Variations in Paleodrainage and Depositional Style:

Underfilled and Overfilled Foreland (Deep Basin) Western Sedimentary Basin

Brian A. Zaitlin Zaitlin Geoconsulting Ltd.

Thomas F. Moslow Moslow Geoscience Consulting Ltd.

Outline

 Key Points

 Geologic Setting  Basin Tectonics, Compartmentalization, Accommodation, , Source Rocks, Deep Basin Pressure Systems, Porosity styles, Shoreline models (Asymmetrical Delta Model)

 WCSB Drilling Activity

 Underfilled vs. Overfilled Foreland Basin  Underfilled FB: e.g. Nordegg, Nikinassin, BQ and equivalents, Spirit River  Overfilled FB: e.g. Dunvegan, Belly River Formations

 Summary and Conclusions

 Acknowledgements Key Points

 Four key plays actively being pursued presently in the WCSB  Duvernay, Montney, Spirit River (Wilrich), Viking

 WCSB Foreland Basin is divisible into:  Underfilled Foreland Basin sequence  Overfilled Foreland Basin sequence  Pre-Foreland Basin sequence

 Paleodrainage:  South to north for the underfilled foreland basin  West to east for the overfilled foreland basin

 Shoreline geometry  East - west for the underfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the north  North – south for the overfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the east Major North American Unconventional Plays

“….. best strategy ….. is to focus on growth companies with the lowest cost structures in the best basins and ‘cash harvesters’ with low sustaining capital requirements.” BMO Capital Markets O&G: North America Jan 16, 2017

 5 Main areas

Questions:

1- Is the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin a “best in class basin”?

2- What are the active plays presently in the WCSB?

Oil and Gas in the WCSB

Spirit River Wilrich, Falher Notikewan

Alberta

Area: 661,848 km2

Texas

Area: 696,241 km2 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Tectonic Evolution

Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks Viking Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Mannville Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan

Glauconitic Foreland Basin Foreland Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek Nordegg

Foreland Foreland

Basin

- Pre

ERCB ST-98-2011 Burial History Curves Compartmentalization of the WCSB Shear Zone “Piano Key” Effect

GSC Magnetic Map of WCSB

GSLSZ

SnowBird Tectonic Zone

Vulcan Suture

(WCSB Atlas, 1994; Pierce and Griffiths, 2003, 2005) Key - Major Source Rocks in the WCSB

 16+ Source Rock Intervals on WCSB

 Key Source Rocks

 SWS  Source Rocks (e.g. 1st Specks, Fish Scales, Joli Fou) Foreland Basin  Ostracod  Fernie/Poker Chip

Foreland Basin  Nordegg

 Pardonet  Baldonnel  Doig Phosphate  Montney  Banff

 Exshaw

Foreland Basin

Foreland Basin

-

-  Calmar/Ireton

 Duvernay Pre Pre  Elk Point

USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012 WCSB - Multiple Hydrocarbon Systems (5)

Key Source Rock Intervals

Overfilled Foreland Basin Belly River - Cardium – SWS – Barons – Viking 5 Key SR = SWS ,Colorado , Joli Fou

Underfilled Foreland Basin Mannville - Ostracod –

Foreland Basin 4 Key SR = Nordegg, Ostracod Secondary Potential Source Rocks: Poker Chip, Fernie, Beatie Creek

Clastic Dominated Shelf – Ramp - Subcrop

Charlie Lk, Halfway, Doig, Montney 3 Key SR – Charlie Lk, Doig Phosphate, Montney Shale Carbonate Dominated Shelf – Ramp 2 Banff – Exshaw – Wabamun Key SR – Stettler, Exshaw, Banff

Carbonate Dominated Shelf – Basin Foreland Basin

BHL, Slave Point, Duvernay - 1

Key SR – Duvernay + secondary SR Pre

USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012 3 Stacked Techniques for Defining the Deep Basin Systems Deep Basin

Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium

Dunvegan

Overfilled Overfilled Second White Specks

Foreland Basin Foreland Viking Jurassic - Joli fou/Basal Colorado Foreland

“Deep Basin” U Mannville

Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan

Foreland Basin Glauconitic Ostrocod

BQ-Ellerslie Underfilled

Foreland Basin Foreland Fernie, Rock Creek Nordegg

“Deep Basin”

Mississippian –

“Deep Basin”

Foreland Basin

-

Pre Burnie et al., 2005

Ward, unpublished Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB)

Foreland Basin

Edmonton Group

Belly River

Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Overfilled Viking

Foreland Basin Foreland Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Mannville

Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Foreland Basin Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek

Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg

Accommodation

Cycles

Foreland Basin

-

USGS Fact Sheet -

Pre Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Pre - Foreland Canada Sedimentary Basin, Basin Canada, 2012 WCSB Drilling Activity - Rig Count

 5 Year Average

 2015 vs. 2016 activity

 Increase mid 2016 into 2017

 Top Plays based on activity:

 Viking  Spirit River Group  Montney  Duvernay

Kwan, Van Bolhuis, and Murphy, February 3, 2017 Top Wells - 2015 Drilling Activity

BMO Oil and Gas: E&P – Canada Report Top Wells – (January-December 2015)  Top 40 wells (one-month, three-month and twelve-month cumulative basis) organized:  20 best oil/condensate rate and 20 best raw natural gas rate  bbl/d, mmcf/d and boe/d (calendar day rate)  Location, Producing formation, Spud and On Production Date, TVD, bbl/d, mmcf/d, boe/d, % oil, % gas

 Caveat:  Useful screening tool; however these are just rates, and aren’t necessarily indicative of:  relative economics, including IRRs, NPVs, payouts, etc. and  returns from a corporate perspective

Disorganized Organized  This study then took BMO data, re-classified by:

 Overfilled Foreland Basin  Underfilled Foreland Basin  Pre-foreland Basin

Kwan and van Bolhuis, 2016 IP30 vs Cumulative and Decline Rate% Top 2015 Drilling Activity Last 12 Months Top 20 Monthly Oil/Condensate Wells (Calendar Day Rate)

4 wells - Deep Basin – Overfilled Foreland Basin – (1 Belly River and 3 Dunvegan) 1 well - Deep Basin – Underfilled Foreland Basin – (1 Gething) 15 wells - Deep Basin - Pre-foreland Basin – (Doig, Montney, Bakken, Swan Hills, Halfway, Dulwood, Charlie Lake)

Kwan and van Bolhuis, 2016 Top 2015 Drilling Activity IP30 vs Cumulative and Decline Rate% Last 12 Months Top 20 Monthly Gas Wells (Calendar Day Rate)

0 wells - Deep Basin – Overfilled Foreland Basin 20 wells - Deep Basin – Underfilled Foreland Basin – Spirit River Group 0 wells - Deep Basin - Pre-foreland Basin

Kwan and van Bolhuis, 2016 Top 2015 Drilling Activity Distribution of Top AB Gas Wells (based on IP 30)

 Top 20/20 gas wells  Spirit River

Gething Oil Reservoir Trends (yellow) Dunvegan Oil (2) Dunvegan Oil  Underfilled FB

5/20 Top Oil Wells

Overfilled FB Belly River Oil Underfilled FB

C. Stephens, CSUR Luncheon Presentation, 2016 Production and Well Count IP90 Average Rate – Wells on Stream in 2016

 Viking  N ~960 wells  IP90 ~ 90boepd  Spirit River  N ~ 390 wells  IP90 ~ 850 boepd

Foreland Basin Foreland

 Montney

 N ~ 840 wells

 IP90 ~ 800 boepd

Foreland Foreland Basin

-

Pre  Duvernay  N ~ 140  IP ~ 475boepd

Fockler, 2016

Edmonton Group

Belly River Cardium Foreland Basin Dunvegan Second White Specks Viking Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Drainage Overfilled Joli fou/Basal Colorado Foreland Basin Foreland

