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Key Stage IV Self-Instructional Materials Key-stage IV (Classes IX and X) Published by Ministry of Education in collaboration with Royal Education Council Copyright Ministry of Education, Bhutan Advisors 1. Karma Tshering, Officiating Secretary, Ministry of Education 2. Kinga Dakpa, Director General, Royal Education Council 3. Phuntsho Lhamo, Education Specialist, Advisor to Department of School Education, MoE Developers 1. Kinzang Wangchuk, Principal, Laptsakha PS, Punakha (Key-stage Facilitator) 2. Kelzang Lhadon, School Lead Teacher, Shari HSS, Paro (Key-stage Facilitator) 3. Jamyang Drukda, Teacher, Punakha CS, Punakha (Key-stage Facilitator) 4. Samdrup Tshering, Teacher, Lamgong MSS, Paro (Dzongkha) 5. Kezang Wangmo, Teacher, Daga CS, Dagana (English) 6. Chimmi Yangdon, Teacher, Changangkha MSS, Thimphu (English) 7. Phurpa Gyeltshen, Teacher, Zilukha MSS, Thimphu (Mathematics) 8. Chhimi Lhadon, Teacher, Changangkha MSS, Thimphu (Social Science – Geography) 9. Kuenzang Wangchuk, Teacher, Nobding LSS, Wangdue (Social Science – Geography) 10. Ngawang Drakpa, Zilukha MSS, Thimphu (Social Science – History) 11. Leki Wangmo, Teacher, Mendrelgang CS, Tsirang (Science – Chemistry) 12. Tshering Zangmo, Teacher, Changangkha MSS, Thimphu (Science – Chemistry) 13. Nima Tshering, Teacher, Lhuentse HSS, Lhuentse (Science – Biology) 14. Tashi Dorji, Teacher, Sonamthang CS, Zhemgang (Science – Physics) Content Editors 1. Tsheringla, Principal, Daga CS, Dagana (English) 2. Kelzang Lhadon, School Lead Teacher, Shari HSS, Paro (English) 3. Pratima Rai, Teacher, Khangkhu MSS, Paro (English) 4. Sonam Zangmo, Teacher, Sonamgang MSS, Phunthsoling Thromde (Dzongkha) 5. Dechen Pelden, Teacher, Lhuentse HSS, Lhuentse, (Mathematics) 6. Sumitra Subba, Teacher, Shari HSS, Paro (Physics & Chemistry) 7. Sonam Zangmo, Cluster Lead Teacher, Samtse HSS, Samtse (Biology) 8. Bodpa Nidup, Teacher, Jigme Sherubling CS, Trashigang (Geography) 9. Tshering Namgyel, Lhuentse HSS, Lhuentse (History) Layout and Design 1. Jamyang Drukda, Teacher, Punakha CS, Punakha Cover Design 1. Samdrup Tshering, Teacher, Lamgong MSS, Paro Overall Coordinator 1. Phuntsho Lhamo, Education Specialist, Advisor to Department of School Education, MoE TABLE OF CONTENTS English: Active and Passive Voice ............................................................................................... 4 English: Parts of Speech ............................................................................................................... 7 English: Subject-Verb Agreement............................................................................................. 13 Biology: Human Urinary System .............................................................................................. 20 Chemistry: Periodic Table ......................................................................................................... 26 Chemistry: Nitrogen Cycle and Carbon Cycle ........................................................................ 33 Chemistry: Buoyant Force ......................................................................................................... 39 Physics: Pressure in Fluids ......................................................................................................... 45 Physics: Force and Acceleration ................................................................................................ 50 Physics: Work, Power and Energy ............................................................................................ 59 Physics: Current Electricity ....................................................................................................... 68 Physics: Reflection and Refraction ............................................................................................ 75 Physics: DC Motor and AC Generator ..................................................................................... 83 Mathematics: Applying Trigonometric Ratios ........................................................................ 89 Mathematics: Areas of Polygons ............................................................................................. 101 Mathematics: Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring ................................................... 111 Mathematics: Data Involving One Variable........................................................................... 119 Geography: Agriculture – Part I ............................................................................................. 134 Geography: Agriculture – Part II ........................................................................................... 144 Geography: Climatic Zones of Bhutan ................................................................................... 