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Meteorological Sub-Divisions of India and Their Geopolitical Evolution from 1875 to 2020

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Meteorological Sub-Divisions of India and Their Geopolitical Evolution from 1875 to 2020 MAUSAM, 71, 4 (October 2020), 571-584 551.5 : 084.3 (540) Meteorological sub-divisions of India and their geopolitical evolution from 1875 to 2020 R. R. KELKAR and O. P. SREEJITH* C-905 Mont Vert Grande, Pashan, Pune – 411 021, India *India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune – 411 005, India (Received 10 June 2020, Accepted 15 September 2020) e mail : [email protected] सार — भारत के मौसम और जलवाय ु की मुख्य िविवधता ने भारत मौसम िवज्ञान िवभाग (IMD) को 1875 म इसकी थापना के तुरंत बाद राजनीित से िभन उनके मौसम संबंधी प्रांत को िचित्रत करन े के िलए प्रेिरत िकया। इन प्रांत को िजह अब मौसम उप-खंड के प म जाना जाता है, 1875 से 2020 तक के वष म इनकी संख्या, नामकरण और थािनक सीमा म बदलाव हुए ह। इस शोध पत्र म इितहास, भूगोल और राजनीितक पिरवतनर् के संबंध म भारत मौसम िवज्ञान िवभाग के 36 मौसम उप-खंड की 2020 तक की िवरासत के बारे म बताया गया है। ABSTRACT. The great diversity of the weather and climate of India prompted the India Meteorological Department (IMD) soon after its establishment in 1875 to delineate its own meteorological provinces that were different from political ones. These provinces, now known as meteorological sub-divisions, changed in number, nomenclature and spatial extent, over the years from 1875 to 2020. The present paper traces the heritage of IMD’s 36 meteorological sub- divisions as of 2020 to the past, in terms of history, geography and political changes. Key words – Meteorological sub-divisions of India, Geopolitical evolution. 1. Introduction meteorological provinces for its own purposes. To quote Blanford again, “The country is partitioned out in a The India Meteorological Department (IMD) was number of rainfall provinces, partly conforming to established in 1875 and Henry F. Blanford was appointed administrative divisions, but with such modifications as to as its chief, with the title of Imperial Reporter to the avoid bringing together parts of the country which differ Government of India. Not long thereafter, he wrote, very greatly in their average” (Blanford, 1889). almost poetically: “The connection between the meteorology of a country and the form and clothing of its In 1875, IMD’s area of responsibility extended surface is in all cases very intimate and nowhere more so across the entire south Asian subcontinent from what is than in India”. To this he added one long, explanatory presently Pakistan to what is now known as Myanmar. sentence: “Nor is this influence one-sided only; not only However, IMD was a scientific department and it goes to do the physical condition and movements of the its credit that it could keep the science of meteorology atmosphere depend on the distribution of land and water, from being influenced by its functioning as a government on the directions of mountain chains, the elevation of the department. Since its very inception, IMD took the liberty land above the sea level, the nature of the soil, the of (i) dividing large presidencies, provinces and states into presence of sandy wastes or forest-clad uplands and the smaller divisions or sub-divisions of its own on like; but the fertility of the land surface itself and, in meteorological grounds (ii) combining small territories, certain cases, the very form of that surface, are in no small agencies and states that were meteorologically degree modified by the direct or indirect action of the homogeneous into larger divisions or sub-divisions. In atmosphere” (Blanford, 1877). addition and (iii) IMD also exercised the freedom to give names to its divisions or sub-divisions which it delineated With such a great diversity of the weather and that did not necessarily conform to prevailing political climate that had to be dealt with, IMD could not have used maps. However, weather and climate have not been the political maps of British India for analyzing the weather, only consideration in the design of IMD’s meteorological particularly rainfall and so it delineated its own sub-divisions. For reasons of practical convenience, (571) 572 MAUSAM, 71, 4 (October 2020) Fig. 1. Meteorological sub-divisions of India (2020) (Source : IMD web site https://mausam.imd.gov.in) compilation of statistics, issue of weather warnings to comparable in size (Fig. 1). Out of the 36 sub-divisions, 9 government functionaries and informing the general are identical to the states after which they have been public, the sub-divisional boundaries were always made to named. These are ‘Arunachal Pradesh’, ‘Odisha’, conform at least to the jurisdiction of basic revenue ‘Jharkhand’, ‘Bihar’, ‘Uttarakhand’, ‘Punjab’, ‘Himachal districts. Pradesh’, ‘Chattisgarh’ and ‘Telangana’. As IMD’s observatory network expanded and There are 6 sub-divisions that are named as groups methods of data analysis improved, IMD kept on of states or union territories which have a smaller redefining its meteorological