Balkan Sava~~' - K~Tlesel Ölüm Ve Etn~K Tem~Zl~K3

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Balkan Sava~~' - K~Tlesel Ölüm Ve Etn~K Tem~Zl~K3 BALKAN SAVA~~' - K~TLESEL ÖLÜM VE ETN~K TEM~ZL~K3 Yazar: GEORGI ZELENGORA* Bulgarcadan Çev.: Ay~e Kayap~nar** Tarihi demografi milliyetçili~in en büyük dü~marud~r. Onun kulland~~~~ kesin ve objektif veriler genellikle milliyetçi mit yarat~c~lar~n~n ho~una gitmez. Mit yarat~c~la- r~n~n temel çah~ma ilkesi, demografi istatisti~ini tamamen ihmal etmesine ve istatistik yerlerinin keyfi iddialarla de~i~tirilmesine dayanmaktad~r. Bu çerçevede etnik grubu- muzun3 demograf~k göstergeleri her zaman abart~lmakta, di~er etnik gruplann~nki ise küçümsenmektedir. Bu tarz bilim yapmak bütün Balkan ülkelerine özgü bir ~eydir. XIX.-XX. yüzy~lda bölgemizdeki göç hareketlerine dair yap~lan çal~~malar da bu du- rumdan etkilenmektedir. Etnik temizlilder ve bunlar~n sonucu olarak ortaya ç~kan mülteci/muhacir sorun- lar~, her Balkan ülkesinin yeni tarihinin bir parças~d~r. Ulusal her tarih bilimi bunlara önemli yer ay~rmaktad~r. Balkan tarihçileri ve mülteci örgütlerinin temsilcileri mülteci sorununa dair duygusal de~erlendirmelerin a~~r bast~~~, ancak istatistiksel argümanla- nn tamamen yer almad~~~~ çok say~da bilgi üretiyorlar. Bu ara~t~rmac~lar, kom~u ülkeler- den gelen kendi göçmenlerinin trajedisine dikkat çekiyorlar, ancak kendi ülkelerinden Pl~D. Ara~t~rmac~~ Yazar. •• ~zmir Kâtip Çelebi Cniversitesi, Sosyal ve Be~eri Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, ~zmir / TÜRKIYE, [email protected] ~~ Yazar, makalenin ba~h~mda Ballcanskata voyna tabirini kullanm~~t~r. "Balkan Sava~~" tabiriyle Bulgaristan'dal. Balkan Sava~~~ kastedilmektedir. II. Balkan Sava~~~ için kullamllan tabir ise "Müttef~kleraras~~ Sava~" anlam~na gelen "Mejdus~yuzniçeskata voyna" ifadesidir. 2 Bu makale Bulgarcadan Türkçeye yazann izniyle çevrilmi~tir. Makalenin orijinal versiyonu "BanxaucxaTa Bal~m — macoBa cmmyr ~4 enuauecBo npoquerBane" [Balkanskata Voyna — masova snurt i et- niçesko proçistvane] ad~~ alt~nda internet ortam~nda EuroPomak ve European Institute Pomak'~n yay~n orga- n~~ olan europomak.com'da yay~mlanm~~t~r. Makalenin yer ald~~~~ site, http://europomak.com/?p=162'dir. (Eri~ini Temmuz 2013). (ç.n.) Burada yazar, Bulgar etnik grubunu kastetmektedir. (ç. n.) 316 GEORGI ZELENGORA koyulan insanlar~n mutsuzlu~u konusunda sessizlilderini koruyorlar. Ulusal tarihçiler, vatanlar~n~~ bir taraftan ülkede ya~ayan az~nl~klara kar~~~ uygulad~~~~ etnik temizli~in faili olarak takdim etmezken, di~er taraftan ülkelerini kom~u devletlerin uygulad~~~~ etnik temizli~in kurban~~ olarak gösteriliyorlar. Bunun sonucu olarak Balkanlardaki insanlar, bölgedeki etnik ve demograf~k geli~meler hakk~nda hatal~~ fikirlere sahip oluyorlar. Bal- kan insanlar~, bugün içinde ya~ad~klan homojen etnik yap~l~~ toplumlar~n farkl~~ etnik ve dini cemaatlerin kitlesel ve zorunlu kovulmas~~ yoluyla yarat~ld~~~mn fark~nda de~iller. Mültecilerin say~s~~ bak~m~ndan en fazla zarara u~rayan ülke Türkiye'dir. Ulusal Balkan devletlerinin ortaya ç~kt~~~~ tarihte bu devletlerin topraldanndaki Müslüman topluluklar say~ca ço~unlukta olan H~ristiyan unsurundan daha az olmay~p baz~~ yer- lerde Müslümanlar~n say~s~~ H~ristiyanlardan daha fazlayd~. Bu devletlerin günümüz sakinleri ya bu gerçe~in fark~nda de~iller ya da onu normal bir ~ey gibi kabul etmekte ve