian people Kolkhose. 240 working days in the year of the passages quoted by Pravda runs to the other peoples of our land in their brought her sufficient bread, maize, as follows: economic, political and cultural de­ grits and potatoes to live carefree and “ The essence of that policy can be velopment is immeasurable. All the na­ in happiness. But trouble also came, for summed up in the following words; tions and peoples of our land take a Slyvinska fell ill. She was taken to rencunciation of all “ claims“ on and deep interest in the study of the in­ hospital where an operation was order­ “rights“ in the territory peopled by structive history of the people that has ed. And now the dreadful scene came. non-Russian nations; recognition (not had such tremdous and beneficent in­ You are so excited . . . Are you afraid only in words but also in deeds) of the fluence on all the peoples of our of the operation?, the surgeon asked. rights of those nations to an indepen­ country. No, not at all, the woman answered dent state existence; voluntary and For these very reasons all attempts quietly. . . But tell me the truth, Doc­ economic alliance of said nations with by bourgeois nationalists to diminish tor .. . Shall I be able to work after central Russia“ . the role of the Russian people and its the operation just as well as before? If not .. . the operation is not necessary. The Kremlin declares to-day that culture, in the development of all the Life without the kolkhose —- no, that’s these aims have been achieved. Soviet nations in our country, have met with Russia, contrary to the false ideas pre­ determined resistance from those no life at all —- and a tear rolled down vailing in the West, is only one of the peoples.“ her cheek.“ 16 theoretically equal Soviet Republics, The appearance of bourgeois natio­ The story was told all over Ukraine each of which has its own government, nalism (that is to say, the appearance of and the whole country laughed. its own parliament, own language etc. the struggle of the subjugated nations Each, according to the Soviet Constitu­ against Moscow’s alien domination) of tion, can secede from the U.S.S.R. and ’’Gleaming Vistas” course, meets with determined resis­ become a perfectly independent State. tance. But this resistance does not Recent Scientific Drilling in Ukraine The old form of Russian rule over emanate from the peoples themselves, (U.I.S.) The Radyanska Ukraina pub­ alien peoples having proved impracti­ but from the Russian imperialist. lished an article on 26. 10. 1951 en­ cable in the years 1817— 1921, Russian titled: Theoretical Training in the imperialism adopted a new colour for Live without the kolkhose? No, never! scientific Cadre with authoritative in­ its camouflage; formation about new directives for Another quotation from the above- (U.I.S.) Ukraine, formerly a happy scientific training in Ukraine. We read: mentioned Pravda article shows plain­ country, whose people were always ly that even after the Bolshevist revo­ ready for fun, has been transformed by “ The marvellous works of Comrade lution the Rusisan people remained a Stalin’s regime into a land of reserved Stalin on philology have opened gleam­ master race. gloomy silence. But life still produces ing vistas to a great army of research “ The Russian people holds a special situations that call for a smile. The scholars in all branches of knowledge. position in the family of the Soviet blowers of the Soviet horn of propa­ They show how to attack the most nations. The peoples of our land feel ganda sometimes send forth lies that complicated scientific problems from great respect and gratitude for the great become anecdotes.' Anatoli Shyan, a the standpoint of creative marxism and Russian people, looking upon the Rus­ Ukrainian newspaper hack recently un­ how they can be solved.“ consciously reported a story that has sian people, and rightly so, as their The' Party organization in the Aca­ been told everywhere as a joke. elder brother. From the Russian people demy of Science of Ukraine has seized on such statements. A week after the social meetings, and where necessary, against it with every possible means, above article appeared, it announced in demonstrations and other public actions. including provocation and discrimina­ its bulletin that whatever his province, The bulk of the membership is made tion. the Soviet scholar must follow the up of workers, both men and women; The members of the S.U.M. are all doctrine of Marx and Lenin as a guid­ there are miners in Belgium, lumber­ religious and loyal to their homeland. ing star and sure sign-post. In con­ men in Canada, farm labourers in Eng­ They look upon their sojourn abroad as sequence of Stalin s philological articles, land, and Wales, millhands in Man­ temporary. and only caused by adverse the Academy has decided to appoint chester, shepherds