Underfilled FB vs. Overfilled FB Mannville

Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone Axial Drainage

Transverse Drainage

Cordilleran Fold- Thrust Belt Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Continental Scale Paleodrainage Reorganization

Underfilled Foreland Basin Drainage to north

Blum et al., 2015 Coastal Classification – along strike variation

INCREASING TIDAL POWER INCREASING WAVE POWER

WAVE DOMINATED TIDE ESTUARY

DOMINATED E

V ESTUARY I

S LAGOON

S E

R TIDAL G

S FLAT

N

A R

T BARRIER

CONTINENTAL SHELF

G

N I

D DELTA A

R E G EFAC HOR

O S

R P T STRAND PLAIN FLA L IDA ALLUVIAL T PLAIN

Boyd, Dalrymple and Zaitlin, 1992 Shoreline Depositional Model of along strike variation for a wave dominated shoreline, deltas and associated facies

(modified after Armitage, Pemberton and Moslow, 2004 for the Falher C) Delta Models

Junaid Sadeque, March, 2016 Asymmetric Wave-Influenced Delta Model

Junaid Sadeque, March, 2016 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Underfilled Foreland Basin Examples

Foreland Basin

Edmonton Group

Belly River Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Overfilled Viking

Foreland Basin Foreland Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Mannville

Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek

Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg

Accommodation Cycles

USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Pre - Foreland Canada Sedimentary Basin, Basin Canada, 2012 Foreland Basin

Mannville Axial Drainage vs. Transverse

Spirit River

(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Drainage Glauconitic Ostrocod Underfilled FB BQ-Ellerslie

Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Underfilled

Foreland Basin Foreland Creek Nordegg

Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone Axial Drainage

Cordilleran Fold- Thrust Belt Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Jurassic Nordegg FM - Foreland Basin

Asger – Deen Ph.D. Thesis Axial Paleodrainage Jurassic Nikinassin Fm

Axial Paleodrainage Lower Cretaceous – Aptian (120-115 Ma) (Cadomin, Gething, Basal Quartz)

© Ron Blakey, 2013 Blum, 2015

Paleodrainage Lower Cretaceous Aptian (120-115 Ma) Isopach Map Jurassic to Ostrocod and equivalents Isopach Map – “BAT” Cycle 2

R5 R25 R20 R15 R10 R5 Accommodation

0

15 0

5 0 0 1 0 5 5 5 0 0 1 10 5

0 0 2 0 Increasing 16 0 0 0 1 Provost0 I.V. 0 17 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 20 0 1 0 18 0 1 36 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 46 1 0 0

7 6 1 8 25 41 0 0 0 0 11 0 8 0 0 0 0 4 5 1 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 19 17 5 14 0 0 18 0 0 12 25 0 0 18 0 3 31 18 0 5 0 5 23 26 30 6 5 0 5 21 22 14 3 2 0 0 18 0 14 12 0 0 30 14 18 0 0 50 14 16 3 11 14 0 5 T40 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 21 8 20 1 18 16 23 12 8 22 1913 15 17 5 9 28 14 11 16 0 0 270 16 0 8 25 21 24 5 0 17 0 15 0 2 8 24 9 0 21 0 38 18 0 0 0 22 33 0 0 0 39 15 23 15 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 28 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 12 3 1617 6 12 0 0 0 0 23 25 0 0 0 26 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 35 25 7 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 8 35 23 11 15 5 15 1 0 0 23 0 24 0 46 3624 30 7 T40 0 2 0 0 30 25 30 20 35 19

