Best of Bhutan
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On Bhutanese and Tibetan Dzongs **
ON BHUTANESE AND TIBETAN DZONGS ** Ingun Bruskeland Amundsen** “Seen from without, it´s a rocky escarpment! Seen from within, it´s all gold and treasure!”1 There used to be impressive dzong complexes in Tibet and areas of the Himalayas with Tibetan influence. Today most of them are lost or in ruins, a few are restored as museums, and it is only in Bhutan that we find the dzongs still alive today as administration centers and monasteries. This paper reviews some of what is known about the historical developments of the dzong type of buildings in Tibet and Bhutan, and I shall thus discuss towers, khars (mkhar) and dzongs (rdzong). The first two are included in this context as they are important in the broad picture of understanding the historical background and typological developments of the later dzongs. The etymological background for the term dzong is also to be elaborated. Backdrop What we call dzongs today have a long history of development through centuries of varying religious and socio-economic conditions. Bhutanese and Tibetan histories describe periods verging on civil and religious war while others were more peaceful. The living conditions were tough, even in peaceful times. Whatever wealth one possessed had to be very well protected, whether one was a layman or a lama, since warfare and strife appear to have been endemic. Security measures * Paper presented at the workshop "The Lhasa valley: History, Conservation and Modernisation of Tibetan Architecture" at CNRS in Paris Nov. 1997, and submitted for publication in 1999. ** Ingun B. Amundsen, architect MNAL, lived and worked in Bhutan from 1987 until 1998. -
Gross National Happiness Commission the Royal Government of Bhutan
STRATEGIC PROGRAMME FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE (SPCR) UNDER THE PILOT PROGRAMME FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE (PPCR) Climate-Resilient & Low-Carbon Sustainable Development Toward Maximizing the Royal Government of Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS COMMISSION THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN FOREWORD The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) recognizes the devastating impact that climate change is having on Bhutan’s economy and our vulnerable communities and biosphere, and we are committed to address these challenges and opportunities through the 12th Five Year Plan (2018-2023). In this context, during the 2009 Conference of the Parties 15 (COP 15) in Copenhagen, RGoB pledged to remain a carbon-neutral country, and has successfully done so. This was reaffirmed at the COP 21 in Paris in 2015. Despite being a negative-emission Least Developed Country (LDC), Bhutan continues to restrain its socioeconomic development to maintain more than 71% of its geographical area under forest cover,1 and currently more than 50% of the total land area is formally under protected areas2, biological corridors and natural reserves. In fact, our constitutional mandate declares that at least 60% of Bhutan’s total land areas shall remain under forest cover at all times. This Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) represents a solid framework to build the climate- resilience of vulnerable sectors of the economy and at-risk communities across the country responding to the priorities of NDC. It also offers an integrated story line on Bhutan’s national -
A Provisional Physiographic Zonation of Bhutan
Journal of Bhutan Studies A PROVISIONAL PHYSIOGRAPHIC ZONATION OF BHUTAN Chencho Norbu etal1 Abstract The concept of physiography integrates all of the main components of the natural environment, such as bedrock, surface drift deposits, landform, soils, climate, water, and plants and animals. This paper summarizes the provisional physiographic zonation of Bhutan, based on soil survey fieldwork by the National Soil Services Centre, with some material incorporated from other environmental disciplines. The main influence in shaping the landscape of Bhutan has been the uplift of the Himalayas following the collision of the Indian and Asian continental plates. This has given rise to the basic topographic structure of the country with the High Himalaya