milliyetçi ifade biliminin kli~eleri ile bu durumu hakl~~ ç~karmaktad~rlar. Planlanarak "zorbalann" Balkanlardan zorla kovulmas~~ hadisesinin hald~~ ç~kart~lmas~~ u~runa Bal- kan devletlerinin "Türk boyunduru~u alt~nda" bulunduldan iddias~, Balkan halklan- na devletlerinin kuruldu~u andan itibaren sistematik bir ~ekilde empoze edilmektedir. Müslümanlar~ n kitlesel temizli~i ve mallar~n~n gasp edilmesi ulusal ba~~ms~zl~k süreci- nin bir parças~~ olarak gösterilmektedir. Bulgaristan'da insanlar~n Bulgar-Türk ili~kilerindeki muhacir sorununa ili~kin fikri, 1913-1914 y~llar~nda Bulgarlann Do~u Trakya ve Anadolu'dan kovulmas~~ ha- disesi ile sm~rl~d~r. Hatta bu mültecilerin varisleri, Bulgaristan'dan giden Müslüman mültecilerin say~s~n~n çok daha fazla oldu~unun ve b~rakt~klan malvarl~~~n~~ de~erinin çok daha yüksek oldu~unun fark~na varmadan, el konulan atalanna ait malvarl~lda- r~m Türkiye taraf~ndan tazmini konusunu ara~t~rmak üzere yirmi y~l önce kampanya ba~latt~lar. Son zamanlarda Bulgaristan'da sözü edilen vatanseverlik yandg~lann~n baz~la- r~n~n yeniden de~erlendirilmesi için ürkek te~ebbüsler gözlemlenmektedir. Mant~kl~~ ve toplum için son derece sa~l~kl~~ olan bu temayüller, vatanseverlik kaynald~~ birinci dereceden volkanik patlamalara sebep oluyor. Bu geli~menin kronolojisinin bir k~sm~n~~ burada verece~iz. Bulgar okuyucusunun 2010 y~hnda Anavatan~n~n Müslümanlara kar~~~ gerçekle~tirdi~i baz~~ suçlar~~ ilk defa ö~rendi~i Justin McCarthy'nin "ölüm ve Sürgün...." adl~~ kitab~~ Bulgarcaya çevrildi. Vatansever te~kilatlar, kitab~~ Bulgar kar~~t~~ olarak kabul ettiler. Demograf~~ konusunda s~fir bilgi sahibi olduldann~~ göstererek ya- n-e~itimli gazeteciler ve üçüncü s~n~f siyasetçiler yazar~n profesyonelli~ini tart~~maya açt~lar. BALKAN SAVA~I — K~TLESEL ÖLÜM VE ETN~K TEM~ZL~K 31 7 Parlamento, bu y~hn ba~~nda "Yeniden Soya Dönü~~ Sürecini"' k~nayan bir bildiri yay~nlad~. Orada "Büyük Gezi"' denilen olay, ilk defa resmi bir ~ekilde etnik temizlik olarak adland~nld~. Vatanseverler, bu geç kalm~~~ itiraf kars~s~nda an sokmu~~ gibi hop- lad~lar. Bildiri konusundaki memnuniyetsizli~in ba~~n~~ çeken, bilhassa ajan geçmi~iyle tan~nan akademik Georgi Markov oldu. Ancak as~l isteri, Balkan Sava~~n~n 100. y~ldönümü vesilesiyle koptu. O ana kadar oybirli~i ve ele~tirilmeksizin ba~~ms~zl~k ve bir çe~it ula~~lmaz ulusal doruk noktas~~ ola- rak kabul edilen Balkan Sava~~n~n tamamen devletimizin (Bulgaristan'~n) bir zamanlar i~ledi~i en büyük suçlardan birisi oldu~unu gizleyen maskesi dü~ürüldü. Olaylan ger- çek adlar~yla adland~rma cesaretini ilk gösterenler, yeni kurulan "Pomak" adl~~ Avrupa Enstitüsünün üyeleri oldu. Onlar, Rodoplar'daki anma törenlerinin iptali için ça~r~da bulundular. Çünkü bu sava~~ esnas~nda da~daki Müslüman ço~unlu~a kar~~~ Bulgar ordusu ve onu destekleyen Makedonya ve Trakya çeteleri taraf~ndan kaba ~iddet uy- gulanm~~ t~. Aral~k 1984-Ocak-~ubat 1985 tarihlerinde Bulgaristan'da ya~ayan Türkler, Pomaklar ve Çingeneler devlet güçleri taraf~ndan zorla asimilasyon sürecine tabi tutularak sahip olduklar~~ Arap veya Türk kökenli isimlerini Bulgar isimleriyle de~i~tirmek zorunda kald~lar. Bulgarlann bu sürece "Yeniden Soya Dönü~~ Sü- reci" demesinin temelinde bu gruplann Osmanh döneminden önce Bulgar oldu~unu ancak daha sonra Os- manhlarca zorla Türlde~tirildi~i ve Müslümanla~t~rd~~~~ varsarm~~ yatmaktad~ r. Bk. Ay~e Kayap~nar, "Bulgar