0 5 5 0 19 1 0 0 38 10 2 5 0 0 0 0 11 8 15 0 13 0 15 0 0 0 1 5 3 2 5 0 0 0 5

2 5 1 4 11 5 0 0 12 0 0 0 10 1 5 5 0 0 1 0 3 2 1 1 0 0 15 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 18 3 0 2 5 16 1 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1415 0 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 0 2 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 18 0 6 0 0 0 0 1514 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 11 0 15 20 25 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 19 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 019 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 12 0 32 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 7 23 22 5 0 0 0 30 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 16 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 14 0 24 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1718 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 20 0 0 120 0 0 21 10 1 5 0 0 0 0 1716 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 T35 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 16 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 T35 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 1118 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 262 0 0 0 0 0 0 Isopach Values 5 0 0 0 00 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 13 0 0 0 3 0 0 34 15 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5

0 0 0 no 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 26 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 data 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 2 0 0 0 0 29 23 0 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 35 0 0 6 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 No Data 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3637 0 0 0 0 3 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 2 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 T30 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Area Overlying 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T30 0 0 0 29 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0

4 5 0 - 40m 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Devonian Salt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 36 23 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 00 0 17 20 117 0 0 0 0 0 0 210 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 2 22 0 0 0 0 13 6 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 4 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 McMurray 5 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3937 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 - 80m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 28 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 Shield 0 0 0 01 0 15 0 0 0 0 8 Accommodation 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 14 0 7 0 0 8 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 0 0 0 9 6 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 13 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 2224 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deep 0 0 0 0 30 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 80 - 120m 0 2 0 5 16 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 Spirit 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 H 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T25 14 0 0 0 0 Basin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 31 0 0 0 0 130 0 0 1 31 0 0 0 River 0 13 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 34 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 120 - 160m 10 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 9 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 22251125 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1324 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 17 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 0 0 0 139 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 16 0 00 0 0 0 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 000 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 31 5 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1519 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 160 - 200 5 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1215 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 8 0 8 0 0 H 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 0 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 17 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 0 19 7 20 0 0 0 7 0 5 5 0 T20 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Edmonton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 T20 0 6 0 0 0 0 > 200m 11 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 8 0 13 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 08 5 0 0 0 R5W5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 00 0 0 14 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 76 0 24 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 149 1111 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 0 0 10 13 0 0 0 0 20 8 0 0 0 0 06 5 9 0 610 127 5 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 24 23 0 0 0 50 0 0 2 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 10 9 0 0 1 0 7 15 0 8 5 0 0 0 0 11180 10 9 18 2 5 5 14 17 0 0 0 0 0 24 16 14 18 0 0 0 6 0 13 12 0 0 7 1 9 08 0 TWP 2 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 015 0 5 105 5 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 Study 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 Knick 2 5 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 1013 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 4 0 0 0 18 0 0 TWP 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 15 5 0 0 4 7 0 0 200 km 18 213 0 0 0 5 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 4 0 5 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 05 0 0 0 0 11 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 78 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 865 7 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 4 2 12 0 13 1013 7 0 Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 13 0 7 0 0 0 5 24 0 433 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 5 4 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 T15 0 0 0 00 0 10 5 0 0 7 0 0 0 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Point 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 5 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 16 19 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 18 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 11 5 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Area of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 11 Structural 0 4 0 3 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 105 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hinge Line 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subsidence 0 0 T10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 160 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swift Current 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T10 19 5 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 13 0 0 Platform 0 1 0 0 15 10 0 0 0 0 Sweetgrass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 Arch 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 15 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TWP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1W4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T5 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Area of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paleotopography 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R5 R30 W5 R25 R20 R15 R10 R5 W4

(modified from Cant and Abramson; Zaitlin et al, 2002) Zaitlin et al, 2002) Stratigraphy – Fort St. John – Spirit River Groups

Modified after Masters, 1984 Lower Cretaceous Depositional Cycles

750 miles

(Jackson, 1984) Parasequence Sets

CDD 5km NW SE

Falher D

Falher F

Lower Falhers 280m Wilrich

Mount Spieker, BC

Photo Credit – Tom Moslow Glauconitic Paleogeography

Shorelines

GLCC Age Channels

Post GLCC Incised Valley fill deposits

Surdam, 1997, modified from Chiang, 1984

CDD

CDD Sherwin Example Log – Hoadley Barrier

Med River

Glauc

A

B

C

(modified after Rosenthal, 1998) Glauconitic Hoadley Type Schematic Cross Section SE-NW