in the north from which long ranges formed of metamorphic rocks run southwards and then descend steeply to the duars. The main valleys follow more or less north- south course, but show considerable variation in their longitudinal profiles. They all have narrow gorge-like sections in the South but vary in the sections upstream. In western and central Bhutan the riverbeds have stepped profiles and the flatter sections form Inner Valleys with relatively gentle side slopes and wide floors at altitudes ranging from 1100 m at Wangdi to 2600 m at Jakar. The rivers in the east are cut deeper, and their valleys are narrow and steep throughout. 1 Ian Baillie, National Soil Resources Institute, Cranfield University, UK. Email: [email protected], Tshering Dorji, Tsheten Dorj, H. B. Tamang, Kado Tshering & Austin Hutcheon, National Soil Services Centre, Semtokha, Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box 119, Thimphu, Bhutan .Email:[email protected] 54 This structure forms the basis of the proposed zonation in which Bhutan is divided into transmontane plateau, High Himalayan peaks, High Himalayan plateau remnants, North- South valleys and ranges, front foothills and duars. -
Dorje Lingpa and His Rediscovery of the “Gold Needle” in Bhutan
Dorje Lingpa and His Rediscovery of the “Gold Needle” in Bhutan Samten G. Karmay1 Introduction Among the Buddhist ritual traditions that are still preserved and carried out as the central religious constituents of the annual festivals in Bhutan today those of Dorje Lingpa (1346-1405) stand out strikingly. This is particularly so in Bumthang area, Central Bhutan. In 1998 and 1999, I have had the good fortune to witness these spectacular festivals in Ogyen chöling and, in 1999, at Jampa Lhakhang in Bumthang itself. Dorje Lingpa is considered as one of the five great “treasure revealers” (tertön) among the Nyingmapa and an important Dzogchen master by the Bonpo tradition. He was thus an exceptional figure who clearly adopted an impartial approach to both Buddhist practices and the Bon, the non-Buddhist religious tradition in Tibet, in his spiritual quest. His approach therefore made him the precursor of what is later known as the “eclectic” (rime) movement of the nineteenth century (Smith 1970). Like many other Tibetan men of religion, Dorje Lingpa never settled himself in one place. He travelled around incessantly carried away by the motivation of disclosing hidden manuscripts and it was mainly because of this urge in him that he travelled to Bhutan, then known as Mönyul or Lhomön (Cf. Pommaret 1999), where he flourished particularly. He had left in Bhutan not only his ritual legacy but also his family descendants. 1 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 1 Journal of Bhutan Studies Due to the studies of Michael Aris (1979: 158) and Françoise Pommaret (1997: 408, 414), the accounts of Dorje Lingpa’s descendants who established themselves there as well as those of his reincarnations are now relatively well known. -
Mid-Term Review Report
MID-TERM REVIEW REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES AND BENEFIT SHARING IN BHUTAN UNDP PIMS: 5239 AND GEF PROJECT ID: 5448 DATE OF REPORT: 23 NOVEMBER 2016 - 31 JANUARY 2017 GEF OPERATIONAL FOCAL AREA/PROGRAM: BIODIVERSITY EXECUTING AGENCY/IMPLEMENTING AGENCY PARTNER/AND OTHER PROJECT PARTNER NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY CENTRE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTS MENJONG SORIG PHARMACEUTICALS DEPARTMENT OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SERVICES MINISTRY OF HEALTH BIO-BHUTAN PRIVATE LIMITED MTR Consultant Mani Ram Moktan PhD, Green Growth Consultancy Private Limited, Babesa Expressway, Thimphu, Bhutan. E-mail: [email protected] -i- Acknowledgements Many people contributed their ideas and knowledge in bringing out this report. I am grateful to Ms Niamh Collier-Smith, Deputy Resident Representative for giving this opportunity. Special thanks to Mr Jigme Dorji, Portfolio Manager, Economic Innovation & Integration for his assistance, review, comments and suggestions and Mr Wangchen Norbu for providing the Combined Delivery Report by Activity on financial expenditures. Special thanks to NBC and its project implementing partners. Dr Tashi Yangzome