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Characterization of Tenacibaculum Maritimum and Mouthrot to Inform Pathogen Transfer Risk Assessments in British Columbia

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Characterization of Tenacibaculum Maritimum and Mouthrot to Inform Pathogen Transfer Risk Assessments in British Columbia Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2020/061 National Capital Region Characterization of Tenacibaculum maritimum and mouthrot to inform pathogen transfer risk assessments in British Columbia Joy Wade1 and Lily Weber2 1Fundy Aqua Services Inc. 1859 Delanice Way, Nanoose Bay, BC V9P 9B3 2Fisheries and Oceans Canada Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0E6 November 2020 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2020 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Wade, J. and Weber, L. 2020. Characterization of Tenacibaculum maritimum and mouthrot to inform pathogen transfer risk assessments in British Columbia. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2020/061. vi + 33 p. Aussi disponible en français : Wade, J. et Weber, L. 2020. Caractérisation de la bactérie Tenacibaculum maritimum et de la pourriture de la bouche pour informer les évaluations des risques de transfert d’agents pathogènes en Colombie-Britannique. Secr. can. de consult. sci. du MPO. Doc. de rech. 2020/061. iv + 34 p. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... V ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... VI INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1 PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT ..............................................................................................1 BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................................2 METHODS ..................................................................................................................................2 CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................................................3 DISEASE AND AGENT .......................................................................................................... 3 Mouthrot ............................................................................................................................. 3 Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum ...................................................... 4 GEOGRAPHIC RANGE AND HOSTS .................................................................................... 4 Mouthrot ............................................................................................................................. 4 Tenacibaculum maritimum ................................................................................................. 5 GENETIC STRAINS ............................................................................................................... 8 DIAGNOSTIC METHODS ...........................................................................................................9 MOUTHROT .......................................................................................................................... 9 Case definition ................................................................................................................... 9 Interpreting diagnostic records ........................................................................................... 9 TENACIBACULOSIS CAUSED BY TENACIBACULUM MARITIMUM ...................................10 INFECTION AND DISEASE ......................................................................................................10 MOUTHROT .........................................................................................................................10 TENACIBACULUM MARITIMUM ..........................................................................................11 TRANSMISSION ...................................................................................................................12 Reservoirs .........................................................................................................................12 Environmental parameters ................................................................................................12 Biofilms .............................................................................................................................13 Horizontal transmission .....................................................................................................13 VIRULENCE AND PATHOGENICITY ...................................................................................14 Experimental models .........................................................................................................14 Outbreaks .........................................................................................................................15 HEALTH MANAGEMENT .........................................................................................................16 CONTROL AND PREVENTION ............................................................................................16 Vaccines ...........................................................................................................................16 Treatment ..........................................................................................................................16 OCCURRENCE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA .................................................................................17 iii FARMED SALMON ...............................................................................................................17 Fish Health Audit and Surveillance Program .....................................................................18 Fish Health Events ............................................................................................................21 Mortality events .................................................................................................................22 KNOWLEDGE GAPS ................................................................................................................22 SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................23 REFERENCES CITED ..............................................................................................................24 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Examples of teleost host species or suspected host species for Tenacibaculum maritimum and their geographic origin. ...................................................................................... 5 Table 2. Total number and monthly average number of audits conducted on Atlantic Salmon farms in British Columbia from 2002-2018. ...............................................................................19 Table 3. Summary of British Columbia provincial government (2002-2010) and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) - Aquaculture Management Division (2011-2018) audit-based farm-level diagnoses of mouthrot in farmed Atlantic Salmon. ....................................................................20 Table 4. Summary of Fish Health Events (FHEs) (2002-2018) attributed to mouthrot in farmed Atlantic Salmon in British Columbia reported by industry. .........................................................21 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Fish Health Surveillance Zones. ..........18 v ABSTRACT Mouthrot is a disease unique to salmonids of British Columbia (BC) and the United States (US) Pacific Northwest. Recently, the causative agent has been confirmed as Tenacibaculum maritimum in laboratory challenges with Norwegian Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and isolates from farmed BC Atlantic Salmon exhibiting clinical signs of disease. Tenacibaculum maritimum is a gram-negative, filamentous bacterium which, in regions outside BC and the US Pacific Northwest, causes tenacibaculosis, an infection in many marine fish species globally. The clinical signs and gross pathology associated with strains of T. maritimum causing mouthrot and tenacibaculosis are different. Because of these differences and that mouthrot is found only in this region where the risk assessment is focused, it is important to separate out information pertaining to T. maritimum causing mouthrot and Tenacibaculum spp. causing tenacibaculosis. Between 2002 and 2018 there were 106 farm-level mouthrot diagnoses made as a result of 1446 fish health audits conducted on Atlantic Salmon farms in BC. Mouthrot has been diagnosed every year since 2003 and from all Fish Health Surveillance Zones where audits were conducted. Although there was no requirement to report Fish Health Events (FHEs) between 2013 and 2015, from 2002 to 2013 and 2015 to 2018 there were 537 FHEs attributed to mouthrot reported on Atlantic Salmon farms
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