in Australia, factory circumstances. Their greatest wish is to and train immediately 100 advisers on hands in U.S.A., etc. he able to return to their liberated the philosophy of Marx and Lenin and The work of the S.U.M. has proved country and take an active part in 50 for the history of the Communist most necessary, important and success­ building up an independent Ukrainian Party in Ukraine, fn addition, the» ful in Belgium and France where the State. As long, however, as they are Academy has arranged 6 seminars for Ukrainian workers had been exposed to forced to live abroad they do every­ publicists and 4 for advisers in the communist influence. It is no idle state­ thing to learn all that is good and present year. And their task? Simply ment when we say that the S.U.M. has worthy of imitation in the countries of to make the thoughts developed by saved countless Ukrainians from com­ their hosts, and to uphold the good Comrade Stalin in his philological ar­ munism, and that is due not only to the name and reputation of the Ukrainian ticles, and his valuable results the com­ active members of S.U.M., but also to people everywhere. They want to be mon property of intellectuals in Soviet thousands of workers in Belgium and remembered when they leave as useful, Ukraine. France especially, who have still not decent people whom those they have This means the creation of a special joined up. For this reason, the com­ lived with will not want to forget. If cadre for propaganda for the purpose munist party in those countries is more they achieve that they will justify the of drilling Ukrainian intellectuals in than hostile to the S.U.M. and fights existence of the whole organization. Stalin s newest ideas. The effect of his Page 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12

great intellect was apparently slow in appearing in Ukraine. This must be The Increasing Role of Russia in the U.S.S.R. remedied, so new drilling has been arranged. Ukrainian Patriotism Must Disappear Important Archaeological Finds (U.I.S.) In recent times, literary and nationalistic. Ukrainian patriotism must art citicism throws more light on the cease. Reverence for Russia, for Mos­ in Kyiv general line of Stalin’s policy than do cow must increase. (U.I.S.) In the spring and summer of the decrees issued by the Central Com­ mittee of the Communist Party. Long this year, the Archaeological Institute 2,000,000 Schoolbooks of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine before official agencies have made carried out a number of excavations any announcements, we can see the (U.I.S.) The Lviv Branch of the So­ and researches in the area of Pecherska way the wind is blowing from critical viet State Publishing Concern, Rady- Lavra, the old monastic town near comments and literary articles in the anska Knyzhka (The Soviet Book) re­ Kyiv. At one place, eroded by water, Soviet press. ports that it has printed and distributed remains were found of an old brick wall On 28. 10. 1951, for instance, an ar­ in 1950/51 2,080,000 schoolbooks for two meters thick; it was found that ticle appeared in the Pravda, entitled use mainly in districts in Western this was part of the fortifications of Reactionary Patriotism in Literary Cri­ Ukraine. It is an impresive figure, but Lavra, for the monastic town was a ticism which passed almost unnoticed. what about the contents? We know b). fortress until the fortifications were The article is a severe attack on A. experience that at least one third of every Soviet schoolbook must be devot­ destroyed by Tatars in 1240. Gurvich, a literary critic who has hith­ ed to the person of Josef Stalin. No Excavators also found old glass furn­ erto enjoyed all the favour of the great service is rendered to the youth aces more than 900 years old, in which present regime. It is not saying too monks made coloured glass for church of Ukraine systemically poisoning it much to assert that he was a kind of mosaics. Other ovens for ceramics for with Stalinism and bolshevism. We un­ official guide for Soviet writers. His church use were also found in the vi­ derstand, moreover, that the production cinity. Nowhere else in Ukraine have articles in Novy Mir (The New World) of the Lviv Branch of the same concern such early traces of native glass manu­ were looked forward to eagerly as they is to be trebled in 1951/52. When will facture been found. showed what was expected by the gov­ this systematic murder of a people’s It was also discovered here that ernment, what themes would be po­ soul come to an end? pular, and what should be particularly many of the oldest Ukrainian churches Along the Dnister had mosaics and church vessels. The stressed. Now Gurvich’s latest article, remains of this ancient plant are elo­ The Force of Positive Examples has Another Film full of Lies quent proof of the high level of civili­ proved fatal for him. (U.I.S.) The department for scienti­ zation in Ukraine at a time when life Gurvich made the mistake of exag­ fic and popular films in the Kino-Stu­ elsewhere was very primitive. gerating the value of contemporary dio, Moscow, is scheduled to produce Soviet literature in general and of min­ the colour documentary Along the A Ukrainian Dramatist Celebrates imising the value and historical in­ Dnister. The purpose of the film was his Seventieth Birthday fluence of pre-revolutionary, Russian to reproduce in pictures the pioneer literature. We quote: “ Gurvich promul­ work of the Stakhanov brigades along (U.I.S.) Towards the end of October gates decidedly anti-patriotic views on the River Dnister, in Southern Ukraine, Ivan Kotcherha, a Ukrainian dramatist, the great heritage of classical Russian in all its unique beauty. We wonder if celebrated his seventieth birthday and literature. He presents Soviet writers this film will have the same fate as the the completion of fifthy years of liter­ as contrasted with classical Russian Colour Film Prosperous Ukraine, which ary activity. When he was twenty, he literature, whereas no such contrast was made for export but never allow­ .decided to devote himself to drama. He exists. He distorts the tendencies of ed to be shown in Ukraine itself. The simply could not exist without the stage the Russian classics and despises the lies it contained werev so obvious that and the theatre. He is not a great past, of which the Soviet people should the authorities hesistated to expose it genius, not a revolutionary pioneer, but be proud. He is of the erroneous opin­ to the scorn and laughter of the popu­ a steady and reliable worker. He has ion that Russian classical writers failed lace. It would not be at all surprising written popular plays, such as: The to include the leading men of their if Ukrainians were not allowed to see Song of the Cornfield, The Way to Free­ time among their characters.“ their own Dnister. dom, Mark in Hell, Yaroslav the Wise, In other words, the critic has failed etc. After the Soviets took over, he was to discover the patriotic motives of Grand to Give Presents to Moscow naturally forced to toe the line, but in earlier Rusian literature and to present (U.I.S.) Mykola Yatko, a reporter on spite of that, he has managed to pro­ them to his readers. At the same time the staff of the Radyanska Ukraina duce much that is beautiful and attrac­ he has not drawn attention to the tells an involuntary joke from the tive and to emphasize lasting human leading patriots in Russian literature. district of Zbarazh in Western Ukraine. values. He is honoured in Kyiv as the When we remember that the Pravda Somewhere or other he watched a fruit Nestor of the Ukrainian theatre and simultaneously attacks Ukrainian liter­ harvest and reports: his double jubilee was an occasion for ature most severely for its Ukrainian “ What a wonderful orchard! How showing him general respect. patriotism, censuring it as subversive grateful its shade . . . The branches ’’Ukrainian in Form, Russian in and hostile to the Soviets, we realize bend under their burden of red-cheeked the real drift. Russian literature is ex­ apples, green-yellow pears, dark blue Content” pected to be national, patriotic and plums. Slender, rosy-cheeked girls chat­ (U.I.S.) The Izvestiya of September based on traditions, but not Ukrainian. ter and make fun; they are sorting out 13, 1951 published the repertory of the Russian nationalism is a virtue, Ukrain­ the different apples. Every apple is Taras Shevchenko Theatre in Kryvyi ian a deadly sin. V. Sossyura, the wrapped in thin paper and put into a Rih for the first half of 1951. It con­ Ukrainian poet, is severely criticised square box. tains The Law, by Gorkij; Uncle Vanya because he sings of a timeless, eternal What are you doing? they are asked. by Chekhov; Late Love by Ostrovsky — Ukraine, without reference to contem­ Don’t you see, stupid?, they reply in all of them Russians. There is not one porary Soviet Ukraine. The Russian cri­ chorus with a laugh. It is for Moscow. play by a Ukrainian writer. So much tic, on the other hand, is blamed for It is so grand to send presents to those for Moscow’s equality of cultures. not being sufficiently patriotic and dear people“ . . . No. 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE P ag e 13

Anniversary of Western Ukrainian State Ukrainian Celebrations to Commemorate November 1, 1 9 1 8