Dorji, Project Director, Mr Chencho Dorji, Project Manager, Mr Mani Prasad Nirola, Senior Biodiversity Officer, Ms Tashi Pelyang, Project Assistant for their ideas, knowledge, information and assistance in the office and field missions, comments and suggestions to finalize the report. Mr Kuenga Tshering, Director General, Mr Sherub Tenzin, Head, MSP/PSC Member and Mr Samten, Research Officer, MSP, DTMS, Ministry of Health provided valuable ideas, knowledge and information on their project activities. Mr Ugyen, General Manager/Project Manager for the Project and Mr Nobin Gurung, Account Officer, Bio-Bhutan provided valuable ideas, knowledge and information on their project activities. -
Bhutan : a Journey Between Heaven & Earth Itinerary
Palace Tours 12000 Biscayne Blvd. #107 Miami FL 33181 USA 800-724-5120 / 786-408-0610 Call Us 1-800-724-5120 Bhutan : A Journey between Heaven & Earth On this 11-day journey from Paro, immerse yourself in Bhutanese culture by visiting the massive dzongs, spectacular monasteries, as well as the small villages in the Phobjikha valley. The architecture of Bhutan is one of the Kingdom's most visible distinctive features. The massive dzongs (fortresses) with their upward sloping walls, the ancient monasteries and the humble farm houses all stand out as important parts of the country's landscape. Each valley in Bhutan retains its own architectural character in terms of the type of building materials used, ranging from mud to stone, and the special ambience of its most famous monasteries and dzongs. Itinerary Day 1 - Welcome to Paro You are met upon arrival at the airport in Paro and driven to your hotel for check-in. After lunch, visit the National Museum of Bhutan to learn about the vibrant culture of this landlocked country. Move on to Paro Dzong, also known as Rinpung Dzong, a massive fortress/monastery which is also the administrative center of the dzonkhag. This evening, relax and enjoy the experience of watching the locals play the traditional game of archery. Dinner is served at the hotel. Day 2 - Hike to the "Tiger’s Nest" This morning after breakfast, drive to the end of the road and begin your two-hour hike to Taktshang monastery, also known as the “Tiger’s Nest,” which received its name from the legend that Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) flew there on the back of a tiger. -
THE FLOWERS & MONASTERIES Western & Central Bhutan
THE FLOWERS & MONASTERIES of Western & Central Bhutan SMALL GROUP DEPARTURE 10 NIGHT FULLBOARD PACKAGE (3 nights Uma Paro & 7 nights Tourist Class hotels) June 2 nd to 12 th 2009 One of the ancient names given to Bhutan was 'Southern Valleys of Medicinal Herbs' and thanks to the enlightened leadership of Bhutan’s kings and the strong conservation ethic of the Bhutanese people an estimated 770 species of birds and more than 50 species of rhododendron alone, besides a large variety of medicinal plants and orchids, are found in the country. Soon after Losar, the Bhutanese New Year, the glories of the Kingdom's flora slowly begin to unfold, the landscape sheds its winter coat taking on every shade of green, up at the Dochula Pass two varieties of Primula Denticulata emerge through the frost covered ground, the Chele La is carpeted in Edelweiss and in early June rhododendrons are in full bloom. Encompassing seven valleys, of differing altitudes, and three high passes at this time of the year makes for the perfect experience for culture and nature lovers alike. Traveling through Bhutan’s ethereal landscape on the way to the wild centre, we pass countless golden roofed monasteries and prayer flag covered hilltops, navigate endless emerald valleys and ancient forests with snow-capped Himalayan peaks in the background throughout. This ten-night package promises an easy yet comprehensive experience of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, with accommodation split between the luxury resort of Uma Paro, and carefully-sourced, traditional hotels in the less developed regions. The adventure starts with an exploration of the bustling markets and colorful museums of the capital Thimpu, before heading over the spectacular Dochu La (pass) and following the Mo Chhu (Mother River) to Punakha and the Divine Madman’s temple Chimmi Lhakhang. -