Hoadley Upper MNVL Regional Channels Deltaic Sands Shoreface Offshore Hoadley S N

Wave ravinement surface Middle Lower POST GLCC CHANNEL/FLHR GLCC Age HOADLEY HOADLEY CHANNELS Regional Sheet Sands CH Shoreface Shoreface

Simons, 2015; modified after Rosenthal, 1998 35 Top 2015 Drilling Activity Oil Overfilled Foreland Basin

Underfilled Foreland Basin

Spirit River Reservoir Trends in yellow

Gething Oil

Dunvegan Oil (2) Dunvegan Oil

Belly River Oil

C. Stephens, CSUR Luncheon CDD Presentation, 2016 Spirit River – Wilrich EURs Facies, Depositional model vs. Technology

Lenko, 2016 Wilrich A – Gross Isopach T71

Kakwa (T65)

Simonette (T64)

Resthaven (T58)

Wildriver (T54)

Edson/Ansell (T50)

Ferrier (T44)

T44 B. Hayes, PRCL, 2013 Wilrich A – Net Porous Sand (6% Ø cutoff)

T71

Kakwa (T65)

Simonette (T64)

Resthaven (T58)

Wildriver (T54)

Edson/Ansell (T50)

Ferrier (T44)

T44 B. Hayes, PRCL, 2013 Shoreline Depositional Model of along strike variation for a wave dominated shoreline, deltas and associated facies

(modified after Armitage, Pemberton and Moslow, 2004 for the Falher C) Conglomeratic (Falher) vs. HPBCGA “Sweet Spots” Fine Grained HPBCGA “Sweet Spots” act as a HZ well require a HZ well (Wilrich) Shoreface Dual Transmissivity System Dual Transmissivity System Reservoirs

Low Øh High Øh High Kh Low Kh “Tight” Conglomerate Reservoir (“Natures HZ”) Tight Sandstone Reservoir - HZ

“Gas Deliverability” (Kh) “Gas Deliverability” (Kh)

Slope Slope

“Gas Storage” “Gas Storage” (Øh) (Øh) Falher A & B Reservoirs Wilrich Reservoirs

Modified after Zaitlin and Moslow, 2004 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Overfilled Foreland Basin Examples

Foreland Basin

Edmonton Group

Belly River Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Overfilled Viking

Foreland Basin Foreland Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Mannville

Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek

Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg

Accommodation Cycles

USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Pre - Foreland Western Canada Basin Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012 Foreland Basin

Edmonton Group

Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Belly River Cardium Drainage Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Overfilled Viking Foreland BasinForeland Overfilled FB Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone

Transverse Drainage

Cordilleran Fold-Thrust Belt

Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Dunvegan Formation

Bhattacharya and MacEachern, 2010 Basal Belly River Prograding Shorelines Overfilled Foreland Basin

Drainage

(After Hamblin,1996a,1997a/b) Stratigraphy and Play Types W E

6th Mer. 5th Mer. Thinning of Pk. Fm. To South & East 4th Mer.

Pk

Lethbridge Coal Zone marine

Bearpaw

Dinosaur

Upper Siltstone Dinosaur

Comrey Oldman Taber Coal Zone

50 Oldman

Sub-Dinosaur Park Composite

m Sequence Boundary Cycle 7 Belly River Group River Belly 2 Composite 0 Cycle 6 0 Non-marine Composite

km 50 Foremost Cycle 5 Belly River Group River Belly 1 Composite Cycle 4 Composite