(U.I.S.) One of the most important imperial Russia. Eastern and Western against the Ukrainians. The Western Ukrainian national festivals today is the Ukraine declared their union on Janu­ Ukrainian army had been defamed as celebration of November 1, 1918. Wher­ ary 22, 1919. bolshevist, though it was engaged in ever 3 or 4 Ukrainians are together in With the proclamation of its indepen­ bitter anti-bolshevist conflict. The Poles the free world, they think of this date. dence, the Western Ukrainian Republic resorted to every weapon, propaganda, It was then that, after the collapse of announced on November 1, 1918 that lie and blackmail in order to attain the Austrian Empire, the parts of its entire area was under its military their aim. After they took possession of Austria inhabited by Ukrainians — control and administration. This mea­ the country with their army, the Poles Eastern Galicia, North Bukowina and sure, in accordance with the principle were granted official supremacy over Carpathian Ukraine — declared their of the self-determination of peoples, Western Ukraine by the High Allied secession from Austria-Hungary and was immediately notified to the Wes­ Council on March 14, 1923. This was one proclaimed the birth of the Western tern Powers, U.S.A., Great Britain, of the bitterest, blackest days in the his­ Ukrainian Republic as an independent France, Italy, etc. tory of Ukraine. The entire population and sovereign state. This happened as Thus the Ukrainian dream of cent­ of Western Ukraine publicly swore on a corollary to the right of the self- uries was fulfilled and the Western part that day that it would never acknow­ determination of peoples, one of Presi­ dent Wilson’s Fourteen Points. The areas in question have been inhabited for centuries to a great extent by Ukrainians. The Poles, Hungarians, Rumanians or Czedis living there are small national minorities. On October 18, 1918, the Ukrainian National Council, under the leadership of Dr. Evhen Petrushevych, a member of the former Austrian parliament, was formed in Lviv, the capital of Galicia, and was declared to he the Constituent Assembly of Western Ukraine. It con­ sisted of democratically elected repre­ sentatives of the Ukrainian people, particularly Ukrainian members of the central Austrian parliament in Vienna and the Galician parliament in Lviv. On November 1, 1918, the Ukrainian National Council solemnly proclaimed the independence of the new state in Lviv. On November 9, 1918 the first of Ukraine was free at last. Until 1772 ledge or respect that decision. It was, full government of Western Ukraine it belonged to Poland, and since 1772 indeed, always felt to be treason and was formed under Minister President formally to Austria. But in accordance a breach of faith. Dr. Kost’ Levytsky. On November 9, with an unwritten agreement with the In order to save their face, the High 1918 the new republic received its offi­ Austrian government in Vienna, Polish Allied Council made the Poles promise cial title: The National Republic of nobles in Galicia continued to exercise to introduce an autonomous regime in Western Ukraine (Z.O.U.N.R.). This was supreme power there. One of the con­ an emergency measure taken for Western Ukraine. This they promised,so sequences of this Polish supremacy was as to reach their goal, but they did not reasons of international law; it was that the whole country was extremely considered important to rank as one of keep their word. The twenty years that backward economically and culturally, followed — 1919 till 1939 —- was a the successor states of Austria and to and indeed in a state of great poverty. period of humiliating, degrading and be recognized as such by the High Allied In violation of the principle of the shameful Polish terrorism, a heavy Council in Paris. On 22. 1. 1918 Eastern Ukraine, too, was proclaimed as a Na­ self-determination of peoples, the Poles burden for the Ukrainians. The world tional Republic and a successor state of did not wish to recognize the formation was called upon to witness one of the of theWestern Ukrainian Republic. They most senseless, one of the maddest immediately involved the country in a jingoistic experiments —- how about The Best Marble brutal war. For ten months, theWestern 20 million Poles, largely on a lower Ukrainian government and its army cultural level, tried to force their na­ (U.I.S.) In the district of Rakhiv, resisted Polish aggression from without tionality on more than 7 million Ukrain­ Carpathian Ukraine, rich desposits of and Polish guerilla war within. The ians, 3 million Byelorussians, 2 million marble for building were recently dis­ Poles were supported by the High Allied Germans, etc. It is not worth while covered and preparations have been Council of Western Powers in Paris who going into details of this Polish rule made to exploit them. This marble is denied their own principles and deliv­ here. Poland gave proof of its own in­ of various colours: pale pink, red, blue, ered Western Ukraine to Poland. The capacity as a state in 1939 when it col­ green, dark grey, black and snowwhite. balance was heavily weighted against lapsed after three weeks of war with It is the finest marble in the Soviet the Ukrainians when the High Allied nazi Germany, after being deserted by Union. The stone is particularly hard Council gave the Polish Haller Army, 13 million minority peoples. The con­ and is used as veneer in the many show which had been trained and equipped cept Poland is associated for Ukrainians buildings erected recently by the Soviets. in the West, permission to march with cunning, lies, broken promises and Page 14 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12

