Changes in Depositional Style Between the Underfilled and Overfilled Portions of a Foreland Basin: an Example from the Western Canada Sedimentary Super Basin

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Changes in Depositional Style between the Underfilled and Overfilled Portions of a Foreland Basin: An Example from the Western Canada Sedimentary Super Basin

BASS Division Presentation Feb 13 2019 Brian A. Zaitlin Zaitlin Geoconsulting Ltd. Outline

➢ Introduction

➢ WCSB Geologic Setting

➢ Underfilled vs. Overfilled Foreland Basin

➢ Incised Valley and Shoreline styles

➢ Summary and Conclusions

➢ Acknowledgements Super-basins Location of 25 Superbasins that meet the following Criteria:

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin meets Criteria

• More than 5 billion Boe cumulative production

• More than 5 billion Boe remaining production

• Multiple source rocks – petroleum systems

• An assemblage of conventional, shale (continuous) and tight-non- continuous reservoirs

• Stacked pays

• Established infrastructure – access WCSB contains both a Deep Basin and Oil Sands to markets component, plus an assemblage of conventional, shale (continuous) and tight reservoirs • Established service sector & supply chains Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Tectonic Evolution Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks Viking Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Mannville Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan

Glauconitic ForelandBasin Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek

Nordegg

Basin

Foreland Foreland

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ERCB ST-98-2011 Oil and Gas in the WCSB

Alberta

Area: 661,848 km2

Texas

Area: 696,241 km2 Key - Major Source Rocks in the WCSB

➢ 16+ Source Rock Intervals on WCSB

➢ Key Source Rocks

➢ SWS ➢ Colorado Group Source Rocks

(e.g. 1st Specks, Fish Scales, Joli Fou) Foreland Basin Foreland

➢ Ostracod ➢ Fernie/Poker Chip

Foreland Basin Foreland ➢ Nordegg

➢ Pardonet ➢ Baldonnel ➢ Doig Phosphate ➢ Montney ➢ Banff

➢ Exshaw

Foreland Foreland Basin -

Foreland Basin Foreland ➢ Calmar/Ireton -

➢ Duvernay Pre Pre ➢ Elk Point

USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012 Types of Foreland Basin Systems

Foreland Basins

1. Retroarc Basins

• N. American Cordilleran - WCSB, • S. American – Andean – Bolivia

2. Collisional Basins

• Himalayan – Nepal

3. Retreating Collisional Basin

• North Alpine – Switzerland

Four Zones in a Retroarc Foreland Basin Jur (DECELLES, 2012) WCSB Foreland Basin – Forebulge Migration

DeCelles, 2012 Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Foreland Basin Dunvegan Second White Specks Viking

Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Drainage Overfilled Joli fou/Basal Colorado Foreland Basin Foreland Underfilled FB vs. Overfilled FB Mannville Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone Axial Drainage

Transverse Drainage

Cordilleran Fold- Thrust Belt Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 WCSB - Multiple Hydrocarbon Systems (5)

Key Source Rock Intervals

Overfilled Foreland Basin Belly River - Cardium – SWS – Barons – Viking 5 Key SR = SWS ,Colorado Shale, Joli Fou

Underfilled Foreland Basin Mannville - Ostracod – Jurassic

Foreland Basin Foreland 4 Key SR = Nordegg, Ostracod Secondary Potential Source Rocks: Poker Chip, Fernie, Beatie Creek

Clastic Dominated Shelf – Ramp - Subcrop Charlie Lk, Halfway, Doig, Montney 3 Key SR – Charlie Lk, Doig Phosphate, Montney Shale Carbonate Dominated Shelf – Ramp 2 Banff – Exshaw – Wabamun Key SR – Stettler, Exshaw, Banff

Carbonate Dominated Shelf – Basin

Foreland Basin Foreland BHL, Slave Point, Duvernay - 1

Key SR – Duvernay + secondary SR Pre

USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012 3 Stacked Techniques for Defining the Deep Basin Systems Deep Basin

Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Dunvegan

Second White Specks Overfilled Overfilled

Viking Foreland Basin Foreland Jurassic - Cretaceous Joli fou/Basal Colorado Foreland “Deep Basin” U Mannville Spirit River

Foreland Basin Foreland (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod

BQ-Ellerslie Underfilled

Foreland Basin Foreland Fernie, Rock Creek Nordegg Triassic “Deep Basin”