provinces from time to time. geographical area and have a similar climate. These are The term meteorological sub-division came into ‘Assam and Meghalaya’, ‘Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram systematic use somewhere in the middle of the last and Tripura’, ‘Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi’, ‘Jammu century. Until then, terms like meteorological province, and Kashmir and Ladakh’, ‘Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and division, or district were in vogue and used hierarchically Karaikal’ and ‘Kerala and Mahe’. but at times synonymously. On the other hand, some of the larger states have Since a sub-division by definition has a homogeneity been bifurcated into two meteorological sub-divisions. of climate, it would be just natural for its inhabitants to Thus there are 6 sub-divisions named ‘East Rajasthan’, have a commonality of language, tradition, culture and ‘West Rajasthan’, ‘East Uttar Pradesh’, ‘West Uttar thought and even political aspirations. Interestingly, Pradesh’, ‘East Madhya Pradesh’ and ‘West Madhya therefore, IMD’s delineation of meteorological sub- Pradesh’. The state of Gujarat has 2 sub-divisions which divisions has in many cases been prophetic in the sense are named as ‘Gujarat Region’ and ‘Saurashtra and that its sub-divisions have later become the nation’s Kutch’. The states of West Bengal and Sikkim together formal political entities or states. are covered by 2 sub-divisions named as ‘Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim’ and ‘Gangetic West Bengal’. The purpose of this paper is to trace the heritage of Similarly, Andhra Pradesh has 2 sub-divisions IMD’s 36 meteorological sub-divisions as of 2020 to the named as ‘Rayalaseema’ and ‘Coastal Andhra Pradesh past, in terms of history, geography and political changes. and Yanam’. 2. Meteorological sub-divisions of India (2020) There are other larger states which have a greater variation in climate within them. Karnataka is divided into Currently, the number of meteorological sub- 3 sub-divisions of ‘Coastal Karnataka’, ‘North Interior divisions in India is 36 and with some exceptions they are Karnataka’ and ‘South Interior Karnataka’. The state of KELKAR and SREEJITH : METEOROLOGICAL SUB-DIVISIONS OF INDIA 573 Fig. 2. Political map of British India as of 1909, showing princely states in yellow (Source : Imperial Gazetteer of India, Public Domain) Maharashtra is split into as many as 4 sub-divisions rapidly expanded its trading business and also called ‘Konkan and Goa’, which combines the indulged in fulfilling its political ambitions using heavy rainfall coastal region with the neighbouring state various unscrupulous and ruthless tactics. The of Goa, ‘Madhya Maharashtra’, ‘Marathwada’ and Company made agreements with local rulers, ‘Vidarbha’. annexed their territories and appointed its agents over them. During that period in history, India had Finally, the ‘Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ in the more than 500 princely states, mostly small, over Bay of Bengal and the ‘Lakshadweep’ islands in the which the company slowly but surely established its Arabian Sea are regarded as 2 separate meteorological firm control even though they were not formally under sub-divisions. its rule. By 1851, the East India Company's sovereignty extended across the three large 3. Meteorological provinces, divisions and districts presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal with its of India (1875-1947) capital at Calcutta and the North-West Provinces governed from Agra. In the aftermath of the Sepoy 3.1. Historical Background Mutiny of 1857, called more appropriately the First War of Indian Independence, the British East India After setting foot in the city of Surat in the early Company was dissolved and India came under the years of the 17th century, the British East India Company direct rule of the British Crown. 574 MAUSAM, 71, 4 (October 2020) Fig. 3. Meteorological divisions of India (Monthly Weather Review, IMD, January 1908) Lower Burma was made a part of British India in itself. Both Burma and Ceylon were granted independence 1858, Upper Burma was added in 1886 and the whole of in 1948. Burma renamed itself as Myanmar in 1989 and Burma became a separate British colony in 1937. The Ceylon as Sri Lanka in 1972. In 1947, India was island of Ceylon had been a British colony from 1817 partitioned and India and Pakistan were granted KELKAR and SREEJITH : METEOROLOGICAL SUB-DIVISIONS OF INDIA 575 independence as separate countries, with Pakistan itself presence there as early as in 1789 and had been using it as comprising two separate wings or exclaves of West a penal colony. In spite of its remoteness from the Indian Pakistan and East Pakistan. In 1970, West Pakistan was mainland, IMD had recognized the importance of the devolved and renamed Pakistan. In 1971, East Pakistan meteorological observations over the islands and had seceded from it and became the new country of named ‘Bay Islands’ as a meteorological province in 1877 Bangladesh.
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