warm words of appreciation for the hospitality and courtesy of British UKRAINIANS ABROAD authorities and the people in general, which had given tens of thousands of Belgium tenth inhabitant is a Ukrainian. The Ukrainians a roof, work and a living town has 10 Ukrainian churches, 9 big wage in Great Britain. The speaker coopoeratives and a few hundred private urged his audience to respect the laws UKRAINIAN THURSDAY SCHOOLS businesses. Ukrainian cultural life in and customs of their hosts loyally and (U.I.S.) Four years ago, in November Winnipeg reaches a high level. The to do nothing that would damage the cause of Ukraine in England. Ukrainian 1947, the Ukrainian Society for Popular floods of fresh emigrants that have Learning (U.N.O.T.) was founded in artists gave musical performances that appeared recently have helped to stamp were enthusiastically applauded. Belgium for the purpose of preserving out some tendencies friendly to Soviet Ukrainian traditions of culture among Russia that were noted among former Ukrainian refugees there. In the first TOURING LIBRARY OF THE S.U.M. Ukrainian Canadian immigrants. place, the Society devoted itself to (U.I.S.) Thousands of Ukrainian emi­ school-age children who must be trained grants in Great Britain suffer from in such traditions, it being possible that ------French Africa ------. what we might call cultural under­ they would be alienated in Belgian nourishment. They cannot have enough schools from their own native tradi­ Ukrainian publications, books, maga­ tions. Private Ukrainian Thursday PROMOTION FOR A UKRAINIAN zines, papers, etc. Most of them are schools were therefore established where ARCHAEOLOGIST unfortunately not sufficiently advanced children were taught Ukrainian, includ­ in English to profit from the great ing the Ukrainian alphabet, grammar, The Rev. Yuri Shumovsky, a Ukrain­ treasures of English literature and history, religion, geography, dancing ian priest and professor of archaeology, journalism. On the other hand, they and singing. is well known among Ukrainian exiles. live in small groups too far from each In 1951 very many Ukrainians emi­ Since the war he has lived in ^France, other to be able to run a library of any grated from Belgium and the attendance where he was a member of the French size. The Ukrainian Youth Association at these schools naturally fell. Although Institute for Black Africa. Recently he (S.U.M.) has therefore decided to set at the moment there are 600 Ukrainian was promoted to be head of the De­ up a touring library. It will attempt to children of school age in Belgium, they satisfy the book-hunger of Ukrainians partment for Archaeology in that In­ are so scattered that the Society can who are scattered throughout the stitute and is working at present in run only five such schools. On 20.9.1951 country, by sending round something a General Meeting of the Society was Kuluba-Bakamo (Sudan). like a Bookmobile for which they have held in. Brussels in order to consider Early in December he is leaving already collected more than 6,000 future policy. New office bearers were Bukamo as head of a scientific expedi­ volumes. elected: Prof. A. Yakovlev, I. Vytiaz, tion to conduct excavations some 800 Dr. Boznyk, Rev. I. Kot, Y. Pryshlak kilometers further into the desert at and Dr. Tsymbala. ------Italy ------i Ghan, formerly the capital of the Sudan. • The expedition will conduct archaeo­ UKRAINIANS BECOME MEMBERS .------Canada------> logical research in villages like Mopti, OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZA­ Djene, Matsina, Timbouktau, Hack and TION EVERY TENTH INHABITANT Baudaghara where prehistoric tombs OF WINNIPEG, A UKRAINIAN are to be examined. The expedition (U.I.S.) At the beginning of October the general meeting of the International (U.I.S.) Statistics show that 21,000 consists of 10 experts and a correspond­ ing technical staff and it hopes to make Bureau of Catholic Youth was held in Ukrainians live in Winnipeg which had Rome. Delegates from 29 countries took interesting discoveries about cultural a population in 1950 of 222,000, it part in the meeting where Ukrainian being the capital of Manitoba, i. e. every and historical connections between Catholic youth was represented by these areas and ancient cultures in the Obnova, its central organization, Europe and Asia. under the leadership of Dr. V. Fedoren- treaties, expulsions from office, schools, chult. This