Mississippian – Devonian

Foreland Basin Foreland “Deep Basin”

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Ward, unpublished Burnie et al., 2005 Techniques for Defining the Deep Basin WCSB Deep Basin Edges Cardium –Pressure vs. Elevation

Ward • Each Fm/Gp has a unique updip Deep Basin limit CDD • Jurassic Cretaceous Updip limit can be a 30-50 mile wide zone Deep Basin Concept was an Oil Concept Cardium Formation – Pressure Elevation Graph

Pendergast, 1969, CWLS V.1, No 1, Pg 1

Pendergast (late 1960’s with Amoco) worked up Tight Oil Deep Basin concept from the Cardium Deep Basin Tight Oil Concept then transferred to DJ Basin and BCG Systems Burial History Curves Compartmentalization of the WCSB Shear Zone “Piano Key” Effect

GSC Magnetic Map of WCSB

GSLSZ

SnowBird Tectonic Zone

Vulcan Suture

WCSB Atlas, 1994; Pierce and Griffiths, 2003, 2005 Controls on the Distribution of the Gas-Saturated Deep Basin Type Burial History Curve, WCSB

-2000 D M P P T J K P E O M 10-35-71-13W6

Wapiti 0 Kaskapau PRA Dunvegan

Falher CADOMIN 2000 1 Montney Development

Depth (m) Depth 3 Of PRE Expansion Wabamun Of PRE 4000 Development of Foreland Basin 2 (Cordilleran Orogeny) Onset of 6000 Laramide Uplift Orogeny

Max. Burial (60 Ma) 8000 400 300 200 100 0 Time (Ma)

Shona M. Ness and Ian Hutcheon ASRG Website 2006 Slot K - Conceptual Grain Expansion and Contraction

1 At Deposition

1 3 3 2 After Partial Uplift

Open, Inter-connected pore system 2 At Maximum Burial

Inter-granular pores again connected through grain bounding tabular pores

Grain crushing, pressure solution isolate inter-granular pores Billingsley et al., 2005 Thermo-elastic Expansion of Microfracture Apertures Constituents Generated by Thermo-elastic Contraction

Quartz

Calcite

Orthoclase

Thermo-elastic stress generated by grain expansion is a Grain bounding apertures between 0.2 and 0.4mm would be major (~40%) component of burial stress. Quartz is expected to develop between adjacent 0.17mm quartz sand grains. significantly more sensitive to temperature than other common constituents of the reservoirs.

Billingsley et al., 2005 Nikanassin - Wapiti (15-27-66-10W6)

Porosity Styles: slot Primary Ø Auth. Leached Ø Clays fracture Fracture Ø Slot Permeability / Ø

Zaitlin and Moslow, 2005 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB)

Foreland Basin Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Overfilled Viking

ForelandBasin Joli fou/Basal Colorado Mannville Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Foreland Basin Foreland Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek

Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg

Accommodation

Cycles

Foreland Basin Foreland -

USGS Fact Sheet -

Pre Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Pre - Foreland Canada Sedimentary Basin, Basin Canada, 2012 Depositional Styles Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Foreland Basin Dunvegan Second White Specks Viking

Transverse Drainage

Cordilleran Fold- Thrust Belt Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Source to Sink Concept Applied to the WCSB Foreland Basin Incised Valley Systems – Shoreline Orientation Depositional Systems

Alluvial Meandering Fan Fluvial Systems

Braided Fluvial Systems Deltaic Systems Shelf Systems Tidal Deep Water Systems Systems Coastal Systems

SEPM Special Publication Cover Continental Scale Paleodrainage Reorganization

Underfilled Foreland Basin Drainage to north

Blum et al., 2015 Foreland Basin

Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Mannville Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Drainage Glauconitic Ostrocod Underfilled FB BQ-Ellerslie

Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Underfilled

Foreland Foreland Basin Creek Nordegg Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone Axial Drainage

Cordilleran Fold- Thrust Belt Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Jurassic Nordegg FM - Foreland Basin

Asger – Deen Ph.D. Thesis Axial Paleodrainage Jurassic Nikinassin Fm

Axial Paleodrainage Lower Cretaceous – Aptian (120-115 Ma) (Cadomin, Gething, Basal Quartz)