ForemostFormation Cycle 3

Composite Composite Cycle 2

Cycle 1 marine

Lea Park Formation Park Lea Datum: Milk River Shoulder (Disconformity/Condensed Section) Lea Pk. Lea FACIES AND LITHOLOGY PLAY TYPES Non-marine sandstone & siltstone with coal 1 Basal Belly River shoreface Shoreline - related sandstone 2 Belly River Gp. Fluvial channel sandstones Shallow marine siltstone/shale (Foremost, Oldman and Dinosaur Park Fms.) Fluvial channel or valley-filled estuarine ss Productive Reservoirs - Gas/Oil (After Hamblin,1996a,1997a/b) Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB)

Foreland Basin

Edmonton Group

Belly River

Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Overfilled Overfilled Viking

Foreland Basin Foreland Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Mannville

Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Foreland Basin Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie

Underfilled Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek

Foreland Basin Foreland Nordegg

Accommodation

Cycles

Foreland Basin

- USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of

Pre Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Pre - Foreland Canada Sedimentary Basin Basin, Canada, 2012

Edmonton Group

Belly River Foreland Basin Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks

Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Overfilled Viking

Foreland BasinForeland Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Drainage Mannville

Spirit River Underfilled FB vs. Overfilled FB (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod

Underfilled BQ-Ellerslie Foreland BasinForeland Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek Nordegg Zone of Zone of Max. Subsidence and High Subsidence Sedimentation Rate and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone Axial Drainage

Transverse Drainage

Cordilleran Fold-Thrust Belt

Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone

Foreland Basin: Axial Basin: Loading Subsidence Subduction-Induced Subsidence modified after Kauffman, 1984 Conglomeratic (Falher) vs. HPBCGA “Sweet Spots” Fine Grained Sandstone HPBCGA “Sweet Spots” act as a HZ well require a HZ well (Wilrich) Shoreface Dual Transmissivity System Dual Transmissivity System Reservoirs

Low Øh High Øh High Kh Low Kh “Tight” Conglomerate Reservoir (“Natures HZ”) Tight Sandstone Reservoir - HZ

“Gas Deliverability” (Kh) “Gas Deliverability” (Kh)

Slope Slope

“Gas Storage” “Gas Storage” (Øh) (Øh) Falher A & B Reservoirs Wilrich Reservoirs

Modified after Zaitlin and Moslow, 2004 Jurassic-Cretaceous Foreland Basin Unconventional Plays Underfilled vs. Overfilled Foreland Basin

Overfilled FB Cardium Low Edmonton Group Top Monthly Oil/Condensate Wells *Belly River

Cardium Glauconitic - Bluesky Top Monthly Gas Wells Spirit River – Falher *Dunvegan Second White Specks * BQ – Ellerslie – Viking Viking Gething (1) Joli fou/Basal Colorado

Risk * Spirit River * Belly River (1) Wilrich/Notikewan (20) * Dunvegan (3) Underfilled FB

Second White Specks Upper Mannville Exploration Upper Mannville *Spirit River - Wilrich Glauconitic - Bluesky Nordegg Ostrocod Rock Creek, Fernie - Nikinassin Ostrocod *BQ-Ellerslie High Fernie - Nikinassin Conceptual Emerging Exploration & Development Exploitation Pilot Rock Creek Maturity Nordegg

Potential Emerging Established Established Plays Plays Isolated Plays Plays Summary

 WCSB Foreland Basin is divisible into :  Underfilled Foreland Basin sequence  Overfilled Foreland Basin sequence  Pre-Foreland Basin sequence

 Paleodrainage:  South to north for the underfilled foreland basin  West to east for the overfilled foreland basin

 Shoreline geometry  East-west for the underfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the north  North – south for the overfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the east  Asymmetric Wave-dominated Delta model = “sweetspots” Acknowledgements

 Dr. Brad Hayes  (Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd.)

 Dr. Zeev Berger  (Ittech, Inc.)

 Many Past Colleagues from:  Esso/Exxon  PanCanadian/Encana  Suncor  Enerplus  EOG  Daylight/Midnight/Pace

One last thought: “Once you understand that water flows downhill, then everything makes sense”