Ukrainian organization, commerce, thousands of prohibitions, the persecution of Ukrainian culture and (------Great Britain ------, which has hitherto been loosely affili­ language, many prisons, mass trials, ated to the Bureau, has now been ac­ dragooning and pacification; it signified cepted in it as a full member, thanks to the indescribale arrogance of the Polish FIFTH ANNIVERSARY the offices of the Rt. Hon. Bishop Ivan small ruling class who imagined that, OF THE S.U.B. IN BRADFORD Buczko, the Apostolic Visitator to the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Western with a population of 19 million Poles, (U.I.S.) On October 7, 1951, Ukrain­ Europe. they were a Great Power between Ger­ ians in Bradford celebrated the fifth many and the Soviet Union, a power anniversary of the foundation of the great enough in any case to quarrel with S.U.B., the Association of Ukrainians ,------New Zealand ------, all its neighbours. This was true at least in Great Britain. The S.U.B. is known of its relations to Ukrainians. to unite more than 30,000 Ukrain­ FOUNDATION This is the factual background of ians who are living in Great Britain. OF A UKRAINIAN CLUB November 1, 1918, a day that shines The occasion was marked in Bradford like a brilliant star for all Ukrainians. by a concert in Southgate Hall which (U.I.S.) In September 1951 a Ukrain­ It marks the proclamation in Lviv of was attended by about 800 Ukrainians ian Club was founded in Welligton, Ukrainian independence in those areas. and British friends. Some 300 people New Zealand by immigrant Ukrainian Sooner or later this proclamation will had to be turned away for lack of DP’s and refugees. The Club aims at be fulfilled. In consequence, there is room. Mgr. T. Danyliv, London, ad­ helping Ukrainian immigrants to be­ not a single group of Ukrainians in the dressed the meeting. He reviewed the come familiar with legal, cultural and West that does not celebrate most de­ experience of Ukrainians in Great social conditions in their new home votedly November 1, 1918. Britain during the last 5 years and had and to provide a social centre for them. No. 12 UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE Page 15

A similar Club has also been planned violin solos by Mr. V. Zissyk and piano KHz. The first broadcast was on Octo­ for Auckland, the biggest town in the solos by Mrs. Chapelska. ber 21, 1951. It received favourable country. However small their num­ The activity of the Club is a positive comments and there are hopes of ex­ bers, Ukrainians always try to get expression of the life of Ukrainian tending this Ukrainian service. together and keep in contact with other immigrants in the United States. Ukrainians scattered throughout the world. Up till now, New Zealand has UKRAINIAN CULTURAL CENTRE COURSES IN UKRAINIAN not heard much about Ukraine, so the (U.I.S.) An organization was formed immigrants are pioneers and feel the IN NEW JERSEY in 1949 under Prof. P. Makarenko, lack of publicity in English. (U.I.S.) Prof. T. Matskiv has been entitled Center for the Study of the giving courses in Ukrainian for some Cultures of Venezuela and Ukraine. r------U.S.A.------, time at Seton Hall University, South In 1950 the Centre arranged a con­ Orange, New Jersey. Thanks to the cert in honour of Taras Shevchenko, initiative and tireless efforts of Ukrain­ the greatest Ukrainian poet, and also ian students at the University, broad­ A UKRAINIAN PROFESSOR one in honour of Generalissimus Fran­ casts are now given in Ukrainian as OF AERODYNAMICS well as English. cisco de Mirando, the national hero of Venezuela. On April 22, 1951 a meeting Early in September Dr. Ing. Bohdan * was held to commemorate Dmytro Hnatiuk, a Ukrainian refugee who emigrated to the United States under END OF FREE RUSSIA FUND? Doroshenko, the Ukrainian historian the D.P. Law in 1950, was appointed who had died a short time before. On (U.I.S.) More than a year ago a Free associate professor of aerodynamics at May 27, 1951 a concert was given in Russia Fund was established within the Notre Dame University, Indiana. When honour of the memory of Ssymon Pet- Ford Foundation. Its self-appointed task he first arrived in the States, Dr. Hna­ was to study East European problems lura the President of Ukraine who was tiuk worked as a mason. But it did and prepare for building up a free way murdered in Paris by the bolshevists in not take long to discover that he was of life in those areas. The Fund started 1926 and of Colonel Evhen Konovalets more at home with problems of aero­ with $ 200,000. a leader of the Ukrainian Liberation dynamics than with the trowel, and the Movement who was likewise murdered Line-Belt-Company soon appointed him From the beginning, imperialistic to a good engineering job in Phila­ Russia influence was very strong. Its by the bolshevists in Rotterdam in 