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Basin/Badlands of Southwestern South Dakota 222 RANGELANDS 18(6), December 1996 Black-footed Ferret Reintroduction in the Conata Basin/Badlands of Southwestern South Dakota Peter M. McDonald and Glenn E. Plumb he long, slender creature cautiously emerged from its footed ferrets are adapted to preying on prairie dogs for hole, glancing right, left, right again, then directly at food and using undergroundburrow systems of prairie dogs Tthe beam of the spotlight fixed on him. The emerald for shelter and family-rearing. green eyes glimmered in the powerful light like no other At one time, it would have been a superb strategy for the animal of the prairie could. or should. Forthese were the black-footedferret to exploit such an abundant and season- eyes of one of the rarest free-ranging mammals in the ally reliable source of food and shelter represented by world, certainly the rarest on the North American continent. prairie dog communities. Over 100 million acres of prairie And these eyesgazed out over the surrounding grasslands dog towns were dispersed across the Great Plains in the of the Conata Basin/Badlands region of southwestern late-nineteenthcentury. However, early settlers viewed the South Dakota for the first time in over thirty years. intensive burrowing and grazing disturbances by this colo- The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was first nial, native rodent as incompatiblewith agrarian land uses. described in 1851 by the legendary naturalist, John James Intensive efforts to chemically and mechanically eliminate Audubon, and John Bachman. A member of the weasel local prairie dog populationsgenerated an unforeseencon- family, the black-footed ferret has since been identified as sequence: massive reduction and fragmentation of the the only ferret native to North America. The more common habitat base for historically-associated wildlife like the domestic ferret is most closely related to the Old World black-footed ferret. Compounding the problem was likely Siberian polecat (M. evermansi,),rather than to some North secondary poisoning of ferrets during prairie dog control American mustelid cousin. The black-footedferret is unique programs,as well as the introduction of sylvatic plague and among weasels in its highly specialized relianceon a singu- canine distemper to the prairie dog and black-footed ferret lar habitat type: prairie dog towns (Cynomys spp.). Black- communities. Diseases continue to represent an important RANGELANDS 18(6), December 1996 223 threat to national recoveryof the species. As the prairie dog Dakota, the Meeteese population also began to disappear. went, so went the black-footed ferret. The ferret has been This time, the causes were confirmed as local outbreaks of federally listed as endangered since 1967. canine distemper and plague. By 1986, the remaining eigh- A veil of mystery continued to surround the black-footed teen survivors had been removed from the wild in a second ferret over the century following Audubon and Bachman's attempt at captive breeding the species and averting extinc- initial description. The species was thought to be historical- tion. Today, this captive breeding program is international ly rare, or at leastpoorly understoodowing in part perhaps in scope with seven facilities in the United States and to its largely nocturnal habits and absence from early fur Canada. The relative success of this effort—compared to harvest records. Some Plains tribes reportedly used black- the earlier attempt with the South Dakota ferrets—provided footed ferrets for ceremonial purposes. More contemporary the opportunity to seriously pursue re-establishmentof the sightings were occasionally reported across the species species back into the wild. The national recovery plan calls range, but confirmation of local populationswas extremely for a minimum of ten discrete populations and 1,500 ani- elusive. That changed dramatically with the discovery in mals distributed across the historic range of the species. 1964 and subsequent field observations over several years The first ever attempt at black-footed ferret reintroduction of a population centered in Mellette County, South Dakota. began in the Shirley Basin, Wyoming, in 1991. At last the world had some reliable information about the Ranked in 1989 by a national recovery team as possess- ecology of the black-footed ferret, particularly its habitat ing one of the highest potentials for black-footed ferret relationships. As in a cruel twist of fate, the South Dakota recovery in North America, the Conata Basin/Badlands population began to disappear and attemptsto captive- recovery areain southwesternSouth Dakota encompasses breed a few survivors ended in futility with the death of the portions of the Buffalo Gap National Grassland and last captive ferret in 1979. Badlands National Park (see map). This area is distin- The species was widely believed to be extinct with the guished by its combination of high quality prairie dog habi- demise of the South Dakota black-footed ferrets, until the tat, extensive public land base, absence of plague in the accidental discovery in 1980 of a small population outside prairie dog populations, and the historic presence of black- of Meeteese, Wyoming, nearthe edge of the animal's his- footed ferrets. Following a five-year interagency planning torical range. As experienced a decade earlier in South and public involvement process, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife N N N N E-.