152 Geography: Trade, Transport and Communication ............................................................. 160 History: Art and Architecture ................................................................................................. 170 ར꽼ང་ཁ: 鮙ན་གས꽼ལ། ........................................................................................................................ 185 Self-Instructional Material KEY STAGE – IV Lesson No: 1 Subject: English Class: 9 – 10 Time: 50 minutes Topic: Active and Passive Voice 1. Identify voice of the sentence. 2. Change the voice of sentences from Active to Passive and vice versa. 1. Introduction Active voice An active voice is a form or set of forms of a verb in which the subject is typically the person or thing performing the action. It can take a direct object. The writers use the active voice to provide clarity to the reader by showing who is the doer of the action in the sentence. Besides, the active voice stresses that the actor (or grammatical subject) precedes the verb. The order of the words in a sentence with an active voice is subject – verb – object. Subject – one who does an action. Verb – the action carried out. Object – one who is affected by the action of the subject. Example: Jamyang (Subject) threw(verb) the ball(object). This sentence emphasizes on the subject, showing who kicked the ball. Some more examples: 1. The dog bit the man. 2. The teacher taught the lesson. 3. Mr. Kinzang sang a song. Passive voice Passive voice is a form or set of forms of a verb in which the subject undergoes the action of the verb. When a verb form shows that something has been done to the subject, it is known as passive voice. The subject becomes the recipient of the action. Generally, in writing, with its emphasis on correctness and clarity, the active voice is preferred. However, the passive voice is acceptable in some instances, for example: if the reader is aware of who the doer of the action is; if the writer wants to focus on the object or the implications of the doer’s action; or to vary sentence structure. Example: The ball (object taking the position of the subject) was thrown (past participle form of verb) by Jamyang (Subject in the position of object). 4 English – Class 9-10 Self-Instructional Material KEY STAGE – IV The object of the verb takes the position of the subject. The subject of the verb in the active voice becomes the object and is usually preceded by the preposition ‘by’. In the passive voice, past participle form of the verb is used. Some more examples: 1. The man was bitten by the dog. 2. The lesson was taught by the teacher. 3. A song was sung by Mr. Kinzang. Examples of Active and Passive voice in sentences. Tense Subject Verb Object Active Tshering writes a letter. Simple Present Passive A letter is written by Tshering. Active Tshering is writing a letter. Present Continuous Passive A letter is being written by Tshering. Active Tshering has written a letter. Present Perfect Passive A letter has been written by Tshering. Active Tshering wrote a letter. Simple past Passive A letter was written by Tshering. Active Tshering was writing a letter. Past Continuous Passive A letter was being written by Tshering. Active Tshering had written a letter. Past Perfect Passive A letter had been written by Tshering. Active Tshering will write a letter. Simple Future Passive A letter will be written by Tshering. Active Tshering will have written a letter. Future Perfect Passive A letter will have been written by Tshering. Activity 1 Read the following sentences carefully and change them into either active or passive form of voice depending on the nature of the sentence. 1. Ms. Kezang teaches us grammar. 2. The teacher praised Pema for the excellent work. 3. The injured was being taken to the hospital by the fireman. 4. The boy had eaten the cake. 5. The letters will be brought by the postman. 6. The dog chased the girl. 7. Deki’s mother sent her to the town. 8. A wonderful poem has been written by Karma. 9. Samdrup will sing a song at the concert. 10. She will have composed a poem by tomorrow. 5 English – Class 9-10 Self-Instructional Material KEY STAGE – IV Summary Remember the important points of Active and Passive voice. Active Voice: An active voice is a form or set of forms of a verb in which the subject is typically the person or thing performing the action. It can take a direct object. Active sentences are about what people or things do. It is often a direct message. Passive Voice: Passive sentences are about what happens to people or things. We often call it as the action sufferer. Self-check for Learning Categorize the following into active and passive form of sentences. 1. She is baking a cake for her birthday. 2. Apples are being eaten by them.
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