1938. delphia. The new professor is compara­ very name indicated that its founders On July 5, 1951 the Center celebrated tively young and studied at the Faculty regarded the problems of Eastern Eu­ the anniversary of the proclamation for Shipping and Aeroplanes at the rope as a pure Russian affair, a view of Venezuela s independence. These Polytechnic in Danzig where he became that was strengthened by the appoint­ meetings were attended not only by Assistant to the professor of aero­ ment of Mr. George Kennan as head of Ukrainians but by many Venezuelan dynamics. From there he went as the F.R.F., as he is known to support friends. Ukraine and its brave fight strongly the Russian solution for East­ research engineer to the Aero-Technical against bolshevism and Russian im­ Insitute in Vienna. Afterwards he ern Europe. perialism has now got some meaning worked in the Dornier Plant at Fried- The reaction among exiled groups of for Venezuela. richshafen, one of the biggest aero­ the so-called Peoples of Russia was most plane factories in Germany. unfavourable; they did not wish to count as belonging to Russia, nor did UKRAINIAN CIRCLE FOR DRAMA AND OPERA UKRAINIAN LITERARY they want to be called Russian. Ukrain­ ians blankly refused to cooperate in AND ART CLUB IN NEW YORK (U.I.S.) A Ukrainian Circle for the F.R.F. Much as Ukrainian scientific Drama and Opera has been formed as institutes in various provinces required (U.I.S.) In the middle of October a branch of the Ukrainian Society in the Ukrainian Literary and Art Club, material assistance from America, they Venezuela. The Circle is under the founded three years ago in New York, refused to accept such assistance from opened its third season. At a special the F.R.F., as they could not stomach leadership of Mr. O. Halchenko and meeting, when about 200 members and the word Russia. the first object of its study is the invited guests were welcomed, the pre­ A short time ago, the Free Rus­ Ukrainian musical comedy, Natalka sident, Prof. Serhij Lytvynenko, a sia Fund became the name East Europe Poltavka. At the moment the Circle is famous Ukrainian sculptor, gave a Fund. Mr. Paul 0. Hofman, Director rehearsing the opera, Zaporoger beyond report of the Club’s activity which of the Ford Foundation, has confirmed the Danube which, it is hoped will be showed that, in spite of many initial this change of name. produced in the Municipal Opera House difficulties, members had been very in Caracas in the near future. active in art and literature. The various sections reported as follows: In the .------V enezuela------■, Music Section, 6 pianists and 1 violinist UKRAINIAN HOUSE IN CARACAS give lessons to more than 50 pupils. (U.I.S.) The efforts of the Ukrainian BROADCASTING UKRAINIAN MUSIC The. Section for Literature and Journ­ Society in Venezuela to get a centre alism had a successful season. The Art (U.I.S.) Thanks to the suggestion and for Ukrainian social and cultural life Section was able to arrange three ex­ efforts of the Ukrainian Cultural Center hibitions, one in Phildadelphia and two in Venezuela have at last been crowned in Venezuela, Ukrainian music is to be in New York. An exhibition is being with success. In September 1951, the broadcast by the State Radio Station planned for Free Europe although Ukrainian Home in Caracas was opened. there. Commentaries on all items broad­ Ukrainians are not represented in that Although the new house is not yet cast will be given in Spanish which will organisation. make it easy for Venezuelan listeners finished, it is already in use. Ukrain­ The evening closed with musical per­ to understand them. Ukrainian music ians in Venezuela were greatly in need formances under the leadership of Mr. will be broadcast every Sunday at 1700 of such a meeting-place and centre and Roman Kupchynsky. Among the items hours in Radio Nacional on wave the house will do much to hold Ukrain­ were choruses by the Dumka Choir, Y.V.K.A. 630 KHz or Y.V.K.A. 6170 ian immigrants together. Page io UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE No. 12

UKRAINIAN ARTISTS ABROAD appeared after World War II. These against the imperialist plans of Kerens­ (U.I.S.) Mr. and Mrs. L. and l. Mat- include newspapers, magazines, bulle­ ky’s group. syak, the Ukrainian singers, were re­ tins, etc. They are distributed as foll­ We indignantly repudiate this group s cently invited by the Brazilian State ows: Great Britain — 7; Argentina attempts to falsify the political attitude — 9; Brazil — 4; Holland — 1; Spain Department of Culture to give a con­ of Ukraine in the eyes of the world cert in Rio de Janeiro. — 1; U.S.A. — 72; Italy — 1; Canada — 41; Germany ■— 27; France — 7; by bribing questionable elements to In addition to arias and songs by Sweden — 2. form Ukrainian political parties, then Mozart, Scarlatti, Schumann, Brahms proclaiming that they