Ron Blakey, 2013 Blum, 2015

Paleodrainage Criteria for the recognition of Incised Valley Systems

1- Truncation 2- Downward Shift Issue – Distinguishing between Marine Shales and shoreface 3- On lap deposits of Jurassic age from L. 4- Regional Extent Cretaceous Incised Valley Deposits 5- Tributary Junction Scours (TJS)

Photo Courtesy of P. Putnam Criteria for the recognition of Incised Valley Systems: Tributaries and TJS

New South Wales Coast Milk River Tributary Junction Scours Analogue for the 100/16-34-049-13W5/00 Compound Ellerslie IV Facies (IV 2)

Isopach Map Paleodrainage Map Lower Cretaceous Aptian (120-115 Ma) Isopach Map Jurassic to Ostrocod and equivalents Isopach Map – “BAT” Cycle 2

Accommodation R5 R25 R20 R15 R10 R5 Increasing

15 0

5 0 0 1 0 5 5 5 0 0 1 10 5

0 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 0 Provost I.V. 0 0 17 5 0 0 0 5 0 20 0 0 0 1 1 18 0 36 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 12 0 0 0 2 46 1 0 0 7 6 1 0 8 25 41 0 0 0 11 0 8 0 0 0 0 4 5 1 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 19 17 5 14 18 0 0 12 25 0 0 0 18 0 0 3 31 18 0 5 0 5 23 26 30 6 5 0 5 21 22 14 3 2 0 0 18 0 14 12 0 0 30 14 18 0 0 50 14 16 3 11 14 0 5 T40 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 21 8 20 1 18 16 23 12 8 22 19 13 15 17 5 14 16 9 16 0 28 21 11 24 0 0 5 27 0 17 8 15 25 2 0 9 0 0 0 21 0 38 18 0 0 0 8 24 22 33 0 0 0 39 15 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 28 15 23 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 12 3 16 17 6 12 0 0 0 0 23 25 0 0 0 26 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 35 25 7 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 8 35 23 11 15 5 15 0 1 24 0 0 0 23 46 36 24 30 7 T40 0 2 0 0 30 25 30 20 35 19

0 5 5 0 19 1 0 0 38 10 2 5 0 0 0 0 11 8 15 0 13 0 15 0

0 0 1 5 3 2 5 0 0 0 5

1 2 4 11 5 5 0 0 12 0 0 0 10 1 5 5 0 0 1 0 3 2 1 1 0 0 15 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 18 3 0 2 5 16 1 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 15 0 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 18 0 6 0 0 0 0 15 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 11 0 15 20 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 19 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 019 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 12 0 32 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 7 0 23 5 5 0 0 22 0 0 0 30 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 16 0 0 32 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 14 0 24 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1718 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 20 0 0 12 0 0 0 21 10 1 5 0 0 0 0 1716 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 T35 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 16 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 T35 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 11 18 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Isopach Values 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 262 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 00 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 3 13 0 0 0 34 15 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 0

data 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Data 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 2 23 0 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 0 0 6 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 Area Overlying 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3637 0 0 0 3 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0

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12 0 6 0 13 0 0 7 1 9 08 0 2 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 TWP 40 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 35 0 1 0 0 6 200 km 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 015 0 5 105 5 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 Knick Area 0 0 2 5 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 154 7 5 18 213 0 0 0 5 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 2 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 23 4 5 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 05 0 0 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 16 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 865 7 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 2 12 0 0 13 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1013 7 2 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 13 0 0 7 0 0 0 5 24 0 433 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 5 4 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 T15 0 0 0 00 0 10 5 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Point 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 5 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 16 19 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 11 5 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Area of 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Structural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hinge Line 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 11 0 3 2 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subsidence 5 0 0 1 4 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 10 5 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swift Current 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 160 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T10 Platform 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 Sweetgrass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 13 0 0 0 1 0 0 15 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 TWP 1 0 0 4 7 15 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1W4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T5 0 0

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0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zone0 of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 2 23 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 12 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 14 4 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T30 0 T30 0 0 0 0 T30 29 0 0 0 T30 0 0 0 0 0 3637 0 0 0 3 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0