Thrims Khang and the Setting for Justice: the Spatial Evolution of the Courts of Justice in Bhutan
Thrims khang and the Setting for Justice: The Spatial Evolution of the Courts of Justice in Bhutan Richard W Whitecross Introduction On 16 June 2014 a ceremony was held to inaugurate the new Supreme Court complex in Thimphu. The Supreme Court complex represents the most recent expression, if not the culmination, of a process of court design and judicial architecture in Bhutan. The evolution of the design and construction of Bhutanese courthouses1 is an important, if overlooked, feature of the modernisation of the Bhutanese legal system. Even more than the creation of new demarcated spaces for the operation, display and manifestation of judicial authority, the modern courthouses are part of a broader programme that underpins the ongoing process of democratisation. In this chapter, the role and function of the courthouse and courtroom in Bhutan is considered from a brief consideration of the dzongs established to secure the power of the Drukpa state, the changing engagement between ordinary people and the formal structures of the state and state law and the relationship between the Bhutanese state, its judiciary and foreign donors and advisors. The approach adopted in this chapter draws on studies on architecture, history and legal history and seeks to consider what new understandings can be gained in the development of court architecture as part of the promotion of the Rule of Law. This chapter intentionally draws on studies of court architecture from beyond Bhutan and the immediate region to illustrate how Bhutan has sought to accommodate, engage with and adapt to existing and emerging perspectives on court architecture and its presentation of judicial and state power. -
RESEARCH NOTE HIS HOLINESS the 13TH DALAI LAMA and BHUTAN HOUSE in KALIMPONG Her Majesty the Queen Mother of Bhutan, Ashi Kesan
RESEARCH NOTE HIS HOLINESS THE 13TH DALAI LAMA AND BHUTAN HOUSE IN KALIMPONG Her Majesty The Queen Mother of Bhutan, Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck His Holiness the Great 13th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobzang Thubten Gyamtso stayed in the newly built Bhutan House in Kalimpong for three months in 1912 as the guest of my grandfather Raja Ugyen Dorji1 and his sister Ayi Thubten Wongmo.2 His Holiness the 13th Dalai Lama was most kind loving and generous to my grandfather and my grand-aunt, and before he returned to Tibet from Bhutan House, he gave them his beautiful great gilded carved wooden alter and two smaller gilded carved wooden alters filled with the most precious and sacred gilded statues, each of which he placed on his head and prayed deeply over them before placing them on the alter himself. His Holiness the 13th Dalai Lama also left many other treasures, religious brocade robes and many personal robes to my grandfather and grand-aunt. From Lhasa, His Holiness send to them a large exquisite gilded bronze statue of himself to keep on his throne in the temple (lhakhang) in Bhutan House where he stayed. His Holiness named the temple Dechen Gatsal, 'The Happy Garden of Great Bliss'. His Holiness named the newly built Bhutan House Mingyur Ngonpar Gawai Phodrang, 'he Palace of Unchanging Supreme Joy'. 1 Journal of Bhutan Studies My grand-aunt gave some silver to His Holiness and asked him to have a silver statue of the Thousand-armed and Thousand-eyed Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezi Chatong Chentong) made for her in Lhasa. -
Bhutan Ladies Group Itinerary
DISCOVER BHUTAN A Custom Private Program for Mindful Journeys Bhutan, a kingdom where happiness is paramount, where tradition and culture remain intact and where Buddhism has predominated since the 7th century. This is the kingdom of Bhutan, the land of the Thunder Dragon, landlocked in the mystical Himalayas. In less than 100 kilometers (60 miles), Bhutan rises 25,000 feet from the subtropical jungles of the south to the arctic cold of the high Himalayas. This extraordinary range of conditions, packed into such a small area, makes Bhutan very special. Combined with all these riches is an underlying conservation ethic, embedded deep in Bhutan's Buddhist culture and in the hearts and minds of the ordinary person. Bhutan