&I PpAe, Do 224 RANGELANDS 18(6), December 1996 Service, U.S. Forest Service, and National Park Service the important advancementstoward recovery of the black- collaboratively released in 1994 an Environmental Impact footed ferret in recent times, even today the fate of the Statement formally identifying the Conata Basin/Badlands species is precarious at best. Ongoing reintroduction pro- recovery area and proposing reintroductionof black-footed grams in Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, and, begin- ferrets as a "non-essential, experimental" population. This ning in 1996, Arizona, strain the capacity of the breeding designation would provide management flexibilitiy to opti- facilities to supply even minimally suitable numbers of rein- mize recovery efforts, while removing some restrictions troduction candidates per site annually. There is also a associated with an endangered species and easing con- tremendous work load at the reintroduction sites, for pre- cerns of local landowners and public land users. reintroductionpreparation, implementing releases, and con- Additionally, initial releases would be confined to the ducting proper post-release monitoring to adequately track Badlands National Park portion of the greater Conata recoveryprogress. All of these activities that representsite- Basin/Badlandsreintroduction area. level recovery require strong policy and fiscal support. Since fall of 1994, seventy juvenile black-footed ferrets Diseases such as plague remain serious obstacles to have been released into Badlands National Park. Following recovery in many areas in the species historic range. the initial released in 1994, two litters of wild-born black- Finally, without broad understanding of, and acceptance footed ferrets were sighted in late-summer 1995. for, conserving the prairie dog ecosystem at regional Subsequently, eighteen free-ranging black-footed ferrets scales, current localized efforts to recover the extremely were detected during surveys conducted mid-winter 1995- endangered black-footed ferret may temporarily delay, but 1996. Additional ferrets will be released annually for several are unlikely to prevent,the demise of the species in the wild years in an attempt to establish a self-sustaining popula- once and for all. tion. Releases in 1996 have been proposed for both the Badlands National Park and Buffalo Gap National Grassland. Reintroduced animals are monitored to deter- mine dispersal patterns, habitat use, and sourcesof mortal- Different release will continue to be used to Author is Wildlife Biologist, Buffalo Gap National Grassland and ity. techniques Wildlife Biologist, BadlandsNational Park determine for this site and recovery sites in other states what reintroduction strategies seem to work best. Despite (Continued from page 211 EVP's Report) This was a tremendous accomplishment and obviously of Land Management, Natural Resource Conservation not an easy one by virtue of the time required to achieve it. Service, Montana WoolgrowersAssociation, Montana I would think such agreements would be useful in other Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Montana states. Communications are vastly improved when every- Department of Environmental Quality Nonpoint Source one uses the same words and standards for describing any Program, Montana Farm Bureau, Montana State University, set of practices. Coordinated Resource Management U.S. Forest Service and Montana Fisheries Society worked Processis a powerful tool. together diligently to develop a process to establish stan- Annual MeetIng in Rapid City. This is my last opportuni- dards for livestock grazing practices that would consider ty before the meeting to call your attention to the annual the resource values and the livestock industry's needs. meeting in Rapid City. I urge the entire to The rangeland family Natural Resource Conservation Service's (NRCS) consider attending the 1997 annual meeting in Rapid City, new Standards replaces previous existing NRCS Grazing South Dakota. The activities associated with the 5O Standards and the State of many updates Montana's Agricultural anniversarycelebration of SRM will make this a
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