are the Voice of and Vile Logos, Ukrainian compositions Immediately after the end of the Se­ Ukraine. were also included in the programme, cond World War, Soviet agents did all works by Artemowsky— Hulak, Lato- they could to get a mass of Ukrainian Such attempts to falsify the genuine shynsky and Stetsenko. The Ukrainian refugees and DP’s behind the iron cur­ movements of liberation in nations op­ couple had a warm reception and their tain again. By cunning and terrorism, pressed by Moscow are doomed to fail­ performance received favourable notices and at the beginning, often with the ure as were similar attempts on Ke­ in the press. They were invited re­ help of Allied Occupational Author­ rensky’s behalf in Ukraine in 1917. This peatedly to broadcast songs from Radio ities, they tried to get hold of intellect­ Russian arch-imperialist attempted at Nacional (Brazil). ual Ukrains in particular. The Soviet that time to destroy the purely demo­ Volodymyr Blavatsky, the well-known knew what they wanted, and why. Of cratic First Ukrainian Soldiers’ Con­ Ukrainian actor and stage-manager the 172 Ukrainians periodicals men­ gress because he feared its aims of in­ started a series of broadcasts on Sep­ tioned above, no fewer than 122 are dependence. He also attempted to ar­ tember 23, 1951 in U.S.A. from WDAS, published by these recent political Wave-length 1400 which sponsors a exiles from Ukraine. They are now rest and try before a court the demo­ Ukrainian Radio Hour on Sundays from spreading throughout the world accurate cratic Ukrainian government appointed 9— 10 a. m. His program includes information about the Soviet Union and by the Soldiers’ Congress. Today he Ukrainian news, instrumental and vocal the entire truth. That is what Russo- uses his Council for the Liberation of music, literature, plays and criticism. holshevists fear most. the Peoples of Russia in order to get It was such a success that the manage­ the reins into his hands. He will never ment is contemplating broadcasting it succeed! And if his protectors should three times a week. Wave of protest: help him into the saddle after the col­ In the middle of October, Theodor lapse of bolshevism, they will cause Teren, a Ukrainian bariton made his Indignant Repudiation debut in New York. He sang Western great misery, resistance and bitterness classical songs and compositions by the (U.I.S.) The general meeting of the in Ukraine. Ukrainian musicians, Latoshynsky, Bar- Ukrainian Relief Society in Switzerland Long live the Independent, United vinsky, and Nyzhankivsky. Critics pro­ on November 4, 1951 passed the follow­ Republic of Ukraine!“ mise him a future in America. ing resolution of protest against the imperialist plans of Kerensky’s group Published by the Ukrainian Information Service, 172 PERIODICALS 28, Minister Road, London, N.W. 2, Great Britain. and their supporters: Editorial Address: Ukrainian Information Service. (U.I.S.) The clatter of the falling Dadiauer Strasse 9/II, Munich 2. Germany. “ We Ukrainians in Switzerland, who iron curtain could not shut out or strangle free Ukrainian thought. Soviet have come together for our national terrorism could not prevent the publi­ commemoration of November 1, 1918 cation on this side of the curtain of join the general protest raised by UKRAINE 172 Ukrainian periodicals which have Ukrainians throughout the world PAST AND PRESENT (in German) Appears quarterly

Just published New book Yearly subscription $2.- incl. postage YERLAG UKRAINE Ukrainian Liberation Movement Rumfordstrafse 41 - Munich, Germany in Modern Times

f[B y Oleh Martovych

176 pages / 11 pictures If you wish to be informed of conditions Published by „Scottish League for Euro­ behind the Iron Curtain objectively, and at first hand, subscribe to and read the pean Freedom“ , Edinburgh. This is a short story of the Ukrainian national1 A.B.N. liberation movement covering the periodjfrom Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky [till Ukrainian CORRESPONDENCE Insurgent Army U .P.A . (1600—1950.) the monthly periodical of the Anti-Bolshevist Place orders',: Bloc of Nations (A. B.N.) issued in English, Great Britain: Mr. G. Markiv, 28 Minster Rd. French and German; subscription for one year: London N.W. 2 Great Britain . . . 6 Shillings Germany: Ukrainian Information Service U.S.A. and Canada . 1 Dollar München 2, Dachauer Straße 9 /ü France and Tunis . 300 Francs Canada : „ Arka“, 204 Bathurst St.,Toronto,Ont. Belgium...... 60 Belg. Francs U. S. A.: Miss Natalia Sas-Jaworska, 215 Broome G erm a n y ...... 3.00 D-Marks St. New York, N. Y. In other countries at prices to correspond. Australia: Mr. Hrabyk Zynowy,r.24 Glenview St. Paddington Sydney. Orders to be sent to: T h e price in G r e a t . B r[i t a i n :~[6 sh. A.B.N. Correspondence, Box 70, Munich 33 ln other contries: equivalent of 2 U.SA. dollars Germany.