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1 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 31 0 0 0 130 0 0 0 0 0 High 1 31 0 0 0 0 0 13 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 14 0 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 11 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cycle 2 Cycle 2 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 10 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2622251125 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 13 24 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 17 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 139 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 16 0 00 0 0 23 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 000 0 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 31 5 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 151922 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 15 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 12 8 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 T20 Accommodation 0 0 0 20 T20 5 1 T20 0 0 0 T20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 17 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 5 0 0 3 0 7 20 Bantry 0 0 0 7 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 13 I.V. 0 0 0 0 14 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T20 0 0 0 1 0 T20 8 0 0 T20 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T20 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 16 0 0 0 Paleogeography Paleogeography 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 8 0 13 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 00 14 5 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 76 0 24 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 149 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 20 8 0 5 0 10 13 0 10 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 06 9 0 6 7 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 20 24 23 0 0 0 50 0 0 2 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 10 9 0 0 1 0 7 15 0 8 5 0 0 0 0 11180 9 5 17 0 0 0 0 10 18 2 14 18 5 14 0 24 16 0 0 0 6 0 13 12 0 0 7 1 9 08 0 2 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Knick 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 015 0 Knick 0 0 105 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 5 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 Knick 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Knick 0 8 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 154 7 5 18 213 0 0 0 5 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 4 0 5 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 05 0 0 0 0 11 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 78 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T15 0 0 6 865 7 0 4 0 0 T15 0 7 T15 0 0 4 2 12 0 13 1013 7 0 T15 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 37 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 060 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 13 0 7 0 0 0 5 24 3 0 0 “BAT” Sandstone Horsefly Sandstone 6 43 55 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 00 0 10 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Point 9 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Point 0 1 0 0 0 0 Point 0 0 0 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Point 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 11 0 5 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 16 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 Flexture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 11 0 3 2 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 105 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T10 0 T10 0 T10 0 T10 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T10 T10 0 0 0 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 T10 T10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 0 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Taber-Cutbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 5 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zone of 0 8 0 130 0 0 1 0 0 15 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 118 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 7 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Taber- 3 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cutbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I.V. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T5 T5 0 0 0 0 T5 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T5 T5 0 0 0 I.V. 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Whitlash 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I.V. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R5 R30 R25 R20 R5 R30 R25 R20 W5 R20 R15 R10 R5 W4 W5 R20 R15 R10 R5 W4 Zaitlin et al., 2002 Coastal Classification – along strike variation

INCREASING TIDAL POWER INCREASING WAVE POWER

WAVE DOMINATED TIDE ESTUARY

DOMINATED E

V ESTUARY I

S LAGOON

S E

R TIDAL G

S FLAT

A R

T BARRIER

CONTINENTAL SHELF

N I

D DELTA A

R E G EFAC HOR

O S

R P T STRAND PLAIN FLA L IDA ALLUVIAL T PLAIN

Boyd, Dalrymple and Zaitlin, 1992 Shallow Water Depositional Systems

Boyd, Dalrymple and Zaitlin, 1992 Shoreline Depositional Model of along strike variation for a wave dominated shoreline, deltas and associated facies

(modified after Armitage, Pemberton and Moslow, 2004 for the Falher C) Delta Classification Asymmetric Wave-Influenced Delta

Junaid Sadeque, March, 2016 Asymmetric Wave-Influenced Delta

Junaid Sadeque, March, 2016 Shoreface Profiles Dissipative Shoreline Profile Intermediate Milk River, Medicine Shoreline Hat and SWS Profile Shallow Gas Belly River, Dunvegan

Reflective Shoreline Profile Falher, Viking Conglomeratic Shoreface

Short, 1996 Dissipative, Intermediate and Reflective Shoreline Profiles

Reflective Shoreline Profile Falher, Viking Conglomeratic Shoreface

Intermediate Shoreline Profile Belly River, Dunvegan

Dissipative Shoreline Profile Milk River, Medicine Hate and SWS Shallow Gas Conventional – Unconventional Continuum

8-7-62-6W6 7-4-68-11W6

Short, 1996 Stratigraphy – Fort St. John – Spirit River Groups

Modified after Masters, 1984 Glauconitic Paleogeography

Shorelines

GLCC Age Channels

Post GLCC Incised Valley fill deposits

Surdam, 1997, modified from Chiang, 1984

CDD

CDD Sherwin Glauconitic Hoadley Type Schematic Cross Section SE-NW

Upper MNVL Regional Hoadley Shoreface Channels Deltaic Sands Offshore Hoadley

Wave ravinement surface Middle Lower POST GLCC CHANNEL/FLHR GLCC Age HOADLEY HOADLEY CHANNELS Regional Sheet Sands CH Shoreface Shoreface