Tarihçilerinin Komplo Teorilerinden Örnekler ve Bunlar~n Bulgaristan'dalci Türk Az~nl~~~na Etkileri", 89 Göçü. Bulgaristan'da 1984-89 Az~nl~k Politikalar~~ ve Türkiyeye Zorunlu Göç, ed. Neriman Ersoy-Hac~saliho~lu, Mehmet Hac~saliho~lu, ~stanbul: Y~ld~z Teknik Üniversitesi Balkan ve Karadeniz Ara~t~ rmalar~~ Merkezi (BALKAR) & Balkanlar Medeniyet Merkezi (BALMED), 2012, s. 99-120. (ç. n.) 29 May~s 1989 tarihinde Bulgaristan Ba~bakan~~ Todor Jivkov'un s~n~ rlar~~ açmas~~ için Türkiye'ye ça~- r~da bulunmas~~ üzerine 3 Haziran 1989'da Türkiye s~n~ rlar~n~~ açt~~~m dur~rmu~~ ve Bulgaristan'daki Türkler ve Müslümanlar~n büyük bir k~s~m zorunlu göçe tabi tutulmu~lard~ r. May~s 1989'dan önce Bulgaristan'dan ba~ka ülkelere seyahat nerdeyse bir hayal durumundayd~. Yurtd~~~na ç~k~~~~ sa~layan pasaport çok az ki~iye verilmekteydi. Ancak 1989 y~l~nda Bulgaristan vatanda~lann~n tümüne yurtd~~~~ seyahat konusunda kolayl~k sa~lanaca~~~ ve herkese pasaport verilece~i rivayetleri dola~maya ba~lam~~t~. Nitekim 10 May~s 1989 y~l~nda Bulgar Parlamentosu yurtd~~~~ seyahatlerin kolayla~t~r~lmas~~ ve Bulgaristan vatanda~lar~na yurtd~~~~ seyahat pasaportu verilmesini karara ba~lad~. 1989 May~s sonunda Bulgaristan'da Türk isimlerini geri almak için Türk Müslüman az~nl~~n~m yürüyü~ler ba~latmas~~ üzerine öncelikle protestolar~~ organize eden Türklere aci- len yurtd~~~~ seyahat pasaportu verilerek s~n~r d~~~~ edilmeleri sa~land~. Türkiye'nin s~n~ rlar~ n~~ açmas~~ üzerine de Bulgaristan'da ya~ayan Türkler ve di~er Müslüman gruplar pasaportlanm alarak kitlesel halde göç ettiler veya gerek manevi ve gerekse maddi bask~larla göçe zorland~lar. Bu süreci adland~ rmak için de Bulgaristan medyasmda "Golyamata Ekskurziya" yani "Büyük Gezi" kavram~~ kullan~lmaya ba~land~. "Büyük Gezi" ifadesi bir taraftan sürecin kitleselli~ini ifade eden di~er taraftan da "Türkiye'ye göç edenler Türkiye'den memnun kalmay~p er geç Bulgaristan'a geri dönecekler" imasm~~ ta~~yan ve belli ölçüde ironi içeren bir kav- ramd~ r. Bu mevzunun pek çok boyutunu inceleyen bir çal~~ma için bk. 89 Göçü. Bulgaristan'da 1984-89 Az~n- l~k Politikalar~~ ve Türkiye:ye Zorunlu Göç, ed. Neriman Ersoy-Hac~saliho~lu, Mehmet Hac~saliho~lu, ~stanbul: Y~ld~z Teknik Üniversitesi Balkan ve Karadeniz Ara~t~rmalan Merkezi (BALKAR) & Balkanlar Medeniyet Merkezi (BALMED), 2012. (ç. n.) 318 GEORGI ZELENGORA Bu olay~n ard~ndan K~ rcaali skandal~~ ya~and~. Belediye meclisindelci ço~unlu~un, ~ehrin i~galcisi General Delov'a "K~rcaali'nin ~eref sakini"6 unvan~n~~ vermeyi ret etme- si, görülmedik vatanseverlik sald~rganl~~~na yol açt~. Bu isterinin ba~~na yeniden daha önce sözünü etti~imiz Georgi Markov geçti. "Ba~~ms~z" medyalar "tart~~mas~z uzma- n~" davet etme konusunda yan~~yorlard~, onun feryatlan ise VMR07 ve ATAKAn~ n8 fa~izanlan tarafindan hararetle alk~~larnyordu. "Delov" davas~~ toplumun temel sorunu haline geldi. Balkan Sava~~n~, etnik temizlik sava~~~ olarak nitelendiren Ahmet Do~an da olaya müdahil oldu. Kesinlikle do~ru olan bu tespit, özellikle Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi lideri tarafindan ifade edilmesi, yang~n~~ alevlendiren bir ba~ka olay oldu. Georgi Markov'un tepkisi gecikmedi. Markov, aptalca vatanseverlik söylemlerini kabul etmeyen herkesi Türk ajan~~ olmakla ve kendisinin uydurdu~u neosmanizm doktrini- nin yap~c~s~~ olarak suçlad~.
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