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Genetic Risks Associated with Marine Aquaculture

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Genetic Risks Associated with Marine Aquaculture NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-119 Genetic Risks Associated with Marine Aquaculture September 2012 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Fisheries Science Center NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC Series The Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC series to issue scientific and technical publications. Manuscripts have been peer reviewed and edited. Documents published in this series may be cited in the scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-NWFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS- F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest & Alaska Fisheries Science Center, which has since been split into the Northwest Fisheries Science Center and the Alaska Fisheries Science Center. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series is now used by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Reference throughout this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. This document should be referenced as follows: Waples, R.S., K. Hindar, and J.J. Hard. 2012. Genetic risks associated with marine aquaculture. U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-119, 149 p. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-119 Genetic Risks Associated with Marine Aquaculture Robin S. Waples, Kjetil Hindar,* and Jeffrey J. Hard Northwest Fisheries Science Center 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle, Washington 98112 *Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) N-7485 Trondheim, Norway September 2012 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Most NOAA Technical Memorandums NMFS-NWFSC are available at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center Web site, http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov Copies are also available from the National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Phone orders: 1-800-553-6847 E-mail orders: [email protected] ii Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vii Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................... xvii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives of the NOAA Aquaculture Program ....................................................................................... 3 Objectives of this Document ..................................................................................................................... 4 Lessons Learned............................................................................................................................................ 5 General Lessons ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Lessons from Salmon Aquaculture ........................................................................................................... 6 Joint Lessons from Salmon Aquaculture and Hatcheries ......................................................................... 8 Lessons from Marine Stock Enhancement .............................................................................................. 10 Lessons from Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... 11 Synthesis ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Characterizing Risks and Benefits .............................................................................................................. 18 Potential Benefits of Artificial Propagation for Natural Populations ..................................................... 18 Genetic Risks to Natural Populations from Aquaculture ........................................................................ 19 Other Risk Factors .................................................................................................................................. 37 Risks to Natural Populations from other Anthropogenic Activities ....................................................... 38 Managing Risk ............................................................................................................................................ 39 Fault Tree and Risk Assessment Pathway .............................................................................................. 39 Aquaculture Genetics Management Plan ................................................................................................ 39 State and Federal Guidelines .................................................................................................................. 39 Atlantic Salmon in Maine ....................................................................................................................... 42 Genimpact ............................................................................................................................................... 43 Examples of Risk Assessment Tools ...................................................................................................... 44 Risk Trade-offs ....................................................................................................................................... 45 iii Monitoring .............................................................................................................................................. 45 Opportunities for Research ..................................................................................................................... 48 Frequently Asked Questions ....................................................................................................................... 50 Example ...................................................................................................................................................... 54 Information from the AGMP .................................................................................................................. 54 Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 57 Monitoring Performance Indicators ........................................................................................................ 57 Comments ............................................................................................................................................... 60 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 61 Glossary ...................................................................................................................................................... 65 References ................................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix A: In-depth Material ................................................................................................................... 89 Sources of Information ........................................................................................................................... 89 Lessons Learned...................................................................................................................................... 90 Characterizing Risks and Benefits ........................................................................................................ 117 Managing Risk ...................................................................................................................................... 134 Appendix B: Aquaculture Genetic Management Plan (AGMP) ............................................................... 137 1. General Program Description........................................................................................................... 137 2. Relationship of Program to other Management Objectives ............................................................. 140 3. Facilities ........................................................................................................................................... 140 4. Broodstock Origin and Identity........................................................................................................ 140 5. Broodstock Collection ....................................................................................................................
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