Simons, 2015; modified after Rosenthal, 1998 44 Example Log – Hoadley Barrier

Med River Coal

Glauc

modified after Rosenthal, 1998 Spirit River Members

Notikewin Member – Fine to medium grained argillaceous sandstone, dark shale, ironstone – Max thickness 28m Falher Member – Greywacke, shale, siltstone, coal – Max thickness 215m Wilrich Member – Dark shales, with thin interbedded sandstone and siltstone stringers – Max thickness 154m Wilrich A – Net Porous Sand Foreland Basin Edmonton Group Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Belly River Cardium Drainage Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Viking Foreland Basin Foreland Overfilled FB Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone

Transverse Drainage

Cordilleran Fold-Thrust Belt

Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Forced Regressive Asymmetric Delta of the Lower Cretaceous Viking Formation, Kaybob- Fox Creek Fields, Alberta, Canada Overfilled FB Transverse Drainage

Kaybob – Fox Creek Sequence Stratigraphic Context: Erosional Remnants of the Falling Stage Systems Track (FSST)

A B

C MacEachern, 2016 Forced Regressive Asymmetric Delta of the Lower Cretaceous Viking Formation, Kaybob-Fox Creek Fields, Alberta, Canada

A B

C MacEachern, 2016 Dunvegan Formation

Bhattacharya and MacEachern, 2010 Belly River Formation

Stratigraphy Depositional Model

Boulder Corporate Presentation, 2015 Belly River Group Stratigraphy and Play Types W E

6th Mer. 5th Mer. Thinning of Dinosaur Pk. Fm. To South & East 4th Mer. Pk

Lethbridge Coal Zone marine

Bearpaw Dinosaur

Upper Siltstone

Comrey Dinosaur Oldman Taber Coal Zone 50 Sub-Dinosaur Park Composite Oldman

m Sequence Boundary Cycle 7 Belly River Group River Belly 2 Composite 0 Cycle 6 0 Non-marine Composite km 50 Foremost Cycle 5 Belly River River Group Belly 1 Composite Cycle 4 Composite

Foremost Formation Foremost Cycle 3 Composite Composite Cycle 2

Cycle 1 marine Lea Park Formation Park Lea Datum: Milk River Shoulder (Disconformity/Condensed Section) Lea Pk. Lea FACIES AND LITHOLOGY PLAY TYPES Non-marine sandstone & siltstone with coal 1 Basal Belly River shoreface sandstones Shoreline - related sandstone 2 Belly River Gp. Fluvial channel sandstones Shallow marine siltstone/shale (Foremost, Oldman and Dinosaur Park Fms.) Fluvial channel or valley-filled estuarine ss Productive Reservoirs - Gas/Oil

After Hamblin,1996a,1997a/b Basal Belly River Prograding Shorelines Overfilled Foreland Basin

Drainage

After Hamblin,1996a,1997a/b Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB)

Foreland Basin Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Overfilled Viking

ForelandBasin Joli fou/Basal Colorado Mannville Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Foreland Basin Foreland Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek

Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg

Accommodation

Cycles

Foreland Basin Foreland - USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of

Pre Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Pre - Foreland Canada Sedimentary Basin Basin, Canada, 2012 Edmonton Group Belly River Foreland Basin Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Overfilled Viking

Foreland Basin Foreland Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Drainage Mannville Spirit River Underfilled FB vs. Overfilled FB (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod

Underfilled BQ-Ellerslie Foreland Basin Foreland Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek Nordegg Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone Axial Drainage

Transverse Drainage

Cordilleran Fold-Thrust Belt

Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Continental Scale Paleodrainage Reorganization

Underfilled Overfilled Axial Transverse Foreland Basin Foreland Basin Drainage to north Drainage to East

Blum et al., 2015 Acknowledgements

➢ Dr. Brad Hayes ➢ (Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd.)

➢ Dr. Tom Moslow ➢ Moslow Geoscience Consulting

➢ Gemma Hildred ➢ Chemostrat Inc.

➢ Dr. Zeev Berger ➢ (Ittech, Inc.)

➢ Many Past Colleagues from: ➢ Esso/Exxon ➢ PanCanadian/Encana ➢ Suncor ➢ Enerplus ➢ EOG ➢ Daylight/Midnight/Pace ➢ Queen’s University ➢ University of Ottawa ➢ University of Sydney