is a magical place, and sometimes the line between fact and fiction gets a bit blurred. The natural and the mythic worlds exist side by side as easy neighbors. The world’s last, lost kingdom, Bhutan is only just opening its doors to tourism. What better stage for your next summer than in a long-forgotten land, un-spoilt by civilization, steeped in mythology, mysticism and magic, enraptured by the pristine beauty of an untrammeled country! © TRAVEL SCOPE INDIA email - [email protected] | web - www.travelscopeindia.com TRIP HIGHLIGHTS • Enjoy panoramic views of Thimphu Valley from Sanjay Gang Viewpoint. Walk through hundreds of colorful prayer flags that dot the hill overlooking the valley. • Explore the colorful Thimphu Market (Wednesday to Sunday). The largest domestic market for farmers is an explosion of colors and scents! • View the Himalyan summits at Dochu La Pass at 10500 feet, one of the most spectacular in all Bhutan. -
Proposal for a New SLSA Project in the Kingdom of Bhutan Mission-Report by Dr. Eberhard Fischer Secretary General, SLSA, Zurich/Switzerland
SLSA Jahresbericht 2006 Proposal for a new SLSA project in the Kingdom of Bhutan Mission-Report by Dr. Eberhard Fischer Secretary General, SLSA, Zurich/Switzerland My short trip to Bhutan (November 9–17, 2006) was aimed at clarifying whether ar- chaeological research could be carried out and how Archaeology could become insti- tutionalised within this Kingdom in Eastern Himalaya. I had already visited Bhutan once before in 1996, together with the former Swiss ambassador Jean-Pierre Zehnder. This time, I was requested by the resident coordinator of Helvetas, Werner Külling, to in- terrupt my trip to India in order to follow his invitation to clarify the possibilities of as- signing Swiss experts to a first archaeological excavation in Bhutan – a matter which goes back to the initiative of H. E. Lyonpo Jigmi Y. Thinley, the Minister of Home and Cultural Affairs, Bhutan. The main goal was to verify how suitable a site selected by the Bhutan Department of Culture (headed by Ms. Dorji Yangki) might be for an ex- cavation cum training course led by a Swiss archaeologist: the castle ruins Drapham dzong in the upper Choekhor valley of the Bumthang region. I was also asked to con- tact members of the Cultural authority of Bhutan, in order to personally hear their opin- ions about archaeology in Bhutan. During this undertaking, I made it an important concern to visit also the excava- tion sites at Batpalathang, where the now Freiburg-based archaeologist and former secretary of the SLSA, Reto Blumer, carried out an emergency excavation on behalf of the SLSA in 1999 and 2000. -
Tibetan Diaspora in Bhutan
TIBETAN DIASPORA IN BHUTAN By Sonam Yudon & Tshering Choki National Library and Archives of Bhutan Post box. 185 Thimphu: Bhutan Email: [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Bhutan is bordered by India to the south and Tibetan Plateau to the north. Having being bordered by Tibet on its entire northern and most of its western frontier, Bhutan received several influxes of Tibetan settlers at different periods of time in the annals of its history. Some were Buddhist masters, mystiques and monks who had considered perfect place for Buddhist missionary activities while others say that it is the merchants and traders who opted to stay back due to the serenity of the natural environment. While the Tibetan Diaspora that settled in Bhutan until 19th century were due to wars, political turmoil, transhumance and serenity of the environment ideal for practicing Buddhism, the mid 20th century saw a huge number of Tibetans refugees evading the Communist Chinese Invasion and subsequent occupation of Tibet between 1950-1961.Many Tibetans who were on their way to India had chosen to remain in Bhutan as they wanted to avoid the oppressive heat and humidity. This study presents the advent of Tibetans in Bhutan, how they have been able to adapt to changing conditions in Bhutan, their economic pursuit and the relevant markers of Tibetan identity in Bhutan. INTRODUCTION This is the first ever attempt to write about the Tibetan Diaspora in Bhutan. As a result, there is a lack of written resource on Tibetan Diaspora in Bhutan which inhibited the drawing of certain inferences.